Th nghim vt l

BI M U
L THUYT SAI S

I. Php o cc i lng vt l
Mi tnh cht vt l ca cc i tng vt cht c dc trng bi mt i lng vt
l. xc nh nh tnh v nh lng cc tnh cht vt l, ngi ta phi tin hnh php o
cc i lng vt l.
Php o mt i lng vt l l php so snh n vi mt i lng cng loi c qui
c chn lm n v o.
Mun thc hin php o, ngi ta phi xy dng l thuyt ca cc phng php o v
s dng cc dng c o.
II. Sai s ca php o cc i lng vt l
nhy v chnh xc ca cc dng c o b gii hn, gic quan ca ngi lm th
nghim thiu nhy cm, iu kin ca cc ln o khng n nh, phng php o c tnh cht
gn ng,. Do khng th o chnh xc tuyt i gi tr thc ca i lng vt l cn o,
ni cch khc l kt qu ca php o c sai s. Nh vy khi tin hnh php o, khng nhng
chng ta phi xc nh gi tr ca i lng cn o m phi xc nh c sai s ca kt qu o.
C nhiu loi sai s gy bi cc nguyn nhn khc nhau.
- Sai s ngu nhin: l loi sai s khin cho kt qu o khi th ln hn, khi th nh hn
gi tr thc ca i lng cn o. Th d khi o thi gian chuyn ng ca vt ri t do,
chng ta khng th bm ng h ng thi im vt bt u ri v thi im vt bt u
chm t m thng bm sm hn hoc chm hn cc thi im ny. R rng khng th kh
c sai s ngu nhin, nhng chng ta c th gim nh gi tr ca n bng cch thc hin
php o nhiu ln trong cng iu kin v xc nh gi tr trung bnh ca n da trn c s
ca php tnh xc sut thng k.
- Sai s dng c: l sai s do bn thn dng c, thit b o gy ra.
- Sai s h thng: L sai s lm cho kt qu o hoc bao gi cng ln hn hoc bao
gi cng nh hn gi tr thc ca i lng cn o. Sai s h thng thng do ngi lm thc
nghim thiu cn thn, do dng c o cha c hiu chnh ng. V th sai s h thng l
loi sai s c th kh c.
Tm li khi lm th nghim chng ta ch cn bit cch xc nh hai loi sai s l sai s
ngu nhin v sai s dng c.
III. Cch xc nh sai s ca php o cc i lng trc tip
Php o cc i lng o trc tip l php o m kt qu ca n c c trc tip
ngay trn thang o ca dng c o.
Ga s i lng cn o F c gi tr chnh xc l A. Nu o trc tip i lng ny n
ln trong cng iu kin, ta s nhn c cc gi tr A 1, A2, A3,,An ni chung khc vi gi
tr A, ngha l mi ln o u c sai s.
Ln o Ga tr o c Sai s ca mi ln o
1 A1 A A A
1 1

2 A2 A A A
2 2

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 Th nghim vt l
3 A3 A3 A3 A

n An An An A

TB A A2 ... An A1 A2 ... An
A 1 A
n n

Sai s tuyt i ca php o c xc nh bng tng s hc ca sai s trung bnh ca

tt c cc ln o v sai s dng c:
A A Adc
Nh vy gi tr ca i lng cn o c vit:
A A A
chnh xc ca kt qu o i lng F c nh gi bng sai s tng i ca i
lng cn o F, l t s gia sai s tuyt i ca php o vi gi tr trung bnh:
A
(%)
A
IV. Cch xc nh sai s dng c
1. Thng thng, sai s dng c (khng k thit b o in v thit b o hin s) ly
gi tr bng mt chia nh nht ca dng c o.
2. i vi cc ng h o in th sai s dng c c tnh theo cng thc sau:
Adc % Amax
Trong l cp chnh xc ca thang o (ghi trn mt thang o), Amax l gi tr cc
i trn thang o ca dng c.
3. Sai s dng c ca cc thit b o hin s c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
Adc % A n
Trong l cp chnh xc ca thang o (ghi trn mt thang o), A l gi tr hin th
trn mn hnh, l phn gii ca thang o, n l mt s nguyn ph thuc vo dng c o
c qui nh bi nh sn xut.
V. Cch xc nh sai s i vi php o cc i lng o gin tip
1. Php o cc i lng o gin tip l php o m kt qu ca n c xc nh gin
tip thng qua cng thc biu din quan h hm s gia i lng cn o vi cc i lng
o trc tip khc. Th d: vn tc ca chuyn ng thng u c xc nh gin tip thng
qua cng thc v = s/t, trong ng i s c th o trc tip bng thc, thi gian chuyn
ng t o trc tip bng ng h.
2. Cch xc nh sai s ca php o gin tip: Gi s i lng cn o F lin h vi
cc i lng o trc tip x, y, z theo hm s:
F = f(x, y, z)
Khi sai s tuyt i ca i lng F c th xc nh theo php tnh vi phn:
F F F
dF dx dy dz
x y z
Thay cc du vi phn d bng du , v khng bit r chiu thay i ca cc gi tr
F nn ta phi chn gi tr ln nht ca sai s bng cch ly tng tr s tuyt i ca cc vi
phn ring phn:
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 Th nghim vt l
F F F
F x y z
x y z

Sai s tng i cng c th tnh theo php vi phn nh sau:

- Tnh loganpe ca hm F= f(x, y, z) l lnF = lnf(x, y, z)
- Tnh vi phn ton phn ca lnF: d(lnF)= dF/F
- Rt gn biu thc ca vi phn ton phn dF/F bng cch gp nhng vi phn ring
phn cha cng vi phn ca bin dx hoc dy hoc dz
- Ly tng gi tr tuyt i ca cc vi phn ring phn. Thay du vi phn d bng du
sai s , ng thi thay x, y, z, bng cc gi tr trung bnh ca chng.
h1 h2
Th d: o lc ma st trc quay theo cng thc: f ms mg. , vi m, h1, h2 l cc
h1 h2
i lng o trc tip
Bc 1: lnfms = lnm + lng + ln(h1-h2) - ln(h1+h2)
Bc 2: tnh vi phn ton phn ca lnfms theo cng thc:
df ms dm dg d h1 h2 d h1 h2

f ms m g h1 h2 h1 h2

Bc 3: Rt gn biu thc vi phn ton phn:

df ms dm dg 2 h2 dh1 h1 dh2

f ms m g h12 h22
Bc 4: Ly tng gi tr tuyt i ca cc vi phn ring phn, Thay du vi phn d bng
du sai s , ng thi thay m,h1, h2 bng cc gi tr trung bnh ca chng.

f ms m g 2 h2 h1 h1h2
f ms m g h12 h22
Trong :
h1 h2
f ms m g
h1 h2
f ms . f ms

VI. Phng php biu din kt qu o bng th

Phng php biu din kt qu o bng th c ng dng nhiu trong th nghim
vt l, phng php ny cho php th hin mt cch trc quan s ph thuc hm s ca
mt i lng vt l ny vo mt i lng vt l khc.
Th d nghin cu s ph thuc ca in tr R vo nhit t, chng ta c cc s liu ghi
trong bng di y:
R(
T(1000C) 0,00,1 1,00,1 ) 2,00,1 3,00,1 4,00,1
R() 20 2 40 3 120 60 2 80 2 100 3

100
Cn c vo bng s liu trn v
80
th
60
40 24
20
1 2 3 4 5 t(1000C)
 Th nghim vt l
- V h trc ta , chn t l thch hp
- Vi mi cp R, t tng ng v mt im trn th, v bao sai s ca t v R
- V ng biu din thnh mt ng lin tc sao cho i qua bao sai s

Lu :
1. Qui tc lm trn s:
Vic lm trn s theo qui c sau: cc phn b i hoc thm vo phi nh hn 1/10 gi tr
ca phn gc. th d: 0,7328 lm trn thnh 0,7 v phn b i bng 0,0328<1/10 ca
0,7328; 0,2674 lm trn thnh 0,27 v phn thm vo bng 0,0026< 1/10 ca 0,2674
2. Sai s ca hng s: i vi hng s nh , g, e, th ly gi tr ca hng s n ch
s m sai s tng i ca hng s nh hn hoc bng 1/10 gi tr ca t nht mt sai s
tng di khc c trong cng thc tnh.
Th d: ta c cng thc:
V 0,2 0,1
0,0086
V 30,2 50,1
0,001 0,0086
Ta phi ly = 3,142 0,000318
3,142 10

HNG DN HC TH NGHIM

1. c bi th nghim trc hiu c C s l thuyt, phng php o.

2. Yu cu chun b bi ra giy trc khi n phng th nghim:
- Vit mc ch, yu cu ca bi th nghim
- Vit c s l thuyt ca phng php o
- Tr li cc cu hi cui bi
- Chun b mu bo co th nghim
3. Ln phng th nghim: c ti liu phn Dng c th nghim v i chiu vi b th
nghim trn bn, lm theo cc bc hng dn trong phn Trnh t th nghim, o ra kt
qu, x l s liu, tnh sai s, v th (nu c) v np li bo co.

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