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    3 views12 pages

    Jurnal STEPK

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    Firnanda Agustin
    jurnal

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    Journal of Applied Science SN 1817 5604 science act Journal of Applied Seieuces 8 (6), 910-921, 2008 ISSN 1812-5654 © 2008 Avian Network for Seiemtific Information GIS-Based Automated Landform Classification and Topographic, Landcover and Geologic Attributes of Landforms Around the Yazoren Polje, Turkey 'Sermin Togil and “Jeff Jenness ‘Department of Geography, Faculty of Art and Science, Balikesir University, Balikesir, 10100, Turkey “Jenness Enterprises, GIS Analysis and Application Design, 3020 N, Schevene Bivd Flagstaff, Arizona, 86004, USA Abstract: The main objective of this study is to classify landforms within a watershed using advanced spatial statistics and image processing algorithms to identify and extract local geomorphometric properties of Digital Elevation Models (DEMS) with 20 m resclution, This study presents a customized GIS application for semi- automated landform classification based on Topographic Position Index (TPI). By using TPL, the landscape was classified into both slope position and landform category. Laredform categories were determined by classifying the landscape using 2 TP! grids at different scales (neighborhoods: a 50m radius and 450 m radius). Four slope position categories and 10 landform categories were generated. Important environmental gradients obtained from the DEM in this stury are slope direction (Aspect), slope position, slope shape (planform curvature), topographic moisture index and stream power index. These gradients were ther used to identify thresholds for classification of erests, fats, depressions and slopes. This study shows that DEMS offer many more potential habitet descriptors than simply a sct of elevation values. Terraces, ver captures and Karstic closed or open depressions, which are frequently found in the landscape of the study area, were represented with TP!. The classification results can be used in applications related to precision agriculture, land degradation shudies and spatial modeling applications where landform is identified as an influential factor in the processes under study Key words: INTRODUCTION Geomorphometry, or simply morphometry, provides 4 quantitative description of the shapes of landforms and is derived using a combination of mathematics, engineering and more recently, computer science According to Blaszezynski (1997), landforms are defined as specific geomorphic features on the earth’s surface, ranging from large-scale features such as plains and mountain ranges to minor features such as incivichal hills and valleys. A topographic position such as a hilltop, flat plain, valley, etc, is intuitively important for physical and biological processes acting on the landseape. Natural habitats of plants, ercsion potential and solar radiation are directly releted to landform pattems and the relative position with a landform (Blaszezynski, 1997) In the past, geomorphometric properties have been measured by calculating the geometry of the landscape manually Horton, 1943; Miller, 1953; Coates, 1958), Unfortunately, measurement of such properties from topographic maps can be time consuming, In the 1960s and early 1970s, the generally availebility of computers made possible more complex, statistically-based methods JEM, GIS, karstic depression, river capture, topographic position index: to identify landscape features (Chorley, 1972, Evans, 1972). More recently, advances in computer technology, increased processing power, new spatial analytical methods and the increasing availability of digital elevation data have reoriented geomexphometty (Pike, 1999) and promoted the development of computer algorithms for calculating and discriminating geomorphometric properties of the Harth's surface Digital Elevation Models (DEMS) or Digital Surface Models (DSMs) are digital representations of topography or terrain and have been in use since the early 1970s DEMs and derived data sets (slope, aspect, surface trea, hydrographical patter and shaded relief) have been exploited by investigators for geomorphologic and —geomorphometrical studies (Franklin, 1987; Skidmore, 1989, Ventura and Irvin, 2000). Nowadays, terrain analysis is one of the more interesting and engaging types of geographic analysis in order to describe topographic position (Speight, 1990), Terrain data, when used im conjunction with multispectral imagery, also provides rapid and useful information on landscape geology, lithology, soils, land we and lanceover, lineaments ete Corresponding Author: Sern Tail, Departinent of Gecgraphy, Faculty of Att and Science, Balikesir University Balikesir, 10100, Turkey Tal: (532) 733 1201 ‘The drainage basin, or watershed, is the fundamental unit in geomorphology. This study focuses on the upper part of the Kozdere basin, which includes Yacoren polje, due to its large variety of topographic features (Hosgoren, 1981). The main objectives of this research are to semi- automatically identify and classify the landforms within the watershed by applying advanced spatial statisties anid image processing algorithms 1 DEMs. Morphometric, technique: deseribed in this paper are used to measure sand mathematically model the Earth's surface snd provide objective and quantitative deseriptions of Jandforms (Bates aud Jackson, 1987; Deniziuan, 2003). MATERIALS AND METHODS. ‘The study area is located in Marmara Region in ‘Turkey between tatitudes 39°17 and 39°22 and longitudes 27°44" and 27°53'E (Pig. 1). It inetudes the settlements of Yazoren-Urbut (Fig. J, 2). The total basin 4.2 km? and the average elevation is ~380 m above mean sea level This experiences a strongly Mediterranean climate, Surmmers are quite hat and dry while winters are warrn and wet. According to the Balikesir meteorological data, the average temperature is nearly 14.5°C and the total amount of rainfall ina year is $45 mm (Tagil, 2004). The geomorphology of the area reflects Alpine and po:t-Alpine tectonic activity. ‘The Yazoren- Urbut graben basin separates the existing mountains, Field surveys revealed that land cover is extremely ogencous due to the large variety of adjacent topographic features. For instance, cultivated areas alternate with non-eultivated and natmal lands are mixed with erop cultivation (Fig. 2), area seasonal a i, BE): O10. 2008 Caltepe formations and Yuntdag volcanics are widespread in the region, while Akeakoytn formations are seen on only a stall part of the study area, These three formations oceupy most of the mountainous portion of the region, The Caltepe Formation, formed during the Upper ‘Itiassic period. is the oldest autochthonous unit in this area and consists of limestone originating in subduction-aceretion units of the Palaeo-Teihys Ocean (Tekeli, 1981; Froan of ci., 1990; Fig. 3). ‘The Caltepe Formation is overlaid by sandstone, mudstone and limestone from the Farly Cretaceous Akeakoyunt formation, The Akcakoyun Formation is uncouformably overlaid by the Vuntdag volcanics from the Late Miocene to Pliocene, The Yuntdag voleanie: cover a large areal extent and are composed of agglomerate and tuff. Quaternary alluvium is the most recent formation and is restricted to the valley bottom west of Yazoren. DATA PROCESSING TECTINIQUES Input data: ‘The data used in this study consists of (a) topographic maps from the Turkish Military Geographic Serviee on a seae of 1:25,000 (Contour interval 10 10): (b) a Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM#) satellite image taken on Tuly 2, 2000 (spatial res otution: 28.5 m); (¢)a geologic map from the General Directorate of Rural Serviess on a seale of 1:25,000; () a Digital Elevation Model (DIM); (¢} GPS (ilobal Positioning System) data collected in the field by using a handheld GPS receiver Nearest neighbor resampling was used fo georectify the LANDSAT image to the Universal Tranver Mereator map projection (UTM Zone 35, WG884) using $9 Ground Control Points (GCPs) with un RMS = 1 pixel Fig. 1: Topographic overview of the study area and its location, ou F pplied Sen, 8 (6): 910-921 2005 Fig. 2 Topographic overview of she shady ates: (a) view froin Yonoren-Urbat Polje ORS), agrisultursly manager limestone formation; (0} view from the gorge arbich cesias the polje (WB; (3) siopee along the acithem cfthe pelje (0) sew troee. Yazavens\ but Zelje (NAW 988) Fig. © Goalagie raap ofthe study aren J. Applied Sci., 8 (6): 910-921, 2008 The GIS software programs ArcView 3.2 and ArcGIS 9.2 were used for the morphometric analyses. Data analysis was divided into two main sections: 1) digital terrain analysis, using general morphometric techniques to analyze the entire surface and 2) digital tandform analysis, involving specific morphometric methods 10 examine particular landforms in the study area. DEM: DEM was generated by first digitizing 10 m interval contours from 1:25,000 Turkish Military Geographic Service topographic maps. Then, a 20 m DEM was interpolated from contour lines using the Topo to Raster tool in AreGIS 9.2, which converts vector topographic lines to a raster DEM surface using the ANUDEM algorithm. Watershed delineation and study area: The drainage network, watershed and sub-watersheds used in this paper were delineated automatically from the DEM using the Arc Hydro tools of Arclnfo. Flow direction, flow accumulation, stream definition, stream segmentation and watershed delincation were determined using standardized raster methods described by Djokic ef al. (1997) and ESRI (1997). The raster analysis area in this study includes the study area watershed plus a 500 m buffer. This buffer is included to account for a common problem in raster analysis, in that many analytical functions require information from a neighborhood around cach grid cll. When analysis is limited to the exact extent of the study area, then cells at the edge of the Forest study area_may not have complete neighborhoods available. The 500 m buffer used in this study guarantees that all grid cells will have a full neighborhood available when calculating neighborhood statistics Landcover classification: Landcover was classified using the Guided Clustering method, which is a hybrid supervised-unsupervised classification approach outlined in Messina et al, (2000), A 33 median filter was applied to remove speckled pixels, random pixels in the middle of ‘a main class and to refine the classified maps. Attributes ‘were assigned to classes using GPS data, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVJ), field knowledge, air photos and different band combinations. Three different landcover classes were extracted: forest, shrub and brush rangeland and bare exposed soil and rock (Fig, 4). The bare exposed rock and soil class also includes agricultural areas and built-up areas. The overall accuracy of the landcover classification was 80% Morphometric analysis (Topographic attributes): The topographic attributes of slope, aspect, curvature (planform), topographic wetness and stream power were computed from the DEM (Fig. 5). Slope and aspect maps show the magnitude and direction of the vector tangent to the topographic surface pointing downhill at a point Planform curvature, calculated using standard ESRI functions based on the algorithms of Zevenbergen and Thorne (1987), provides a measure of how water converges or diverges as it flows through the landscape rub and brush rangeland are and exposed sol and rock Rivers Landsat ETM+ 16.06.200 Fig. 4: Landcover classes classified from a Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) satellite image taken on July 2, 2000 913 TAppited Seu, 8 (2910-924, 2008 Slope Higte 952.8 Topewcerh Low 2763 Planteem emvahee fete ca 06 beet atay Mi Fig. 5: Topographie auibures ‘wetness and stream power Planfere: curvature is caleuisted using a 33 cell neighborhood, 20 in our cace it represents the curvature in a 60x60 m area, Planform curvature value were roclassed to concave, linear end convex besed on the Following onteria if 200.1, the planform curvature convex and flowing water will tend to diverge; -D1ens0.1, the curvature is lincar and if n=-0.1, the curvature is concave and owing water will texd to couverge, Tovogrerhic wetness ad sirsam power inckes were used to quantify flow antensizy aid accumula: potential Topographic wetness Glso known es Compoand Topographic Index [CTT] om serceraphic moisture index) at a particular point on the landscape is the ratio between the catchment area contributing *o that point and the sloge at that pont (Wilson and allant, 2000). Higher positive values are weiter and lower negative valves are crier and valuer are cal culated as Catchment seen =) Topagaghis wetnrszindee hoe p ~ Slopein degrees o14 Tighe 4 Cr OSES! gent CSiow, | OS Smias gg We CBronieas CBs Grats Law 0.0 cometvess Steam pore High: 143 Low AT og elevation (meters), slope (degree) aspect (deere#). planform curvature, topographic The Strearn Power Tndes: (SPI)i¢ closely related to the topographic weinec: index and is used to estimate the erosive power of the terrain Areas with large stream power indices have a great potential for erosion. IF total stream power is grester than that cequiresto tranzpor: the sediment availabic (supply limited}, thon thers will be aact Joss in sediment and she steam will erode, F stream power is less (aansport limited) tian thet requived, ther chers will be auet gai in sediment and the siream will agerade Values are calcul ated as: Stream power inde Catchment ersaxtan B (Moare a af, 1995) here j= Siopein éegrees ‘in order *o remove spurious features, the remlting eam power map were Altered using fe” routine (33 scaring window) Topographic Position Index (TPT): Topographic Position Tadzz (TP0) is the :kfferonce between ths elevation ata cell andthe average clevaiionin ancighborhcod surrounding J Applied Sct, & (6): 910.921, 2008 ‘Sam Neigitarhood 200m Neigborhood, Fig 6: TP gideusing 6 different neighborhood sizes that cell, Positive values indioste thet the cell is higher than its neighbors while negetive valtws indLcate the call islower, TPlis a simplification of the Landscape Position Index described ty Fels and Zobel (1995) and ras developed in detail by Weiss (2001). TPI values provide a simple and powerful means to classify the landscape into morphological classes (Tenness, 2005), The neighborhood size and shape is critical to the analysis and should be based on the scale of landsvape festive being malyzed To classify very small Featsces like small streams or drainages, a small doula neighbaheod ‘was used, To identify la ge canyons or mountains, alarge cizcular neighborhood was wed, Choosing the ccrrect neighbochood is generally an iterative process in which several options are tied before the most useful sizes are identified Inthisstudy, TPL grids genesated from 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 450 m neighbachoods was presented Fig 9. Slope position classification: Next, TPI values were used to classify the landscape into slope position classes. This classification is based on how extreme the TEI values are and by the slope at each point. Logically, high TPI values would be found near the tops of bills while low TP] values oda Neghtetioed PP? s15 150m Negibeiond z ws 40m Neigbarivod would be found in valley bottoms. TPL values near 0 would he found on dither flat ground or somewhere mid slope and slope values ate used to distingnish bebveen these two possibilities. In this study, a 4-category slope position grid from each of the 6 TEI grits was generated (Fig). A TPI threshold value of +1 SD was used to identify hilltops end valley bottoms, where the standard devietion value was calculated fiom all elevation values in the w alershed analysis area. A slopethreshald of 45° was used ta distinguish between flat ateas and micslope areas (Table 1. Lani/form chssification: TPI values calculated from to ‘neighborhood sizes provide more information about the general shape of the landscape than TPI values from a singe neighborhood and therefore more complex landscape features can be identified by combising TPT gids generated a@ different scales, A point on the landscape with a negative small-nei ghborhood TPI value and a positive large-neighborhood TPI value is likely to representa small valley on a larger hilltop. Such a feature may reasonably be classified es an upland crainage Conversely, a point with a positive améll-nei ghborhood TPI value and a negative large neighborhood TPL value likely represents « small hill ce viclge in alargee valley. J Applied Sci, 8 (6) 910-923, 2008 SOmifeightorhood 200m Heightorhood (OAs EDD; 5 Siihe Bienisiges SHiles: Ti = sD 100 mNeizlbochood Pp 20 mMeigibuduel é Valery bsten; F< = ¢ : apes 15DaNeiglbarleod 450. Netbedtool A O15 Sle pau S fa Fig 7: Slope dasses using TPI gnds fiom 6 neighbochood sizes Leeend 220 ried eres @ Milne kage, slow valleys OD ad Ben, st Qwivks Quan Dove shes SD vve1 Ae, Qo sess, hisin vey @ itep sides, om a aie @®D dows top: nidviges A ois Shan Fig, & Landforms using Weiss (2001) classes based on 50 and 450m TPI in ovr case, 50 and 450m TPI gid, in combination with slope were used and classified landforms using criteria descrihed ty Weiss (201) (Fig & Table 1) As with the slop: pesition classifications, nigh and low TPI values were distinguished ty setting a threshold 07 =1 SD. In cases where TPI values fom both neighborhood sizes were berween -1 and I, stall plains and midslope areas were distngusheé by usiag © thresiold slop: value cf 6° A full descnption of eack morphological classification can be found in Wess (2001) and Jenness (2005) Relationships between landscepe classifications (slop: position and landforms) and topo grephicattritutes (elevation, slope, flanform curvature, topographic 916 ‘wetness and siream power) were detesmined by using the standard ArcView Zonal Statistics finction to calculate statistics for topngraphic attsimntes within 2achlandscap> class. Relationships between landscape clasaificetions and geology and landcover classes were analaysed by using the standard ArcView Tabulate Table function to calculate the proportions of landscape clesses that corresponded with eaca geology and lanicover classes. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Slope position classification: Frotn the € neighbochood sizes were tested, it was found thas the 100 m neighborhood cid she best jab at extracting the tenaces J. Applied Sei, 8 (6): 910-921 008 and small karstic depressions features interested in all tended to have strongly positive planform curvature identifying within the watershed. These features were pot values. The classes with negative curvature values all lange enough to be extracted by larger neighborhoods and corresponded to negative small-neighbothood TP! values, the smaller 50m neighborhood tended to extract only the whale the classes with positive curvature all corresponded edges of the features rather than the features themselves to positive small-neighbothood TPL values. Curvature is ‘The slope position classification results for all 6 always calculated from a 3*3 cell neighborhood, so neighborhood sizes are shown in Fig, 7. Within the 100m curvature in our example was caleulated using, a square neighborhood classification, 66,6% of the watershed was 60m neighborhood. This neighborhood s:7e is very close classified as Mic-siope, 14.4% Valley, 14.2% Hilltop and to our 50m radius circular TPI neighborhood, so itis not 10.8% was classified as lat Surface surprising that planform curvature tencs to be appears to be correlated with our small-neighborhood IPI grid, ‘Topographic attributes of landform classes: Figure 8 Stream power is directly related to both slope and provides an overview of the area with the primary catchment area, so it is also not surprising that stream landforms, More than 50% of the area is classified es power was strongest where either the small-neighborhood open slope, which is not surprising because is the or large-neighborhood values were negative. Negative area is imersceted with several rivers. Slope, TPT values indicate that a eall is lower than its noighbors topographic wetness, stream power, planform curvature and such cells would be expected to have a larger and elevation characteristies of the landforms are catchment area than cells that are higher than their shown in Table 2 neighbors It is interesting to note that the classes “*Canyons, Deepiy Incised Streams”, ““Midslope Drainages, Shallow Geologic and landcover characteristics of landform ‘Valleys”* and ‘Upland Drainages, Headwaters” all tended classes: As seen in Table 3, 92.8% of alluvial surfaces to have strongly negative planform curvature values, were classified as U-Shaped Valleys, Plains or Open while Local Ridges/Hills in Valleys", ““Midslope Ridges, Slopes (ie., the three highest values: 17.6~ 58.9+ 16.3%), Scvall ills in Plains” and “Mountain Tops, High Ridges” 59.5% of the agglomerates were classified as open slopes ‘abe 1: Descriptions of landform classes and slope peiton clases TPL and slope ertena Leform Small ndiatberhosd —Largeneihborood ——_Slopeposiion clasfcaion (Weirs, 2001) 0 mncghberood Omacighborised _clamifieacn (Weiss 2001) Camens, deeply incised scams Pr -1 8D TPL = -18D Valley ‘Mi-slope drainages, Shallow valleys TPL <1 SD ASD-1SD and TPI< 18D Shope <6 Upland drainages, Headwaters TPL s-18D is sb Mid slope 1H>-1SD and TPI< 18D Shope =6" U-shaped vallers ISDs* Upper slopes, mesar Isb

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