Jianping Wang, ABB, 2013-06-14 KTH

Power System Protection-Requirement & Solutions

Quire and Solutions

ABB Group
June 13, 2013 | Slide 1 E-mail: jianping.wang@se.abb.com
Contents

Part 1: Power System Protection Requirement

Part 2: Protection Application Solutions

Part 3: Modern Protection and Future Trends

 Traditional grid Smart Grid

Transition of Modern Power System Network:

-Renewable Energy Sources added in the network
-Multiple load flow directions
-More HVDC and FACTs connections
-Challenges for Power System operators
Power System Protection-Purpose and Actions
Circuit Breaker

VT CT

U I Protect people and property

around the power system

Protect equipment, lines etc.

in the power systems
Protection Relay
(Intelligent Electronic Separate the faulty part from
Devices (IEDs)) the rest of the power systems
to keep system stable operation
VT=Voltage transformer
CT=Current transformer
Protection System Operation Cycle
Lightning
stroke
Relay time 0,02 seconds
UR

US Breaker time 0,06 seconds

Voltage interruption 0,5 seconds

UT

IR

IS

IT
Protection System Structure

Fault Clearance System

Protection System

CT Circuit Breaker

Circuit
Protection Breaker
VT Trip
Equipment Mecha-
Coil
nism
TE

DC-System
Benefits of Clearing of Power System Faults

Reduce the hazard for personnel

Reduce the hazard for property
Reduce the damage at fault location
Reduce the risk for power interruptions
Operate the power system closer to
limits
Faults Classification
3- phase faults L1
2- phase faults L2
Shunt faults L3

1- phase faults

11 fault cases can be detected with

6 measuring loops for line protection
Serial faults
L1
IS
IT L2
L3
 Fault Statistics

Transmission systems Transmission lines 85 %

Busbars 12 %
Generators / transformers 3%

Transmission lines Single phase to ground 80%

Type of fault Two phases to ground 10%
Two phase 5%
Three phase 5%

Faults per 100/year Hydro turbine 6,2

Hydro generator 14,6
Transformer 2-3
Breaker 1
Current/ Voltage transformer 0,2
Fault types

Transient faults
80- 85%of all faults in transmission lines
Mainly caused by lightning strokes ( 0,2 - 3/ 100 km/year )
Additional faults by birds, trees, galloping lines etc.
Disappears if the line is disconnected and reclosed

Persistent faults
Broken conductor or insulator
Fallen tree
Has to be localised and repaired before the line can be
reenergized
 Main Requirement on Power System Protection

Speed Sensitivity Selectivity

500kV
20 kA
R
S
T 1kA

1 u
Induction

Short circuit power:

P = 3 x 500 x 20 = 17300 MVA U = 1 kA x 1 = 1000 V

3

Limits stress and Limits the risk to injure Limits the consequences
damages on lines, people and reduces the risk for the power system
busbars and equipment for long term damage
Personal Safety

Minimize the risk of personal injuries-Examples of current levels

10 mA: there will occur cramp in muscles
20-40 mA: there can be a stop of the breathing of the person
subjected to current flow through the body
50-3000 mA:very dangerous condition, can lead to death within a
few minutes
Safety regulations often state:
Maximum allowed fault duration
Sensitivity of the protective relays
Earth fault protection in general is highly required with good
sensitivity
Fault Clearance Time

Long fault clearance times increases:

Therisk for transient instability in the power
system
Thermalstress on equipment in the power
system and
Risk for personal injuries.
Transient Stability-Example

Angle
t
5

t
4
t
3
t
2
t1
Time
Fault time t < t < t < t < t 4 5
1 2 3
Relay protection: Speed

Time restraints for fault disconnection

G G
Stability limit MW (Typical case)

Power flow 1-phase faults

MW

2-phase faults

Speed
Stability
G G Less damage
Less stress 3-phase faults
Less ionization

0 60 100 200 ms
Fault disconnection time
 Relay Protection: Sensitivity

28700
R f = 1.4 * L
I

L = length of the arc

[meters] and
I = fault current [A]

Example: High ohmic ground faults in power lines,

interturn faults in transformers
 Protection: Selectivity
Selectivity is the ability of a protection system to detect a
fault in a specified zone of a network and to trip the
appropriate circuit breaker(s) to clear this fault
Simultaneous faults in parallel lines-right side
- Single pole tripping and auto reclosure L3 L1

- With correct selectivity the power flow is L1 L2

not interrupted Power flow L2 L3

Z< Z< Z< Z<

G L1-N L

Z< L3-N Z< Z< Z<

Power System & Protection System Reliability

Power System Reliability-Referring to Interruption

of power supply to customers
High reliability results in high cost in grids
Low reliability results in more interruption to
customers
Protection System Reliability
Dependability-Trip on Internal Faults
Security-Stable for External Faults
Reliable protection system
Main Protection, Local Backup, Remote Backup
Reliability of Protection System

Wrong settings

DEPENDABILITY Failure to trip

Inadequate
measuring
principle
RELIABILITY
Unwanted trip Inadequate
(spontaneous) operating
conditions
SECURITY

Unwanted trip
(at system fault) Faulty device
Non redundant protection system

+ -

Tripping unit
CABLE
CB Trip coil CABLE

CT CABLE

CABLE
VT
CABLE
Protective device
Redundant protection system

Trip coil 1
CABLE

Trip coil 2 CABLE Tripping u.2

CABLE
CABLE

CABLE
Battery 1
+ - CABLE
Tripping u. 1
CABLE CABLE

Battery 2
CABLE
+ - Main 1 Main 2
CABLE
Non-redundant and redundant protection
schemes

I Non-redundant protection scheme

I
Redundant protection scheme with
1 out of 2 operating condition
II

Redundant protection
I II scheme with 2 out of 2
operating condition
Reliability of non-redundant and redundant
functions

R R
Probability of failure to operate

R
(dependability)

R R
IMPACT OF
SELF-SUPERVISION
Probability of unwanted operation (security)
Failure Rate of Protection Relays

BATHTUB CURVE

100

80
Failure rate

60

40

20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100

T ime
Part Two: Power System Protection
Applications
Inputs of A Protection Relay

Current: Current transformers:

Magnetic ,1 Ampere or 5 Ampere secondary
Optical transducers with serial data protocols

Voltage: Voltage transformers:

Magnetic, 100 V, 110 V secondary
Capacitive, 100 V, 110 V secondary
Optical transducers with serial data protocols

Frequency: Via measuring transducers

Protection range: DC- 300 Hz (typical)
Disturbance recorders: DC- 1- 5 kHz

Binary: From signalling contacts or fiber optic inputs

HV equipment
Communication equipment
CT Saturation Influence
Saturation
Current transformer designation
Type TPX, closed iron core
Type TPY, iron core with remanence
air gap ( 1 or 2 small)
Type TPZ, linearised iron core
(A number of airgaps)
Phase- and amplitude faults

True secondary current

TPX
TPY TPZ
VT Transient Influence:
Transients from Capacitive Voltage Transformers (CVT)

Primary short circuit

Transients from CVT

10 % of U
after 1 period (20 ms)
True primary voltage
Transients in the power system:
Fault incidence
Harmonics in the power system affects the accuracy

RMS-measurement: <2%
Mean value measurement: < 20 %

5th harmonic 10% 7th harmonic 10%

100 %
Line Protection: General Practice

Transmission
Distance protection
Differential protection
Phase comparison protection
Transient measuring based protection

Distribution
- Over current protection: Directional/Non-Directional
- Differential protection
Transmission Line protection: Distance protection

Protected distance (zone)

U Is the most used protection scheme in

I
general networks

Operation is based on the information

from only one terminal
(communication independent)

Non-unit protection scheme, used also as

a local or remote back up protection

Short tripping times (between 0,75 and

1,5 cycle)

K
 Transmission Line protection: Distance protection

Measuring ZL =Line impedance

principle:
ZK < ZL ZK =Uk/ Ik
Uk
Ufaultpoint = 0
G
Zk short circuit
A Ik B
Z<

Algorithm I
G
XS U XL RL
X . di
u = i .R +
o. dt
Transmission Line Protection: Distance protection

time delayed
time delayed zone 3 zone 3
zone 2 zone 2
zone 1 zone 1

Z< Z< Z< Z< Z< Z<

Related Issues:
Maximum reach Switch on to faults
around 80-90 %
Power Swing Block
Weak-end infeed logic
Current reversal logic
Line protection transmission: Distance protection

time delayed
A A- zone 2
A- zone 1
Z< B
G
B- zone 1 Z< Z< Z<
time delayed
B- zone 2

With communication from B, the

zone 2 in A can be accelerated,
i.e. no time delay in A- zone 2
Line protection transmission: Distance protection

x
ph - ph ph - E The measurement is based on the
complete loop equations
Independent setting for each zone
of:
Reach in reactive direction
Reach in resistive direction for:
R phase to phase faults
phase to earth faults
Ground return compensation
Directionality

K
Transmission Line Protection:
Current differential protection

diff

diff
Current differential protection

L1
L2
L3

Digital communication with

DL1
DL1 optical fibres, direct or via
multiplexed channels
DL2
DL2
Digital communication via
DL3 DL3
telephone or micro wave

Issues in line differential protection:

Communication channels asymetry, Data
synchronization
Communication Schemes

Under-reach Unblocking
Permissive
Unblocking
Overreach
weak infeed
transient blocking
Blocking Overreach
Auto-reclosing (AR)
The distribution of transient and permanent faults
on the one utility 130 kV system during 1987-1996

Most faults are transient

100
faults 90

80
Auto-reclosing will in this
70
aspect increases the 60
availability 50 Series1

40
It will also have a positive 30

impact on the system 20

stability 10

0
Transient Permanent
faults faults
Transformer Protection

Different winding arrangements

2 windings 3 windings Autotransformer

+ unloaded e.g.. Yy 6 d1 + tertiary 2-winding transf.
tertiary + Auxiliary
e.g.. YN Auto d1
transformer
 Factors Contributing to
Internal Faults Abnormal Conditions

Aging of insulation Overload

Contaminated oil Over voltage

Partial discharges in the Over excitation

insulation Reduced System Voltage
Transient over-voltages

ABB Group
June 13, 2013 | Slide 42
 Main Functions in Transformer Protection

Internal fault detection Abnormal condition detection

Differential protection
Over-current protection
Inter-turn fault detection
Restricted earth fault protection
Differential protection
Overload protection
Over-excitation protection
Non-electrical fault detection
for all internal faults
Thermal Relay

Ground fault detection Buchholz Relay

Restricted earth fault protection Pressure Relay

Earth fault protection

ABB Group
June 13, 2013 | Slide 43
Differential Protection-Main Protection for Transformers

Typical Modern Transformer Differential Protection

Function features
Transformer Inrush Current Stabilization
Transformer inrush current Second harmonic
stabilisation
Wave form stabilisation
wave block

The second harmonic component appears

as a characteristic quantity in a transformer
inrush current. It is also possible to monitor
the shape of a current signal
 Restricted Earth Fault Protection
Internal fault External fault

zone of protection zone of protection

IL1 IL1
IL2 IL2
IL3 IL3

IFAULT IN IFAULT IN
3I0 IN 3I0 IN

internal fault external fault

3I ROA ROA 3I0
0
reference is
neutral current
MTA MTA
-IN -IN
operate for ROA restrain for operate for ROA restrain for
internal fault external fault internal fault external fault
reference is
neutral current
Generator ProtectionPower plant layouts

G G G G
Typical Configuration of a Power Plant

Substation
Busbar in Substation

HV - Breaker
Power plant

Main Transformer Auxiliary Transformer

Generator Breaker

Excitation Transformer

Excitation System
Turbine valve
Turbine - Generator G Field Circuit Breaker

Earthing System
Fault Classification on Generators

Internal External
Stator Rotor Stator Rotor Turbine
Short circuit Short circuit frequency

ground fault ground fault overvoltage negative reverse power

sequence
interturn overexcitation loss of
excitation
Allocated Protection Functions For Generators

87 Differential
32 Reverse power 59 Over-voltage

81O/U Frequency 24V/f Over-excitation

Turbine
49S Stator Over-load

51V Voltage/over-current

64S Earth fault stator

46 Unbalanced Inter-turn
40 Loss of excitation 27/50 Dead Machine
78 Pole slipping
64R Earth fault rotor
49R Rotor overload

Rotor Stator
Single Line Diagram for a Unit Protection Scheme

51T 51NT
3

Step-up 1
(1)
24V/f 3
Transformer
59N
87GT (1)
87UAT 1

3 60
3
51N
3 32 59 81 24V/f
Auxiliary
1 Service
87G G 64R
Transformer
3 46 49S 51V 40 78 27/50 21

Generator with 1

64S
grounding system
Example of Damage Due to Failure of Trip by Protection
Busbar Protection-Requirement

Security
G G
G G
Stability for external
faults
G

Dependability
Correct operation for
internal faults

LOAD
G
Main Issues in Busbar Protection

CT Saturation has to be treated in a reasonable way

so that external fault with high through going
currents will not create in-correct operation on
busbar protection.
Switching mirror logic has to be reflected in the
protection scheme so that change of bus
configuration will not create operation of busbar
protection
Speed is also very important factor for busbar
protection due to high disturbance created in busbar
faults.
Busbar Protection Development-Examples

High Impedance Differential Protection (Example:

RADHA)-The Same CT ratio required
RADSS & REB 103-Different CT ratios and loop
resistance
Low Impedance Differential (INX2,INX5, RADSB, &
Competitors)
Numerical Low Impedance Differential
(example:REB500)
Numerical low Impedance Differential RED 521
Numerical low impedance differential REB670
Typical Busbar Structures

Double busbar
Single busbar T1 Q0

Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2 Q1 Q2
T1

Q0 Q0 Q0 Q0 Q0 Q0 Q0 Q0
Q0 Q0 Q0 Q0 Q0 Q0 Q0 T1 T1 T1 T1 T1 T1 T1
T1 T1 T1 T1 T1 T1 T1

1 breaker system Triple busbar Q1

Q2
Q3

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q1 Q2 Q3
Q01 Q01 Q01 Q01 Q01
T01 T01 T01 T01 T01
Q0 Q0 Q0 Q0 Q0

Q03 Q03 Q03 Q03 Q03 T1 T1 T1 T1 T1

T03 T03 T03 T03 T03

T02 T02 T02 T02 T02

Q02 Q02 Q02 Q02 Q02

Typical Busbar Protection Scheme for 220 kV
Main 1 Main 2

.. . .. .
Reserve 1 Reserve 2

Four Zone Double Bus with two bus-coupler CBs and two
bus-section CBs and up to 20/21 feeder bays on each station side

Main 1 Main 2

.. . .. .
Reserve 1 Reserve 2

Four Zone Double Bus with two BC-CBs one BS-CB and one sectionalizing
disconnector with up to 18-20 feeder bays in the whole station

Optional Measuring Point

CT saturation after 1.3 ms, Example of external
faults

4
x 10 Prov nr 72 Stable for
3 external
2 fault!!!
1

0
Primary Current [A]

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

Itot
-6 IX
Trip

0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22

Time [sec]
Part Three: Modern Protection and Trends
DESIGN IS CHANGING
BUT
A BASIC IDEA REMAINS

BC 1000 0 1000 2013 AC

PERFORMANCES
ARE IN GENERAL
IMPROVED
 Electromechanical Relays 1903
Static Relays 1960
INX2 BBP 1966
Micro Processor Relays & INX5 BBP 1981
Numerical Generator Protection 1987
Numerical Protection &Control Devices 1991
Numerical HV Automation System 1991
Numerical Busbar & Breaker Failure Protection 1994
From 1903
to 2013

Fully Graphical HMI 1997

Automation System with Sensors & Actors 1998
Station Protection
Advanced Integrated Protection Functions 2001
New Series Protection Device with IEC61850 2006
And More 2013
Hardware Scheme of Modern Protection Relay

Analogue A/D Main GPS Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary mA Power
Input Conversion Processing Synch I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O Input Supply
Module Module Module Module Module Module Module Module Module Module Module
TRM AD1 NUM GSM BIM BIM BIM BOM BOM MIM PSM
3
PCU

3
Logics CAN
3 1Mbit/s
6I
A/D
6U
3
OEM
~
~ ~
~
LDCM
Comm-
uni-
cation
I/O I/O I/O I/O I/O mA
Modern Protection Products (IEDs)
RE_ 670

RE_ 630+RE_650

RE_ 615
Modern Protection Relays
known as Intelligent Electronic
RE_ 60_
Devices (IEDS)

Distribution Transmission
ModernTransmission Protection and Control Portfolios

IEC 61850-compliant product portfolio (with KEMA

certificate)
Substation Products
MicroSCADA Pro, Station-HMI
Gateways, Remote control and data acces
Transmission & Distribution Protection & Control
IEDs for most applications
Overhead lines
Underground cables
Multi terminal Circuits
Transformers & Reactors
Generators & Large Machines
Busbar & Breaker
Composite Objects
High Voltage Switchgear
Technology Evaluation-Yesterday, Today and Future

RTU RTU RTU

Station Bus Station Bus

RTU RTU RTU

Interbay Bus Interbay Bus
parallel,
hardwired
cabling

parallel, parallel,
hardwired hardwired Process Bus
cabling cabling
Function Integration-Less Panels in Substation
Control Room
Line
12 12 6 6 3

Transformer
68 Cubicles, >180 Devices

66 Cubicles, >160 Devices

4 4 4 2 2

Busbar

56 Cubicles, >140 Devives

5 3 3 3 1

Feeders

47 Cubicles, >100 Devices

13 Cubicles, >50 Devices

8 8 4 4

Controllers

39 39 39 32 7

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Communication IEC61850

A Break through in SAIEC61850

A complete Substation Automation System

SAS690

BCS690 BPS680 BPS681 BPS683

Horizontal (peer-to-peer) communication

Station Station
computer gateway

GOOSE

Control Protection Control & Control Protection

Protection

Process Interface Process Interface Process Interface

GOOSE = Generic Object Oriented System-wide Events

Modern Digital Substation Structure Based on IEC 61850

Network Engineering/
Control HSI
Monitoring
Center

Router switch

IEC 61850-8-1 Stations bus

Bay IED IED Bay IED IED

Controller A A Controller A A

IEC 61850-9-2 IEC 61850-9-2

Ethernet Process bus Ethernet Process bus
Switch Switch

Modern Modern Modern Modern

Switchgear CTs/VTs Switchgear CTs/VTs