Table of Contents
Volume Contents....................................................iii
Preface.....................................................................v
Acknowledgments.................................................vii
Table of Contents.................................................xiii
Chapter 10
Aircraft Instrument Systems.............................10-1
Introduction...................................................................10-1
Classifying Instruments................................................10-3
Flight Instruments.....................................................10-3
Engine Instruments....................................................10-3
Navigation Instruments.............................................10-4
Pressure Measuring Instruments...................................10-5
Types of Pressure......................................................10-7
Pressure Instruments.................................................10-8
Engine Oil Pressure...............................................10-8
Manifold Pressure..................................................10-9
Engine Pressure Ratio (EPR).................................10-9
Fuel Pressure........................................................10-10
Hydraulic Pressure...............................................10-10
Vacuum Pressure.................................................10-11
Pressure Switches................................................10-11
Pitot-Static Systems ...............................................10-12
Pitot Tubes and Static Vents................................10-12
Air Data Computers (ADC) and Digital Air
Data Computers (DADC)....................................10-14
Pitot-Static Pressure-Sensing Flight Instruments....10-16
Altimeters and Altitude........................................10-16
Vertical Speed Indicator......................................10-22
Airspeed Indicators..............................................10-24
Remote Sensing and Indication..................................10-26
Synchro-Type Remote-Indicating Instruments ......10-26
DC Selsyn Systems..............................................10-26
AC Synchro Systems...........................................10-28
Remote Indicating Fuel and Oil Pressure
Gauges.................................................................10-28
Mechanical Movement Indicators...............................10-29
Tachometers............................................................10-29
Mechanical Tachometers.....................................10-29
Electric Tachometers...........................................10-30
Synchroscope..........................................................10-32
Accelerometers........................................................10-32
Stall Warning and Angle of Attack (AOA)
Indicators.................................................................10-34
Temperature Measuring Instruments..........................10-35
Non-Electric Temperature Indicators......................10-36
Electrical Temperature Measuring Indication.........10-36
Electrical Resistance Thermometer.....................10-36
Ratiometer Electrical Resistance
Thermometers......................................................10-38
Thermocouple Temperature Indicators...................10-38
Turbine Gas Temperature Indicating Systems....10-39
Total Air Temperature Measurement......................10-42
Direction Indicating Instruments................................10-43
Magnetic Compass..................................................10-43
Vertical Magnetic Compass....................................10-45
Remote Indicating Compass....................................10-45
Remote Indicating Slaved Gyro Compass (Flux
Gate Compass)........................................................10-45
Solid State Magnetometers......................................10-46
Sources of Power for Gyroscopic Instruments...........10-46
Vacuum Systems.....................................................10-48
Venturi Tube Systems..........................................10-48
Engine-Driven Vacuum Pump.............................10-48
Typical Pump-Driven System..............................10-49
Twin-Engine Aircraft Vacuum System
Operation.............................................................10-50
Pressure-Driven Gyroscopic Instrument Systems...10-51
Electrically-Driven Gyroscopic Instrument
Systems....................................................................10-51
Principles of Gyroscopic Instruments.........................10-52
Mechanical Gyros...................................................10-52
Solid State Gyros and Related Systems..................10-54
Ring Laser Gyros (RLG).....................................10-54
xiii
 Microelectromechanical Based Attitude and
Directional Systems.............................................10-55
Other Attitude and Directional Systems..............10-55
Common Gyroscopic Instruments..............................10-56
Vacuum-Driven Attitude Gyros..............................10-56
Electric Attitude Indicators.....................................10-57
Gyroscopic Direction Indicator or Directional
Gyro (DG)...............................................................10-58
Turn Coordinators...................................................10-58
Turn-and-Slip Indicator . ........................................10-58
Autopilot Systems.......................................................10-60
Basis for Autopilot Operation.................................10-60
Autopilot Components................................................10-61
Sensing Elements....................................................10-61
Computer and Amplifier..........................................10-61
Output Elements......................................................10-61
Command Elements................................................10-63
Feedback or Follow-up Element.............................10-63
Autopilot Functions.................................................10-64
Yaw Dampening......................................................10-65
Automatic Flight Control System (AFCS).................10-65
Flight Director Systems..............................................10-65
Electronic Instruments................................................10-67
Electronic Attitude Director Indicator (EADI).......10-67
Electronic Horizontal Situation
Indicators (EHSI)....................................................10-68
Electronic Flight Information Systems.......................10-68
Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS)...........10-70
Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitor
(ECAM)...................................................................10-71
Engine Indicating and Crew Alerting
System (EICAS)......................................................10-72
Flight Management System (FMS).............................10-73
Warnings and Cautions...............................................10-74
Annunciator Systems...............................................10-74
Aural Warning Systems..........................................10-75
Clocks.........................................................................10-76
Instrument Housings and Handling............................10-77
Instrument Installations and Markings........................10-78
Instrument Panels....................................................10-78
Instrument Mounting...............................................10-80
Instrument Power Requirements.............................10-81
Instrument Range Markings....................................10-81
Maintenance of Instruments and Instrument
Systems.......................................................................10-81
Altimeter Tests........................................................10-82
Pitot-Static System Maintenance and Tests............10-83
Tachometer Maintenance........................................10-84
Magnetic Compass Maintenance and
Compensation..........................................................10-84
Vacuum System Maintenance.................................10-85
xiv
Autopilot System Maintenance...............................10-85
LCD Display Screens..............................................10-86
Chapter 11
Communication and Navigation........................11-1
Introduction...................................................................11-1
Avionics in Aviation Maintenance............................11-2
History of Avionics...................................................11-2
Fundamentals of Electronics.....................................11-3
Analog Versus Digital Electronics........................11-3
Analog Electronics.................................................11-4
Digital Electronics ..............................................11-26
Radio Communication................................................11-30
Radio Waves...........................................................11-31
Types of Radio Waves.........................................11-32
Loading Information onto a Radio Wave................11-32
Amplitude Modulation (AM)..............................11-34
Frequency Modulation (FM)...............................11-35
Single Side Band (SSB) . ....................................11-36
Radio Transmitters and Receivers...........................11-37
Transmitters.........................................................11-37
Receivers..............................................................11-37
Transceivers.........................................................11-38
Antennas..................................................................11-38
Length..................................................................11-38
Polarization, Directivity, and Field Pattern.........11-39
Types....................................................................11-40
Transmission Lines..............................................11-41
Radio Navigation........................................................11-41
VOR Navigation System.........................................11-42
Automatic Direction Finder (ADF).........................11-46
Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI).............................11-48
Instrument Landing Systems (ILS).........................11-49
Localizer..............................................................11-49
Glideslope...........................................................11-49
Compass Locators................................................11-51
Marker Beacons...................................................11-52
Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)..................11-52
Area Navigation (RNAV).......................................11-54
Radar Beacon Transponder.....................................11-54
Transponder Tests and Inspections......................11-58
Altitude Encoders................................................11-58
Collision Avoidance Systems..................................11-58
Traffic Collision Avoidance Systems (TCAS) ...11-59
ADS-B.................................................................11-60
Radio Altimeter.......................................................11-62
Weather Radar.........................................................11-64
Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)...................11-66
 Long Range Aid to Navigation System
(LORAN)................................................................11-69
Global Positioning System (GPS)...........................11-69
Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)........11-71
Inertial Navigation System (INS)/Inertial Reference
System (IRS)...............................................................11-71
Installation of Communication and Navigation
Equipment...................................................................11-72
Approval of New Avionics Equipment
Installations.............................................................11-72
Considerations.........................................................11-72
Cooling and Moisture . ...........................................11-73
Vibration Isolation...................................................11-73
Reducing Radio Interference......................................11-74
Shielding ................................................................11-74
Isolation...................................................................11-74
Bonding ..................................................................11-74
Static Discharge Wicks...........................................11-75
Installation of Aircraft Antenna Systems....................11-75
Transmission Lines.................................................11-76
Maintenance Procedure...........................................11-76
Chapter 12
Hydraulic and Pneumatic Power Systems.......12-1
Aircraft Hydraulic Systems...........................................12-1
Hydraulic Fluid.............................................................12-2
Viscosity....................................................................12-2
Chemical Stability.....................................................12-2
Flash Point.................................................................12-3
Fire Point...................................................................12-3
Types of Hydraulic Fluids............................................12-3
Mineral-Based Fluids................................................12-3
Polyalphaolefin-Based Fluids....................................12-3
Phosphate Ester-Based Fluid (Skydrol)..................12-3
Intermixing of Fluids.................................................12-3
Compatibility with Aircraft Materials.......................12-3
Hydraulic Fluid Contamination.................................12-4
Contamination Check ...........................................12-4
Contamination Control..........................................12-5
Hydraulic System Flushing.......................................12-5
Health and Handling..................................................12-5
Basic Hydraulic Systems .............................................12-6
Open Center Hydraulic Systems...............................12-6
Closed-Center Hydraulic Systems............................12-7
Hydraulic Power Systems.............................................12-7
Evolution of Hydraulic Systems...............................12-7
Hydraulic Power Pack System..................................12-7
Hydraulic System Components.................................12-8
Reservoirs..............................................................12-8
Filters.......................................................................12-12
Micron-Type Filters.............................................12-14
Maintenance of Filters.........................................12-14
Filter Bypass Valve ............................................12-14
Filter Differential Pressure Indicators ................12-14
Pumps......................................................................12-15
Hand Pumps ...........................................................12-15
Power-Driven Pumps..............................................12-16
Classification of Pumps.......................................12-16
Constant-Displacement Pumps............................12-17
Gear-Type Power Pump......................................12-17
Gerotor Pump.......................................................12-17
Piston Pump.........................................................12-18
Vane Pump...........................................................12-19
Variable-Displacement Pump . ...........................12-20
Valves . ...................................................................12-23
Flow Control Valves............................................12-23
Pressure Control Valves......................................12-27
Shuttle Valves......................................................12-29
Accumulators..........................................................12-30
Types of Accumulators........................................12-30
Heat Exchangers......................................................12-32
Actuators.................................................................12-32
Linear Actuators..................................................12-32
Rotary Actuators..................................................12-33
Hydraulic Motor .................................................12-34
Ram Air Turbine (RAT) . .......................................12-35
Power Transfer Unit (PTU).....................................12-35
Hydraulic Motor-Driven Generator (HMDG).........12-35
Seals........................................................................12-35
V-Ring Packings..................................................12-35
U-Ring ................................................................12-35
O-Rings................................................................12-35
Backup Rings.......................................................12-37
Gaskets.................................................................12-37
Seal Materials......................................................12-37
O-Ring Installation .............................................12-38
Wipers . ...............................................................12-38
Large Aircraft Hydraulic Systems..............................12-38
Boeing 737 Next Generation Hydraulic System.....12-38
Reservoirs............................................................12-38
Pumps..................................................................12-38
Filter Units...........................................................12-40
Power Transfer Unit (PTU).................................12-40
Landing Gear Transfer Unit.................................12-41
Standby Hydraulic System..................................12-42
Indications............................................................12-42
Boeing 777 Hydraulic System.................................12-42
Left and Right System Description......................12-43
Center Hydraulic System.....................................12-45
xv
Aircraft Pneumatic Systems........................................12-47
High-Pressure Systems............................................12-48
Pneumatic System Components..........................12-48
Emergency Backup Systems................................12-51
Medium-Pressure Systems......................................12-52
Low-Pressure Systems ...........................................12-52
Pneumatic Power System Maintenance..................12-52
Chapter 13
Aircraft Landing Gear Systems.........................13-1
Landing Gear Types......................................................13-1
Landing Gear Arrangement.......................................13-2
Tail Wheel-Type Landing Gear . ..........................13-3
Tandem Landing Gear...........................................13-3
Tricycle-Type Landing Gear.................................13-3
Fixed and Retractable Landing Gear.........................13-5
Shock Absorbing and Non-Shock Absorbing
Landing Gear . ..........................................................13-5
Leaf-Type Spring Gear..........................................13-6
Rigid .....................................................................13-6
Bungee Cord..........................................................13-7
Shock Struts ..........................................................13-7
Shock Strut Operation.............................................13-11
Servicing Shock Struts............................................13-12
Bleeding Shock Struts.............................................13-13
Landing Gear Alignment, Support, and Retraction....13-14
Alignment................................................................13-14
Support....................................................................13-15
Small Aircraft Retraction Systems..........................13-16
Large Aircraft Retraction Systems .........................13-20
Emergency Extension Systems...............................13-22
Landing Gear Safety Devices..................................13-22
Safety Switch.......................................................13-22
Ground Locks......................................................13-23
Landing Gear Position Indicators........................13-24
Nose Wheel Centering.........................................13-24
Landing Gear System Maintenance............................13-25
Landing Gear Rigging and Adjustment..................13-26
Gear Door Clearances..........................................13-28
Drag and Side Brace Adjustment .......................13-28
Landing Gear Retraction Test . ...........................13-29
Nose Wheel Steering Systems....................................13-30
Small Aircraft .........................................................13-30
Large Aircraft..........................................................13-30
Shimmy Dampers....................................................13-32
Steering Damper..................................................13-33
Piston-Type..........................................................13-33
Vane-Type...........................................................13-33
Non-Hydraulic Shimmy Damper.........................13-34
xvi
Aircraft Wheels...........................................................13-34
Wheel Construction.................................................13-34
Inboard Wheel Half.............................................13-35
Outboard Wheel Half...........................................13-35
Wheel Inspection.....................................................13-35
On Aircraft Inspection.........................................13-35
Proper Installation................................................13-35
Off Aircraft Wheel Inspection ............................13-37
Aircraft Brakes............................................................13-42
Types and Construction of Aircraft Brakes ...........13-43
Single Disc Brakes...............................................13-43
Dual-Disc Brakes.................................................13-45
Multiple-Disc Brakes...........................................13-46
Segmented Rotor-Disc Brakes . ..........................13-47
Carbon Brakes.....................................................13-50
Expander Tube Brakes.........................................13-50
Brake Actuating Systems........................................13-52
Independent Master Cylinders . ..........................13-52
Boosted Brakes....................................................13-55
Power Brakes ......................................................13-56
Emergency Brake Systems . ...................................13-59
Parking Brake......................................................13-61
Brake Deboosters.................................................13-61
Anti-Skid.................................................................13-61
System Operation.................................................13-61
Wheel Speed Sensors...........................................13-62
Control Units.......................................................13-63
Anti-Skid Control Valves....................................13-64
Touchdown and Lock Wheel Protection.............13-66
Auto Brakes.........................................................13-66
Anti-Skid System Tests.......................................13-66
Anti-Skid System Maintenance...........................13-68
Brake Inspection and Service..................................13-68
On Aircraft Servicing..........................................13-68
Lining Wear.........................................................13-68
Air in the Brake System.......................................13-69
Bleeding Master Cylinder Brake Systems...........13-69
Bleeding Power Brake Systems...........................13-71
Off Aircraft Brake Servicing and Maintenance...13-72
Replacement of Brake Linings............................13-73
Brake Malfunctions and Damage ...........................13-74
Overheating ........................................................13-74
Dragging .............................................................13-75
Chattering or Squealing ......................................13-76
Aircraft Tires and Tubes.............................................13-76
Tire Classification...................................................13-76
Types....................................................................13-76
Ply Rating............................................................13-77
 Tube-Type or Tubeless........................................13-77
Bias Ply or Radial................................................13-78
Tire Construction.....................................................13-78
Bead ....................................................................13-78
Carcass Plies........................................................13-79
Tread....................................................................13-79
Sidewall...............................................................13-80
Tire Inspection on the Aircraft................................13-80
Inflation................................................................13-80
Tread Condition...................................................13-82
Sidewall Condition..............................................13-86
Tire Removal...........................................................13-86
Tire Inspection Off of the Aircraft..........................13-88
Tire Repair and Retreading.....................................13-88
Tire Storage ............................................................13-89
Aircraft Tubes.........................................................13-89
Tube Construction and Selection.........................13-89
Tube Storage and Inspection...............................13-90
Tire Inspection ....................................................13-90
Tire Mounting.........................................................13-90
Tubeless Tires......................................................13-90
Tube-Type Tires..................................................13-91
Tire Balancing ........................................................13-93
Operation and Handling Tips......................................13-93
Taxiing ...................................................................13-94
Braking and Pivoting...............................................13-94
Landing Field and Hangar Floor Condition ...........13-94
Takeoffs and Landings............................................13-94
Hydroplaning...........................................................13-94
Chapter 14
Aircraft Fuel System..........................................14-1
Basic Fuel System Requirements..................................14-1
Fuel System Independence........................................14-2
Fuel System Lightning Protection.............................14-2
Fuel Flow...................................................................14-3
Flow Between Interconnected Tanks........................14-3
Unusable Fuel Supply...............................................14-3
Fuel System Hot Weather Operation........................14-3
Fuel Tanks.....................................................................14-3
Fuel Tank Tests.........................................................14-3
Fuel Tank Installation................................................14-4
Fuel Tank Expansion Space......................................14-4
Fuel Tank Sump........................................................14-4
Fuel Tank Filler Connection.....................................14-4
Fuel Tank Vents and Carburetor Vapor Vents..........14-4
Fuel Tank Outlet........................................................14-5
Pressure Fueling Systems..........................................14-5
Fuel Pumps . .............................................................14-5
Fuel System Lines and Fittings ................................14-5
Fuel System Components..........................................14-5
Fuel Valves and Controls..........................................14-5
Fuel Strainer or Filter................................................14-6
Fuel System Drains...................................................14-6
Fuel Jettisoning System.............................................14-6
Types of Aviation Fuel.................................................14-7
Reciprocating Engine FuelAVGAS......................14-7
Volatility................................................................14-7
Vapor Lock............................................................14-7
Carburetor Icing.....................................................14-7
Aromatic Fuels.......................................................14-8
Detonation..............................................................14-8
Surface Ignition and Preignition............................14-9
Octane and Performance Number Rating..............14-9
Fuel Identification................................................14-10
Purity....................................................................14-10
Turbine Engine Fuels..............................................14-11
Turbine Fuel Volatility........................................14-12
Turbine Engine Fuel Types.................................14-13
Turbine Engine Fuel Issues.................................14-13
Aircraft Fuel Systems.................................................14-13
Small Single-Engine Aircraft Fuel Systems............14-13
Gravity Feed Systems..........................................14-13
Pump Feed Systems.............................................14-14
High-Wing Aircraft With Fuel Injection
System..................................................................14-14
Small Multiengine (Reciprocating) Aircraft
Fuel Systems...........................................................14-15
Low-Wing Twin..................................................14-15
High-Wing Twin..................................................14-16
Large Reciprocating-Engine Aircraft Fuel
Systems....................................................................14-16
Jet Transport Aircraft Fuel Systems........................14-17
Helicopter Fuel Systems..........................................14-22
Fuel System Components...........................................14-22
Fuel Tanks...............................................................14-22
Rigid Removable Fuel Tanks..............................14-23
Bladder Fuel Tanks..............................................14-25
Integral Fuel Tanks..............................................14-25
Fuel Lines and Fittings............................................14-26
Fuel Valves . ...........................................................14-26
Hand-Operated Valves.........................................14-28
Cone Valves.........................................................14-28
Poppet Valves......................................................14-29
Manually-Operated Gate Valves.........................14-29
Motor-Operated Valves.......................................14-30
Solenoid-Operated Valves...................................14-31
Fuel Pumps..............................................................14-31
Hand-Operated Fuel Pumps.................................14-31
Ejector Pumps......................................................14-32
xvii
 Pulsating Electric Pumps.....................................14-34
Vane-Type Fuel Pumps.......................................14-35
Fuel Filters...............................................................14-36
Fuel Heaters and Ice Prevention..............................14-39
Fuel System Indicators............................................14-40
Fuel Quantity Indicating Systems........................14-40
Fuel Flowmeters..................................................14-44
Fuel Temperature Gauges....................................14-46
Fuel Pressure Gauges...........................................14-47
Pressure Warning Signal......................................14-48
Valve-In-Transit Indicator Lights . .....................14-48
Fuel System Repair ....................................................14-49
Troubleshooting the Fuel System............................14-49
Location of Leaks and Defects............................14-49
Fuel Leak Classification......................................14-50
Replacement of Gaskets, Seals, and Packings.....14-50
Fuel Tank Repair.....................................................14-50
Welded Tanks......................................................14-51
Riveted Tanks......................................................14-51
Soldered Tanks....................................................14-51
Bladder Tanks......................................................14-51
Integral Tanks......................................................14-52
Fire Safety............................................................14-52
Fuel System Servicing................................................14-54
Checking for Fuel System Contaminants................14-54
Water....................................................................14-54
Solid Particle Contaminants................................14-55
Surfactants...........................................................14-55
Microorganisms...................................................14-55
Foreign Fuel Contamination................................14-56
Detection of Contaminants..................................14-56
Fuel Contamination Control................................14-58
Fueling and Defueling Procedures..............................14-59
Fueling.....................................................................14-59
Defueling.................................................................14-61
Fire Hazards When Fueling or Defueling...............14-61
Chapter 15
Ice and Rain Protection.....................................15-1
Ice Control Systems......................................................15-1
Icing Effects..............................................................15-2
Ice Detector System......................................................15-3
Ice Prevention............................................................15-3
Wing and Horizontal and Vertical Stabilizer
Anti-Icing Systems........................................................15-4
Thermal Pneumatic Anti-icing..................................15-4
Wing Anti-Ice (WAI) System................................15-4
Leading Edge Slat Anti-Ice System.......................15-6
Thermal Electric Anti-Icing....................................15-10
Chemical Anti-Icing................................................15-10
xviii
Wing and Stabilizer Deicing Systems.........................15-12
Sources of Operating Air.........................................15-12
Turbine Engine Bleed Air....................................15-12
Pneumatic Deice Boot System for GA Aircraft......15-12
GA System Operation..........................................15-13
Deice System for Turboprop Aircraft.....................15-14
Deicing System Components..................................15-14
Wet-Type Engine-Driven Air Pump....................15-14
Dry-Type Engine-Driven Air Pump....................15-16
Oil Separator........................................................15-17
Control Valve.......................................................15-17
Deflate Valve.......................................................15-18
Distributor Valve.................................................15-18
Timer/Control Unit..............................................15-18
Regulators and Relief Valves..............................15-18
Manifold Assembly.............................................15-19
Inlet Filter............................................................15-19
Construction and Installation of Deice Boots.........15-19
Inspection, Maintenance, and Troubleshooting
of Rubber Deicer Boot Systems..............................15-19
Operational Checks..............................................15-19
Adjustments.........................................................15-21
Troubleshooting...................................................15-21
Inspection.............................................................15-21
Deice Boot Maintenance.........................................15-21
Electric Deice Boots................................................15-22
Propeller Deice System...............................................15-23
Electrothermal Propeller Device System ...............15-23
Chemical Propeller Deice........................................15-23
Ground Deicing of Aircraft.........................................15-23
Frost Removal.........................................................15-25
Deicing and Anti-icing of Transport Type
Aircraft.................................................................15-25
Ice and Snow Removal............................................15-27
Rain Control Systems.................................................15-27
Windshield Wiper Systems ....................................15-27
Chemical Rain Repellant.........................................15-27
Windshield Surface Seal Coating........................15-28
Pneumatic Rain Removal Systems..........................15-28
Windshield Frost, Fog, and Ice Control Systems.......15-28
Electric....................................................................15-28
Pneumatic................................................................15-30
Chemical..................................................................15-31
Portable Water Tank Ice Prevention...........................15-32
Chapter 16
Cabin Environmental Control Systems............16-1
Physiology of Flight......................................................16-1
Composition of the Atmosphere...............................16-1
Human Respiration and Circulation..........................16-2
 Oxygen and Hypoxia.............................................16-2
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning.................................16-3
Aircraft Oxygen Systems..............................................16-3
Forms of Oxygen and Characteristics.......................16-4
Gaseous Oxygen....................................................16-4
Liquid Oxygen.......................................................16-4
Chemical or Solid Oxygen ...................................16-5
Onboard Oxygen Generating Systems
(OBOGS)...............................................................16-5
Oxygen Systems and Components............................16-6
Gaseous Oxygen Systems......................................16-6
Chemical Oxygen Systems..................................16-16
LOX Systems.......................................................16-16
Oxygen System Servicing.......................................16-16
Servicing Gaseous Oxygen..................................16-16
Filling LOX Systems...........................................16-19
Inspection of Masks and Hoses...........................16-19
Replacing Tubing, Valves, and Fittings..............16-20
Prevention of Oxygen Fires or Explosions.............16-20
Oxygen System Inspection and Maintenance......16-20
Aircraft Pressurization Systems..................................16-21
Pressure of the Atmosphere.....................................16-21
Temperature and Altitude........................................16-22
Pressurization Terms...............................................16-23
Pressurization Issues...............................................16-23
Sources of Pressurized Air......................................16-24
Reciprocating Engine Aircraft . ..........................16-25
Turbine Engine Aircraft . ....................................16-26
Control of Cabin Pressure ......................................16-27
Pressurization Modes...........................................16-27
Cabin Pressure Controller....................................16-28
Cabin Air Pressure Regulator and Outflow
Valve....................................................................16-30
Cabin Air Pressure Safety Valve Operation........16-31
Pressurization Gauges..........................................16-32
Pressurization Operation . ...................................16-32
Air Distribution....................................................16-34
Cabin Pressurization Troubleshooting.................16-34
Air Conditioning Systems...........................................16-34
Air Cycle Air Conditioning.....................................16-35
System Operation.................................................16-36
Pneumatic System Supply...................................16-36
Component Operation..........................................16-36
Water Separator...................................................16-39
Cabin Temperature Control System....................16-39
Vapor Cycle Air Conditioning................................16-40
Theory of Refrigeration.......................................16-41
Vapor Cycle Air Conditioning System
Components.........................................................16-46
Vapor Cycle Air Conditioning Servicing
Equipment............................................................16-51
System Servicing.................................................16-55
Technician Certification.......................................16-58
Aircraft Heaters...........................................................16-58
Bleed Air Systems...................................................16-58
Electric Heating Systems........................................16-58
Exhaust Shroud Heaters..........................................16-58
Combustion Heaters................................................16-60
Combustion Air System.......................................16-60
Ventilating Air System .......................................16-60
Fuel System.........................................................16-61
Ignition System....................................................16-61
Controls................................................................16-61
Safety Features ...................................................16-62
Maintenance and Inspection................................16-62
Chapter 17
Fire Protection Systems....................................17-1
Introduction...................................................................17-1
Classes of Fires..........................................................17-2
Requirements for Overheat and Fire Protection
Systems......................................................................17-2
Fire Detection/Overheat Systems.................................17-2
Thermal Switch System............................................17-2
Thermocouple System...............................................17-3
Continuous-Loop Systems........................................17-4
Fenwal System.......................................................17-4
Kidde System.........................................................17-4
Pressure Type Sensor Responder Systems................17-6
Pneumatic Continuous-Loop Systems...................17-6
Fire Zones..................................................................17-8
Smoke, Flame, and Carbon Monoxide Detection
Systems.........................................................................17-8
Smoke Detectors.......................................................17-8
Light Refraction Type............................................17-8
Ionization Type......................................................17-8
Flame Detectors.........................................................17-9
Carbon Monoxide Detectors.....................................17-9
Extinguishing Agents and Portable Fire
Extinguishers...............................................................17-10
Halogenated Hydrocarbons.....................................17-10
Inert Cold Gases......................................................17-10
Dry Powders............................................................17-10
Water.......................................................................17-11
Cockpit and Cabin Interiors....................................17-11
Extinguisher Types..............................................17-11
Installed Fire Extinguishing Systems..........................17-11
CO2 Fire Extinguishing Systems.............................17-11
xix
 Halogenated Hydrocarbons Fire Extinguishing
Systems....................................................................17-11
Containers ..............................................................17-12
Discharge Valves.....................................................17-13
Pressure Indication..................................................17-13
Two-Way Check Valve...........................................17-13
Discharge Indicators................................................17-13
Thermal Discharge Indicator (Red Disk)............17-13
Yellow Disk Discharge Indicator........................17-14
Fire Switch..............................................................17-14
Cargo Fire Detection...................................................17-14
Cargo Compartment Classification.........................17-15
Class A.................................................................17-15
Class B.................................................................17-15
Class C.................................................................17-15
Class E.................................................................17-15
Cargo and Baggage Compartment Fire
Detection and Extinguisher System........................17-15
Smoke Detector System.......................................17-16
Cargo Compartment Extinguishing System........17-16
Lavatory Smoke Detectors..........................................17-17
Lavatory Smoke Detector System . ........................17-17
Lavatory Fire Extinguisher System.........................17-18
Fire Detection System Maintenance...........................17-18
Fire Detection System Troubleshooting.....................17-19
Fire Extinguisher System Maintenance......................17-20
Container Pressure Check.......................................17-20
Discharge Cartridges...............................................17-20
Agent Containers.....................................................17-20
Fire Prevention............................................................17-21

Glossary...............................................................G-1

Index.......................................................................I-1

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