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    POROSIDSD EN CARBONATOS

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    POROSIDSD EN CARBONATOS

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    10 views10 pages

    Carbonate Classifica Porosity

    Uploaded by

    Giniux Preez
    POROSIDSD EN CARBONATOS

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    294 Petrocrapay oF CarsonaTe Rocks Porosity Introduction: Although most of this book focuses on the identification of grains and cements, what is often of prime interest to hydrocarbon explorationists is understanding the absence of those materials — in other words, the origin and history of open primary or secondary pore space. This chapter, therefore, will deal with recognition of different types of porosity; the chapters on diagenesis will cover the mechanisms and relative timing of porosity creation, retention, reduction, or destriiction. ification: of classifications of porosity in carbonate rocks have been proposed (see citations at end of section), the Choquette and Pray (1970) scheme has met with widespread acceptance. Thus, it will be the only one described and applied in this book. This classification combines terms that encompass four separate categories of observations. The main term (called the “basic porosity type”) codifies the location and type of ore space. That term is prefaced with a genetic modifier or modifiers that relate to the process, direction or ‘stage (enlarged, reduced or filled) of porosity evolution, and the time of pore formation; an additional term describing pore sizes can also be added. Finally, an abundance ferm can be appended at the end of the name to deseribe the percentage of pore space, In practice, most geologists simply specify the basic porosity type along with the one or two modifiers that are best suited to their needs. ‘The basic porosity types are illustrated in two diagrams (below and at the top of the next page). ‘The basic Porosity types are organized according to whether they are fabric selective, not fabric selective, or either fabric selective or not. The modifying terms are shown in the middle diagram (next page). Examples of the major porosity types (and some more minor ones) are given in subsequent illustrations. A final note: the proper classification of porosity requires accurate observation of the amount and nature of pore ‘spaces. Some porosity is either too large or too small to be recognizable in thin section (see upper photograph on the title page of this chapter), but most is visible at thin-section seales. To recognize and measure porosity properly under the microscope, one MUST use thin sections prepared from rock chips that were pressure- impregnated with color-dyed epoxy. Grains or erystals commonly are plucked out of sections during cutting and grinding; only with colored impregnation media can one distinguish pre-sectioning “real” pores from ones created during section preparation. Intensely dyed epoxy also lends emphasis to porosity and helps to reveal micropores that could otherwise be overlooked. To do quantitative or semiquantitative measurements of porosity using microscopy, one must mathematically correct the observations made in two-dimensional ce (See, for example, Halley, 1978); modern digital image analysis methodologies can also be applied to this Process (e.g., Anselmetti et al., 1998). Choquette & Pray (1970) basic fabric-selective porosity types ‘A diagrammatic representation of the basie Tabric-selective porosity types used in the Choquette and Pray (1970) carbonate porosity Classification. What is meant by fabric selec- tivity is that the porosity is controlled by the grains, crystals, or other physical structures in the rock and the pores themselves do not cross those primary boundaries. Crapren 21: Carsonare Porosity C.assricanion 295 Choquette & Pray (1970) basic non- fabric-selective or variable porosity types A diagrammatic representation of the basic non-fubric-selective or variably fabric-selec- tive porosity types used in the Choquette and Pray (1970) carbonate porosity classification. ‘are all pornsity pattems that actually or lly can cross-cut primary grains and fabrics. They also include pores + that potentially can be much lar than any single primary framework element. Choquette & Pray (1970) genetic, size, and abundance modifiers The list of genetic modifiers that can be used ‘o describe the process, direction or stage, and lime of formation of porosity Gt known or needed). As stiowm in the example at the bot- tom of the genetic column, multiple terms can be combined. Pore-size and abundance modi- fiers can also be added to the name if desired. This “modulac” nomenctature allows consider- able flexibility of naming, based on the user's needs, while still allowing a universally com- prehensible terminology. Definitions of the ‘main terms in this classification are provided inv the: glossary -near-the'end-of the-booke anc ‘complete discussions are found in Choquette ‘and Pray (1970), Recent sediment, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands, B.W.. ‘A modem calcarenite; a mixed algal- foraminiferal-molluscan limestone that has (0 types of inital porosity (shown in blue) — interparticle pore spaces (openings berween framework grains) and intraparticle pore space (consisting of voids within the constiment grains). Intraparticle porosity is relatively ‘minor in most of the grains, but is clearly vis- ible in the Halimeda green algal plates and peneroplid foraminiferal tess PPL, BSE, AFeS, HA = 6.0 mm 296 Petrocrapny oF Careonate Rocks Eocene limestone, Zakinthos, lonian Islands, Greece Substantial undilled primary intaparticle po- rosity within 2 nummalite benthie foraminifer. Substantial interparticle porosity is also pres- cent outside the foraminiferal tes. PPL, BSE, HA = 2.4mm Mid. Pliocene Up. Haurangi Ls., Wairarapa District, New Zealand ‘This porous, bryozoan-tich, temperate-water limestone contains both intraparticle and in- terparticle porosity. Mechanical compactional crushing has reduced interparticle pore space, bat in the absence of cementation, the volume of intraparticle porosity has remained high. In general, interparticle porosity is. better connected and is thus associated with higher permeabilities, than intraparticle porosity Bamacle fragments and echinoid spines are also visible inthis section PPL, BSE, HA = 8.0 mm Mid, Ordovician Black River Gp., Kingston area, Ontario, Canada Neomorphosed, originally aragonitic bivalve shells with underlying “umbrella” voids. This is an example of cement-reduced primary shel- ter porosity. Sample from Noel P. James, FPL, HA = 11 smn (Chapter 21: Cansonare Porosity Cuassinicarion 297 Permian (Guadalupian?) Park City Fm., Ervay Mbr., Washakie Co., Wyoming ‘An example of “fenestral fabric”, with elon- gate, spar-iled pores in micritic sediment Fenestral fabric (sometimes called birdseye Porosity) may result from grain bridging, bioturbation, gas bubble formation associated with decomposition of organic material, and posits and other pertidal sedi- nts, Inthe Choquette and P PPL, HA= 15mm Lo. Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian) limestone, Cephalonia, lonian Islands, Greece Solution-eniarged boring porosity is vis- Tle here wittin a massive rudistid bivalve fragment. The primary boring porosity was reduced by micrite infill or microcrystalline calcite cementation. Although individual arains can be extensively bored, boring poros- ity rarely is 2 major contributor to reservoir productivity PPL, BSE, HA = 8.0 mm Up. Permian Wegener Halve Fm., Jameson Land, East Greenland This sample shows extensive development of secondary porosity through leaching of oids from a grainstone, The sample comes from just below a Permian subaerial exposure surface (a third-order sequence boundary), Vadose diagenesis led to complete filling of primary interparticle pores by blocky calcite ‘cement and near-complete leaching of aoids, generating oomoldic secondary porosity. Al- though porosity remained high, permeability was substantially reduced because the moldic pores are poorly connected (mainly at point contaets or through incererystal gaps) PPL, BSE, AFeS, HA — 3.2 mm Pemrocrapny oF Carsonate Rocks Oligocene Bluff Fm., Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands, B.Wl. Meteorically leached bivalve shells have added some biomoldic porosity to this marine limestone. The moldic secondary porosity has been partially reduced through cementation with blocky, probably also meteoric, calcite PPL, BSE, HA = 1.6 mm Lo. Permian (up. Kungurian) Irenskaya/Nevolinskaya Suite, Perm Region, Russia In this rock, slightly reduced primary interpar- ticle porosity is coupled with leached second- ary (moldic) porosity within the ooids. ‘The leached ooid nuclei may have had a different ‘mineralogy from atleast some of the coatings. Note the compactional crushing of some of the partially leached ooids and their cement coat- ings, a process that reduces total porosity, but helps to establish the relative timing of cemen- ‘ation and compaction. PPL, BSE, HA = 2.4mm Eocene Green River Fm., Laney Mbr., Fremont Ca., Wyoming ‘Cementation reduced the primary interparticle porosity (colored red using computer process- ing) in this lacustrine limestone. That was fol- lowed by selective leaching of oolitie costings forming secondary moldic porosity (marked by blue epoxy impregnation). The moldic po- rosity, in torn, was reduced by further caleite ‘cementation. Computer colorization can help to make the relaive volumes of various types of porosity easier to estimate or to measure ‘quantitatively using image analysis programs. PPL, DSE+, IA = 24 une oa (Cuapren 21: Cansonare Porosrry CLassiicarion 299 Jurassic Ronda unit (Subbetic), near Ronda, Spain Crystal-moldic porosity produced by selective leaching of dolomite crystals. This is probably a telogenetic (uplift stage) process that is en- hanced by the presence af evaporite (sulfate) ‘minerals in the section. Crystal-moldie poros- ity commonly also results fom dissolution zypsum, andycirite, halite, and other very i minerals, Lo. Permian (Leonardian) Skinner Ranch Fm., Brewster Co., Texas Intererystal porosity in a medium to coarsely crystalline replacement dolomite. Tn a sense, this too is wuldic porosity (or enlarged intererystal porosity) 2s it involved replace- ment of a precursor limestone followed by Probable dissolution of undolomitized lime- stone remnants. PPL, BSE, HA =2.0 mm Lo. Cretaceous (Aptian) Shuaiba Fm., offshore Qatar Solution-enlarged ,intererystal porosity in @ medium-crystaline replacement dolomite. The enormous volume of porosity, coupled with the large and irregular shapes. of the intererystal pores relative to the size of the dolomite rhombs, clearly indicates extensive post-dolomite dissolution of calcite matrix PPL, BSE, AFeS. HA =5.2 mm 300. Pemrocareny oF Canaonare Rocks Up. Cretaceous (lo. Maastrichtian) Tor Fm. chalk, Danish North Sea Suibstanial imtererystal porosity can be of a size so small tha it is impossfble to observe with standard light microscopy. This SEM image illustrates chalk microporesity (roughly 25% porcsity and 0.5 md permeability) — mot individual interaryetal pores are loss than 1 pm across and some are smaller than 0.1 um. Impregnation and pore casting (using tltr-low viseosity impregnation media and vacuurvhigh pressure techniques) allow 3-D of microporosity nerworks with an sieroscope SEM, HA = 15 jm Up. Permian (Kazanian?) Wegener Halve Fm., Jameson Land, East Greenland “This stained section reveals a complex his- | ae a pe it tory of porosity variations. A large void in a bioherm was completely fled with a boryoid ‘of aragonitic marine cement botryoid (stil parially visible as cloudy, divergent rays) Subaerial exposure led 10 partial meteoric leaching of the aragonite cement and paral conversion of itt0 non-erroan calcite. The : a ie = secondary porosity generated by leaching was i ee ji ae filled by burial-stage feroan calcite (stained a < ‘ 3 ‘ie) PPL, AFeS, HA =4.1 min Up. Permian (Kazanian?) Wegener Halve Fm., Jameson Land, East Greenland ‘An oblique cut through stylotite-associated porosity. Uplift and losd release commonly lead to separation of the rock fabric along. weak, sometimes clay-rch stylolites, gencr~ ating elongate, offen unconnected, secondary porosity zones. Hydrocarbon residues are seen throughout these styloliie pore spaces. PPL. BSE, AFes, HA = 10 mm Up. Permian (Guadalupian) Road Canyon Fm., Brewster Co., Texas Multiple generations of _cement-reduced fracture porosity in a shelf limestone. Note offset of an earlier generation of completely filled fractures by later, partially filled ones. Fracture porosity commonly constitutes only a few percent of total porosity in carbonate i however, it can have a disproportionate wanes (© permeability and hydrocarbon dluction because ie connects pores that may erwise be largely isolated. PPL, BSE, HA = 16 mm Up. Cretaceous limestone, Zakinthos, Ionian Islands, Greece ‘The irregular shape of this large, porous frac- ture indicates that some solution-enlargement ‘ccuutod along the fracture, dius creating what is termed channel porosity in the Choquette and Pray classification ‘PPL, BSE, HA =5.1 mm Pleistocene (120 ky) Coral Rock Fm., St. James Parish, Barbados ‘An example of vuggy porosity created by oughly 100,000 years of meteoric dissolu- tion. The fact that the size ofthe pores greatly exceeds the size of surrounding grains is a characteristic feature of vugs. PPL, RSE, HA ~5.1 mm (Criarren 21: Carsonate Porosrry CLAssticaTion 301 302 PetRoorsety oF CaronaTe Rocks Lo. Cretaceous (Aptian) Shuaiba Fm.,, offshore Qatar A large vug resulting from late-stage leach- ing in a partially dolomitized orbitotinid wackestone. Note the corrosion around earlier calcite-illed fractures indicating that dissolu- tion occurred late in the diagenetic history of thi rock, Pewographic observations auch as these are essential forthe proper understanding of the origin and timing of porosity develop- ment or retention in carbonate reservoir rocks, PPL, BSE, AFeS, HA = 4.0 mm Cited References and Additional Information Sources Anselmeti, FS, S. Luthi, and GP Eberi, 1998, Quantitative characterization of carbonate pore systems by digital image analysis: ‘AAPG Bullet, v.82. p. 1815-1836, Choque, FW., and L. C. Pray, 1970, Geologic nomenclature and cinecifraion of porosity in oodimentiry carbonate. Awesiva Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 54, p. 207-250. Eiulch, RS. J. Crbuee, K. 0. Horkowitz, an J.P. Horkowitz, 1991, Peerography and reservoir physics, I: Objective classification of reservoir porosity: American Association of Petroleum Geologiss Bulletin, 75, p. 1547-1562. ‘Enos, P, and L. H. Sawatsky. 1981, Pore networks in Holocene carbonate sediments Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v.51, p. 961-986, is, EL, D. S. Brumfield, R. Erich, and S. J. Crabiee, Ir, 1988, Relations between pores, throats, and permeability: a petrographic) physical analysis of some carbonate grainstones and. packstones: Carbonates and Evaporites,v.3,p.17-32 Halley, RB, 1978, Estimating pore and cement volumes in thin section: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v 4, p. 641-650, Haris, J. F, 1968, Carbonate rock charactriates and effect on oil accumulation in Mid-Continent area; American Association of Peiroleum Geologists Bulletin, v.52, p. 1662-1669, Heeling, D, 1968, Microporosity of carbonate rocks, in G. Miller, and G. 1M. Friedman, eds, Recent Developments ia Carbonate Sedimentology {in Central Europe: New York, Springer-Verlag, p. 98-105, Jody, R. L, 1972, Pore geometry of carbonate rocks — basic geologic concept, in G. V. Cilingar, R. W. Mannoa, and H. H. Rieke, eds, Oil and Gas Production from Carbonate Rocks: New York, Elsevier, p. 35-82, ‘Kopasis-Merke, D.C., and S. D. Mann, 1993, Classification of lidiied carbonates using terary plots of pore facies: examples from the Jurassic Smackover Formation, én. Rezak, and D. L, Lavoie, eds, Carbonate Micrfabrics: New York, Springer-Verlag, p. 265-277. Lacia, FJ, 1983, Peophysical parameters estimated from visual

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