Denetria Middleton

Module 11 Annotated Bibliography

#1: Keller,
J. M. (1987). Development and use of the ARCS model of
instructional design. Journal of instructional development,
10(3), 2-10.
This article began by asking the question Can students be motivated to learn? Of
course teachers think that if students arent motivated to learn they wont. Motivation is viewed as
unpredictable. Some teacher believe that they can motivate student to learn with the proper
technique. The ARCS model is believed to motivate students to learn to self motivate. The
ARCS model has four major components: Attention, Relevance, Confidence, and Satisfaction (p.
3). Each component has instructional strategies. The attention component can be achieved by an
interesting statement or a unique noise, however maintaining a learner attention is harder.
Relevance stage can be achieved by letting students set goals within the lesson. Students have the
opportunity develop self worth. The next component is confidence. Many students who are not
confident fear failure. Instead of trying and failing, they would rather not try (p. 5). The last
phase is satisfaction. This stage involves making students feel good about they have done. In
conclusion, the two field test that was conducted showed that ARCS Model served as a tool to
motivate students (p. 9).

#2:Fredrickson, B.L. (2001). The Role of Emotion in Positive

Psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions.
American Psychologist, 56, 218-226..
In todays society many people look at negative emotions rather than positive emotions.
Negative emotions tend to lead to anxiety, eating disorders, depression, and even death (p. 1367).
Positive emotions can also lead to things that are not so pleasant such as: mania and drug
addiction. There have not been many studies that investigate the role of positive emotions. In
fact, more studies on negative emotions have been conducted and then positive emotion is
thrown in at the last minute. Positve emotions have been confused with emotion-general models
(p. 1368).

#3:Isen, A. M., Nowicki, G. P., & Daubman, K. A. (1987). Positive

affect facilitates creative problem solving. Journal of Personality
& Social Psychology, 52(6), 1122-1131.

#4:Um, E., Plass, J. L., Hayward, E. O., & Homer, B. D. (2012).

Emotional design in multimedia learning. Journal of Educational
Psychology, 104(2), 485-498.
 Denetria Middleton

#5 Mayer,R. E. (2003). Social cues in multimedia learning: Role of

speakers voice. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(2), 419-
425.