The Sustainability of Homes of Safety in Khayelitsha

Polity, Community Development, and Urban Life in South Africa, October 2016

Research conducted by:

Ellen Davies

Lacie Parham

Research Supervisor:

Leo Mapira
 Table of Contents

Introduction...3

Research Objectives...4

Literature Review6

Methodology...9

Findings....10

Conclusion and Recommendations..13

References.15

Appendices.16-19

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 I. Introduction

In South Africa, many children are left without families for various reasons. Some
children are abandoned; others lose their parents to the HIV/AIDS epidemic, and others parents
are declared unfit to have custody of their children. There are approximately 3.7 million
orphans in South Africa that must be cared for (Orphans and Vulnerable Children, n.d.). When
children become orphans, they not only lose their family networks, there is also a loss of social
grants, access to education, and access to healthcare. Fortunately, there are childrens homes and
orphanages that provide a living space.

With the rise of orphaned children, many community organizations have developed in
order to assist in this growing epidemic. Families have opened up their homes to children in need
and taken it upon themselves to provide better resources. Home-grown orphanages have
developed all across South Africa, specifically in the local townships. These homes of safety, as
they are called by the locals, provide children a place that they can call home. These smaller
community organizations allow children to feel a sense of belonging and family.

In small communities, community participation is crucial to the success of many non-

governmental organizations who work to improve the lives of orphaned children. Homes of
safety are developed by community members and not by huge governmental organizations or
projects, so the community already has a vested interest in their success. Community
participation has grown as a way of promoting community empowerment and community
development (Craig and Mayo, 1995). Community involvement also promotes the sustainability
of local organizations. Without community support, organizations like homes of safety cannot
continue to provide for the children in their care.

Although the government provides social grants to foster parents, some families and
orphanages still struggle with providing food and clothing for their children. Sustainable and
consistent funds is a necessary and imperative aspect of operating an orphanage. Non-
governmental orphanages must find their own sources of financial assistance and apply for
grants and funds on their own. The independence of being a private organization can at times be
difficult.

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 The Abaphumeleli Home of Safety is a non-governmental organization (NGO) and a safe
haven for children that have been neglected by their families. The founder of this community-
based organization is Momma Evelyn, as she is kindly referred to. Momma Evelyn began by
taking in a few neglected children within the community and twelve years later, it has become
home for over forty children. Though the Home of Safety provides children with a home, it
is facing some issues.
Abaphumeleli Home of Safety currently has been struggling to maintain consistent,
sustainable financial capital to provide for the childrens basic necessities. Abaphumeleli Home
of Safety receives funding from a government grant and a sponsor provides the children with
clothes yearly. However, these sources do not provide enough revenue to sufficiently pay
caregivers and provide the children with nutritious food. Though none of the children are hungry,
Momma Evelyn does struggle at times to purchase food for the children.
Abaphumeleli Home of Safety has given many children a second chance at life and love.
It is imperative that this organization remains operating for the children present now and those
who will come in the future. The primary focus of our research will revolve around three
questions that helps to create a fundraising/ marketing plan to ensure Abaphumeleli remains
operational for years to come.

II. Research Objectives

In order to effectively create a fundraising initiative for Abaphumeleli Home of Safety,

three research aims had to be analyzed. The first aim was to investigate the community dynamic
where Abaphumeleli resides, in the township of Khayelitsha. The statistical dynamics of
Khayelitsha would assist in inferring what factors are leading to the necessity for Homes of
Safety. Socioeconomic factors are the leading contributors to child abandonment in most South
African townships. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS) epidemic is one of the leading causes of orphanhood in South Africa. It was
estimated that by 2010, 35 million children in Africa would have lost one, or both, of their
parents due to HIV or AIDS (Subbarao and Coury, 2004). Understanding the community
dynamics not only helps to put the need for Homes of Safety into perspective, but also to assist

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with comprehending other research objectives. The sustainability of Abaphumeleli is not only
dependent on funding, but also the involvement of the community.

Community participation and investment is an important factor in maintaining any

organization in Khayelitsha. Another objective is to determine what the role of the community is
when it comes to maintaining community-based Homes of Safety. Our research will determine
how engaged, community participation can help ensure the longevity of Abaphumeleli. This is an
important aspect to consider when determining how to create a sustainable Home of Safety. We
hoped to find ways that the community can help Abaphumeleli in a multitude of ways. Lastly, we
must determine the best methods to market Abaphumeleli to possible donors.

There are many orphanages and Homes of Safety located in South Africa. In order to
draw the attention of prospective sponsors, the uniqueness of Abaphumeleli must be highlighted.
The objective is to understand the qualities of Abaphumeleli that will attract investors and
sponsors. Once those special qualities are identified, the best marketing methods must be
determined that will attract individuals and companies that are willing to give support to
Abaphumeleli. Although corporate sponsorship is the first means of monetary support, those
organizations are not always consistent and sustainable. Investigation into whether or not
Abaphumeleli can generate its own funds is important to create sustainable capital.

Social grants, governmental funds, and corporate sponsors are not reliable sources of
income. Social grant funding can decrease and sponsors can decide to retract their funding.
Therefore, opportunities for Abaphumelelis self-sufficiency will be explored.
Abaphumelelis ability to create crafts to sell or provide a service to the community that will
generate funds will be explored. Hand-outs will not ensure the longevity of this important
aspect of the Khayelitsha community. We hope that our research will help to answer our three
objectives and provide Abaphumeleli Home of Safety with a comprehensive guide to marketing
and fundraising techniques.

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III. Literature Review

a. Community Dynamics
Khayelitsha is an informal settlement that was created in the 1980s to house displaced
Black and Coloured South Africans during the Apartheid policy of the Group Areas Act. The
original plan developed by the government was to create 4 different towns, each accommodating
30,000 residents. The government predicted that Khayelitsha would be able to house 120,00
residents after its conception. However, by 1985 the number of residents had already surpassed
that amount to 150,000 citizens (Commission of Inquiry, 2014). Khayelitsha is the largest
township in South Africa with an estimated over two million residents living within its borders.

Many difficulties arise when one is attempting to find information on informal

settlements, such as townships. When conducting our research, it became evident, astonishingly
quickly, that different sources provided different information. One academic resource would
report one statistic while another would cite a completely different one. In a study done by
Stanley Brunn and Matthew Wilson, it was discovered that Khayelitsha is part of a geographies
of silence group. They examined the ease at which learning about Khayelitsha is easy for
outsiders and used Google and travel guides as points of reference. In regards to their Google
findings, they discovered that Khayelitsha, as well as other townships in the surrounding area,
exhibited significantly lower digiplaces and place marks (Appendix D). This indicates that
there is no emphasis on making Khayelitsha accessible to visitors, researchers, or academics.
This limits ones ability to fully grasp the history, the community, and the culture of the
township.

b. Sufficient and Sustainable Capital

Non-governmental organizations are only efficient as long as they are sustainable.
According to John Hailey a sustainable [NGO] is one that can continue to fulfil its mission over
time and, in doing so, meets the needs of its key stakeholders particularly its beneficiaries and
supporters (Hailey, 2014). The process of sustainability does not end once a financial goal is
met, but is continuous throughout the duration of the organization. One of the major struggles
NGOs face in todays global world is their ability to receive sufficient and sustainable capital in
order to function properly. Many NGOs fail due to lack of funds and any progress is lost with

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their dissolution. Organizations fight for donor support, governmental grants, and other finance-
gaining tools to keep their doors open.
There are different models of sustainability for NGOs: gift-based NGOs, direct official
aid, enterprise supported, evolving social enterprises, and micro-credit (Hailey, 2014). The
majority of NGOs are gift-based. They rely on donations, volunteers, and other gifts. These
organizations have a variety of methods in obtaining gifts from others such as pledges, charity
events, humanitarian appeals, etc. (Hailey, 2014). There are problems with this form of financial
sustainability. For one, it is not always consistent as the amount of donations and free gifts can
fluctuate throughout the year and from year to year. In other instances, people may feel
uncomfortable with giving money in lieu of other gifts such as toys, food, etc. because of the
uncertainty of where the money ends up. Though this method is the most used, it is unclear
whether it is the best option.
Direct official aid tends to only account for the larger non-governmental organizations in
existence. These organizations receive financial support from official donors, other
organizations, governmental funding, etc. Many have questioned whether organizations who rely
on so much aid are truly sustainable (Hailey, 2014). If these methods of aid were unable to
provide the funds, many of the NGOs would not be able to sustain themselves. Keeping this in
mind, receiving only direct official aid is not a secure plan for staying financially stable.
Another model of sustainability is the enterprise supported model. Some NGOs have
developed their own commercial ventures in order to make a profit for the organization. Money
from these enterprises are placed back into the organization and are used to allow the
organization to continue to function. This model is currently rare among standing NGOs because
starting up an enterprise can be quite costly and the success is unsure (Hailey, 2014).
A development on the social enterprise model is the evolving social enterprises. This is
where an NGS evolves an autonomous social enterprise; or where a business donor, and [NGO]
work together to form new collaborative enterprises. (Hailey, 2014) This extends the idea
behind social enterprises but makes them more reliable and sustainable. The formation of
collaborative enterprises ensure stability and security behind the financial capital that is gained.
However, there are concerns about the differences between how social enterprises work and a
NGO. Many claim that these two entities hold different values, goals, and resourcing strategies
and are worried about their overall success (Hailey, 2014).

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 The last financial sustainability model is the micro-credit model. This model also
includes the use of micro-finance institutions who provide financial services to low income
populations. Micro-credit and micro-finance institutions seek outside investment funding in
order to develop and grow (Hailey, 2014). Though this is the fastest evolving area of sustainable
finance in NGOs it has gained political interest which could make matters more difficult in the
long run.
Most NGOs rely on volunteer contributions, but there is a need to discover different
financial strategies. Diversifying where financial support comes from can allow for NGOs to stay
more independence as well as sustainable (Hailey, 2014).
c. Community Involvement

Unlike the many westernized states around the world South Africa does not have a
centralized, fully institutionalized foster care or orphanage system. Most orphanages and homes
of safety are very community-centered. There is a great deal of emphasis on maintaining
traditional safety nets, such as extended family (Subbarao and Coury, 2004). However, over the
years the ability for extended families to care for orphans has decreased. Many orphans placed in
homes of safeties do in fact have extended family in the community, but they are unable not take
full care and responsibility for the child(ren).

The main concern when it comes to orphans is making sure that their needs are met,
emotionally, psychologically, and physically. The failure of larger institutions has brought about
the rise in community involvement in the way of homes of safety. Research conducted by
Subbarao and Coury (2014) has shown that community based homes of safety should:

Be located in communities

Replicate the local communities levels of physical support and family structures, including the mingling
of children in different age groups

Promote childrens contact with community and family members (by sending them to local schools and
having them play with other children in the community) and involve children in the decisions affecting
them

Make available better trained staff in order to provide children with adequate care and psychological and
emotional support

Organize regular visits by civil society leaders so they can monitor these establishments

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 Adhere to the national standards for institutional arrangements that should be established

Family-style homes for orphaned children provide a more enriching environment for
children to grow up in. The key is being surrounded by their own community and its members
which provides a more stable and secure place for the children to prosper in.

Community involvement does not end at the creation of a home of safety but continues
throughout its existence. Many local NGOs rely on community participation in order to uphold
their mission and thrive. Communities can provide financial support, donations of necessities,
and social support. They can provide a strong basis for which a NGO can develop. In addition,
without the support of community members NGOs have a higher percentage chance of failing.
Community participation serves many purposes for the success of NGOs. Community members
serves as a tool of accountability for NGOs (Ebrahim, 2003). If the NGO is not meeting the
needs of the community or failing at its obligations, community members are able to step in and
bring attention to these issues. If an NGO has to answer to the community in which it is housed
than it must keep the promises it makes and in some way be an asset to the community instead of
a burden.

Community participation promotes sustainable, people-centered development, equal

opportunities, and social justice (Craig and Mayo, 1995). In addition, community participation
is a cost-effective method that can help NGOs stay sustainable and keep their doors open (Craig
and Mayo, 1995). In a study done to examine after disaster housing reconstruction it was found
that the key to success ultimately lies in the participation of the local community... in
reconstruction (UNDR, 1982). This ideology can be applied to other NGO projects; community
participation is crucial to the success of NGOs.

IV. Methodology

In order to accurately assess the different research aims examined, we consulted primary
sources, including interviews with Momma Evelyn, other non-governmental leaders, and
statistical data. We first interviewed Momma Evelyn using the questions in Appendix A to
understand what forms of income and support Abaphumeleli already receives. The knowledge
from this interview gave direction to our research and what resources Momma Evelyn was not

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contacting. After conducting the interview, we began to research how other orphanages generate
sustainable and sufficient capital.
To find this information, an internet search was conducted to explore other orphanages
internationally to determine if any of these organizations created their own income. Also, South
African social grants websites were looked at to determine if there were other social grants that
Momma Evelyn qualified for. Corporate sponsorships and donation sites were also viewed to see
if any local corporations or organizations provide sponsorships to non-governmental
organizations. The next task was to determine the community dynamics of Khayelitsha.
To gather this data, we interviewed Momma Evelyn and Simphiwe Mabuya, the director
of Siluncedo another NGO in Khayelitsha, (utilizing the questions listed in Appendix B and
Appendix C) as primary sources and researched data and statistics utilizing secondary sources.
The information provided by these three sources gave insight into why Abaphumeleli and other
Home of Safety are necessary and important for children in Khayelitsha. These resources gave us
direct insight about the community from the peoples perspective. We also conducted outside
research to determine the best ways for the community to get involved by looking at other
community-based organizations to see how the community assists. We engaged with the websites
of other organizations, researched methods to create community involvement, and contacted
organizations directly to understand how their communities help sustain their organizations.
The different research methods utilized helped us to have a holistic understanding of how
to better assist Abaphumeleli and help them to generate capital. The utilization of primary and
secondary resources allowed us to receive an unbiased opinion as well as the perspective from
the community members. After the personal interviews and research, we were able to create
different options for Momma Evelyn to pursue to ensure the sustainability of Abaphumeleli.

V. Findings
When considering the community dynamics of Khayelitsha, some startling statistics were
found. Khayelitsha is not only the largest township in South Africa, it is also one of the poorest.
Approximately seventy-five percent of the population is unemployed, or have no formal
employment. In addition, the crime rate in Khayelitsha is so high that the township has been
informally named the murder capital of South Africa (The Khayelitsha Project, n.d.). There are
many implications to these two statements. Crime rates may explain why some children are

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abandoned; the death or arrest of a parent can cause children to be placed into Homes of Safety.
Likewise, the level of unemployment in the community has stark implications for Abaphumeleli.

Since most of Khayelitshas citizens are unemployed, they may not be able to provide
financial support to Abaphumeleli. Interviews with Simphiwe and Momma Evelyn provided
ways that the community can participate and support Abaphumeleli without money.

Simphiwe stated we [Momma Evelyn and himself] always want the community to be
involved in so many ways. We would say to the community members any time that you have,
come and spend time with the children (Mabuya, 2016). Momma Evelyn shared Simphiwes
sentiment. She encourages community members to visit the children, spend time with them, and
donate any excess clothing items. The community does donate excess clothing and food when it
is available. However, the community can give something even more precious.

Both interviewees reiterated that spending time with the children of Abaphumeleli would
be the most helpful task that the community could complete. Simphiwe felt that having
someone from the community builds a childs spirit and make them feel as if it is not the end of
the world (Mabuya, 2016). Neither Momma Evelyn nor Simphiwe mentioned financial
assistance as something that the community can offer. Considering the statistical data presented
previously in the document, it is understandable why Momma Evelyn and Simphiwe take this
stance. However, Momma Evelyn has created one way for the women of the community to
become involved with Abaphumeleli.

Abaphumeleli Home of Safety has an executive board of women that assist with making
decisions regarding Abaphumeleli. The executive board members are volunteers and do not
receive any form of compensation. The Executive Board not only gives Momma Evelyn
assistance in making important decisions, but also provides the women of the Board a sense of
empowerment in making decisions that have an important effect on the community.

Momma Evelyn understands that Khayelitsha is a township that cannot offer much
financially; she primarily reaches out to the community for their time. In his interview, Simphiwe
stated that time and care is one of the most important things that the community can offer to the
children of Abaphumeleli Home of Safety. However, there are two other organizations in the
community that give to Abaphumeleli in a different way.

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 According to Momma Evelyn, churches in the area contribute by providing food, support,
and entertainment to the children. Though these items may seem insignificant, they surely play a
positive role in the development of Abaphumeleli and its children. Another organization that is
making a difference is Siluncedo. Simphiwe Mabuya is the founder of this organization that
currently offers after-school Peer Education Training, which is a holistic program that deals
with the academic and social problems, of the older child of Abaphumeleli (Mabuya, 2016).
This program aims to empower the children to become creators of their own futures (Mabuya,
2016). Siluncedo meets with the children of Abaphumeleli three times per week, Monday
through Wednesday. Homework assistance and tutoring is offered to any students in need of it,
and peer educational talks offer information on different topics. The class teaches the children
the importance of education, employment, and business ownership. Simphiwe wants his
program to create children that are open-minded, freethinkers. But also, to ensure that they are
strong enough to stand for themselves (Mabuya, 2016). Siluncedo does not directly benefit the
financial aspect of Abaphumeleli, but it does provide the children of Abaphumeleli with support
that does not have a monetary value. However, Momma Evelyn does have some organizations
that provide for Abaphumeleli.

Currently, Abaphumeleli receives foster care grants for the children, and Momma Evelyn
is in the process of applying for Child Support Grants for one of the children that she cares for.
These two social grants are the only forms of government assistance that Abaphumeleli receives.
From the interview conducted by Momma Evelyn, these grants are used to pay for medical costs,
food, and stipends for the caregivers. The funds are usually not enough to purchase everything
that is necessary for Abaphumeleli. Fortunately, organizations such as Pick n Pay, Food Bank of
South Africa, Follow Me 2 Africa, and Amalgamated Banks of South Africa (ABSA) provide
clothes and food to Abaphumeleli. Even so, these organizations occasionally do not provide
enough to fully support the children. Pick n Pay generally provides bread and potatoes, but no
meat. The children also receive mass donations of clothes once per year. Considering the
nutritional and clothing needs of children, these donations are not sufficient. The question then
remains how Abaphumeleli can create sustainable and sufficient capital.

VI. Conclusion and Recommendations

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 Our third research aim, sustainable and sufficient funding, was a difficult one to answer.
We found that there were not very many ways for Abaphumeleli to generate its own income. One
method we found that could provide capital is a GoFundMe account. A GoFundMe account will
allow Abaphumeleli to be advertised globally online. Abaphumeleli can have an outreach
program in the United States and South Africa. American students can share links and
information at their local Universities, with their families, and with other organizations. An
international outreach will be the most effective method to bring in funds. Though this method is
promising, it may not be as effective and donations may not come steadily enough. Therefore,
we believe that persistent and consistent outreach to funding sources is the most important
method to develop sustainable and sufficient capital. It is important to consistently reach out to
potential investors and sponsors to determine ways they are willing to help or if those companies
or organizations can connect Abaphumeleli with others that can provide assistance.

Simphiwe stated that there is a lack of community knowledge regarding Homes of Safety
in the Khayelitsha community. Simphiwe believes that if the community is adequately informed
of the importance of Homes of Safety, they may be able to spread the word about the needs of
Abaphumeleli. Though individuals may not be able to contribute, they can inform their
employers or co-workers, which could lead to potential financiers. It is vital that the community
has information about Abaphumeleli and the things they can do to help create a better Home of
Safety. Providing information to the community can be very cost-efficient. Momma Evelyn must
simply ask people to communicate via word-of-mouth. Word-of-mouth is free and effective
advertisement in tight-knit communities. We encouraged Momma to continue to speak with the
Khayelitsha community to articulate the needs of Abaphumeleli. For community partners that
provide for Abaphumeleli, it is important that they are consistent with the services they provide.

We recommend that Momma Evelyn reach out to community churches and plan a day for
the congregation to visit the children. Rather than waiting for churches or organizations to
communicate with Abaphumeleli, Momma can actively reach out to see how they can assist.
Momma Evelyn should also connect with University of Cape Town affiliates to create a
partnership that can last for years to come. Momma Evelyn should connect with IES Abroad and
the University of Cape Town Students Health and Welfare Centres Organisation (SHAWCO) to
create connections with local University students.

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 IES Abroad is an excellent resource that can provide consistent volunteers to
Abaphumeleli. We will inquire to IES Abroad in making Abaphumeleli Home of Safety one of
the service learning sites that are available for students, who enroll in the course, to choose from.
Having Abaphumeleli as a recommended site would allow volunteers to continue with the work
and fundraising that we are currently completing. Consistent volunteers would be very
beneficial to the operations of Abaphumeleli, and it is an option that Momma Evelyn should
consider. Another way that University students can get involved is through the SHAWCO Health
program.

Momma Evelyn currently has to pay for medical expenses from the funds that she
receives from her social grants. Momma Evelyn should begin to take her children to SHAWCO
Healths Free Clinics so that the children can be cared for when minor illnesses occur. This will
lessen the cost of medical expenses as well as provide students with medical practice. Momma
Evelyn could also request that SHAWCO Health visit Abaphumeleli monthly to provide primary
care check-ups to all the children. This is another example of how the community can support the
children.

Lastly, we will request that students donate any clothes, toiletries, or food to
Abaphumeleli at the end of every semester. IES Abroad and Southern Ambition can work in
conjunction with one another to collect goods and deliver them to Abaphumeleli. Since IES
Abroad hosts students year-round, there will be a consistent influx of clothes and materials that
Abaphumeleli can utilize.

In conclusion, Abaphumeleli will benefit from creating connections throughout Cape

Town. We have presented opportunities for Abaphumeleli to attain services that will be free of
charge. Unfortunately, it is difficult for a non-governmental organization such as Abaphumeleli
Home of Safety to generate its own sufficient and sustainable capital. Therefore, Momma Evelyn
must find alternative ways to maintain Abaphumeleli. We believe if Momma Evelyn implements
our recommendations, the outcome will be positive.

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 References

Brunn, Stanley D., and Matthew W. Wilson. Cape Towns million plus black township of
Khayelitsha: Terrae Incognitae and the Geographies and Cartographies of Silence.
Habitat International, vol. 39, 2013, pp. 284-294

Craig, Gary, and Majorie Mayo. Community Empowerment: A Reader in Participation and

Development. Zed Books, 1995.

Ebrahim, Alnoor. "Accountability in practice: Mechanisms for NGOs." World development 31.5
(2003): 813-829.

Hailey, John. Models of INGO Sustainability: Balancing Restricted and Unrestricted

Funding (2014): 1-12. International NGO Training and Research Centre. Web. 24 Oct.
2016. <https://www.bond.org.uk/sites/default/files/resource-documents/ngo-
sustainability-hailey-intrac-briefing-paper-41-2014.pdf>.

Mabuya, Simphiwe. Personal Interview. 14 October 2016.

Makasi, Evelyn. Personal Interview. 9 September 2016.

ORegan, Kate, and Vusi Pikoli. "Towards a safer Khayelitsha: report of the Commission of
Inquiry into Allegations of Police Inefficiency and a Breakdown in Relations between
SAPS and the Community of Khayelitsha." Summary, August (2014).

Subbarao, Kalanidhi, and Diane Coury. Reaching Out to Africas Orphans: A Framework for

Public Action. The World Bank, 2004.

The Khayelitsha Project. Beyond Our Borders, 14 October 2016.

<http://beyondourborders.net/the-khayelitsha-project/>

UNDRO. (1982). Shelter after disaster: Guidelines for assistance. New York: UNDRO.

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 Appendix A:

Questions asked of Evelyn Makasi regarding Abaphumeleli operations:

1. What are the criteria for the government grants you receive?
2. Have you reached out to any soup kitchens or food retailers for assistance with food?
3. What clothing retail companies do you use? How do the children acquire their clothes?
4. Have you reached out to any other companies or businesses for assistance?

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 Appendix B:

Questions asked of Evelyn Makasi regarding Khayelitsha community dynamics:

1. What causes children to have to be placed in Abaphumeleli and other Homes of Safety?
2. How many orphanages are currently in Khayelitsha that you have knowledge of?
3. What resources does Khayelitsha need to stop the need for Homes of Safety?
4. Do you feel that having small Homes of Safety are more beneficial than larger
orphanages or group homes?

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 Appendix C:

Questions asked of Simphiwe Mabuya:

1. Tell me about Khayelitsha, community dynamics

2. Do you find the community to be empowered?
3. What do you believe leads to the need for place like Abaphumeleli?
4. How can the community assist Abaphumeleli and other homes of safety?
5. What resources are missing from the community that would help to alleviate the need for
orphanages?
6. Where do you see Khayelitsha in 10 years?
7. Can you speak about your peer educational training that you provide to the children of
Abaphumeleli?

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Appendix D:

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