> > Cracking CCacking takes many forms. To make proper tepais,is necessary fit determine the cnase of cracking. Invidual crack filing may be the ght sufce treatment or shun seal may be the appropsie eytit. In eser suations, complete removal ofthe afd are and the lastllaion of tsinage may be necessary befor: elective repass can be accompli Maiwenance procedures genesilly depend on the case of the estes he ‘race wie and the amount of eraking in the affected anes, tis necesay 10 prevent the inflation of water andl incompressibles (rock, sind ino the ‘rack and the underlying pavement structure, ses, Where there cacti a gear Reflective Cracks. These ave cracks io asphalt overays that reflec the crack pattem inthe pavensentsrocute wnermesth. ‘The pattern may be Fongitinal, uansverse, agonal, or block. They accu mos frequent in phat overays on pee (Figure 3.7) and on cement or porzolanic-teated Ibu. They may also oceur in axphait overlays on asphakpaverents where ‘racks ln the off pavement have not heen propery repaired, Reflective cracks are caused by vertical or horizontal movements nthe pavement beneath the overny, induced by expansion and contraction with temperature or moisture changes. They can also be caused by trafic or earth sovements or by oss of moisture in subgrade ia high ay contents, ‘Seal or cepa rach based upon sie and sevety. (See page 24) Figure 3.7 Reflective Cracking Edge Cracks. ‘hese ssc knsgzuinal cracks, 0 em (1 food or from de edge ofthe pavement with or without transverse racks branching 1 the shoulder Crigures 30, Usually, edge racks are ce to lack of ae ‘They may alo be caused by setlement or yielding of the material nce ying Ghoulder suppor, the cracked are. This may be the rsa of pow cranage, fost heave, or shvinkge from dying out of the sumounding cath, Page cracking may be ‘aggravated by a concentration of heavy wae ear the edge ofthe pavement 35 well as heavy vegetation close to the pavement edge Faye cracking repair will depend! on the severity ofthe dares, Simple ercking canbe repaired by seal or by ing cracks yi pile. cmlsion suny oF sind asphalt minture. tf the shoulder not supe the ‘edge of pavement, remove the poor mesa and replace t with well compacted, good qualy material. I water i contin fact, instal he singe newt t alleviate the problem. Block Cracking (Shrinkage Cracking). Bloc cic Interconnected! erick forming a sess of lage locks, 1 to 3 meters (3 et) across, usally with sharp corners o angles igure 39) Ofien itis cfc to ctermine wheter block cracks ae ca hy ‘volume change Inthe asphalt mix or inthe base or subgrade. Frequently, ty are caused by volume change of fine aggregate asphalt mixes that have a high content of low penetration asphalt and adsorptive aggregates, Lack vf anteFigure 3.9 Block Cracking Instn seinkage cracking in hese pavements, Another ense the ely rempensure eyles and the hardened (aged asphalt. lod cracking s not load rebated, ‘Genenly, block cracks are co furneous to econramically seal with a crack sealant. Typically, a surfice seal can be applied. il lange cracks with asphalt enulsion shay flowed by a saface weutment ora sluny seal. An ‘overlay may ako be required. Aligator Cracking (Fatigue Cracking) Ale ccs ae imercoonaed ets ing ss foal blk sen an alg tke digo 310. Pia ding cased by exceeds oe peat anaes be ed y tesa gas ese ‘Sate ys let pavement kes an asp sce 99 havo veunge be pene The fled ree pea Pot ofcr erases pee, When is PPS Peay cto epe ey lads at ced toc pack Fre pcm thn ice llr cacy ean KY oo opting Pr uae pach he bet ee, He dt el vey Hs sepenynmerane sacha nyo te face etme es Patching can help extend the time befor a permanent repairs ede. Crack sealing is aot the most cust eetve way to repair allgnior cacking Slippage Cracks. those aw vse shaped crs resuling fom borizontal forces induced by eaffie. The ens of the curved erick point in the lection ofthe thst of wheels on the pavement surface (Figure 311), This, does not mean they inva point in the dtetion of trafic Now, fakes are applied on vehicle going downhill the danas of the wheels is reversed dus to beaking action. Slippage occuring inthis cncmssace wil resin ‘rac pointing uphil Stippaje cracks result fom the lack of hond between the suace ayer andthe course beneath, The lick of hond may be de to cst, ol, bbe, dit, water, or oer non-adhesive mate between the two courses. Us, sch lac of bond exists when no ick cot has been use! or when no pene oat was used witha thin asphalt li placed on dhe aggregate base, Slippage ‘racks may result from mixtures having a high snd con Improper compaction. Remove he affected asphalt layer and replace with a surface patch as well as due 10 Linear Cracking. his ctegery includes gener ercking such as paving int exces (gure 3.12), construction fins, shoulder joint ercks,‘widening eras, ane! ote longline, ansverse ane! diagonal crc, Transverse andl diagonal cracks can ren fc low tempers cconracion a the pavemient Co temperate cracking), from sbi ‘cement ens base o sg sil Longin cracks inthe whe path uy be fatigue relate and eventually progress into alligator cracking, A random oocusing longitudinal crack need not be Fague related, bur can he Indicative ofa sideways yieMing subgrade or fl area. ‘The causes of joint ‘racks longitudinal ce ransvers) can be relate! to desma stresses o¢ insufficient compaction. They can ao be caused by a weak bond inthe join ‘Seal or repair crac based upon size and sever >> Distortion Pavement dition i the result of asphalt Iyer instability, or ganar hha or subgrade wealmess. Itmay be accompanied by cracking. Distortion ‘takes umber of diferent forms: rating, shoving, corrugations, depressions, and upheaval, As with any other defec, the cause must be detenmined before the conect repair can be deermined. Repair techniques incude fll depth patching, complete cemoval ofthe affected aea and replacing wih new ‘mater: skin-patching: leveling the surface by fing with new material oF microsucacing. ‘Rutting. fuss ae channelized! depressions in the whee! tacks ofthe ‘pavement surice (Figure 3.13). In severe cases, paversene uplit may occur along the sides of the -ulting resus from consolidation or tera movement ofthe subgrade, aggregate base, and/oe asphalt ayers under ufc load. Ruting may oceur in the subgrade or aggregate base due to insuicient design thickness, lack of ‘compaction, or weakness caused by mois inflation. Ruting may also ‘cur within a weak asphalt mixture, characterized by a downward ae lates movement of the miture under hey wheel loads The repair of nating will depend heavily on the cause, I the case in the surace, a pemmanent rept made using fall depth patch oF 3 x ‘mix asphalt overlay with 2 leveling and surface couse. Skin patching, mie suslicing, oF astip” chip seal in the rut may also be used effectively, but ‘ypielly 6a temporary measure. Ihe causes in the base or subyrce, ‘complete reconstruction ofthe pavernent may be necessary, inelding the dalton of diinage if water ia contin factor.Corrugations and Shoving. Com.gsions and shoving (Gometimes called "washboarcing” are a form of paste movement pied Dy ripples acros the asphak pavement surface (Figure 3.14). They normaly occur a points of severe hexizonal sess, where watfic sans andl stops, on ils ‘whee vehicles rake on the downgrade, on sharp horzontal curves oat Congation fat lick is stability. Siabliy deficiencies may resto misuse t00 ih in asp high in fine greene conten, sound an soc texture! aggregate soft an asphalt cement. 1tmay also edie to excessive moisture fa the granular base, contamination due to of spillage, o lack of aeration wen placing mixes sing emule or csc asphalt ‘he best repair is a fll depth patch, I the pavement has a aggregate hase with a thin surface meatment, sear dhe sfc, six with te base mail, and recompact before sesuacing, If pavemsent as mex than 50 man (Gin) of asphalt suracing and base, shallow corrugations ean be removed ‘wah a pavement milling michine, flowed with a hot msc asphalt overtay 0 provide the necesary stuctral sent ancl showing usally occur asphal Sottlement or Grade Depressions. Depressions ase low seas oF limite size that may be accompanie by cracking, These bil baths collect ‘wate (igure 3.15) and are not only source of pavement deterioration but are hua vo movorits. These depressions et be noticed indy weather where the pavement is stained Depressions may be e1used by tific overoucng, or by ‘consolidation, setlement or failure of the lower pavement layers Minor setlements and clepresions can be repaired by surface lweatments or micesurficing. Larger areas ate repaled by & sin patch o¢ fall ‘depth pacing Figure 3.15 DepressionUpheaval or Swell. Uphicaval the loalized upward die to swelling ofthe subgrace or some portion lsphicement ofa paver ofthe pavement suture (Figure 3.16), Frost heave isan example of his sss, Upheaval is most commonly caused by expansion of ioe in the lower courses ofthe pavement or subgrade, It may also be cused by the sweling effec oF mois on expansive sols Repair sing fll depth ph, Permanent repair shoul she nist Utility Cut andlor Patch Falhure. ‘hiss tale of 3 viiy Deteriorated patches may exhibit ds sation, ditortion,eracking spalling, ‘or dctamination berwcen the patch a de eniginalsuace. Depressions te sully ave caused by lick of adequate compaction ofthe backil, base or vials oflue of the suroubeing or urdeying pavement Permanent rep requins fll depth path >> Disintegration Disintegration isthe bacaling up Fragments. This includes the dislodging of sure panicles. W not stopped in ts eaty stages, can progress until the pavement requies complete King. Two pes of sinteration ae rveling weathering Raveling Weathering. 1 i the progressive separation of anarexate panicles from the pavement surfice denna or fon the ede invard. sway, the ine aggregate comes of fist 2 ite “pock rks" on the pavement surface, Ashe erosion continues, huge nd ger aries are broken few and the pavement soon bas the rough and of srfice erosion, Raveing is wll fern in the wheel (igure 3.18) while weathering is usualy Found in low or on eat 8 covers the ene sufie Raveling cased by ofa th OF IMA compaction, cons id weather diy or disintegrating get, oo ile cating ofthe asphalt mix. Ravelng almost aways rquines the presence of oth rai andl water to exer Ravelingsurfices, cry andl weathered surfaces, al porous sues te conditions that usually requitea surface treatment such as. chip sea sy In the later cae they are used to prevent an aipated cone fet becoming realtyFigure 3.18 Raveling pote are bow shaped holes eng fra lind 19). Potholes are often the severe, uconected teu J aligator crack, upheaval, raveling, or Bled patches or atl ca reps. Its common to havea pothole extend through or nto the agate ase. Most potholes 0 surface onan ete cracking begin to lose is potholes. Thicker asp ot develop potholes in reps usualy involve spl patching materi >> Skid Hazards ey pave ings hat can make ceur in pavements having thin asphalt concrete aggregate base, “Thin surfaces showing severe alligator jes of asphal out ofthe raked sea, creat it paverents greater thar 100 men Cn.) generally do this way because the pieces dot become dislodge pa sme using. fll depth patch, Temporary Jeaing ou the pothole and filing it with 2 colds isa thin fils of water on a sa thick fl of water hat causes a high speed A.stnocth pavement condition s usually the result of spillige or certain sof ky. “The objet of sil hazard improvement is restore the pavemens ste t.a coneltion where water can flow areal mast ofthe surice ager aggregate CComecive neaimens to improve surice dana and sil ssn inciude cleaning the sueice of contamination, surface teatments, or milling, Bleeding or Flushing. 'leeing or Nushing ste ups touch, and uly oes in hot weer The most common cause of leecng is excess asphalt nen rk ‘ofthe pavement courses. This can res fm an improperly censtnaeal wl excessive sealant in racks or joins below an overly. Also, tall n cover compaction of asphalt ayers, ring the bigr to tesFigure 3.20 Bleeding In many cases, bleeding can be comexted by repeated applicaions of hot sand, no slag screenings or hot rock screenings to blo up the excess asphal, In this procedure, apply 95 men G8 in.) maximum size sag screenings, sand, or rock sreenings to the alle ave, The agree shoul ‘be heated to at leas 150°C GOOF and spread atthe ate of 5.410 8 kgf? (10 to 15 Ive. tmmodiaey afer spreading the aggregate, ell witha Ppreunutictved eller When the aggregate hs cooked, oom off te loose pails. Repeat the proces, necessary bleeding i igh, an agarepate seal coat, using absorpave aggrewne Ise only eament needed. A hot mix axplat leveling couse with alow asphak content can also be eet in absorbing the excess asphall, With his treatment, however, a new siface cause i needed over the leveling course to prevent iveling. 4 pavement milling machine can also be used to remove the excess aaphal In sare instances of heavily overasphaled surces, the surews shoul be completely removed Polished Aggregate. ties axe aggregate panicles inthe surace ‘of pavement that have been potshed soar, This includes both naturally smooth ubarusbed gravels and cused race that weas down quickly under the action of wae Figure 42. Sone agrees partic Imestone, become polished rater Figure 3.21 Polished Aggregate vi uncer ac. Some yes of gravel re nataly polished and they are wena vem ace wont crushing thy wile a kl zara These pola eats are uit ippery when wet ‘One ofthe most efecive ways fo epara pavement wi posed srgregte nto cover te sce wth hid esti heatmer. Tis may be a hho nix asphal ovetay, a sand seal, oF ap aggregate seal coat The aggregate ‘st be hard and angular, using proven non-polishing mater. >> Surface Treatments Distrossos Because of the constuction procedures used, surface treatments may “develop some defects that dont oocu in other sypes of asphalt pavement surfaces. “these include the loss of cover aggregate and streaking ‘Some ofthe exer asphalt pavement defects described eae in this chapter, such as congatons, depressions, pheal,petholes, and raving, ‘occur most Fequenly i pavenseis constructed with surface teatments. This Irappens because the thie asphal suracing sally place! aver a wrwker signed pavement stuctre Loss Of Cover Aggregate. ‘his liste is kl bythe “whipping olf of agree by afc frm « sefacesneate! paver (Fg 322)— | | i | | | | oe Figure 3.22 Loss of Cover Aggregate Sever things can cause the loss of cover aggregate. Ifthe aggregate is not spread immediately afer the asphalt is applied 0 de pavement suse (qsualy within one minute), the aggregate may not hold. Aggregate that i 00 ‘dusty oF too dry when spread! may not be able to bond with the aspbalt. The sgaregate mus be rolled immedely ater phcemsent ofl seat td hold Under tai. Ia steeweeled oll alone i used for compaction, aggregate may he lost rom low spots that ae bgt over by the roller. Other reasons ane inchide weather too cool when treatment was applied fast aie permis 1a surface that absovbs par of the ‘on the new susface teatment 00 soon asphalt, eaving 10 lie to hod! dhe aggre Hot couse sand, spread over the affected areas, may be sed 10 replace the lst aggregate, On a hor day, spre couse sand, heated to at east, 15UEC (300%), over the aren that as lost cower agree, Follow immediatly (before the aggregate bas had a chance to even coo afew ‘degres) wth a pneumatic ted roller to sea the aggregate ino the asphal 1 agqucgate i only panilly whippecto, an absorpive agente coat may be 2 practical teatnent Longitudinal / Transverse Streaking. ‘onsiwlinal secaking i slkenoting lan and heavy lines of asphalt and/or aggregate nunning pall 1 the centerline ofthe tad (gue 323). 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