WPnneiplas of armmies pausing’ 7.5.ecED CHAPTER 3 COMMON RAW MATERIALS Shey ean wart corps Hoa voor an ed ‘tematic Tse sai x rary wy steal chee {mere cmpsion, uy, pe ad hel sce, pc se Spice. Caeganr of ow tae ad (1) mmo ce mar ‘Temata nnn thane en ened to menove mca taper sgicy cee te! pty and ‘sca omecy td) higitonmge natal nrc Seca at hve unlene eteve em! posing an ref ineanly (opie chen poy oul toe x yoru mars, "he cic al fos ucla rd lege on mar com are cto ener seo ee! pcesing come a erp ws pings mere at va on ‘Acoingy a hpherqulty sd mre epee seal uy be scepae Bue svenge ca fe ts fr bling a es ‘mca sche and pi at be iy low. Ca beret con ‘Scone uy spp sbstosof ats of lover cv that 8 ina guy, ake. sore egnive ma wch mB se aly pons at wh wl ae al oat oe rot| | ' May city cara nds wee hed ear atl depot conning 2 ‘mbit of cre nr at cal oven poe i ate poder. Couto mails sch at ick and etn ome pote ene [Ie Nsoral etme, a many a il eae by the ep ne Sine rea ae of sic pan tbe sed in ey refactor: cote tx» npc oe coin hyo ina mies lay ‘neal 2d ial paris sch quad esx ed posing sme rector Tay, hover at canis a ped ‘fom mor rofl mises Indi nels wed nage nga fo dein contusion ma ‘eat etn, whtewans, ad ame clea comic Tey a ed ‘Semely a aes nies, hn a Ptr or insta che ‘St Coron examples sd Fate 31 ‘Clays are pressed by the weathering of aimee ols an sed ‘ment Cy rie ae ayer hyo amines which can te (Cade tes Wale ‘Seales, stoneware clay, he clay, ere cin marisa aaa satya ned eno orqany —“pyopyo ,lep, ree ‘tee es ie Soe hE aa Qe em ae ees ‘cathe, sco ie tr Ca le er Ce Sec nr pos Spe ino oe prs Fg 3.1). Kasi away pur ite ig Slay compose pocally of te mis alate 88,0408, bt comin Snes yin, 6 inal Tae 3.2, and mine sou of lpr mines st aque 0, mete FeO, ale TO, and Ye Inte FeO Bal cy sentry lyf ne pr ze Sontag | | Pg 3.1 Kain a emp a) Spe is pesakg ge CNet iby AusconeoH «280 Bronte AIO on = Suk SAR SOND. the a Sal 0340, complex omni mater ranging down ta ssbmicron sie, Bont i 4 mpl oy coining a elt ih roprtan of th ay neal mae ‘mooie Clays ae snd in wear formulations ap luis re Taco pode ply i forig sod setance wo deformation wen rt foe oceurs Gang Sen. “Ofer iperppe hyo sca ar ta My SO q( OED ad pope [AWSuOndiby whch ae we etensvely i npn for ule te nett end eae porcsan, Commer rer comin pris Sch {ate Caco, or dlomie(p,C2}COs aod termine Spurs tht pet on he sure “Grud and mld quire SIO; dred from raively pure deposit of santos ica nar siete rl med exten in witewse, me ‘Gy, and lee compstons (Fig. 3.2). Felasprs composed ofthe ines tthe NaAlS0, and micoto or onndase KAISO, and epee spe ontiing ab, rosie, and oopelie Ke2Nu A,8D.05 ae te pt ‘Spl foes on wears asc zs, Wollasont CSIOy tet in'sme he comportons ad gla. Pele LIAIS,Oy abl speduene TUAISEO are ued a scony fr and Yo eae he cl expansion of there ea ‘Choe oer composed priscialy of «comple rtd sltion of sin (alg, (AL.CeFe).0, and mprties sch as dolomite nd mings sess tno i combat wi aie magnesia MgO In tase Tetris, Tine CaO produc by cals Hgeeone CaCO, and cacned do rte (Cay MO i Sond wisn tsed for lang tasie cue sel ‘macs, Beneited Lyne AlSiOs ate, and zon SIZrOy are a0 Dever and in potucing sitcom gmc h precusor for acon 770s, Gained kon Pip. 3.2) ned 2 opal a relractay mses abd "Te Denson of indus minerals Nein with ching a itis toa ual enugh sz 0 Were uns ier phase Pater beet "my olde setng a Raton segregate mineral by ent ose {he sepnton of magne moc using power lectrorapes, Mending ‘dire possi un or costo ad petape ple sie aa cation. Salis may be concent by lato or centiopton, an a portion ‘tte sll impure re timated withthe lied A pal ow dram foe reine has showe it Fig. 3.3. Materia pct cl, tebned ‘ultimately usd in supe fom, may be picased a a a6 sty ‘conte vacosty at sped i loed takeI = 1 = om oc] Ge , mS Concent sli re ly died sing x mayor bk yer or by spy eying. Some atria ln, and» ba agra i formed Died ‘eke ocala mates may be piverze or ron nd thn ae or ie hited before tagging ot Inwing In hopper crs. May ie materia Tend and unload wing pou Ridtaton ae sora the et ‘Sc ane oe 23 INDUSTRIAL INORGANIC CHEMICALS. Important indus ceramic cecal inde tabla and clined laminas, ‘mages xi, icon ene, slzon mie, aa cath nae, Po ‘Shard eres, sized sonia, ad ioepnc pigments. Extn he Seal fenton ecces the cone of scary ices and may cease ‘he chemia pry op to show 99 58. For many mater the male of op {aon extremely le, which aden owen th at posing int nd ‘Asina ALO i the moet wily wd inorganic chemical for series (ble) andr producd woddwidein onage gute for te sain ‘ani ceramic infuses using the Bayer proces The piel Options It the Bayer proces ar the psa beciation of the aut, igson te prsece of cttic sada NAOH at an lve temper and pes) ‘luton, precipitation, and calimtion, followed y rushing, ling, a Sling ee Pi. 3.4, During the digestion, mst ofthe hye liners {no oon ss sod iat! Input + AKOHD agg + NeOMay = cf aay} AHOHay + IpUyae insole compounds ot, sien, an tai re moved sing fn lust. Ate cooling. th red solu lunibt ston seeded ‘ith ver ie gstste ALO, and at he lower tongetore the ami Carflycontaled to bain scone pte pes The pe cminaosy hse, washed to reac the solu comet, abd thea cal Sine Matera clend T100-1500°C ecru and gondii & fang of sis (Fig. 3.2), Tablr luis ate state by cacao 3 higher temper, abot 1680°C. "Magnets ode gO of gree thn 98 pay is prepaid by precip tng mages hyde tsi mre of treated lo a tral Trin Sater comsining MECl nd MgSO, flowel by washing, lw onsen, an clean icon 20, of 9% purity i obtained by te caste fson of zon 2504 2810, + ANSOM = NasZ10, + NASD, + 24,02) Chemical dsolvng of he site in water smlapouly yale the Sodium scons to heated oni Zirconia ao pod by ho a. Finan of co inthe presence of aon andthe hyd ofhe aonta {emchloie producto form ZrO. Te ZrOCl, can be clio die Feat with base In water to fom hydrous nicola Zeon may 30 be ‘isocinted to 20, + SiO; ty beating above 1750°C aed te scolum se td by ecting wd sulle ack 210, + SiO; + 21580, 2150), + 510, +290 6.3) Sion ete SiC is proce in age onmages sng he Acheson process. ‘by reaing bath coning principally of Repu sand ans Tow sa ‘tke 2300-2900 ina les ar uric S10, + 30 + SIC + 200 64 “The cesallie produc is crushed, washed in sidan alta, andthe ded {ones and bonded ates: Mild mera cheated 1 reaveating ety eo) wn mp Sy RL FAimpute ino! in miling is ws industry for seta ceumis. ‘Sion nde Sh propre by reacting aloo etal ower wih open fra mix of ica and aon ponders i topes high temper 3810; + 6C + 2Naya) SENG + 6COp 6 Silonite an alumiewm nite pond may be proce ye ar water proce 3810, + 6C + Nap “+ SiN + 600 86 ALO) + 30 + Nagy) * ZAIN + 3CO ny en 2Alona + Nags 2AIN ae ‘The oxyde SALON i priced by he reason of mined powder of ‘con re, aluminum ale a alumina igh epenthe tee aN, + AIN + ALO, ~ SUALOWN, 69 “The postin of mixed metal oes for ecole ceramics sch bara ‘unt BeTIO, fers such My sZi,Fe(0, and BaFe.Oy, ied ma Ste ess, and eran cler sth ay doped ea ols he a Su secon of india inogeie chem, as own forte fee Fg. 3.5 The coneston of chanical dopants ie carfly conte. Sle ‘mae someties removed by Bitering bleeding Prior intra ‘hens orthesecompounssaecommony per fi than fe mito Insie. Baum earomte BxCO; and tania THO, ne commonly wed for ‘orig the tums, and mangunee carne MCO, ine exe 240, Feutie FeO, and bru euibonte for he fess. “Tania THO is produced bythe sult o lorie proces In te sue process eae FeTlOy i weed wih sll eld 5150-100 to fom the stb ay! sale TOSO,: FeTlO, + 24,80, + 510 — FeSO, TH.0 + T1050, G10) [ter removing endiolved solids an thn the ion slate pret, the ‘han sult rhage af 50°C psp he hone TROD, “T1080, + 2840 + TOKOH, + 50, aay “Thetis yo caine at abot 000°C to proce titania IO, In 1 clone proces, high-grade tania oe clone i the pens Fe. 36 Prpamtin of aie mpc ne fee mia tim pn om eato a 90-1000°C andthe chloe TIC, foes i subsequently oxidizes wT, Buta carbonate COs i the primary sure f bara oxi BuO for amis. Baste oe, nomily B80, 1s edt ata high Yepeature fo ‘run ule aS which i ater sole, The eaton of aque fe solution wit sium catorte NCOs o carton dase CO, protec 3 ‘num atone precip which then wate ee, an groan "The commercial oa one hema «FO, sued for preparing fri it roca fom th hema! Socmpstion of dae fro lis FSO, [Tit erty the peipaton of mate a petite ce Fo-0y" 0 fom 38 ‘eppened salt sluon contig dered ion cl The san bape fe inate cs of PO ee pen he eee Ing conte ofthe mine plete Za i air Manganese cabonte Mao, is dered tm anges sults MSO, ‘en enmaly weaceg Uae an fers, he temper, ne, and sunset be adequate pt decoration of be cabot aad Promote inns of the acts tag tbe acon prod my ‘Stover mica in hikes (Fig 37). Theme dependence fhe weave cunt of ectan A of rls 7 tmastomed ino faction prog sea ‘re Caner oan Weng Feo a= e420 9% em whee As te spyaret ete cont ad x he vole of pric fom ‘fom x un vlube of ear A” The elt of porte T's commonly Mixed Powder Reaction e327 Mot or ited powder macon when price wal gene, a ‘Signum dite eosin cred ai et ’ expr by the Atenas elton an _ oy where theming ae const that depends onthe dus pat nth {hs Qe appara evton ener) Tor dito. The aon ao ‘bo ine td temperate, Dt tps fs 2 grater inflnce onthe fate The ine for wl ection limiting the rence vases ly with the matin se of aplomerseso epee merlin the bath. When ‘cng microsize cue poder, hema posing 4 temper ih ‘rca of 100°C is commonly rele, are shown ig fr he Fermin of sie! MBAIO. ‘ther segoran vale afestingsoli- tate reaetons during calsnng ae the price nive dba ofthe farms he mines ft wate, {te composition and Row of ga, tbe depth and taover of teal a feotbermic an exothermic elects Smerng dra cian produces par “| os Fe, 38 ‘The formation of pnt MALO, fom te sl ate rt of ics. SE soll prs hoe wtp saticle aggre (Fig. 39), and cowseble gringo the han ageropates i ommonly resol to poluce ae powder A nde by the moet Sltate acon fre omiton of aun sian st ompertre above 120°C ACO, + THO, = BETO, + COdsee oy ‘epi pressure of C0, inte pore af he pdt infest rete etc Alo te nonuiriam pase RTO, italy forms betwee aT, {ducted BeCO, ad sense nthe cll pre pe Imnimized by dispersing agglomerates of tania and icing thoy 0 ‘tine he paris cont deus the difaon pth fete BuCOy {nd TO, Calcnan ina fumase, which provides more fom eget ‘th mater and sing of mata wah a own In Fig 3 10, ny [rofac more ufo product In clini fete nd pigment he nyc Presse of tet te cone 0 oan the gate eiaton Sas [tthe tanston mal fons. The ening fonpeates and soo mes sho be contol prevent thes f tometactoy hemi! Span Mg. 29 a date God by al Ting eed praise fone e218 Tema ang. wp mvmen ig yi ew ceramics are pros indy sng cae amar nds icra fe reed physically to ue the concern f nde mine Dunes aad wo produce ¢puricuar pre sine dnt: water slle Stpuses te removed ty wating Ins Inorgeie shemale ed 0 froze the majoty of tcl eric are hemiealy posse ona age seo improve bh the cher an the mineral pny te eed prod naining hard segregates commonly led dspers the weeps and ‘nina produ of contol sve dtton. Mineo bl ch Seals are commonly produced by calcining mise of thse ist cher. fen. The conpleense of the tection and aor f te oduct pens nthe pare size and ues ofthe reactant nde tne, temper, ‘nd sonore and thier dering calcination. Der 0 ‘ate sai te onda o manning foe of oor, SUGGESTED READING 1. Migs Belo and Beil Fenn, “Cates Pepin of ion N te innce of Sing Maal Sahn acme") Co ‘Se, 780) 5-59 0980, Se Shenango of he som Siam Ne Power Po ‘icin Cram Sil MA) 121168 Maria Hoch av Hei, a HN Sih, “Prin igh Py Zn rn Zon Crm So Bai, i), 11710 (8), 415 ta Alri Chen Te Seo ano, Weer"of yal Nan of Pde sling Ate Se aA Fo ‘atom mC S682), 388 (D. 6 Mat of abel Crane at Tradl Crh, Cnc Inbaty 2 wc Mims of roe Marit, Wlfgne Boonen ot Bde, B 8 Kekoimer, Beoelati f Chil esti, Wi ens, Now rom Se Bll 202), 98180 (96). 10. T Nonura and. Yamaguc, “TI, Agpegon and Sinsing of BsTiO, Ce ‘mi Am Ceram. Soe Bul 894, 459-435, 458 (1980 ade, Wily nescine, Rew Yok 1976 " 1, Hen W. Grins, The Chomry and Phys of Ces and Other Ceramic Ma ‘ers, Wintec, New Yok, 197 1. Amul Cora nury Dos Book, Cabs, Boston, MA. 16 Ceramic Sore, Ameren Cermi Sct, Calanbus, Of. PROBLEMS ‘31. Categorie the materials in he flowing pis of sang materi x ‘ole miei, dst! oral, or nga! oranc chemical sx ‘plain our alignment aite-ayes poss alumina, Eotncalkned ‘Glin clined sloming-cled tale sco carieslcon nie, td hana ne 32 When fomiagsconpount bys sista ration, dos the completion ofthe easton depend a te average ete acim perl ss? + Expl Docs te garesnon ofthe starting mtr nes te het 13.3 Wee the chemi acon forthe byl of sium rset wich {lows te aon in Egy 2 344 Swe sever ratons why pamemt cen i an opin eile in ‘sfc Kn may difern color fom the same pipet bch fie a onl seger nan losis fra. 35 Contract processing ow dir fr the orton of BIO, powder. [M6 Why ae hand powder agaist commonly fomed in sista r= tod bh of tera 7° Caleuate the amoust of BaCOs and TO, required wo produce 1 hy of 238 Calne he amounts 0 S10, C, ant Ny ee form 1g of SAN 139° We the nomial rection eqntion for he Formation of doped bari thane hs) M1005 on ening mature f BuCO,, MSO, and TO, pw iste he difaron pat {310 Subate the Arnis reliin ino the Cater equation and comment ‘nthe penne of sg ated os ncesng is sa incre ‘empecate, {LIL Make sesh sna to Fig 3:7 forthe formato of ZaFe,0, foe he xauries Example 3.1 Cones the mivcaloialstucar ofthe kaon and mo ‘wollte fae of clay manera ‘Sliion, The lain mine icde lacie, mcr, die nt aly ‘Shean Ki tert bund mporast.Te ai eras te {sedajer minus The dente lnyer wi the composion 50, fas Si ‘emery corned wih ~O boa The eco ler hase comston ‘AigOM, andi ald the ibste ler The Al aos te octal eo ‘rdnned wih 0 tonde cnn ott layers and OH wi the ger ‘Paral abtexion of AP” for St in th cel ayer and Mad Pe Ine thst layer commonly ost wen fone ad the sl late ‘egnvely caged, Chemboted stale and Ca” oc for care neta ‘The relat other yer stored and hs weakens he boeing betwee ‘trac ute Sigh diferener of the aking ofthe une potas he iu pes of ey mers “The montmodlones af theaye miners having 2 ebsites ‘wicked bomen tro dst les, The puree ines pao no Four eon ton proces els! misral.Pa seein f Nigh for AI nthe ctaheilayer wi sure aot ali rc tality frodces mentors Ope-foah shaton of AP fe Inhaler cans the sae alt be sony bod and the terol mica pode Sign vation in both pers, ated leat 32, produces he mca. When Mg” completly places A” Inte gine ier the mer i aOe Om tem sem Ome Cte Oem etme Lae ac of adi ine ead {o Geramis, 2nd Whey Inencienc, New Vode 19 76 ater RE: Newabam and {GW ny, des Cy, 19-7 (98) 1, 8 (98. Example 3.2 Compe and comms tbe pocsing of crane ge cn fd Bryer press amin Soluion, The options of rushing, ging, an tasieaton ue nol Ine producion af oth maria The bi dftence i the rosso he alumina smo ebenial ering: the chanical ising Of te slam ensue of te bau, te chemi precpation of ist, the wing ‘tthe pei nd he ination ofthe psp the aver poses. Example 3.3. Explin wy the dispersion of agpregnts and agloments in ‘eat materials td the wile mining of ects reese oa ‘ifm podut Hom «sitter ecg Solution. Asi indicate by the Caner equation and Fig 3.7, etn v0 rosie a Pic amount of acon pret depend ety on 7K. ‘penion of agreas wil ee the maxima aan sr which it ‘Special port tease he dependence ir 00 ene of he en ‘srsing tegen tess te te ort "A tighe cnet o tine wl be seid to comple he eto poy sd micescpie lone where the eecve rage. Assess {mrss may Rt be completly rected nd'may haves ip abily tan the majony of he prod