BI TON TIP TUYN FECMA-C LNG

Tip tuyn:
Vi tnh nht hnh hc d thy rng khi tip tuyn (d tt ) ti mt im trn th
y = f (x ) ngoi tr im un, th lun lun tn ti ln cn ( , ) sao cho f (x ) d tt
khi ln cn nm trong gii hn li v f (x ) d tt ln cn nm trong gii hn
lm.
a
Trong trng hp vi ta gii bng cch x = v hin nhin trong nhng bi
b
ton m ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c th r rng ta vit phng trnh tip tuyn
ti (1; f (1)) . chng t nhng u im ca cch gii ny, chng ta xt nhng v
d sau y
[V d].
Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng.Chng minh rng .
a2 b2 c2 a+b+c
+ +
2a + ab + b
2 2
2b + bc + c
2 2
2c + ca + a
2 2 2
Gii
Ta s chng minh x > 0 th.
x2 11x 3
tht vy .
2x2 + x + 1 16
3
Nu 0 < x < th bt ng thc hin nhin ng .
11
3
Nu x th ta c .
11
(
256 x 4 2 x 2 + x + 1 (11x 3)
2
)
(x 1)2 (14 x 2 + 39 x 9) 0 lun lun ng x
3
11
a b c
T ta chn x ln lt l , , vo bt ng thc trn v cng v theo v ta
b c a
c.
a2 11a 3b

cyclic 2a + ab + b
2 2

cyclic 16
a2 a+b+c

cyclic 2a + ab + b
2 2 2
Vy bi ton chng minh xong .
[V d].
Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng.Chng minh rng .
 29a 3 b 3 29b 3 c 3 29c 3 a 3
+ + 4(a + b + c )
ab + 6a 2 bc + 6b 2 ca + 6c 2
Gii
Ta s chng minh x > 0 th.
29 x 3 1
5 x 1 tht vy .
x + 6x2
Bt ng ng thc vit li .
29 x 3 1 (x 1) (x + 1)
2
5x + 1 = 0 x > 0
x + 6x 2
(
x + 6x2 )
a b c
T ta chn x ln lt l , , vo bt ng thc trn v cng v theo v ta
b c a
c.
29a 3 b 3
(5a b )
cyclic ab + 6a
2
cyclic

29a 3 b 3
4(a + b + c )
cyclic ab + 6a
2

Vy bi ton chng minh xong .

[V d].
Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng.Chng minh rng .
a3 b3 c3 a+b+c
+ +
a + ab + b
2 2
b + bc + c
2 2
c + ca + a
2 2
3
Gii
Ta s chng minh x > 0 th.
x3 2x 1
tht vy .
x + x +1
2
3
Bt ng ng thc vit li .
2 x 1 (x 1) (x + 1)
2
x3
= 0
x + x +1
2
3 (
3 x2 + x +1 )
a b c
T ta chn x ln lt l , , vo bt ng thc trn ta c.
b c a
a 3
2a b

cyclic a + ab + b
2 2

cyclic 3
a3 a+b+c

cyclic a + ab + b
2 2

3
Vy bi ton chng minh xong .
[V d].
Cho cc s thc khng m a, b, c tho a + b + c = 1 .Chng minh rng .
13 a 2 + a + 1 + b 2 + b + 1 + c 2 + c + 1 2 + 3
Gii
p dng bt ng thc Mincowsky ta c .
2
3 3
2 2
1 3

cyclic
a + a +1 =
2

cyclic


a +
2 4
+

a + b + c + + 3
2 2

cyclic
a 2 + a + 1 13

1
ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c =
3
Ta li c a [0,1] th a2 + a +1 ( )
3 1 a + 1 tht vy, ta vit li nh sau
( )
3 2 2 a(a 1) 0
Tng t ta c
b2 + b +1 ( )
3 1 b + 1 , c2 + c + 1 ( )
3 1 c + 1
Cng v theo v ta c

cyclic
a2 + a +1 2 + 3

ng thc xy ra khi a = b = 0 , c = 1 v cc hon v

[L Khnh S].
n2
n
Cho cc s thc x1 , x2 , x3 ..xn 7 v
k =1 2
x =
. Chng minh rng .
k

x1 + 1 x2 + 1 x3 + 1 x + 1 6n
+ 2 + 2 + ... + n2
x1 + 1 x2 + 1 x3 + 1 xn + 1 5
2

Gii
Vi x 7 ta lun c :
x + 1 32 4 x (x 7 )(2 x 1)
2
= 0
x2 + 1 25 25 x 2 + 1 ( )
x + 1 32 4 x
2
x +1 25
n
xk + 1 32n 4 n
2 x
k =1 x k + 1 25 25 k =1
n
x k + 1 6n

xk + 1 5
2
k =1

Vy bi ton chng minh xong .

[V d].
Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c .Chng minh rng .
a b c 9
+ +
(b + c ) (c + a ) (a + b ) 4(a + b + c )
2 2 2

Gii
Bt ng thc trn l thun nht v f (ta, tb, tc ) = t 1 f (a, b, c ) Do khng mt tnh
tng qut ca bi ton ta chun ha a + b + c = 9 .
Vy bi ton c vit li .
a 1
(9 a )
cyclic
2

4
vi a + b + c = 9

D thy .
a (0 , 9 )
a a 1

(9 a ) 18 12
2

a a+b+c 3

cyclic (9 a )
2
18 12
a 1

cyclic (9 a )
2
4
Vy bi ton chng minh xong .
[V d].
Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c tho a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2 = 1 .Chng minh rng .
1 1 1 1
+ + + (a + b + c + d ) 6
a b c d
Gii
T h thc
2
1
x (20 x + 16 ) 0 x > 0
2
Suy ra
1 11 1 11
a 5a 2 + , b 5b 2 +
a 4 b 4
1 11 1 11
c 5c 2 + , d 5d 2 + ,
c 4 d 4
Cng v theo v ta c iu phi chng minh.
[V d].
Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c, d tho a + b + c + d = 1 .Chng minh rng .
( )
6 a3 + b3 + c 3 + d 3 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2 +
1
8
Gii
Bi ton trn c th vit li nh sau.
Vi cc s thc dng x, y, z , t tho mn iu kin x + y + z + t = 4 th ta c
( ) ( )
6 x3 + y 3 + z 3 + t 3 4 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + t 2 + 8
Tht vy t h thc.
(m 1)2 (6m + 8) 0 , m > 0 ta thay m ln lt cho cc bin th
6 x 3 4 x 2 + 2 + (10 x 10 )
V 6 y 3 4 y 2 + 2 + (10 y 10 )
6 z 3 4 z 2 + 2 + (10 z 10 )
6t 3 4t 2 + 2 + (10t 10 )
Cng v theo v ta c iu phi chng minh.ng thc xy ra khi
1
x = y = z = t = 1 hay a = b = c = d = .
4
c lng nh gi
Bng cch phn hoch u ca bt ng thc , v ng thc xy ra khi no ? lc
ta s nhn xt v nh gi n , tuy nhin chnh ta cng c th sai lm do n
khng phi l tng qut ca mt cch gii no.
[L Khnh S].
Cho ba s dng a, b, c tho abc = 1 . Chng minh rng.
1 1 1
+ + 1
a+b +c
4 4
b+c +a
4 4
c + a4 + b4
Gii
Ta chn s thc sao cho
1 a 1

a + b 4 + c 4 a + b + c
b + c a 1 b 4 + c 4 ( )
(
b +c
)(bc ) 1
b + c4
4

Do tnh ng bc ca bt ng thc v bt ng thc hon v , vy ta chn

4 = 3 2 ta tm c ngay = 2 do ta c
1 a
2
a+b +c
4 4
a + b2 + c2
1 b
2
b+c +a
4 4
a + b2 + c2
1 c
2
c+a +b
4 4
a + b2 + c2
Ta li c
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 a + b + c vi abc = 1
Vy bi ton chng minh xong. ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = 1
[L Khnh S].
Cho cc s thc dng a1 , a 2 , a3 ,.., a n tho a1a2 a3 ,.., an = 1 , i, j = 1; n , n 3 , k 1 .
Chng minh rng.



n
1
n 1
i ,i =1
a j + ai
k

i =1 , i j
Gii
Ta chn s thc sao cho
1 a j 1
n
n
aj + a
i =1 , i j
k
i a
i =1
i
 n n
ai a j 1 a j + aik

i =1 i =1 , i j
n n
a
i =1, i j

i aj 1
a
i =1 , i j
k
i

1
n n n
ai a a i
k
i
i =1, i j i =1, i j i =1 , i j

Do tnh ng bc ca bt ng thc v bt ng thc hon v , vy ta chn

(n 1)( 1) + = k ta tm c ngay = k + n 1 do bt ng thc ng th
n
ta cn chng minh
n k + n 1 n k + n 1
1
a
i =1
i
n
a
i =1
i
n

Bt ng thc trn lun ng v theo bt ng thc hon v th

n k + n 1 n n k + n 1 n
1
ai
i =1
n
n ai ai
I =1 i =1
n
v a
I =1
i =1

[V d].
Cho ba s thc dng a, b, c tho abc = 1 . Chng minh rng.
1 1 1
+ 2 + 2 1
a +b +c
24 4
b +c +a
4 4
c + a4 + b4
Gii
Ta chn s thc sao cho
1 a 2

a 2 + b 4 + c 4 a + b + c
b + c a 2 b 4 + c 4 ( )
(b + c )(bc )
2
b + c4 4

Do tnh ng bc ca bt ng thc v bt ng thc hon v , vy ta chn

8
4 = 3 4 ta tm c ngay = do ta c
3
2
3
1 a

a + b4 + c4
2 8 8 8
a + b3 + c3
3

2
3
1 b

b + c4 + a4
2 8 8 8
a +b +c
3 3 3

2
1 c3

c + a4 + b4
2 8 8 8
a +b +c
3 3 3

Vy ta cn chng minh
 8 8 8 2 2 2
a3 + b3 + c3 a 3 + b3 + c 3
Bt ng thc trn lun ng v ta c
x 8 + y 8 + z 8 (xyz ) x 2 + y 2 + z 2
2
( ) , xyz = 1
Vy bi ton chng minh xong. ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = 1
[V d].
Cho ba s thc dng a, b, c . Chng minh rng.
a2 b2 c2 3
+ +
b +c
2 2
c +a
2 2
a +b
2 2
2
Gii
Tht ra y ch l bin th ca Nesbitt m ta chng minh ri !
Ta chn s thc sao cho
a2 3 a



b +c
2 2
2a +b +c
2a + 2b + 2c 3a 2 b 2 + c 2 ( )
Ta li c
2

a + b + b 3a b 3 3

2
a + c + c 3a 3 c 3

Cng v theo v v ng nht vi gi thit ta c = 3 do ta c

a2 3 a3


3
b +c
2 2
2a +b +c
3 3

b2 3 b3
3

3
c +a
2 2
2a +b +c
3

c2 3 a3


3
a +b
2 2
2a +b +c
3 3

Cng v theo v th bi ton chng minh xong.

[L Khnh S].
Cho ba s dng a, b, c tho abc = 1 . Chng minh rng.
a b c
+ + 1
a+b +c
3 3
b+c +a
3 3
c + a 3 + b3
Gii
Ta chn s thc sao cho
a a

a + b 3 + c 3 a + b + c
b + c a 1 b 4 + c 4 ( )
(
b +c
)(bc ) 1
b + c33
Do tnh ng bc ca bt ng thc v bt ng thc hon v , vy ta chn
5
3 = 3 2 ta tm c ngay = do ta c
3
5
a a3

a + b3 + c 3 5 5 5

a +b +c
3 3 3

5
b b3

b + c3 + a3 5 5 5
a +b +c
3 3 3

5
3
c c

c + a3 + b3 5 5 5

a + b3 + c3
3

Cng v theo v ta c iu phi chng minh.

[V d].
Cho ba s thc dng a, b, c . Chng minh rng.
a3 b3 c3
+ + 1
a 3 + (b + c ) b 3 + (c + a ) c 3 + (a + b )
3 3 3

Gii
Ta chn s thc sao cho
a3 a

a 3 + (b + c ) a + b + c
3

Bt ng thc ng th hin nhin ng vi b = c = 1 do suy ra

( ) (
a 3 a + 2 a 2 a 3 + 8
2
)
f (a ) := 2a 2 + a +3 + a 3
f (a ) := 4a 2 1 + ( + 3)a + 2 + 3a 2
Ta cn c
f (1) := 4 + ( + 3) + 3 = 0 = 2
Vi = 2 ta c
a3 a2
2
a 3 + (b + c ) a + b2 + c2
3

2
b+c b +c
23 2
1+ 1 +

a a 2
2
b + c 1 b + c
3

1+ 1 +
a 2 a
b+c
t 2 (t 2 ) 0 vi t =
2
lun lun ng .
a
Tm li ta c
a3 a2

a 3 + (b + c ) a2 + b2 + c2
3

Xy dng tng t cc bt ng thc cn li v cng v theo v th bi ton chng

minh xong.
[Turkey 2007].
Cho ba s thc dng a, b, c tho a + b + c = 1 . Chng minh rng.
1 1 1 1
+ +
ab + 2c + 2c bc + 2a + 2a ca + 2b + 2b ab + bc + ca
2 2 2

Gii
1 ab

ab + 2c + 2c (ab + bc + ca )2
2

b 2 c 2 + c 2 a 2 + 2abc(a + b + c ) 2abc 2 + 2abc

b 2 c 2 + c 2 a 2 2abc 2 lun lun ng
Xy dng tng t cc bt ng thc cn li v cng v theo v th bi ton chng
minh xong.
[Moldova].
Cho cc s thc x1 , x2 ,.., xn [0,1] .Chng minh rng.
x1 x2 xn 1
+ + ... +
2n + 1 + S x1 2n + 1 + S x2
3 3
2n + 1 + S x n 3
3

Trong S = x13 + x13 + ... + xn3

Gii
Bi ton chng minh xong khi ta chng minh c bt ng thc sau
xi [0,1] , i = 1; n , 2n + 1 + S xi3 3(x1 + x2 +,..,+ xn )
Do ta xy dng bi ton nh sau
( ) ( ) (
3(x1 + x2 +,..,+ xn ) x13 + 2 + x23 + 2 + ... + xn3 + 2 )
= S + 2n
S + 2 n + 1 xi
Vy bi ton chng minh xong .
[Crux-Mathematicorum].
Cho cc s thc x1 , x2 ,.., x6 [0,1]. Chng minh rng.
x13 x23 x63 3
+ + ... +
S x1 + 5 S x2 + 5
5 5
S x6 + 5 5
5

Trong S = x15 + x25 + x35 + x45 + x55 + x65

Gii
Bi ton chng minh xong khi ta chng minh c bt ng thc sau
xi [0,1] , i = 1;6 , S xi5 + 5
5 3
3
(
x1 + x23 + ... + x63 )
Do ta xy dng bi ton nh sau
 3
(
5 3
) (
x1 + x23 + .. + x63 1
) ( ) (
3 x 5 + 2 + 3 x25 + 2 + ... + x65 + 2
3
)
= S +4
S xi5 + 5
Vy bi ton chng minh xong .
[L Khnh S].
Cho cc s thc x1 , x2 ,.., xn [0,1] , i = 1, n v hai s t nhin 1 . Chng
minh rng.
x1 x2 xn
+ + ... +
n( ) n( ) n( )
S+ + 1 x1 S + + 1 x2 S+ + 1 xn


Trong S = x1 + x2 + ... + xn
Gii
p dng AM GM cho s dng ta c
3 1 x

1x 4+ 4x 2+4... 4+ 3x + 11+412+ ...
4+

x + ( ) x

Do ta c
x + ( ) x
(x1 + x2 + ... + xn ) + n( ) (x1 + x2 + ... + xn )
n( )
S+ (x1 + x2 + ... + xn )

V x1 , x2 ,.., xn [0,1] nn ta suy ra
n( )
S+ + 1 xi (x1 + x2 + ... + xn )


xi xi

(x1 + x2 + ... + xn )
Hay
n( )
S+ + 1 xi

Cho i chy t 1, n v cng theo v ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi tp hng dn.
[V d].
Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng.Chng minh rng .
a3 b3 c3 a+b+c
+ 2 + 2
a + 2b
2 2
b + 2c 2
c + 2a 2
3
Hng dn :
x3 7x 4
x > 0 th ta lun c .
x +2
2
9
[V d].
Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng.Chng minh rng .
a b c 3
a2 + 3 b2 + 3 c2
+ +
3
a+b 3 b+c 3 c+a 3
2
Hng dn :
3
2x3 5x 2 1
x > 0 th ta lun c .
3
x3 + 1 4
[V d].
Cho hai b s dng a1 , a2 , a3 ,.., an ; b1 , b2 , b3 ,.., bn tho
a1 + a2 + a3 + .. + an = b1 + b2 + b3 + .. + bn = 1 . Chng minh rng.
a12 a 22 a32 an2 1
+ + + ... +
a1 + b1 a 2 + b2 a3 + b3 a n + bn 2
Hng dn :
x2 3x + 1
x > 0 th ta c .
x +1 4
[V d].
Cho ba s dng a, b, c . Chng minh rng.
5b 3 a 3 5c 3 b 3 5a 3 c 3
+ + a+b+c
ab + 3b 2 bc + 3c 2 ac + 3c 2
Hng dn :
5 x 3 13
x > 0 th ta c . 2x 1
x + 3x 2

[V d].
Cho cc s thc a, b, c [0,1] v tho a + b + c = 1 .Chng minh rng .
5 1 1 1 27
+ +
2 1+ a 2
1+ b 2
1+ c 2
10
Hng dn :
Ta lun c x [0,1] th :
1 27 x + 54
1 + x 2 10

1 2x
1 + x 2 2
[Olympic BaLan].
3
Cho cc s thc a, b, c v tho a + b + c = 1 .Chng minh rng .
4
a b c 9
+ +
1+ a 2
1+ b 2
1+ c 2
10
Hng dn :
 3 5 x 36 x + 3
x ; th ta lun c .
4 2 1+ x 2
50
[V d].
Cho a, b, c l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic . Chng minh rng.
1 1 1 9 1 1 1
+ + + 4 + +
a b c a+b+c a+b b+c c+a
Hng dn :
Bt ng thc trn l thun nht o ta chun ha a + b + c = 3 .khi quay v
bi tip tuyn quen thuc.
[V d].
Cho ba s dng a, b, c tho a + b + c = 3 . Chng minh rng.
1 1 1
+ + 3
2a + 1 2
2b + 1
2
2c 2 + 1
Hng dn :
1 2 3x + 5 3
0 < x < 3 th ta c .
2x + 1
2 9
[V d].
Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng.Chng minh rng .
(b + c a )2 + (a + c b )2 + (a + b c )2
9 a2 + b2 + c2
3a 2 + (b + c ) 3b 2 + (a + b ) 3c 2 + (a + b ) 7 (a + b + c )2
2 2 2

Hng dn :
R rng bt ng thc trn l thun nht do khng mt tnh tng qut ta chun
ha a + b + c = 3 . Do ta vit li bt ng thc nh sau
(3 2a )2 a 2 + b2 + c2
2
cyclic 3a + (3 a )
2

7
gii quyt bt ng thc trn ta i chng minh b sau
(3 2 x )2
1
( )
7 x 2 44 x + 44 vi 0 < x < 3
3 x 2 + (3 x )
2
49
(7 x 2
)( )
44 x + 44 4 x 2 6 x + 9 49(3 2 x ) 0
2

(x 1)2 (28 x 2 126 x 45) 0

[V d].
Cho ba s thc dng a, b, c .Chng minh rng.
a
+
b
+
c

3
(a + b + c )
b+c c+a a+b 2
Hng dn :
Bt ng thc trn l thun nht do ta chun ha a + b + c = 6 khi ta cn
chng minh
 x 5x 2
0 < x < 6 th ta c
6 x 8
[V d].
Cho ba s thc khng m a, b, c tho mn a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 1 .Chng minh rng.
a b c
+ + 2
1 + bc 1 + ca 1 + ab
Hng dn :
a 2a
c lng
1 + bc a + b + c
[V d].
Cho ba s thc dng a, b, c tho mn abc = 1 v n 1 .Chng minh rng.
n+2
3
a a
n+ 2 n+2 n+2
a + bn + c n
b 3
+b 3
+c 3

[V d].
Cho ba s thc dng a, b, c tho mn abc = 1 v 0 < n 1 .Chng minh rng.
1 n
3
1 a
1+ 2 n 1+ 2 n 1+ 2 n
a +b+c
n
a 3
+b 3
+c 3