DE Solution Ortho Trajectories Exp.

Growth/Decay Exercises

Differential Equations and Applications

Mathematics 54Elementary Analysis 2

Institute of Mathematics
University of the Philippines-Diliman

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DE Solution Ortho Trajectories Exp. Growth/Decay Exercises

Introduction
Definition.
An (ordinary) differential equation is an equation involving a
function of one variable and its derivatives.

Examples.
dy d2 u
1 = 6 3x2 3 = tan x sec2 x
dx dx2
du 1
2 = ey y 3 4 v00 = 2
dy x +5
Definition.
1 The order of a differential equation is the highest order of the
derivative in the equation. ((1)(2) are of order 1, (3)(4) are of
order 2.)
2 A solution of a differential equation is a function that satisfies
the equation.
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DE Solution Ortho Trajectories Exp. Growth/Decay Exercises

Separable Differential Equations

Definition.
dy
A first-order differential equation whose expression for can be
dx
expressed as a product of a function of x and a function of y, that is,
dy
= g(x)h(y),
dx
is said to be separable.

If h(y) 6= 0, we have
dy g(x)
= ,
dx f (y)
1
where f (y) = . To solve this:
h(y)

Z f (y) dy = g(x)
Z dx
f (y) dy = g(x) dx.
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DE Solution Ortho Trajectories Exp. Growth/Decay Exercises

General Solution of a Differential Equation

Example.
dy cos 3x
1 Find a solution of = .
dx sin 2y

We have
sin 2y dy = cos 3x dx
R R
sin 2y dy = cos 3x dx
.
1 1
cos 2y + C1 = sin 3x + C2
2 3
Combining C1 and C2 , the solution has the form

1 1
cos 2y + sin 3x = C , C R
2 3

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DE Solution Ortho Trajectories Exp. Growth/Decay Exercises

General Solution of a Differential Equation

Example.
p
du x 1 u2
2 Solve = p .
dx u 2x2 + 1

The given equation is separable. Indeed,

u x
p du = p dx
1u 2 2x2 + 1
u x
Z Z
p du = p dx
1 u2 2x2 + 1
p 1p 2
1 u2 + C1 = 2x + 1 + C2
2
1p 2 p
C = 2x + 1 + 1 u2 .
2

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DE Solution Ortho Trajectories Exp. Growth/Decay Exercises

Particular Solution of a Differential Equation

Example.
3 Find the equation of the curve that passes through (0, 1) and
y cos x
whose slope at any point x, y is given by 1+y2 .

dy y cos x
The equation of the curve satisfies = . We have:
dx 1 + y 2
1 + y2
dy = cos x dx
Z y
1
Z
+ y dy = cos x dx
y
1
ln y + y 2 = sin x + C
2
But (0, 1) is a point on the required curve. Thus, we have
1 1
ln |1| + (1)2 = sin 0 + C = C = .
2 2
1 2 1
The equation of the curve is ln |y| + y = sin x + .
2 2
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DE Solution Ortho Trajectories Exp. Growth/Decay Exercises

Orthogonal Trajectories
Definition.
An orthogonal trajectory to a set of curves is a curve that intersects
each curve, in the given set, orthogonally (perperdicularly). That is,
the tangent lines at the points of intersection are perpendicular.

Remark.
If each curve in the given set has slope m, then each curve in the set
of orthogonal trajectories has slope
1
mOT = .
m
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DE Solution Ortho Trajectories Exp. Growth/Decay Exercises

1
Slope of orthogonal trajectory: mOT =
m

Example.
1 Find the orthogonal trajectories of the set of circles x2 + y 2 = C.

dy dx
=
y x
ln |y| = ln |x| + k
ln |y| = ln |x| + ln ek
ln |y| = ln |ek x|
xaxis, yaxis, are orthog.
trajectories
By implicit differentiation: Lines y = Kx, K R, are
dy y orthogonal trajectories of
2x + 2y = 0 mOT = the set of circles.
dx x
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DE Solution Ortho Trajectories Exp. Growth/Decay Exercises

Computing Equations of Orthogonal Trajectories

Example.
Consider the set of parabolas with vertex at the origin y = Cx2 .

If each curve in the set has slope

m, then

dy 1
(of o.t.) = mOT =
dx m

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DE Solution Ortho Trajectories Exp. Growth/Decay Exercises

Orthogonal Trajectories of y = Cx2

dy dy
m= = 2Cx ( dx of the given curve)
dx
y y 2y
Since this is true for all C, and 2 = C = m = 2 2 x =
x x x
x
Hence, an orthogonal trajectory must have slope mOT = .
2y
That is, an orthogonal trajectory must satisfy the differential
equation
dy x
= .
dx 2y
1
Solving, we obtain y 2 = x2 + K , where K R.
2

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DE Solution Ortho Trajectories Exp. Growth/Decay Exercises

Example.
set of curves : {y = Cx2 : C R}
set of orthogonal trajectories : {y 2 + 21 x2 = K : K R}

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DE Solution Ortho Trajectories Exp. Growth/Decay Exercises

Orthogonal Trajectories

Example.
Consider the set of parabolas y = x2 + C, C R, whose vertices are on
the y-axis.
dy
Each curve in the set has slope m = = 2x.
dx
Hence, each orthogonal trajectory must have slope
1 1
mOT = = .
m 2x

That is, each orthogonal trajectory must satisfy the differential

equation
dy 1
= .
dx 2x
1
Thus, the solution is y = ln |x| + K , where K R.
2
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DE Solution Ortho Trajectories Exp. Growth/Decay Exercises

Example.
set of curves : {y = x2 + C : C R}
set of orthogonal trajectories : {y = 21 ln |x| + K : K R}

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DE Solution Ortho Trajectories Exp. Growth/Decay Exercises

Orthogonal Trajectories

Example.
Find the equation of the orthogonal trajectories of the curves
sin y = ex + C.
dy
Use implicit differentiation to compute m = (of the given curve):
dx
d d x
sin y = e +C
dx dx
dy
cos y = ex + 0
dx
dy
= ex sec y
dx
The equation of the O.T. satisfies the differential equation,
dy 1
= x .
dx e cos y

Solving, we obtain ln sec + tan y = ex + K .

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DE Solution Ortho Trajectories Exp. Growth/Decay Exercises

Mathematical Modelling

Exponential Growth and Decay

A quantity is said to be growing (or decaying) exponentially if its
instantaneous rate of increase (or decrease) at any given time is
proportional to the population at that time. (e.g., bacterial culture
and radioactive decay)

Let P = P(t) denote the amount at any time t.

dP
Hence, is the rate of change at any time t. Thus,
dt
dP
P
dt

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DE Solution Ortho Trajectories Exp. Growth/Decay Exercises

Exponential Growth and Decay

dP dP
P = = kP, k : constant
dt dt
1
dP = k dt
P
ln P = kt + C
P (t) = ekt+C
P (t) = ekt eC

Let t = 0 = P (0) = eC .
Equation of the Model

P = P(t) = P0 ekt
where P0 indicates initial population;
if k > 0, the model is for exponential growth;
if k < 0, the model is for exponential decay.

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DE Solution Ortho Trajectories Exp. Growth/Decay Exercises

P (t) = P (0) ekt

Example 1.
The population of a town is decreasing at a rate proportional to its
size. In 1980, the population was 50,000 and in 1990 it was 44,000. If
P is the population t years since 1980, (a) express P as a function of
t, and (b) calculate the population at year 2000.

(a) Let P (t) = P0 ekt where P0 = 50, 000. Find ek :

1
10k k 22 10
P(10) = 44, 000 = 50, 000e e =
25
t
22 10
Therefore, P(t) = 50, 000 .
25
2
22
(b) When t = 20, P(20) = 50, 000 = 38, 720.
25

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DE Solution Ortho Trajectories Exp. Growth/Decay Exercises

P (t) = P0 ekt

Example 2.
A bacterial culture increases at a rate proportional to its population.
Its population triples after an hour. If 81M were present at the end
of 4hrs, how many were present initially.

We must find P0 = P (0). Note that 3P0 = P (1) = P0 ek1 ek = 3.

Hence we have
P(t) = P0 (3)t

81M = P (4) = P0 34
Thus, P0 = 1M.

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DE Solution Ortho Trajectories Exp. Growth/Decay Exercises

P (t) = P0 ekt

Definition.
The half-life of a radioactive substance is the time required for half
of the amount to decay.

Example 3.
Element X has a half life of 3 yrs. If 64g of it is present at a time, how
much of it will be present after 16 yrs.

It is known that a radioactive substance decays exponentially.

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Half-life of 3yrs P (3) = 12 P0 = P0 e3k e3k = 12 ek = 21 .

Find P (16):
16 16 64 64 p
= 64 12 3 = p
3
P (16) = P0 e16k = 64 ek 3
= p 3
= 4 g 1.59 g.
2 16 32 2

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DE Solution Ortho Trajectories Exp. Growth/Decay Exercises

P (t) = P0 ekt

Example 4.
30% of a radioactive substance disappears in 15yrs. Find its half-life.

Find t such that P (t) = 12 P0 : P (15) = P0 .3P0 = 0.7P0 .

P (15) = P0 e15k P0 e15k = 0.7P0

e15k = 0.7
1
ek = (0.7) 15 .

We now want to know at what t is:

P (t) = 21 P0 12 P0 = P0 ekt
t t
12 = ek = (0.7) 15
15 ln 2
t = 29.15 years.
ln 0.7
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DE Solution Ortho Trajectories Exp. Growth/Decay Exercises

Exercises

1 Find the equation of the curve that passes through the point
(2, 0) and whose slope at any point (x, y) is xy.
2 Find a solution to the differential equation xy 0 + y = y 2 .
3 Find the orthogonal trajectories of the following family of
curves.

1 x2 + 2y 2 = k2 k
2 y=
x
4 Solve the differential equation

dP
= k(M P)
dt
where P(t) measures the performance of someone learning a
skill after a training time t, M is the maximum level of
performance, and k is a positive constant, to find an
expression for P(t). What is the limit of this expression?
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