mur sai *3,000" nD laa 2,00,000" td hoo *5,00,00,000" Combinations of mumerls are made by a in the examples below. When savia 7,000" fumeral it oceur in the oblique form saci ing in the order as given is combined with other naar °208 rmunwatt-aydu ‘95° EN Tour ayoatt-aydu *855) Cpoat-naathu 78 seaird-omb{ieynusr-eppatt-omb(jttu “19797 Seeirdcomb(hjeynuur-emb(httonaa, “1984 27.2, Ondinal numerals, Ordinal numerals are formed by ding vince to the cardinal mimeras (se 2.7.1) ondnee “East muoatt-aydnee “hit-ffh? craDnee ‘second? rraurnee “hundredth duce “60 Tvirdnee “thousandth! ondnee hasan alternate form modalnee “rst. “The interrogative proform eSTu ‘how much’ (see 2.5.2) can also take the ordinal marker -enee. ‘8Tance “how many-eth? SETINDyek band id eSTace varSa? “how many Yeats have YOU pee nia? (this is the how many-eth yea since you came tolndi)" THE VERB PHRASE ‘his chapter dels with simple forms of 1 verb forms of the verb and ver phrme that in'a trutonal yammar would be considered part of the pore ligne (principal part) of the verb, orn a generative gammar would be generated in the bus component or phrase srctre of the gat ‘mat Bore complex forms and constriction are disused under syntax fee chapter fur) : Kenmuda ee ocr in two fort ine ite or nonlin, Finite vetba can have nothing added to them; and since verbs are ually fund in the lst postion in the sentence (abject objectver, + finite ve tffccely ends the sentence, withthe exception of cts (sce 4.11) or reportves(oce 4.1}, which may follow: Nonfnite vera, incon tran cannot standalone, and must have some other frm fll wwe vd mst ther form folowing ‘Some of the finite forms of the verb ar imperatives, poset and past fons marked wih PNG, mods, and verbalparicpal nouns (ee $848), Nonfinc form inde infinve, verbal and adjectl Partcplay and enesmaed vb stew SA. Verb stems, Kannada verbs are not listed in a dictionary as Infiniives like they aze in many western languages; rather, they ate entered at singular nonpolite imperatives (eee 9.3, which in mostcase are identical to verb stems, with the ation of an emuncitive + Ca a eens in a consonant. (Exceptions to this are bas ‘come wet aed hoo “ellecve, which hae the oper stem ber tae ee gaLL~ respectively) The vet stem is» noni form 1 et conse markers, nfnitive masks and several ober eam Tnatcal forme are added 3:12, Past vetb stems. In addition to simple verb stems, Kannads aie rere teme that are used in forming the past tense, ast cee nie cootonas, and some other consrucins, Prat emt aici pae to which contingent PNG markers are added or on peems are not reglar overall but the majority are formed, by Cling the past maser -i e 343) tothe wen sem, (The dof 2 ag ig deleted in several constuction; ace mle fr in ther Ee urmctions) Thote pat stems not formed with hooga bora» hog bard ‘don’ gl hoop. tal see ‘emphatic! * baradu + hogle Baerd “icttely do's" ter ways of nding see imprest we bee (ped ethene of te mera an ema (fei ce 01 te pte mol had" no 3.6.2). Thete ae also attached to an infinitive that hat had then @ deleted, as with Baaradu above. As with other imperatives, the plata negative often functions ata polite frm, bar beeDa “1)don'e (want you to) come!” ‘maaD beeDi “I)don'c want you [pl, polite) to) do (something)! Ihoog kuuDdu “(one) must not go!” 33.2. Optative, There is a form in Kannada, sometimes called ‘optatve, that is used with fist or third prions and is considered by some to be a srt of imperative (but sce 6.3) Tis formed by adding 7 t0 the infinitive, and it often translates into English a et (someone “do something)’ xan Dar # al i+ aon bal “et him come” When this form is found in questions, iis often closer in meaning +o English ‘shall, should, may’ ‘am yaaoaag beri? “when shall should/may be come?” naan alighoog-aa? “shoul go there?” 33.3, Horttve. Kannada has a form, calle hortative by some, that, is sometimes considered to be a kind of imperative (Big 1959-81; but see 3.6.6). Tes formed by adding Ne to the verb stem, and it ‘an be tranlated either a8 “e's (do something) of, expecially in the Interrogative as “shall we (do something)” bar-ooNe “lets come? elligadrs hoog-o0Na “lets go somewhere! fen maaD-ooNe? “what shall we do?” tag hoog-20N-saa? “shall we goto town?” SA. Verbs marked with tense and PNG. Verbs masked with PNG salfixes are always marked for tente (with the exception of some atcha forms left from OK; see Ramanjan 1968:283) and are finite verbs; but verbs can be marked for tense without PNG markers, in hich ease they are nontinite verbs (eq, past ver stems;sce 8-1-1),Verbs marked for tense and PNG have the following structure edb stem (sce BL, SL1) + tne marker (se S-.2-8) + PNG marker Gee 341). peop ‘pe +h ‘pee + ih “lager = ene nau. “ot 6 ide pest + fg condpunl’ ~—matre (one sine er ame de pant + el) ingle these examples not all verbs have the same “dor has the marker ~id, while ba (stem ‘before d), Also, Kannada has different psy for example, fast person ‘Asmay be obvious from past tenge marker. maaDs bar) ‘come! has d= (77m fit of PNG maskers for afferent tem arf in in the present tense, and e(nn) inthe pst. In ation, Saeed race (located) is ereula in respect both to tense and PNG Janka, These and other complesties are discussed below. ‘34:1, Peron-Number-Gender markers. In Kannada finite vers, PNG makers are added to vezbs to indicate agreement between the abject and the ve (ee 40.1.1), These PNG markers differ according ROI fene of the verb they mark. Those used in the present tense weenie ferent from thoxe wsed in the contingent, and the past Tense forms differ from both present and contingent. “Te LK, the PNG marker differ mainly in the length ofthe vowel, and somedimes in the final vowel (ey fist singular is -eoe in the snd en in the past); but in SK more complicated changes uaa thie person plural neuter form orn thoxe [hing] ") ‘his form does not oceur in all SK present, fecur. LK also Sih whch verbs must agree, but ilects” ‘SALA. Present tense PNG matkers, The forms of the PNG markers that occur with the prevent tense are given below. 0 Pronoun PNOMarher Example: a/b come? eam ew) ots Team Sin ity) betga) you come! Tmoaine, ema) ane artaene “he come = fencin) “ake baraake—“shecomes! = fea) See Botte sone? is pu (recy) ate =o Secon pra = ed ‘ow come atte oon) awe betel neuter fom) -~ arate “acy come Since the neuter singular form atte incomporates the present tense marker ft- (t= + nade > atte), itis attached leetly t0 the verb rem, Some speakers, however, use “ade (withthe tense marker instead lof atte (eg. bartad), but this is considered less prestigious. 8.41.2, NG mute of be (od Met de of jad Met des of SK no BS eee eee ac aa iakar "0 che bbe ford ti oy we hig bo enc eee ee ee sr ‘habitual may mean ‘will be’ or ‘be (always)'. oe Pos fom sat tnt Sect os dates eye) ewer (ec a Fie plan (eae ‘se Second pr ite (iu) sacs ae ee sae ee (ow f Note the irregular forms for the third singular and pal neuter.singet PNG maser The cogent i for of he 2 acne Engh ht (a vaetig? has PSG Sh cece the pt tom that are ink SK pt tee Fae wi ing vowel (When below cond Coming os eae eee igs) ee mes, Sy = — andaanu “he might come’ ‘ee oj Se tandoaL ‘se might come! eee nae tees ear ae) at htt enim ae sone “bandosru ‘they sight come’ 4.4, Past tense PNG markers. The past tense PNG markers at rate given below. tached to the past stem ofthe verb, ae gi i ee ee eee Second snguar ni) 21 “Tid gle mins fu court) romp = ae fal bent “youcane = fue bands “eyeibecae! loon) Padma = ‘aru bon AAs noted above, the past PNG matkers have short vowels where the contingent PNG markers have long vowels; and these short forms tue reduced even further by vowel truncation rules In the singular ‘of first and third masculine, the final consonant as wells the enuncia. tive w tend to be deleted, leaving only the frst vowel ofthe marker, However, when further sffises are added, consonant deletion docs not take place; instead, both vowels tend to delete. Ths, while in the past declarative the fist and second singular forms appear the sum, Defore a citi sufix such as “ae interogatve they are distinguished by the surface appearance of the underiying in the fist sgulat PNG marker e(nu), and by the morphophonemicaly inserted) i the Second singular. Also, first and third masculine singular PNG markers are different in the declarative; but inthe interrogative, if vowel del tion occurs they bande)naa? ondfe)yoa? bandon? wll appear the sume “dit come?” “did you come?" “aid he come?” 4 the plural, and in thied singular feminine and neuter, its the fist, vowel that is deleted in the declarative (with the final vowel being elec als before suffixes begining with & vowel) The deletion of then the neuter singular PNG marker itu may ‘cause an unacceptable consonant cluster to occur if the verb stem ends in a consonant. In such a case, subsequent consonant caster implific ‘on will take place (see 1.3.7) In addition, the rctofles of the third singular feminine marker -(a)Lu tends to assimilate to the preced Ing if the vowel as deleted (se 1.37). dand- + (itu »bandetu » bantu band- + (a)Lu » band La» andl 3.4.2, Present tense marker, ‘The present tense marker ist except with Gr where this marker is used for the fatutefhabitual, and the st stem is used for the present; see 3.4.5.8), and occurs between the ‘et stem and all PNG markers except the neuter singular “tte (ace Bat), When the verb stem ends in' consonant -if= may be shore ened tot- by rule of consonant cluster simplification (ee 1.3.7), are tte + tind arti “I come’‘Stems with final and ¢ (which oth appear as on the surface in many SK dialects; see 13.8), and those with Final o, do not delete the {inal vomed, but tend to lengthen it before -tt- (which is then reduced to-t- following along vowel se 1.2). are write + bar tt +n’ > arti “write? agos "ake (for oneself’ +t +n» togootin’ “Ttake ‘Gor myself? 3:43, Past tense matkers, Grammars of Kannada generally state that the part tense marker isd, but with many irregular exceptions (sce Spencer 1950:88); or they may state that the past id= oF -t~ with Cheeptions (sce Biligt 1959:84). The fact is thatthe vast majority of ansada vewbs form the past with id- attached 10 the ver stem, a Small number with -f- and the rest undergo various changes, among ‘which some subreguartes may be discerned.* 343.1, Past of “weak” verbs. Many grammarian of Kannada call Sctbe that take -id- past tense markers “weak” verbs (and all others “SJrong verbs). Verbs that take ~i- all end in consonant smeaD- ‘make, do? rmaaDid- ‘made, dove’ lep" tnelagid- “dept aor ump hart “jumped? Verbs ending jn the causative sulfix isu (see 8.9) always take the wide pant marker. When short vowels ae deleted in sich verbs the Tha Gounclatve w of wi are usually eliminated; but the Fof id i fometimes kept to avoid casters ofthe consonants. eal earn’ + isu ‘causative + ide “past + habs “taught 13.43.2. Past of stems ending na nara consonant. Verb stems ending ina nasal consonant tend to add just ~~ in the past and ifthe nasal is 1 retrofen, -d-abimiates and becomes -D~. If the nasal is geminate, tne of the nasals it deleted in consonant cluster reduction on ay? and “ui ItaaN- "seer" ftanD- "seemed? tine “eat tind “ate Note thatthe fong at of haaN- shortens inthe past. 343.3, Past of stems with Ona Iter. Verb stems end lateral | or L are quite unpredictable in their past stem formation, co i“ side “tr ete ron i etd ro! cy eet ud tty fate boned? foot re ‘oot ost fi “ig fits “dog mi and mine “ood? fon. ea ond “ie SAS, Past of stems with nly. >In stems that en in, the fin 4 tends to change to = naa and the long vowel tends vo shorten However, there are exceptions. eben beoy- ar bend “burnt nooy~ ‘hurt nond- ‘hurt’ say” “de? Saute “died aay “wait Iaad- “waited? 348.5. Pat of short vowel stems ending ins, Verb stems that end Jn ad have a short vowel undergo ier changes inthe post sar ‘come! onde ‘came fon ghee tends “gee fr“ br fete ‘soe bir hor “cary” dot “are! fe (located dds “was (located) Stems with along vowel, and ending inr ad the rept weak”) heer oa eer “loaded! ar jump haar ‘jumped 84.3.6, Pat of short vowel stems ending in D._ Stes with» sh towel that end in D tend to dale and device the revoes stops seve tae ne je and devoice the setroflex stop, id= ease’ rr eb- “he i et KoTT ‘gueiTT- “put placed? {D- put place? van er planed! rneD- "plant Stems ending in D that have along vowel add the “weak” marker ~id mmaaDid- ‘done, made ‘maeD- do, make? ead “sg? IhaaD~ “sing 3.4.3.7, Past of stems ending in é Some verbs ending in in SK have a final ¢ in LK (which changes toi by a vowel raising rule; se 1.3.8). ‘SK verb stems ending in # form the part by deleting the final vowel and adding d= oF bari (LK bare-) write? bard~ “wrote? | sear (ik moe) eget age | ra Nee ene ace 34.8.8, Past of stems ending in 0. All verbs in SK that end in o are historically derived from verb + kod (ellexive’axpect marker ee 3.88) by various reduction rales Since the past stem of ROLL is {oND-, stems with final oad ~ND- to form the pas tem. togo-takho- “ake (for oneself {og0ND- » tabkoND- “took ‘oko= = vakko= wath (one's clothes)" ObkOND- * 20kkoND- “washed? tmatho~ % mahko- lie down’ tmelkoND. ~makkeND~ “lay down! 24.89, Pt of other ines stom ‘The vets haope “ecome’, and nag laugh’ have ieregular past stems. hoogu and eagu Ihave two past stem one which appears with past neuter PNG, and the other that is uted with PNG other than neuter hood-/hooy~ “went sad-faey~ "became? takh- "laughed? hoog- ‘go ag ‘become’ seg “lug ‘ooy- and aey~ are used with neuter singular PNG, and the stems in = with nonneter, ad hooyeu “it went xan hooda “he went Sat. Other tenses. Kannada has other forms of the verb that are often called tenses, but that I prefer to teat at compound teases aspect, or other categories of the verb. Except with in "be (located), the futuse tense sno longer wed in ‘mont SK dialects, although it occuty in LK (sce 3.4.1.2) wal hy nore tegional dialects such at the Kumta dialect (Upadhyaya 1976-105) ‘The PNG markers used with the LK future are similar to the postive ‘contingent PNG markers (se 3.4.1.3) but with short vowels abd with “du or ad in the neuter singular (Spencer 1950°47), 34.3. Examples of verbs conjugated. Following ate examples of Kannada finite verbs conjugated in different tenses and marked with NG, to show the complete vets (paradigm) and how they agice with their subject. The subjects given here are in the forim of pronouen, although they may be other constituents such as nouns, proncernalced Adjectives, proper nouns (names, and 30 forth, In all cases, the second and thied plural forms given below may also De used a singular polite 345.1 “Weak” verbs. Verbs that take the past tense matker i are often called “weak” verbs by Kannada grammacian, Example: maa “do, mab’ meDiiye) ——maaDige aos ImesDiete Dons a : IMesDimte ——ablghnls an mata Ear sae se restr mesbaiod abide ~~ SesDiwre andy rides ae hoo smear raecontingent PNG markers i Note that since the sem ated with the comings Src verbs 5-1, aot eeese nem (with detain "weak verbs se 3:1); sea eee fof te past appears ata yd Before the PNG fom ee dno begin with # (Dig 1989:90) ut in most sate Comngent forms ne more common without. 8.45.2, Stems endingin amas. Examples tu ea pa nner ra ie si, <= = = = ‘tre a = S| 488 Son it te see =p =e Sates tite ‘eae = te 3.45.4. Stems ending in. Example ay“ rset Coming at im ‘aepte) tye See SS Soon soya sae i 3.4.5.5. Short vowel stems with final An example ofa short vowel ‘stem ending inr hasbeen given fo bae/ber-"come’ ee 3.4.1.1/3/4). In ‘addon, some information on the iegulat verb ir "be (located) has bbeen provided (sce 3.41.2), Since iru is ured in many constructions, « {ll paradigm ofall its tenses (inching uture/habitual, which it alone takes in most SK dialect) i given below, samples ‘be loses amet ett emt Siew Be ter ee res = Ske SB a fs & ae om SoS (ae [Note that in is regular in a numberof respect, among which isthe fact that it takes the past stem idd- in the present tense, as well sinthe past and contingent; and it uses the stem aatt- i the future) hbitual,e als has an iveglar third singular neuter present form ie, rather than the expected iddade and pat form itt instead of Pid final D. 8.45.6. Short vowel stems wit Time outing)? RaDaiye) ‘5.4.5.7. Stems with final Verb stems with final (from LK i or €: sce 1.8) drop this vowel before part tense markers; but before the present make, Gnas Tengthened toi (se 8.4.2) sample hl eae Mie you ingy’ hat) ‘tai ‘ie oe ine ‘tate Natt a ‘pene por ‘Sant =o ia iter tect a you sae ‘ate aint ey ‘titre Mtr tout te Mahar ioe Nat iw young) berate “ou (ty svat Because of various historical processes of assimilation, the thea singular ‘neuter forms ae imegular in the past ofthese verbs, Also inthe fem. nine singular and all plural forms in the pat, consonant chusters of the consonants occur (the first and third of which are continuants), In somewhat careful speech, 2 reduced vowel may oceut between consonants to break up the cluster. Morphophonemically this vowel is the fof the underlying form; but phonetically its closer to a very short mote central [6]. * > ‘bard beri [Dori ‘she wrote’ bardow % borides (baru) "we wrote? kali blir (halite) "you (pl) learned? 34.5.8. Stems ending in o. Final 6 stem verbs maintain the length ofthe final long o in the present, and past neuter (oce 3.42), whereas itis shortened in the other forms, sample: topo “take (for one) ‘sees oputNote that because of their historical desvation, the third singular neve forme a replat in oth present and pas tense forme The Chats found in the presen form fogooLatte ina surface manifestation from the apect marker koLLa that is part ofthe wndesying frm of ogo (eee 8.8.8). 8.45.9, Other ireular verbs samples hoor rosun rent contre Freed prea i eda [Note the regular form forthe neste singular pat (se 8.45.9) 8.5, Paniiplen. Parciples are noafnite ve forme tat function Mevbaly or ajectaly, or have sme speci saci fonction i the Tentence. They occur primarily in rather complex sentences ‘Gmtscls properties we dsconed in detail under syntax (se chapter {cies may be ier afte of neat the aimee parte canbe mae or tee, td eve for et Pltholh comsasctone cn ive the mee pails Sete he min se to Ge pete ete mean se Sei ip The eal toe of partial consrctions is “nc the tens (or spect fhe main eb 35: Prevent verbal paripes. ‘The preent verbal parte i formed by adding a tothe ver stem + == “present His by a finite verb or verb phrase, and indicates thatthe ations (or states), ofthe participa verb and main verb are simultaneous Yogene maabtoshntdde “few sing thinking (aking toys) When the present verbal participle is followed by in “be the construction is similar to the English “progesive tense” (sce 3.8.10) and may be past, present, of fature/habitul depending on the tense of fine Often the aa may be deleted in this construction; but when it is present, it indicates emphasis on the immediacy ofthe ation o its uratvearpect. ‘maaDi-iddlin “Lam doing (something” eaaDicaa id“ am doing (something) (right now) 3.5.2. Past verbal participles. ‘The past verbal participle ie followed bya inte verbo verb phrte, and indicates that the action (or state) of the participial verb preceded that of the main verb. I is sila to the English “having (done something)’ ‘The past verbal participle isthe sme a the pat stem (¢ 8.11) for strong verbs, plus enunciatve wif the stem ends in a consonant ( band= ‘came’ = band “having come’) Ifthe verb ie regulat ("weak") the d of the past sem is deleted (e4., magDid- "8d" > maaDi “having one’). hoogu go" and aagu “become” have ivegular past participles hoop and act respectively ‘ad maaDi uarg bande “having done tht, Lame to town? hoop + biTTu # banni > hoog-biTT-banni ‘come xpin (go ‘hd come) 3.53. Negative verbal participles. Negtive participles cannot take tenge markers, so the same negative verbal participle used to expres the negative of both the present and past verbal participles. These negative participles, expressing the notions “not doing (something) cor not having done (something), are formed by adding wade to the ‘vee sem of tothe negative stem iif the ver lin "bein ‘ode ot cominghavng come — rd oa igee bande ot sinning gone stent oi ng ihre Lea Ree : oe teem witout cingfavng eon omethig wpe make addons tense (ape) dino lade may be adda oie present ad par partes of ves arta lade “without continuing 0 ome bandilede *without}not having come’ Se sk bet nd ei, te a a aie 1 ain! parle present adectial participles, The pent act p 2 ret ce rm LX um by morphepoemie mls oe cen web sem This makes an net Met ‘baroo vuara “the coming week, next week’ 4.36, Pat cal prpThe pt aaa par So edhe pst ster of the ve. Often th forme eee mem of ort vel en Ge 13.6) ood) vara “hat wee he Week hat went te age the boy wo came (he ce BY) ent egteine when (someone) went (HE Rang oot) hange ‘ai hving en he hang sen Wa" Some vers (eq dave stave verbs see 27) have m0 pst my 10 aR Ge cto’ in ts pas adjectival fom ade te ts ‘ap mem to make an adjective. bech-and()pustaka “the book that iafwas neded (the needed ook 3.5.7. Negative adjectival participles. The negative adjectival par tieple is formed by adding sede to the ver stem, The verb ine "be ses the negative stem il for this form, nooDade pustaa “the unseen book” lade hadla "the money that iswas no somewhere)” Since negative participles do not take tense markers, to make tense or aspectual distinctions in the negitie illada can be affixed to par esha periilen bandit huDge “the boy who had not come? 55.8. Verbalfparticpial nouns. Verbal nouns of various sorts ean be formed by taking adjectival participles (especially present forms) and affixing demonstrative pronouns (ste 2.5.1) to them. The most con mon of these is the neuter singular adu; but personal verbal nouns (sometimes eae participa! nouns) can alto be formed smagD- +00 + adu > maaDoods “the (acifact of) doing, that which does” nooD- +00 + ad > nooDoodu ‘the (atfact of seeing, that ‘which eer neoD- $00 + avers >noeDooru "thote (people) who se? bands #2 + azara > bundaru bendoors "those (people) ‘who came’ inne bandooru nan sneer ‘the people who came yesterday are ‘my fiend Note that neuter verbal nouns can mean “the act of (doing something), “the fact of (doing somethingy, ofthat which (docs something) 35.9. Negative verbalfpariipial nouns. Negative verbal nouns can be formed by affixing the negative adjectival participle (sce 3.8.7) £0 emonstative pronouns (ee 251), maaD- + ada +adu » maeDadds % maaDdad ‘the actfact of) not doing, that which does/id not do”toad tad «filed “the actffac of not being tae a= i ch sot hoog- +-ada + avela = hoogedooL “the woman who does/id rot ‘Since negative participles are tenslets, thee forms are used for all tenes, but apectual distinctions can be made by affixing the negative adjectival participle ofr illadadu to past participles of main vers banda + iladadu + bondiladd » andildw “that which hasfhad 36, Modal avnilaies, Kannada has 2 number of modal auxiliary verbs that ave attached to the a form ofthe infinitive (se 3.2) to give uch notions ab “may, might, can, must, should, ought, could” and the fegatves. The modal form follows the lat verb in a sequence of verbs (eas mio hoog- biTT brie ir beku "you must go and come [frety]") and, with afew exception, is not marked for PNG, As noted tarlier (sce 3.2), the of el is deleted before consonants, and the @ is often eliminated by short vowel deletion. Opinions differ ast just what is included in the inventory of modal verbs in modem SK. There are, of course, differences between those ound in LK (ee, for example, Hodson 1864:$1) and SK, epecaly in the dialect (eee Hiremath’s treatment [3961:79-89} of the Dharwar dialect, in which modals ae not even mentioned, but where some of what we call modals are Inconporated into the paradigm of tens). Spencer (1959) considers modal verbs simply to be defective verbs, chai offpring of verbs Uke aagu become’ and baa ‘come’ and does fot even disuse them under the sme heading. Older forms of Kannada had modals sich as ball ‘can, know how to, egp- ‘can, be able’, and thee negative ar- and ear- (Hodson 1864: 44). Only aar- is sill wed in standard SK, although some others are sed in some regional and socal dialect (sce Ulrich 1968)* "As with other Dravidian languages, Kannada modals ae often asym retical in the negative that ix, the negative forms do not exactly parallel the affirmative, or there may be forms that overlap somewhat In meaning. As with many other languages of the word, modal verbs ‘in Kannada may have a number of different meanings; and when these meanings co-oceur with certain main verbs the entice phrabe may have unexpected connotations. z ce In any attempt t0 provide 4 simple catalogue of modal forms therfore, itis necessary to simply things osetia extent, and ali to conser dat under ferent theoreti ramewors the forma discussed hee might be clsiied afferent. 5.61. The molec wate need mst shal gh The tevin’ moda beck sence tothe tie a the, ood thes the mening eomcon) masa ts ase) ed fe bck sss hat ba een cle puree nes don tant sn of mca t a so ah go ete ct gen hoo bechu ao nae ir beck you must/hould be het tomorow iio ug nogDeir beh "you must hyve agen hi (i must be tee that you sw him) Jt should be noted that when becky and some other modals are ‘sed without main verbs, the subject iin the datne (sce 3.7), 3.6.1.1. Other “tenses” of Berka. Since beeku has no tense or PNG. ‘markers, it cannot be conjugated like other verbs. However, i cin ‘oecur with other auxiliary (aspectual and modal) verbs, especialy with fine *be’ and ange ‘become’; and these verbs, ofthe verbs to which they tae attached in the verb phrase, may be marked for or indicate tome (Fora description ofthe uss of agpectual verbs, see 3.8213) bond-r Beek mst have come’ bene beeen becoming? eck-aapite willbefcome necessary" ber teceagt ogi whaecome ck-aag Good “nay become necenry” hoog(a)it beckon “aoa have been gong! ni siniman oD beck-eptu® "you should hae seen the move?3.6.1.2. beekn with quotative ante. Verbs sufficed to berks can also fceu before the quotative particle an, with the meaning intend (to (do eomething (sce 45.3). ‘naan hoog beekant iden’ “L intend to gfe like going! 36:1. beeku with emphatics, To strengthen the emphasis of the modal becky, emphatic ee may be added to the infinitive of the pre ‘Coding verb, Since in this cae the infinitive precedes a vowel, the Underlying of the infinitive ending shows up on the surface (ie. “tee ge mec puck oogee Dek 'afterard (one) must rad he Bg? 6.14. Negative of beck: beeDa, beeDi. The negative of beck i beeDa ‘should not, mast not, need not, with a more polite or plural, form beeDi. ‘This form i also used a8 a eqative imperative “don't (do something)” (se 3.5.1). ‘neaLe bar beeDa ‘itis not necesary to come tomorrow (don't ‘come tomorrow!) beedajbeeDi can aso occur with other modal and aspectal verbs in some ofthe same constructions as does bee bertea)-ir beeDe “don't be coming (when. ..)!" 3.6.2. The negative modal kusDad ‘should not’. When beeD (sce 3.614) is sed as.a negative imperative, ic is similar to (but slightly ‘ronger than) the negative imperative baaradu (see 8.3.1), The strong {st negative # indicated by the use of the modal AuDadu. This is [tached to the infinitive, av are beeDe and beerads. 3goD has:hoN Du, gdjyotag hoog kx “(one) should never sp ig empl wl ening shee Note the contrat of negative emphasis in imperatives. bar baad “don't come!” ber BeeDa."() don’t (want you to) come!” tar kasd (one) should must not come!” 3.63. The modal bod ‘may, can’. The auxiliary verb bood (LK: ahudu + behdu ~ dood by morphophonemic rules: see 135-1) 8 attached to the infinitive, and has the meaning “(somcone) can/ma (do something)’. The main meaning i ‘can’ in the vnse of ‘be able ther than that (found especially in modem American speech) of ‘Permission’; and the sese of “probability i also possible nang of ngoD bood “you can might se him there’ fF Pugthe mayer 1oggND hoog bood-ea?‘canfmay () take this book home? segratngoD-y bog “one might have en hi there SG3.1. Negative of boodi. The negative form equivalent to the positive boodu is brad. Thi isthe negative imperative form as well fee 331), 4d togoND hoog bearadu “(one) can'shoulda’t take this away (having taken, go)” 3.64. Neguive contingent ar ‘cannot, might not”. When the modal ‘ar with PNG markers attached tothe verbal infinitive, the meaning 's “cannot, may not, both in the sense of lack of ability and that of Potential nonoccurence, Ths form is the negtive equivalent of the ‘contingent verb foxms (see 3.4.1.3}, and other grammarians sometimes prefer to call this negative contingent tense as wel I is clastifed hete as modal since, except for being marked for PNG, it acts more ike other modals both syntactically and semantically The PNG endings used with aar~ ate similar to those used with the pst (see 8.4.1.4); however, the PNG marker for neuter is different (du instead of the past PNG mazker ~tu (Biligit 1989:85)” The following is x complete paradigm ofa verb masked for negative conti: gency. (Note that the final (of the infinitive appears, because oat begins with a vowet)Neuve Coningt ame sngts (nena) eu) _—_ nagar) "eit nota Second angular (one) Algae you canine nan ‘Tindangar ‘mucline| (amy) af) nal) he anmight ot aah felts apaofela he ana ot eh {chia aga can/might nts ee Selon see connie noe (ort naganrs "you ami ot aah! {elm naganfare “hey omg nat gh {ei pao “hey emma 8.65, The optaive modal ~i ‘le The optative, sometimes. con dered a kind of imperative (sce 38.2), is used with frst and third persons, I i formed by attaching ~1 to the infinitive, and ives the Incaning “let (someone do something). Since it is attached to the infinitive lke most other modal, and semantically (especially in ‘question form) it ir close to the meaning of other modals, we choose fo consider its modal lavaru hoog- #-al +i ater hoogl ‘let them) him go! tna ate bar=+-al 1+ aa? > naan tat barl-ae? “should 1 se today? [Note that while the optative ‘inthe latter example sentence is deleted, the of the infntval form remains. 3.6.6. The hortative modal -20Na ‘et. The modal -ooNe* is also often clatified as an imperative form (see 3.8.3). -o0Na is attached to the verb stem, rather than to the infinitive at with other modal. In the declarative, its meaning t generally an exhortation ‘e's (do some thing)’ but when interogative ne is added, the meaning is more clearly like other modal rnooD-00Na ‘let'ssce (something) {nT maaDooN-tag? “shall we ea? ‘hoog-ooN-vea? “shall we go?” [Note the inertion of the glide » between the final of Na and the inerrognve -ea (see 1.3.8), which occurs before the deletion of the of -00Ne, 3.6.6.1. Negative of -ooNe ‘The negative of -ooNa, “let's not (do something” usually beeDe/beeDi (the negative of Beekus see 8.6.14), Which is atached tothe verbal noun (se 3.5.8). beeDe, hogood beeDa “x, le’ not go! 3.6.7. Table of affirmative and negative modal forms, As aleady mentioned (se 3.6), Kannada afGrmative and negative modals do not match up on a one-to-one basis. This is mainly due to the differing scope of the negation; shat i, what is being negated may be the verbal action or the ‘necessity’ expremed by the modal. Thus, the neation ‘of ‘coming is required’ may be either “not coming is required’ or “con ing is mot required Each affirmative form may be negated in diferent ways, depending on how strongly the speaker wishes to emphasie the negative, oF which part ofthe verbal phase meant to be negated Atmative Form Neuve Form ‘teeta ‘want ned shld, beeDafeeDi ‘not waned na eed Tmt ougete hea oud ot a wan ean may, igh bard amot may nt tie} Shien {ett and eds oun eee “no, do peo) Sa doe "asl (we)" veal noun bed ‘e's pot shold parang ‘ould mst ot (ve 3.7, Dativestative or “defective” verbs. Kannada hat a number of ves that do not behave morphologically and syntactically like other ‘main verbs. They have been called “defective” by some grammattans, in that they lack many of the forms that regula verbs have. Elewhere they have been called “impersonal constrictions” (Upadhyaya and Krishnamurthy 1972:138) In this grammar they are ‘called dateative verbs because semantically they are stative (describing states rather than actions), and they require that the subjects of their sen tence be in the dative case (ee 4.0.1.1) With dativestaive verbs, instead of saying something lke ‘I want Ui, with the verb “want” agreeing in PNG with the subject‘, Kanna fentences would have the structure ‘to me this wanted’ with the Subject usually in the dative case and the verb marked for nester PNG, (Dativestative verbs that do sometimes agree with nominative objects are noted below.) Dativestative verbs alto are unmarked for tense, although there ae rome ways of distinguishing between habit snd ronkabiteal pect, In form, many ofthe dativestative verbs resemble modal (se 8.6)s and in fact some modals such as beeku may be used without lexi] ‘verbs in dativestave constructions. Some authors even conider these Gativestatve. verbs to be modals (Upadhyaya. and Krishnamurthy 1972:134). ‘The most common dativestaive verbs are sauhu “be sufficient, sithu "be avalable, be met gottu be known’, beeku "want, need, and i8Ta ‘lke’ (which is the noun “deste, probably operating in these constructions as noun plus verb, with the verb deleted) skh also operates in some respects like a regular verb, and beck i also 2 regular modal (see 36.1). Other verbs also appear in dativestatve ‘onstuctions, such af iru with the meaning “have” (ic, “to someone ‘is something) and baa meaning ‘know’ (Le, "to someone comes ome thing). In addition, aagu “become” may appear in dtivestatve con structions with nouns and hoogu with tanative verbs "These verbs can be negated (although some of the negative forms ae ivegul), and they may appear with modals or aspectual markers, 3.7.1. Paradigms of dtivestative verbs. Since datvestative verbs do not take tense markers, they have a habitual sense when they stand Alone: They may appear in a negative habitual form, indicating that, ‘the meaning of the ver ix “habitually not (doing something's ot, when they occur with i or aagu the effect is to make them non Ihabitual, usualy with a “perfect” or “inal” meaning (sce 88.9 and 3.811) pista salts ile gotta ede isto 3.7.2 Regular forms of sithic sku “be avaiable, be me” appears in tome respects mor ke regular verb than other dativestatne verb {hati if may occur with PNG endings other than neuter (although stil with a dative subject), and in some conditional (ee 3.10) and verbal oun (see 5.5.8) constructions. Note that PNG markers attached to sks agree withthe object noun (which sn the nominative cae), ‘er none ng irs “met i yesterday (be wag met, ome vesinday! sth z, nga noon fhe availble, i, sce (him) marke Tell th-ogd-ell togoND band-biDi “bring whatever is valabe in he market al that i seal the market having taken, come) 3.73, bevku in dativestative constructions, The modal beck (se 4.6.1) may also appear in dativestatve constructions with & non and without a main verb, with the subject marked for date case 4 ngge Beg want sa (ha is wanted ome «tg haNa bechu ‘he wantfaceds money (0 him money is wanted/ needed)” beehu may also appear with the verb au “become and in these ‘onstruction it contrasts with simple beehu beck alone iplis thet ‘the speaker feels an intemal need or desire to do something wheres