MA TRN NGHCH O

1. Dng ma trn phn ph i s

* Cho Anxn c D=det(A) v Dij l nh thc con ca D b i hng i ct j
* Ma trn Anxn kh o det(A)0
T
A11 A12 L A1n
L A2 n
-1 1 A21 A22
A = vi Aij=(-1)i+jDij
det( A) M M M M

An1 An 2 L Ann

1 2 3
V d: Cho ma trn A = 0 - 2 m . Tnh A-1
2 0 4
Gii
1 2 3 1 2 3
-2 m
* Tnh det( A) = 0 - 2 m = 0 -2 m = = 4m + 4
-4 -2
2 0 4 0 -4 -2
* Nu m= -1 th det(A)=0 khng tn ti A-1
* Nu m -1 th det(A) 0 A-1 tn ti, nn ta tnh cc phn ph i s Aij
-2 m 0 m 0 -2
A11 = = -8 A12 = - = 2m A13 = =4
0 4 2 4 2 0
2 3 1 3 1 2
A21 = - = -8 A22 = = -2 A23 = - =4
0 4 2 4 2 0
2 3 1 3 1 2
A31 = = 2m + 6 A32 = - = -m A33 = = -2
-2 m 0 m 0 -2
-8
T
2m 4 - 8 - 8 2m + 6
1 1
-1
A = -8 -2 4 = 2m - 2 - m (m -1)
4m + 4 4m + 4
2m + 6 - m - 2 4 4 - 2
-2 -2 m+3
m +1 m +1 2(m + 1)

-1 -m
A =
-1 m
2(m + 1) 2(m + 1) 4(m + 1)
1 1 -1

m + 1 m +1 2(m + 1)

DATADA HNL Tp HCM 1

 2. Dng php bin i s cp
Nu det(A)0 ta tnh A-1 bng cc rt gn ma trn [Anxn : In ] [ In : A-1] vi I l ma trn n v.
1 3 2 1
0 1 - 1 - 1
V d Cho A = . Tnh A-1
0 0 1 3

0 0 0 1
Gii
* V A l ma trn tam gic trn nn det(A)=10 tn ti A-1
* Ta tm A-1 bng rt gn theo dng ma trn [A:I] sao cho A thnh I th I thnh A-1
1 3 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 5 4 1 - 3 0 0

0 1 - 1 - 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 - 1 - 1 0 1 0 0
[A : I]= h1 h1 - 3h 2
0 0 1 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
1 0 5 4 1 - 3 0 0 1 0 0 - 11 1 - 3 - 5 0

0 1 - 1 - 1 0 1 0 0 h 2 h 2 + h 3 0 1 0 2 0 1 1 0

0 0 1 3 0 0 1 0 h1 h1 - 5h3 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 - 11 1 - 3 - 5 0 1 0 0 0 1 - 3 - 5 11
h3 h3 - 3 + h 4
0 1 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 - 2
h 2 h 2 - 2h 4 =[I : A-1]
0 0 1 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 - 3
h1 h1 + 11h 4
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
1 - 3 - 5 11
0 1 1 - 2
A =-1
0 0 1 - 3

0 0 0 1
Ta c th rt gn ma trn bng cch nhn ma trn Cj nh sau:
Xt ma trn A=[aij]. rt gn ct j ca ma trn A thnh ct j ca ma trn n v ta dng ma trn Cj
l ma trn n v v ta thay ct j bng ct j ca A chia cho phn t tr l ajj 0 tr ajj, sau i du
akj 1
cc phn t trn ct j khc v tr hng j, ct j: (C j ) kj = - khi k j v (C j ) jj =
a jj a jj

ct j
a1 j
1 0 0 ... - 0 ... 0
a ij
a2 j
0 1 0 ... - 0 ... 0
a ij
a3 j
0 0 1 ... - 0 ... 0
a ij
Cj = M M M M M M M M
1
0 0 0 ... 0 ... 0
a jj
M M M M M M M M
a n -1 j
0 0 0 ... - 0 ... 0
a jj
a nj
0 0 0 .... - 0 ... 1
a jj

DATADA HNL Tp HCM 2

 1 3 2 1
0 1 - 1 - 1
V d Cho A = . Tnh A-1
0 0 1 3

0 0 0 1
Gii
* Ct 1 ca A l ct 1 ca ma trn n v, nn khng cn rt gn.
1 - 3 0 0
0 1 0 0
* Rt gn ct 2, ta nhn ma trn [A : I] cho ma trn C2 = ta c:
0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1
C2 [A:I] [ A1 : I1 ]
1 - 3 0 0 1 3 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 5 4 1 - 3 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 - 1 - 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 - 1 - 1 0 1 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
1 0 - 5 0
0 1 1 0
* Rt gn ct 3, ta nhn ma trn [A : I] cho ma trn C3 = ta c:
0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1
C3 [ A1 : I1 ] [ A2 : I2 ]
1 0 - 5 0 1 0 5 4 1 -3 0 0 1 0 0 - 11 1 - 3 - 5 0

0 1 1 0 0 1 - 1 - 1 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 2 0 1 1 0

0 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 11
0 1 0 - 2
* Rt gn ct 4, ta nhn ma trn [A : I] cho ma trn C4 = ta c:
0 0 1 - 3

0 0 0 1
C4 [ A1 : I1 ] [ A2 : I2 ]
1 0 0 11 1 0 0 4 1 - 3 - 5 0 1 0 0 0 1 - 3 - 5 11
0 1 0 - 2 0 1 0 - 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 - 2


0 0 1 - 3 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 - 3

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

DATADA HNL Tp HCM 3

 3. Dng nh l Haminton-Cayley
a) a thc c trng ca ma trn Anxn=[aij] l: f ( x) = det( xI - A)
Tng qut: Tnh a thc c trng ca ma trn A l f(x) bng cng thc Bocher nh sau:
t Sp= tr(Ap) vi tr(Ap) = tng phn t trn ng cho chnh ca Ap
n

Tnh a1= -S1= - a

k =1
kk

1
a2 = - (a1S1 + S 2 )
2
1
a3 = - (a2 S1 + a1S 2 + S3 )
3

1
an = - (an -1S1 + an - 2 S 2 + ... + a1S n -1 + S n )
n
a thc c trng ca A: f(x)= xn + a1xn-1 + a2xn-2 + + an-1x + an

Trng hp ring
a b x-a b
Nu A2x2= th f(x) = = x 2 - (a + d ) x + ad - bc
c d c x-d
f(x) = x -tr(A)x + det(A)
2

a1 b1 c1 x - a1 b1 c1

Nu A3x3= a2 b2 c2 th f ( x) = a2 x - b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 x - c3
a b1 a1 c1 b2 c2
f ( x) = x 3 - tr ( A) x 2 + 1 + + x - det( A)
a2 b2 a3 c3 b3 c3
(3 nh thc cp 2 theo ng cho A)

2 - 1 0
V d Tnh a thc c trng ca A = 1 0 3
3 4 5
2 - 1 0
* Tnh Sp: A = 1 0 3 S1= tr(A)=2+0+5= 7
3 4 5
3 - 2 - 3
A = 11
2
11 15 S2=tr(A2)=3+11+37= 51
25 17 37
- 5 - 15 - 21
3
A = 78 49 108 S3 =tr(A3)=-5+49+236= 280
178 123 236
1 1
* Tnh h s ai: a1= -S1= -7 a2= - (a1S1 + S 2 ) = -1 a3= - (a 2 S1 + a1 S 2 + S 3 ) = 28
2 3
a thc c trng ca A l: f(x)= x -7x2 x +28
3

DATADA HNL Tp HCM 4

 b) nh l Cayley-Hamilton
Nu f(x) l a thc c trng ca ma trn vung A th f(A)=0

Gi s cho A kh o (det(A)0) c a thc c trng f(x)= xn + a1xn-1 + a2xn-2 ++ an-1x + an th

An + a1An-1 + a2An-2 ++ an-1A + an= O v an=(-1)ndet(A) 0, ta nhn 2 v cho A-1 c:
-1 1 n -1 n-2 n-3
An-1 + a1An-2 + a2An-3 ++ an-1I + anA-1 = O A = - ( A + a1 A + a2 A + ... + an -1I )
an

1 3 12
0 1 - 1 - 1
V d Tm ma trn nghch o ca A =
0 0 1 3

0 0 0 1
Gii

* det(A)=10 nn tn ti A-1
x -1 -3 -2 -1
0 x -1 1 1
* Tnh a thc c trng ca A: f(x)= = ( x - 1) 4
0 0 x -1 -3
0 0 0 x -1
f(x) = x -4x +6x -4x +1
4 3 2

* Tnh A-1 : A-1 = -( A3 - 4 A2 + 6 A - 4 I )

1 9 - 3 3 1 6 1 5 1 3 2 1 1 0 0 0
0 1 - 3 - 12 0 1 - 2 - 5 0
1 - 1 - 1 0 1 0 0
A-1 = - + 4 - 6 + 4
0 0 1 9 0 0 1 6 0 0 1 3 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
1 - 3 - 5 11
0 1 1 - 2
A-1 =
0 0 1 - 3

0 0 0 1

DATADA HNL Tp HCM 5

 4. Dng ma trn khi
Gi s ma trn Enxn kh o (det(E)0) vi n4, ta tm ma trn nghch o E-1 nh sau:
A B
u tin ta chia E thnh ma trn khi E = vi Amxm, Dkxk ; m+k=n v A kh o.
C D
K L
Tip theo, ta tm E-1 di dng E -1 = trong K, N l ma trn vung c cp m, k
M N
KA + LC = I m (1)
L A B I m O MA + NC = O
K ( 2)
E -1.E = I n =
N C D O
. (I )
M Ik KB + LD = O (3)
MB + ND = I k (4)
KA = I m K = A-1 K = A-1
MA = O
M = O M = O
(i) Nu C=O th h (I) cho: -1
KB + LD = O
-1 -1
A B + LD = O L = - A BD
MB + ND = I k ND = I N = D -1
k

(ii) Nu B=O th h (I) cho: K = A -1 ; M = - D -1CA -1 ; L = O ; N = D -1

nhn A-1 v D-1 hai bn B

-1 -1
A B A-1 - A-1BD -1 A O A-1 O
O D = C D =
O D -1
-1
- D CA
-1
D -1
- nhn D-1 v A-1 hai bn C
p dng:
1 3 1
2
0 1 - 1 - 1
V d: Tnh ma trn nghch o ca ma trn tam gic trn E =
0 0 1 3

0 0 0 1
* det(E)=1 tn ti E-1

1 3 2 1
0 1 - 1 - 1
* Ta chia thnh ma trn khi nh sau: E =
0 0 1 3

0 0 0 1
1 3 2 1 1 3
A= B= C = O v D =
0 1 - 1 - 1 0 1
1 - 3 -1 1 - 3 - 5 11
A-1 = D = 0 1 v - A-1BD -1 =
0 1 1 - 2
1 - 3 - 5 11
A 1 - 2
-1
- A BD 0
-1 -1
1
E -1 = =
O D -1 0 0 1 - 3

0 0 0 1

DATADA HNL Tp HCM 6

 1 0 0 0
4 2 0 0
V d:Tm ma trn nghch o ca ma trn tam gic di: E =
3 1 - 1 0

2 1 3 1
* det(E)= -2 nn tn ti E-1
1 0 0 0 1 0 3 1 - 1 0
4 2 0 0 A= B=O C= v D =
4 2 2 1 3 1
* E=
3 1 - 1 0 1 0 - 1 0 1 0,5
A-1 = D -1 = v - D -1CA-1 =
2 1 3 1 - 2 0,5 3 1 - 3 - 2
1 0 0 0

-1 A -1
O - 2 0,5 0 0
E = =
-1
- D CA
-1
D -1 1 0,5 - 1 0

- 3 - 2 3 1

(iii) Trng hp tng qut B v C khc O th:

A B A - BD -1C B Im O
* Phn tch = -1
I k
(tch 2 ma trn tam gic)
C D O D D C
-1 -1 -1
A B I O A - BD -1C B
* Dng kt qu: = -m1 .

C D D C I k O D

1 1 1 - 3
0 1 0 0
V d: Tnh ma trn nghch o ca E =
1 1 2 - 3

2 2 4 5
* Phn tch E=E1E2 vi E1, E2 l 2 ma trn tam gic:
0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5
D -1C = ; A - BD -1C =
0 0 0 1
0,5 0,5 1 - 3 2 - 1 -17
11
3
11

A - BD -1C B 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
E1 = = E1 =
-1

O D 0 0 2 - 3 0 0 5 3

1
22 22
-2
0 0 4 5 0 0 11 11

1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0
I O 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
E2 = -21 = E2-1 =
D C I 2 0,5 0,5 1 0 - 0,5 - 0,5 1 0

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 2 - 1 -17
11
3
11 2 -1 -17
11
3
11
0
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
* E -1 = E2-1E1-1 = . =
- 0,5 - 0,5 1 0 0 0 5 3 - 1 0 1 0
1
22 22
-2 -2
0 0 1 0 0 1
11 0 11
0 11
0 11

DATADA HNL Tp HCM 7