2011 4

ii

(Preface)

M :
0.3 5%
0.3

SST:supersonic transport
(
)

M = 0
M = 0 V = 0
M = 0 0

()

 iii

2011 4 1
 v

1 1
1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2 21
2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

3 33
3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
vi

4 43
4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

5 59
5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

6 67
6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
6.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
6.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
6.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

7 73
7.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
7.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
7.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
7.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
7.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
7.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
7.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

8 93
8.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
8.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
8.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
8.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
8.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
8.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
 1

(Incompressible Fluid Dynamics)

1.1
(incompressible uid) (pressure) (volume)
(density)

= (1.1)

273K 999.8kg/m3 313K 992.2kg/m3 40 C
0.8% (isopicnic uid)

1.2
(governing equation) 1) 2)
3) 3

1.2.1

u v w
div v = v = + + =0 (1.2)
x y z
v v = (u, v, w) u, v, w x, y, z
(velocity component)

0
2 1

v+v
y

u u+u

x
v

1.1:

(u + u)y uy + (v + v)x vx
u v
= (u + x)y uy + (v + y)x vx
x y
( )
u v
= + xy (1.3)
x y

0
u v
+ =0 div v = 0 (1.4)
x y

u u

divv = 0 (1.5)

divv = 0
(1.5)

1.2.2
(Navier-Stokes equations)
(Euler equations; Euler 1757
)
( )
u u u u p
+u +v +w = X (1.6)
t x y z x
1.2. 3
( )
v v v v p
+u +v +w = Y (1.7)
t x y z y
( )
w w w w p
+u +v +w = Z (1.8)
t x y z z
(X, Y, Z) (body force)
(X, Y, Z) = (gx , gy , gz )
g g = (gx , gy , gz ) 1.6) 1.8
(unsteady term) 4 (
convective terms)

1.2.3

(1/2)v 2

gh (g h

p/

ei
(internal energy)





dei = C(T ) dT (1.9)
C(T ) (specic heat) 1kg 1K

ei = CT (1.10)

(rst law of thermodynamics)

dQ = dei + pdv (1.11)

dQ v () v = 1/
dv = 0

dQ = dei (1.12)
4 1

: h

p
h ei + (1.13)

Q w
H02

H01 y
g

1.2:

1 2 p
H0 = v + ei + + gy (1.14)
2

H0 (total enthalpy)

1 2 p
H0 = v + ei + () (1.15)
2

Q W
W < 0

Q + W = H02 H01 (1.16)

H01 H02

H02 = H01 (1.17)

= (X, Y, Z)
(conservative force) X

= grad =
X (1.18)
1.3. 5

() grad =
= (/x, /y, /z)

X= , Y = , Z= (1.19)
x y z

X = gx , Y = gy , Z = gz = gx x + gy y + gz z (1.20)

(1.14)
1 2 p
H0 = v + ei + (1.21)
2
y gy = g = gy
(1.14) (1.21)

1.3
streamline

(pathline particle path)

x u y v z w
= , = , = (1.22)
s V s V s V
s s
s x =

x(s), y = y(s), z = z(s) V V = u2 + v 2 + w2

x y z
= = = t (1.23)
u v w
t
1.22uu/x
u x u
=V u (1.24)
x s x
x (
u u u x u y u z u
u +v +w = V +V +V
x y z s x s y s z
( )
u x u y u z
= V + +
x s y s z s
u
= V (1.25)
s
6 1

s
V
ds dy v
dx
s u

1.3:

u = u(x(s), y(s), z(s)) (1.26)

(1.25)
u u u u
u +v +w =V (1.27)
x y z s
= (u, v, w) s = (x, y, z)
V

y z
u u u u
u +v +w = V (1.28)
x y z s
v v v v
u +v +w = V (1.29)
x y z s
w w w w
u +v +w = V (1.30)
x y z s

x, y, z

u p
V = (1.31)
s x
v p
V = (1.32)
s y
w p
V = (1.33)
s z

x, y, z
u p
V x = x (1.34)
s x
1.3. 7

v p
V y = y (1.35)
s y
w p
V z = z (1.36)
s z

(1.22)
u u 1 p
V s = x (1.37)
s V x
v v 1 p
V s = y (1.38)
s V y
w w 1 p
V s = z (1.39)
s V z

( )
u2 v2 w2 1 p
+ + s = s (1.40)
s 2 2 2 s

( )
u2 + v 2 + w2 1 p
s = s + s (1.41)
s 2 s s

( )
V2 dp
+ =0 (1.42)
s 2
(barotropic uid)

() p

p = p() (1.43)

F (p)
p
dp
F (p) = (1.44)
(p)
F (p) s
F F p 1 p
= = (1.45)
s p s s
1.44
p
dp 1 p
= (1.46)
s (p) s
8 1

()

(1.42) (Bernoullis
equation; 1738 )
1 2 p
V + = (1.47)
2

= gy (1.48)

(1.47)
1 2 1
p + V = p + V 2 (1.49)
2 2
()
p0

1 2 1
p + V = p + V 2 = p0 (1.50)
2 2

p p
Cp = 2
(1.51)
(1/2) V

( )2
p p V
Cp = 2
=1 (1.52)
(1/2) V V

Cp 1
Q W = 0)
1.16

Q = H02 H01
( ) ( )
1 2 p 1 2 p
= v + ei + v + ei +
2 2
( 2
) ( 1
)
1 2 p 1 2 p
= ei2 ei1 + v + v + (1.53)
2 2 2 1
1.4. 9

1.47

Q = ei2 ei1 = C(T2 T1 ) (1.54)

(calorically perfect gas)

1.4
source vr < 0 (sink)
(diusion)

(potential ow)

Vr Vr

Vr

1.4:

= rot u = u
(1.55)

= (, , )

w v u w v u
= , = , = (1.56)
y z z x x y
10 1

w v u w v u
= 0, = 0, =0 (1.57)
y z z x x y

u , v , w (1.58)
x y z

= grad ,
V = (u, v, w)
V (1.59)

= 4r2 vr (1.60)

vr = (1.61)
4r2

vr = (1.62)
r

= (1.63)
r 4r2


= (1.64)
4r

(sink)
P

u v w
= + + (1.65)
x y z

[] (1.65)
P S Gauss ()

div v dV = n v dS (1.66)
1.4. 11

(1.65) = div v (1.66)

dV = n v dS (1.67)

[]

1.58

2 2 2
= + 2 + 2 (1.68)
x2 y z

2 = (1.69)

P = 0

2 = 0 (1.70)

((, , ))


1 (, , )
(x, y, z) = ddd
4 r

1 (, , )
= ddd (1.71)
4 (x ) + (y )2 + (z )2
2

(x, y, z) (, , )

[]
)

(M < 1) x M

2 2 2
(1 M
2
) + 2 + 2 =0 (1.72)
x2 y z

= 1 M
2

2 2 2
+ 2 + 2 =0 (1.73)
x2 y z
12 1

y = y,
z = z
1.64

= (1.74)
4 x + y2 + z2
2

y, z

= = (1.75)
2 2 2 2
4 x + (y + z ) 4 x + (1 M
2 2 )(y 2 + z 2 )

( )2 ( )2 ( )2
x y z
+ /4
+ /4
=1 (1.76)
/4

= const = const

(M > 1) x M

2 2 2
2
(M 1) 2 2 =0 (1.77)
x2 y z

= 2 1
M

2 2 2
2 2 =0 (1.78)
x2 y z

y = y, z = z i

2 2 2
+ + =0 (1.79)
x2 (iy)2 (iz)2
1.64

= = (1.80)
2 2
4 x + (iy) + (iz)2 4 x 2 (y 2 + z 2 )
2

( )2 ( )2 ( )2
x y z
/4
/4
=1 (1.81)
/4

= const = const

1.5. 13

1.5
(vortex)

core
(Rankine ) ( ) V =
v (vr = 0) (vortex core)
solid rotation

v = r (1.82)

(angular velocity)
z (x, y, z) (r, , z)

v u 1 v r 1 vr
= = (1.83)
x y r r r

vr 0

1 v r
= = 2 (1.84)
r r
2
() 0 1.84

(v r) = 0 (1.85)
r

C
v = (1.86)
r
C
1.821.86
C
a = C = a2 (1.87)
a

v = r (1.88)

a2
v = (1.89)
r
14 1

y
V
r

x
r=a

0 a r

1.5:

( 2)
v p
= (1.90)
r r

v 1.89r p

2 a4 1
p= (1.91)
2 r2
0

p = 0 at r (1.92)

2 2
p= r + p0 (1.93)
2
p0 r = 0r = a
1.911.93p0

p0 = 2 a2 (1.94)

( )
2 a2 r2
p= 2 2 (1.95)
2 a

1.6. 15

0 a
r

2 2

- 4
= -
-p

1.6:

1.6
circulation
I
= v ds (1.96)

Stokes

= ( v ) dS =
(rot v ) dS =
dS
(1.97)

= rot v = v
(1.98)

lift (Kuta-Joukovski
camber 0

1.7
(Lord Kelvin)

D D
= (ux + vy + wz) (1.99)
Dt Dt
16 1

Dux Du Dx Du
= x + u = x + uu (1.100)
Dt Dt Dt Dt

Dx Dx
= = u (1.101)
Dt Dt

Dx Dy Dz
= u, = v, = w (1.102)
Dt Dt Dt

1.100
( )
D Du 1 p
(ux) = x + uu = X x + uu (1.103)
Dt Dt x
(x )
Du 1 p
=X (1.104)
Dt x
x, y, z
( )
D 1 p
(ux) = X x + uu, (1.105)
Dt x
( )
D 1 p
(vy) = Y y + vv, (1.106)
Dt y
( )
D 1 p
(wz) = Z z + ww (1.107)
Dt z

D 1 u2 + v 2 + w 2
(ux + vy + wz) = Xx + Y y + Zz p + (1.108)
Dt 2

X
( )
= (X, Y, Z) =
X , , (1.109)
x y z
1.99
D 1 u2 + v 2 + w2
= p + (1.110)
Dt 2
A A
[ ]A
D dp u2 + v 2 + w2
= + =0 (1.111)
Dt 2 A

(Thomson) (Lord Kelvin) (1867)

1.8. 17

1.8
Helmholtz, 1858)
C 0
= 0

1.7:

= ndS S

18 1

=
1 2

Q
1

1.8:

1.9

u v w
div v = v = + + =0 (1.112)
x y z

= (, , )

w v u w v u
= , = , = (1.113)
y z z x x y

v = 0 E

v = E
(1.114)

B
() B = 0 A

=A
B (1.115)

()

= (E, F, G)
E (1.116)

(1.114)

G F E G F E
u= , v= , w= (1.117)
y z z x x y
1.10. 19

1.113
( )
E F G
= + + 2 E (1.118)
x x y z
( )
E F G
= + + 2 F (1.119)
y x y z
( )
E F G
= + + 2 G (1.120)
z x y z

E F G
+ + =0 (1.121)
x y z
1.1181.120

2 E = , 2 F = , 2 G = (1.122)

(1.71) E, F, G

1 (x1 , y1 , z1 )
E(x, y, z) = dx1 dy1 dz1 (1.123)
4 r

1 (x1 , y1 , z1 )
F (x, y, z) = dx1 dy1 dz1 (1.124)
4 r

1 (x1 , y1 , z1 )
G(x, y, z) = dx1 dy1 dz1 (1.125)
4 r
(x1 , y1 , z1 ) P (x, y, z) r

r= (x x1 )2 + (y y1 )2 + (z z1 )2 (1.126)

E(x, y, z), F (x, y, z), G(x, y, z) 1.117

(x, y, z) (u, v, w)

1.10

0 noslip condition)

u = 0, v = 0, w=0 (1.127)

dx dy dz
u= , v= , w= (1.128)
dt dt dt
20 1

(slip condition)
0

Vn = 0 (1.129)

n VEn = 0

1.9:

B
V

B n = Vn
V (1.130)

n

)
( )
p d2 x d2 y d2 z
= , , n (1.131)
n dt2 dt2 dt2

n
 21

(functions of a complex variable) 2

2.1

()

z = x + iy (2.1)

1 x y
i i =
W (z) f (z)

W (z) = f (z) = + i (2.2)

2.1.1

dW W f (z + z) f (z)
= lim = lim (2.3)
dz z0 z z0 z
z 0 x : y
P

2.1.2
f (z) df /dz f (z) (regular)
f (z)

dW [(x + x, y + y) (x, y)] + i[(x + x, y + y) (x, y)]

= lim
dz x,y0 x + iy
22 2

Q(x+x,y+y)

P x
(x,y)
2.1:

( ) ( )

x x + y y +i x x + y y
= lim
x,y0 x + iy
( ) ( )

x + i
x x +
y + i y y
= lim (2.4)
x,y0 x + iy

x : y
( ) ( )

+i : +i =1:i (2.5)
x x y y

= , = (2.6)
x y y x

Cauchy-Riemann f (z)
f (z)

2 2 2 2
+ 2 = 0, + =0 (2.7)
x2 y x2 y 2

2.7
=0

u= , v= (2.8)
x y


u= , v= (2.9)
y x

() 3
2.2. 23

() (2.8) (2.9)

v = = grad , v = k (2.10)

k (x, y, z) z
()

W z z = x x
dW
= +i = u iv (2.11)
dz x x
z = iy

dW
= +i = i + = iv + u (2.12)
dz iy iy y y

dW
= u iv (2.13)
dz

(conjugate velocity)
W (z) z

dW dW
= = u + iv (2.14)
dz d
z

dW dW dW dW
= = (u iv)(u + iv) = u2 + v 2 (2.15)
dz dz dz d
z

2.2
(uniform ow) x y
U

W = Uz (2.16)

(2.2) (2.1)

W = + i = U (x + iy) = U x, = U y (2.17)

(u, v)

u= = = U, v = = =0 (2.18)
x y y x
24 2

dW
= u iv = U cos iU sin = U (cos i sin ) = U ei (2.19)
dz

W = U ei z (2.20)

z zei (2.21)

U
U sin

U cos

2.2:

2.3
(source ow)
W
m
W = ln z (2.22)
2
z (r, )
z = rei (2.23)

m m
= ln r, = (2.24)
2 2
(r) vr () v

1 m 1
vr = = = , v = = =0 (2.25)
r r 2r r r
2.4. 25

Vr Vr

Vr

2.3:

r =
= (2.24) =

() (r, )
1 rvr 1 v
v = + = 0 rvr = , v = (2.26)
r r r r
2
m
vr r d = vr 2r = 2r = m (2.27)
0 2r
(2.22) m m
(sink)

2.4
superimpose
(
)
(m > 0)
(m < 0) (2.16) (2.22)
m
W = Uz + ln z (2.28)
2

dW m1
= u iv = U + (2.29)
dz 2 z
26 2

o
0
l rs
b_ 0

2.4:

z = rei

m cos m sin
u=U+ , v= (2.30)
2 r 2 r
0 u = v = 0
m
= rs = (2.31)
2U

( m )
(x, y) = , 0 (2.32)
2U
( 0) 0

(
m )
(x, y) = 0, (2.33)
2U
()

2.5
x = a m x = a m

m m m z+a
W = Wsource + Wsink = ln(z + a) + ln(z a) = ln (2.34)
2 2 2 z a
m

()

()
2.6. 27

z ~

b_
2.5:

2.6
0 (
a 0 )2.34
( )
m z+a m 2a
W = ln = ln 1 + (2.35)
2 z a 2 za

a 2a/(z a) << 1 (Taylor expansion)

m 2a
W = (2.36)
2 z a
a 0 0 a
()

a(0) m() (2.37)

a 0 2.36
1
W = (2.38)
z
doublet



W = (cos i sin ) (2.39)
r


= cos , = sin (2.40)
r r

28 2

2.6:

( x
x x
(counterclockwise)
W
1
W = (2.41)
zei
y = /2

() 2

2.7

i
W = ln z (2.42)
2
i
(r, )

i
W = ln r (2.43)
2 2

= , = ln r (2.44)
2 2
(2.24) ln r
(2.42) i
= const r = const

2.8. 29

1 1
vr = = = 0, v = = = (2.45)
r r r r 2r

v ds = 2r = (2.46)
2r

() (polar coordinates)

(rvr ) + v = 0 (2.47)
r

rvr = , v = (2.48)
r

1 1 vr
(rv ) =0 (2.49)
r r r

rv = , vr = (2.50)
r

()

()

2.8
(corner)

W = Cz n (2.51)

z = rei W = + i

= Crn cos n, = Crn sin n (2.52)
30 2

= = 0

sin n = 0 (2.53)

n = 0, n = (2.54)
c

c = /n (2.55)

n c

n > 1 0 < c <

n < 1 < c

1
v = = Cnrn1 sin n, vr = = Cnrn1 cos n (2.56)
r r

= 0 vr (z = 0)
r 0

n > 1 vr 0

n < 1 vr

0
c 0
c

p p

a) n>1 b) 1>n>1/2
2.7: ()

()
() (wedge) 2.7
2.8. 31

a) (half-angle ) = c
= /2 c = /2

()
 33

3.1

(r, )

2 1 1 2
2 = 2
+ + 2 2 =0 (3.1)
r r r r

1
vr = , v = (3.2)
r r
3.1 (separation of variables)

= R(r)() (3.3)

3.1
d2 R dR R d2
+ + =0 (3.4)
dr2 r dr r2 d2

r2 d2 R r dR 1 d2
2
+ = = n2 (3.5)
R dr R dr d2
r
n2
n n 0 2

d2
= n2 (3.6)
d2
34 3

= a1 sin n + b1 cos n (3.7)

a1 b1
3.7 + 2
n
3.3

= T (r) cos n + S(r) sin n (3.8)

T (r) S(r) 3.5

r 2 d2 R r dR
+ n2 = 0 (3.9)
R dr2 R dr

d2 R 1 dR n2
+ 2R=0 (3.10)
dr2 r dr r

R = rm (3.11)

3.9

m2 = n2 m = n (3.12)

R = rn or R = rn (3.13)

(3.8) T (r) S(r)

T = An rn + Bn rn , S = Cn rn + Dn rn (3.14)

n 0
3.8


= {(An rn + Bn rn ) cos n + (Cn rn + Dn rn ) sin n} (3.15)
n=0

n = 0 3.2

n = 0 n 1


= {(An rn + Bn rn ) cos n + (Cn rn + Dn rn ) sin n} (3.16)
n=1
3.2. 35

3.2

(vn )r=a = (vr )r=a = U cos (3.17)

vn v

-Ucos

U
U
o x
x
3.1:

0 (stationary state)

( ) ( )

= U cos , =0 (3.18)
r r=a r r

3.3
3.16


= (An nrn1 Bn nrn1 ) cos n + (Cn nrn1 Dn nrn1 ) sin n (3.19)
r n=1
36 3

r /r 0 n 1 rn1 0
3.16 rn

An = 0, Cn = 0 (3.20)

3.16


= rn (Bn cos n + Dn sin n) (3.21)
n=1

3.21 r (3.18)
( )


= an1 n(Bn cos n + Dn sin n) = U cos (3.22)
r r=a n=1

n = 1 B1 = U a2 (3.23)
n 1 Dn = 0 (3.24)
n 2 Bn = 0 (3.25)

3.21

cos
= U a2 (3.26)
r

Cauchy-Riemann

1 1
= , = (3.27)
r r r r
() (2.4) (3.27)

sin
= U a2 (3.28)
r

cos sin U a2 U a2 U a2
W = + i = U a2 iU a2 = (cos i sin ) = i = (3.29)
r r r re z

2 2.38
U 2
3.4. 37

= 0
= 0

= 0

3.2:

2 2.38
1
W = (3.30)
z
3.293.30

= a2 U (3.31)

= a2 U (3.32)

3.4

W
(3.29)

a2 U
W = Uz + (3.33)
z
z = rei W = + i

( ) ( )
a2 a2
=U r+ cos , =U r sin (3.34)
r r
38 3

3.34 = 0

r=a = 0, (3.35)

( )
1
(v )r=a = = 2U sin (3.36)
r r=a

= /2
2 3/2 3

cp p p
( v )2
p p
cp 1 2
=1 = 1 4 sin2 (3.37)
2 U U

= 0 = cp = 1 = /2 = 3/2
3

(r, , ) (

= 0 (3.38)

( ) ( )
1 2 1 1 2
= = 2
2
r + 2 sin + 2 2 (3.39)
r r r r sin r sin 2

( )
a3
(r, ) = U x+ r cos (3.40)
2r2
x U
( )
a3
(r, ) = U 1 + 3 r cos (3.41)
2r

( )
a3
vr = = U 1 3 cos (3.42)
r r
( )
1 a3
v = = U 1 + 3 sin (3.43)
r 2r
3.5. 39

3
(v )r=a = U sin (3.44)
2

9
cp = 1 sin2 (3.45)
4
Cp = 5/4 Cp = 3

() (1.64) 3 2
((x, y, z) = (a, 0, 0) (a, 0, 0)
a 0

b_ = 0
= 0

= 0

b_
= 0 = 0

- < 4aU

3.3:

3.5

( )
a2 z
W (z) = U z + i ln (3.46)
z 2 a

a 0
3.46
40 3

( 0 )
3.46 0
(v )r=a
= 2 sin + =0 (3.47)
U 2aU

= 4aU sin (3.48)

1 sin 1

0 4aU ( < 0) (3.49)

( 0)
> 0

 

 C7



 C7

3.4:

= 4aU
= /2 < 4aU
( 3.4 )
3.46 z 0
( )
dW a2 1
=U 1 2 i =0 (3.50)
dz z 2 z
3.6. 41

i 2 4
2 2 2
2 + 4U a
z= (3.51)
2U
2

3.6

(the Magnus eect)
3.46
( )
a2
=U r+ cos + (3.52)
r 2

{ ( ) }
1 1 a2
v = = U r+ sin + (3.53)
r r r 2

r = a

(v )r=a = 2U sin + (3.54)
2a

[ ( )2 ]
1 2 1 1 2
p p = U (v )r=a = U 1 2 sin +
2
(3.55)
2 2 2 2aU

Cp
( )2
p p
Cp = = 1 2 sin + (3.56)
(1/2)U 2 2aU

()
L D (Kutta-Joukovski)
(5.45)
L = U , D=0 (3.57)

42 3

3.7
W z zei
ln z/a

( )
i a2 ei z
W = U ze + i ln (3.58)
z 2 a

O z0

a2 ei z z0
W = U (z z0 )ei + U i ln (3.59)
z z0 2 a

 43

(conformal mapping)

z = f () (4.1)

z
z = x + iy, = + i (4.2)

(4.1)
x = x(, ), y = y(, ) (4.3)

W () = + i

y
~

`

o o x

4.1:

4.1
f () = 0
c1
= 1 (s) = 1 (s) + i 1 (s) (4.4)

s s
44 4

y
t1 C1 t'1 C'
1
S 0
0 z0
s

0 0
x
Z

4.2:

( )
t1 = d1 (s) d1 (s)
, (4.5)
ds ds
t1 c1 s s

d12 + d12 = ds2 (4.6)

t1

d1 (s) d1 (s) d1 (s)
= +i = cos 1 (s) + i sin 1 (s) = ei1 (s) (4.7)
ds ds ds
1 (s) t1 (argument)

t1 C1
1

4.3: (argument)

z

z = f () (4.8)

f z z

z = z1 (s) = f (1 (s)) = x1 (s) + i y1 (s) (4.9)

4.1. 45

s z C1

dz1 (s) dx1 (s) dy1 (s)

= +i (4.10)
ds ds ds

z = f ()
( )
dz1 (s) df () d1
= = f (1 (s)) ei1 (s) (4.11)
ds d 1 (s) ds

z = z0 (4.11) (argument)
{ }
dz1 (s)
arg = arg {f (0 )} + 1 (s0 ) (4.12)
ds z=z0

1 z
arg {f (0 )}
0 C2 C1

{ }
dz2 (s)
arg = arg {f (0 )} + 2 (s0 ) (4.13)
ds

4.134.12

C2
C2'
t2 t'2
t1 C1
y
t'
1

C1'
p
x

z

4.4: ()

{ } { }
dz2 (s) dz1 (s)
arg arg = 2 (s0 ) 1 (s0 ) (4.14)
ds ds

z (C1 C2 )
(C1 C2 )
46 4

f (0 ) = 0 4.14
f (0 ) = 0

4.2
z

a2
z = f () = + (4.15)

a (Joukovski transfor-
mation)
z 2a ( a)2
= (4.16)
z + 2a ( + a)2

z = x + iy (z ), = + i ( ) (4.17)

4.15

a2 a2
x=+ , y= (4.18)
2 + 2 2 + 2

(r, )

= r cos , = r sin (4.19)

z
( ) ( )
a2 a2
x = cos r + , y = sin r (4.20)
r r

[]
4.15z = f ()

a2 2 a2
f () = 1 = (4.21)
2 2

f () = 0
= a, = a (4.22)

[]
4.2. 47

P() r
r=a

A o

(-a,0) B
(a,0)

A' P'() B'

o x
(-2a,0) (2a,0)

4.5:

4.2.1
Joukovski transformation

= aei (4.23)

z
4.234.15
z = 2a cos (4.24)

2a 4a
0 P () z P B A
2 P z A
B

4.2.2
O
M (0, f ) A(a, 0) B(a, 0)
48 4

r=b
M

A f

o

(-a,0) B
(a,0)

y z
D'

A' 2f B'

o O' x
(-2a,0) (2a,0)

4.6: z

b a
a
b = a2 + f 2 = = a sec (4.25)
cos

B M BM

P
a r1 ei1 r1
= = ei(1 2 ) (4.26)
(a) r2 ei2 r2

1 2 = = const (4.27)

4.164.26
( )2
z 2a ( a)2 r1
= = ei2 (4.28)
z + 2a ( + a)2 r2

= a z = 2a, = a z = 2a (4.29)

z P
z 2a 1 ei1 1 i(1 2 ) 1 i
= = e = e (4.30)
z + 2a 2 ei2 2 2
4.2. 49

P()

r2
r1
1
2
A

(-a,0) B
(a,0)

z p'(z)
1
2
2 1
A'
x
(-2a,0) (2a,0) B'

4.7:

= 1 2
4.284.30
( )2
1 r1
= , = 2 = const (4.31)
2 r2

P P A B

z M AM B = 2
z D A D B = 2
M OB D O B

D O MO MO f
= D O = O B = 2a = 2f (4.32)
O B OB OB a
o z
circular arc 2f camber

2f 1 f 1
= = = tan (4.33)
4a 2 a 2

(thickness ratio) 0
50 4

r=b
M
A 2
fo
(-a,0) B

(a,0)

y z
D'

2
A' B'
2f

o O' x
(-2a,0) (2a,0)

4.8:

4.2.3
M d B(a, 0)
c

c=a+d (4.34)

d = a, 1 (4.35)

c
c = a + a = (1 + )a (4.36)

= a + cei (4.37)

a2 a2
z=+ = (cei a) + i (4.38)
ce a

z (conjugate) z
0 ( 0) x
4.2. 51

r=c
c
L A (-d,0) B

o
(-a,0) M (a,0)

zL A' B'

o x
(-2a,0) (2a,0)

4.9:

z zx

chord lengthl

l = 2a + |zL | (4.39)

zL
a2 a
zL = L + = a(1 + 2) (4.40)
L 1 + 2
L = a (1 + )a = (1 + 2)a
4.40

zL 2a(1 + 22 ) (4.41)

z
dy
=0 (4.42)
d
= 2/3( )
z 1/4
tmax

tmax = 3 3a (4.43)

tmax 3 3
= = 1.3 (4.44)
l 4
52 4

= 0 x = 2a x = 0

t(x 0) 4a (4.45)

tmax x 0 3
: (4.43) tmax
:

r=c
0
d
M
A N

f B

o
(-a,0) (a,0)

A' B'

o x
(2a,0)
(-2a,0)

4.10:

4.2.4
2 (the second quadrant)
BM N ( = 0

MN = d (4.46)

N BN = c c
a
c= a2 + f 2 + d = + d = a sec + d (4.47)
cos

= 0 + cei (4.48)
4.3. 53

N 0

0 = a c cos + ic sin (4.49)

a2
z = 0 + cei + (4.50)
0 + cei
f d
f d
0 (
cusp

d/a

4.3
0
( )n
z na a
= (4.51)
z + na +a
n = 2 a z na

4.3.1
A(a, 0) B(a, 0) B A Cu A
B Cl
b
a
b= (4.52)
cos

B A P

a = r1 ei1 , (a) = + a = r2 ei2 (4.53)

4.51 z A B
(, )
z na = 1 ei1 , z + na = 2 ei2 (4.54)

( )n
1 ei1 r1 ei1
= (4.55)
2 ei2 r2 ei2
54 4

P
Cu

r2 r1
1
2
A

(-a,0) B
(a,0)

Cu' p'
1
2
2 1
A'
x
(-na,0) (na,0) B'

4.11: 2 (

( )n
1 r1
= , 1 2 = n1 n2 = n(1 2 ) (4.56)
2 r2
P

1 2 = const (4.57)

4.56
1 2 = const (4.58)

z P A B
Cl Cl 4.12

(2 ) (1 ) = 2 1 = const (4.59)

2 1 4.56)

1 2 = const (4.60)

2 2

2 =
2 + 2 (4.61)

1 (
2 + 2) = const (4.62)
4.3. 55

1
2

A
r2 r1

B
(-a,0) (a,0)
Cl P

Cl' p'
1
2 ` 1
2
`2

A' x
(na,0) B'
2
(-na,0)

4.12: 2 (

1
2 = const (4.63)

P z
(double circular arc airfoil)

4.3.2


u + l = (4.64)

2 1 = (2 ) (1 ) = l (4.65)

1 2 = n(1 2 ) = n l (4.66)

e
4.612

1 (
2 + 2) = n l (4.67)

56 4

1
2 = 2 n l (4.68)

Cu
1 2 = u (4.69)

1 2 = n u (4.70)

4.684.64

1
2 = 2 n l = 2 n ( u ) = 2 n + n u (4.71)

(4.71) (4.70) n = 2 Cu = Cl
0) n = 2
B 2 0

(1 )u = n u (4.72)

B
2 0

(1 )l = 2 n + n u (4.73)

4.724.73

= (1 )l (1 )u = (2 n + n u ) n u = (2 n) (4.74)

n = 2 = 0 0
n
4.74
2
n= (4.75)

4.51
( ) 2
z 2
a a

2 = (4.76)
z+ a
+a

(Karman-Tretz transformation)

[]
4.3. 57

4.13:
 59

5.1
(Fx , Fy ) (Fx , Fy )

Fy

Fx

p
V=(u,v)
S
p

5.1:

control surfaceS

x
I I
u(udy vdx) = pdy Fx (5.1)
S S

y
I I
v(udy vdx) = pdx Fy (5.2)
S S

(udy vdx)
x uy v
60 5

dS
dy
u
v

S
dx

5.2:

5.15.2Fx Fy
I I
Fx = pdy u(udy vdx) (5.3)
I I
Fy = pdx v(udy vdx) (5.4)

1
p + V 2 = p0 (5.5)
2
p V 2 = u2 + v 2 p0 (5.3) 5.4)

I I
1 2 2
Fx = (u + v )dy + uvdx (5.6)
2
I I
1
Fy = (u2 v 2 )dx uvdy (5.7)
2

I
p0 = 0 (5.8)

Fx Fy
I

Fx iFy = i [(u2 v 2 ) i2uv]dz (5.9)
2

u, v
( )2
dW dW
= u iv, = u2 v 2 i2uv (5.10)
dz dz
5.9)
I ( )2
dW
Fx iFy = i dz (5.11)
2 dz
5.2. 61

(Blasius)

(dW/dz)2
i/2 F F

F
I ( )2
dW
F = Fx iFy = i dz (5.12)
2 dz

5.2
5.35.4x Fx y Fy

Fx = pdy u(udy vdx) (5.13)

Fy = pdx v(udy vdx) (5.14)

S Fy
y=y

(x,y) Fx

y-y0

M

x=x
(x0,y0) x-x0

5.3:

M (x0 , y0 )

M = (x x0 )Fy (y y0 )Fx (5.15)

5.135.14
I I
M = (x x0 )[pdx v(udy vdx)] (y y0 )[pdy u(udy vdx)] (5.16)

62 5

p 5.5
I
1
M = [(u2 v 2 ){(x x0 )dx (y y0 )dy} + 2uv{(y y0 )dx + (x x0 )dy}] (5.17)
2

u, v W Blasius
(5.11)

( )2
dW
(z z0 )dz (5.18)
dz
z0 = x0 + iy0
( )2
dW
(z z0 )dz = (u iv)2 {x x0 + i(y y0 )}(dx + idy) (5.19)
dz

(real part, Re)

{( )2 }
dW
Re (z z0 )dz = {(u2 v 2 )(xx0 )+2uv(yy0 )}dx{2uv(xx0 )+(u2 v 2 )(yy0 )}dy
dz
(5.20)

(5.17) (5.17) (5.18)

{I ( )2 }
1 dW
M = Re (z z0 )dz (5.21)
2 dz

(Fx , Fy ) (x, y)

M = xFy yFx (5.22)

Fx iFy

i(Fx iFy )(x + iy) = xFy yFx + i(xFx + yFy ) (5.23)

Re[i(Fx iFy )(x + iy)] = xFy yFx (5.24)

Re M
Fx iFy Blasius
[ I ( )2 ]
dW
M = Re i i zdz (5.25)
2 dz
5.3. 63

[I ( ]
)2
dW
M = Re zdz (5.26)
2 dz

z0
[I ( )2 ]
dW
M = Re (z z0 )dz (5.27)
2 dz

= {(x x0 ) + i(y y0 )} {Fx iFy }

M (5.28)

= (x x0 )Fx + (y y0 )Fy + i {(x x0 )Fy + (y y0 )Fx }

M (5.29)

5.15
M { } { }
M = Im M
= Re i M
(5.30)

F (5.12)

( )2
dW
Fx iFy = i dz (5.31)
2 dz

5.3
(
dW/dz

dW a1 a2 a3
= a0 + + 2 + 3 + (5.32)
dz z z z
() (Laurent expansion) (singular)
f (z) a


f (z) = cn (z a)n (5.33)
n=

cn
1 f ()
cn = d (5.34)
2i c ( 1)n+1
()
64 5

(5.32) z a0

a0 = U ei (5.35)

I I I I
dW
dz = (u iv)(dx + idy) = (udx + vdy) + i (udy vdx) (5.36)
dz

2
I I
udy vdx = V nds = 0 (5.37)

= (u, v) n
V

5.365.37
I I I
dW ds =
dz = (udx + vdy) = V (5.38)
dz

()
udy vdx = V (ds k)
nds = V

k ()
()

Residue Theorem5.32
I
dW
dz = 2ia1 (5.39)
dz

(a1 dW/dz z = 0 )
a1

2ia1 = a1 = i (5.40)
2
5.32 Blasius
I ( )2 I ( )2
i dW a1 a2
Fx iFy = |F | e =i dz = i a0 + + 2 + dz
2 dz 2 z z
( )
i
= 2i(2a0 a1 ) = 2U e i (5.41)
2

Fx iFy = |F |ei = U ei(+/2) (5.42)

5.3. 65

< 0 (Kutta-Joukovski)
Kutta() 1902 Joukovski 1906
|F |

|F | = U , =+ (5.43)
2

5.4:

|F | = U (5.44)

L
D 0 (

L = U , D=0 (5.45)

() lift (drag)

dAlemberts paradox

5.5:
66 5

5.32 a0 , a1 5.355.40

dW 1
= U ei i (5.46)
dz 2 z

W = U ei z i
ln z (5.47)
2
1 2 1

(bound vortex)
 67

6.1
2 stagantion point
2

b_

b_

=0

b_

b_

6.1:

adverse
pressure gradient

z
a2
z=+ (6.1)

68 6

a
z
dW
dW d
u iv = = dz
(6.2)
dz d

(parameter)
W ()

a2 ei 0
W () = U ( 0 )ei + U i ln (6.3)
0 2 a

1 2 2 3 0
0 = 0
2
U ei U ei a 2 i 2

u iv = (6.4)
1 a2
2

= a z z = 2a (
0 (singularity)
0 ( Kutta , Kutta condition )

U ei U ei i =0 (6.5)
2a

= 4U a sin (6.6)

(clockwise)

6.2
(trailing edge)

(6.4) 0/0 (L H opital s rule)

2U ei a2 13 + i 1
2 2
2a2
(6.7)
3

(6.6) a

u iv = U cos (6.8)
6.3. 69

u= U
cos

z=-2a z=2a
U

6.2:

u = U cos , v=0 (6.9)

U cos 0

6.46.6
cos(/2 )
u=U , x = 2a cos (6.10)
cos(/2)

0 2

cos2 (/2 )
Cp = 1 , x = 2a cos (6.11)
cos2 /2

()

6.3
5.45

L = U (6.12)

(6.6) L

L = 4U 2 a sin (6.13)

CL
L
CL = 2 sin (6.14)
1 2
2 U (4a 1)

sin

CL 2 (6.15)
70 6

CL (6.14)
dCL
CL = 2 cos (6.16)
d

CL 2 (6.17)

6.4

z = 0
n2 1 2 2
M = 2 U a sin 2 (6.18)
3
n = 2

M = 2U 2 a2 sin 2 (6.19)

() (6.18)

CM
M 1
CM 1 2 2
= sin 2 (6.20)
2 U (4a)
4

(
4a

L

M

z=-2a z=2a
U xL
C
6.3:

6.136.19

xL L cos = |M | xL = a (6.21)
6.5. 71

xL
C = 4a center of pressure
1
xcp = C (6.22)
4
(C) 1/4
(1/4)C aerodynamic center

(1/4)C

6.5
(at plate airfoil) (circular arc airfoil)
(camber eect) (

a2
z=+ (6.23)


ei 0
w() = U ( 0 )ei + U b2 i ln (6.24)
0 2 b
a b b

a = b cos (6.25)

( 4.25 ) 0 f

0 = if (6.26)
( 4.6 )

6.4:

= 4bU sin( + ) (6.27)

72 6

L = U = 4bU 2 sin( + ) (6.28)

sin 4aU 2
b/a sin 0
0 =
CL
L
CL = = 2(b/a) sin( + ) = 2(sin + cos tan ) (6.29)
(1/2)U 2 (4a 1)
1

CL 2( + tan ) (6.30)

1, 1

CL 2( + ) (6.31)

(dCL /d)
dCL b
= 2 cos( + ) = 2(cos sin tan ) (6.32)
d a

dCL
2(1 tan ) (6.33)
d
1, 1
dCL
2(1 ) 2 (6.34)
d
2

M ()

M = 2a2 U 2 sin 2 + 4f bU 2 sin sin( + ) (6.35)

1
CM
M sin 2 f b
CM = = + 2 sin sin( + ) (6.36)
(1/2)U 2 (4a)2 4 2 a

x = 0 xL
|M | a2 sin sin
xL = = f (6.37)
L cos b sin( + ) cos
= 0b = a xL = a xcp = C/4

() 1, 1
)
 73

7.1

2 2
2 = + =0 (7.1)
x2 y 2

=
V (7.2)

V = V + q
V

7.1:

(x, y) = V
V + q(x, y) (7.3)
q
V

U (x, y) = V cos + u(x, y), V (x, y) = V sin + v(x, y) (7.4)

q = , u(x, y) = , v(x, y) = (7.5)
x y

= V
+ (7.6)
74 7

= (xV cos + yV sin ) + (7.7)

7.1

2 2
2 = + 2 =0 (7.8)
x2 y

7.2

F = 0 (7.9)

F (x, y) = 0 (7.10)

F

= V
(7.11)

+ ) F = 0
(V (7.12)

0 (7.13)

7.12

F F
(V cos + u) + (V sin + v) =0 (7.14)
x y

y = u (x) : , y = l (x) : (7.15)

y = (x) (7.16)

(x) y = 0 (7.17)

F = (x) y (7.18)
7.2. 75

F =0 (7.19)

F x y

F d F
= , = 1 (7.20)
x dx y

7.14y v

d
v = (V cos + u) V sin (7.21)
dx

u U , v U (7.22)
F F
| || | (7.23)
x y
V cos V , V sin V (7.24)

F d
u =u 1 (7.25)
x dx

d
v(x, (x)) = V V , 0xl (7.26)
dx

()

()

v(x, (x)) x
y = 0
( )
v
v(x, (x)) = v(x, 0) + (x) + (7.27)
y x,0
76 7

v O(), O() 2 (2 )
O()

v(x, (x)) v(x, 0) (7.28)

7.26
d
v(x, 0) = V V (7.29)
dx

du
v(x, +0) = V V () (7.30)
dx
dl
v(x, 0) = V V () (7.31)
dx
7.29 1 , 2
( )
1 d
2 1 = 0; = V (7.32)
y x,0 dx
( )
2
2 = 0;
2
= V (7.33)
y x,0

7.327.33

1. A 0

2. B:

1. A
(mean camber function)
1
c = (u + l ) (7.34)
2
(thickness function)
1
t = (u l ) (7.35)
2

u = c + t , l = c t (7.36)

( ) ( )
1 dc dt
= V + at y = +0 (7.37)
y x,+0 dx dx
( ) ( )
1 dc dt
= V at y = 0 (7.38)
y x,0 dx dx
7.3. 77

( ) ( )
1 dc dt
= V (7.39)
y x,0 dx dx

1. 0

2. camber 0

3.

2 3

1. 0

2.

superimpose
3

7.3
p
( )
2 V2
p = p + V 1 2 (7.40)
2 V

p p
Cp 2
(7.41)
(1/2)V

7.40
V2
Cp = 1 2
(7.42)
V

V
+ q) (V
V 2 = (V + q) (7.43)
q
V

= (V cos , V sin ),
V q = (u, v) (7.44)
78 7

2
7.43 V
( )2 ( ) ( )2 ( )2
V u v u v
=1+2 cos + sin + + (7.45)
V V V V V

cos 1, sin , (7.46)

(u2 + v 2 )/V
2
2 7.45

( )2 ( )
V u v u
=1+2 + 1+2 (7.47)
V V V V
2 7.40

p = p V u (7.48)

Cp

p p u
Cp = 2
= 2 (7.49)
(1/2)V V

Cp u
(superpose
superimpose)

7.4
0

2 = 0 (7.50)

x
dt
v(x, 0) = (x, 0) = V for 0xl (7.51)
y dx

= 0 (7.52)

v(x, +0) = v(x, 0) (7.53)

7.4. 79

x

l
1
(x, y) = () ln[(x )2 + y 2 ]1/2 d (7.54)
2 0

(x,y) P(x,y)

()
x

( ,0 )

7.2:

x y u = /x, v = /y
l
1 x
u(x, y) = () d (7.55)
2 0 (x )2 + y 2
l
1 y
v(x, y) = () d (7.56)
2 0 (x )2 + y 2

() v
[ l ]
1 y dt
v(x, 0) = lim () d = V (7.57)
y0 2 0 (x )2 + y 2 dx

= x 0 = x ()
) = x
x+
1 y (x)
v = lim () d = (7.58)
y0 2 x (x ) + y
2 2 2

7.577.58
dt
(x) = 2v(x, +0) = 2V (7.59)
dx
80 7

7.547.557.56

l
V dt
(x, y) = ln[(x )2 + y 2 ]1/2 d (7.60)
0 dx

V l
dt x
u(x, y) = d (7.61)
0 dx (x )2 + y 2
l
V dt y
v(x, y) = d (7.62)
0 dx (x )2 + y 2

7.58
= x
x+ x+ x
y y y
A= () d (x) d = 2(x) d
x (x ) + y
2 2
x (x ) + y
2 2
x (x ) + y
2 2

(7.63)

x x
y 1 y
B= d = 2 d (7.64)
x (x ) 2 + y2 y x 1 + {(x )/y}2

(x )/y = t

y 0
y
B= dt = tan1 (7.65)
y2 /y 1+t 2 y

7.63

A = 2(x) tan1 (7.66)
y
y 0

A = 2(x) = (x) (7.67)
2
l
1 y (x)
lim () d = (7.68)
y0 2 0 (x )2 + y 2 2

Cp
u(x, y)
Cp (x, y) = 2 (7.69)
V

u(x, 0)
Cp (x, 0) = 2 (7.70)
V
7.4. 81

7.61u(x, 0)
l
V dt 1
u(x, 0) = () d (7.71)
0 dx x
= x singularity

l/2
x

x=0
x=l/2 x x=l

7.3:

u(x, 0) dt /dx
l l
x= (1 + cos ) = (1 + cos ) (7.72)
2 2
0 0 , x

l l
x = (cos cos ), d = sin d (7.73)
2 2
7.71
V dt sin
u() = () d (7.74)
0 dx cos cos
7.74 (Poissons integral formula)
dt /dx() odd function

dt
() = An sin n (7.75)
dx n=1

An

2 dt
An = () sin nd (n = 1, 2, ) (7.76)
0 dx
7.74u()/V
conjugate Fourier series)

u()
= An cos n (7.77)
V n=1
82 7

dt
dx

>0

<0 0

7.4:

[] 7.757.74
7.1077.77
[]

u Cp

2u()
Cp = = 2 An cos n (7.78)
V n=1

Cp cos

R = 2m 2

7.5

2 = 0 (7.79)
dc
v(x, 0) = (x, 0) = V for 0 x l (7.80)
y dx
= 0 for |r| (7.81)

Kutta condition

u = /x, v = /y
7.5. 83

(x,y)
P(x,y)

()
x
( ,0 )

7.5:

l
1 y
(x, y) = () tan1 d (7.82)
2 0 x
l
1 y
u(x, y) = = () d (7.83)
x 2 0 (x )2 + y 2

1 l
x
v(x, y) = = () d (7.84)
y 2 0 (x )2 + y 2

Cp
u(x, 0)
Cp (x, 0) = 2 (7.85)
V
u(x, 0)
l
1 y
u(x, 0) = lim () d (7.86)
y0 2 0 (x )2 + y 2
7.58

(x)
u(x, 0) = (7.87)
2
7.877.85

(x)
Cp (x, 0) = (7.88)
V

84 7

7.5.1

l
L= [p(x, 0) p(x, +0)]dx (7.89)
0

p Cp
l
2
L = V [Cp (x, 0) Cp (x, +0)]dx (7.90)
2 0

(7.88)
l
L = V (x)dx (7.91)
0

l
(x)dx = (7.92)
0

(7.91)
L = V (x) (7.93)

circulation

(7.91)
l
L 2 1
CL = 2S
= (x)dx (7.94)
(1/2)V V l 0

S S = l 1 CL
(7.90)
l
1
CL = [Cp (x, 0) Cp (x, +0)]dx (7.95)
l 0

7.5.2

l
M = [p(x, +0) p(x, 0)]xdx (7.96)
0
l
1 2
= V (Cp (x, +0) Cp (x, 0))xdx (7.97)
2 0
l
= V (x)xdx (7.98)
0
7.5. 85

l
M 2 1
CM = 2 Sl
= (x)xdx (7.99)
(1/2)V V l2 0

S S = l 1
l
CM
7.97
l
1
CM = [Cp (x, +0) Cp (x, 0)]xdx (7.100)
l2 0

7.5.3
(x) y v
7.807.84
[ ]
1 l
x dc
v(x, 0) = lim () d = V (7.101)
y0 2 0 (x )2 + y 2 dx

0 x l
y 0
l
1 1 dc
() d = V (7.102)
2 0 x dx
Cauchy (principal value)
Kutta

(x = l) = 0 (7.103)

7.1027.103
l
d
I= () (7.104)
0 x
x
l l
x= (1 + cos ), = (1 + cos ) (7.105)
2 2
7.104

sin
I= () d (7.106)
0 cos cos
86 7

cos n sin n
d = (n = 0, 1, 2, ) (7.107)
0 cos cos sin

n = 0
d
=0 (7.108)
0 cos cos
7.106
K K
() = , (x) = (7.109)
sin 2 (x/l)(1 x/l)

I 7.109
7.102

1 () sin dc
d = () (7.110)
0 2V cos cos dx

x
(7.110) /2V dc /dx
Cinjugate Fourier Series
dc /dx

dc B0
() = + Bn cos n (7.111)
dx 2 n=1

Bn
2 dc
Bn = cos nd (n = 0, 1, 2, ) (7.112)
0 dx

7.1117.110

1
() sin B0
d = + Bn cos n (7.113)
0 2V cos cos 2 n=1

7.113
K
() = 1 () + 2 () + (7.114)
sin
1 ()

1 1 () sin
d = Bn cos n (7.115)
0 2V cos cos 1

2 ()

1 2 () sin B0
d = (7.116)
0 2V cos cos 2
7.5. 87

1 ()


1 () = 2V Bn sin n (7.117)
n=1

1 sin n 7.115

1 sin n sin
d (7.118)
0 2V cos cos

1
sin n sin = (cos(n + 1) cos(n 1)) (7.119)
2
7.118
{ }
1 cos(n + 1) cos(n 1)
d d (7.120)
4V 0 cos cos 0 cos cos

7.107
{ }
1 sin(n + 1) sin(n 1)

4V sin sin
1
= {sin(n + 1) sin(n 1)}
4V sin
1
= {2 cos n sin }
4V sin
cos n
= (7.121)
2V

1 7.117 2V Bn n
7.115

7.107n = 1

cos 1 cos
d = or d = 1 (7.122)
0 cos cos 0 cos cos

7.116

cos
2 () = V B0 (7.123)
sin

()

( )
V B0 K
() = 2V Bn sin n + + cos (7.124)
1
sin V B0
88 7

K ( = 0) = 0

K = V B0 (7.125)

( )

B0 1 cos
() = 2V + Bn sin n (7.126)
2 sin n=1

()Bn Bn 7.112

Cp
[
]
() B0 1 cos
Cp () = Cp [x(), 0] = = 2 + Bn sin n (7.127)
V 2 sin n=1

7.947.99

1
CL = () sin d (7.128)
V 0

1
CM = ()(1 + cos ) sin d (7.129)
2V 0

7.1267.1287.129

CL = (B0 + B1 ) (7.130)

CM = B0 + B1 + B2 = (B0 + B1 ) + (B1 + B2 ) (7.131)
4 2 4 4 4

CL
CM = + (B1 + B2 ) (7.132)
4 4
1/4
B1 + B2 = 0
1/4C 2 /4 (B1 + B2 ) Cmac
Xmac = C/4 Xcp

C B1 + B2
Xcp = (7.133)
4 4 CL

7.6. 89

7.6

2 = 0 (7.134)

v(x, 0) = (x, 0) = V (0 x l) (7.135)
y
= 0 at innity (7.136)

/x /y
(x) 7.102
l
1 d
v(x, 0) = () = V (7.137)
2 0 x

(x = l) = 0 (7.138)

l l
x= (1 + cos ), = (1 + cos ) (7.139)
2 2

1 sin
() d = 2V (7.140)
0 cos cos

() sin
d = (7.141)
0 2V cos cos

(7.107)

1
() = 2V (K + cos ) (7.142)
sin
x = l( = 0) sin = 0
0
K = 1 (7.143)

( = 0) = 0

cos 1
() = 2V (7.144)
sin

Cp
1 cos
Cp () = 2 = 2 tan(/2) (7.145)
sin
90 7

1
CL = () sin d = 2 (7.146)
V 0

1 CL
CM = ()(1 + cos ) sin d = = (7.147)
2V 0 2 4

1/4

xcp xac Cl Cmac

Cmac
xcp = xac (7.148)
Cl
[]
(aerodynamic center)

(CL ) (CD )
Cmac 0
trim

7.7

d dc dt
= (7.149)
dx dx dx

d dc dt
() = () () 0 (7.150)
dx dx dx



d B0
() = + Bn cos n An sin n (7.151)
dx 2 n=1 n=1

An , Bn

d
An = () sin nd (n = 1, 2, ) (7.152)
2 0 dx

d
Bn = () cos nd (n = 0, 1, 2, ) (7.153)
2 0 dx
7.7. 91

[( )
]
B0
Cp = 2 tan Bn sin n An cos n (7.154)
2 2 n=1 n=1

( )
B0 + B1
CL = 2 (B0 + B1 ) = 2 (7.155)
2

dCL
= 2 (7.156)
d

1. An

2. 0 0 0
B0 + B1
0 = (7.157)
2

1 CL
CM = [2 (B0 + B1 )] + (B1 + B2 ) = + (B1 + B2 ) (7.158)
4 4 4 4
CL

1/4

1/4

CM = (B1 + B2 ) (7.159)
4

CM

dCM
<0 (7.160)
d
7.6 CM = 0 ( = e )
> e
92 7

trim point

7.6:

CM < 0
< e CM > 0

CL (7.160)

dCM
CL <0 (7.161)
dCL

: 3 (CL )
(CL = dCL /d

2 CL = 2 3 3
CL
2AR
CL = ( ) (7.162)
2 2 tan2 max,t
2+ 4 + (AR)
2 1+ 2

AR = 1 M 2 max,t

Cl
= (7.163)
2/
Cl 2 = 0.95 1.0

(CL ) 3
Cn Cn > 0

Cn < 0
 93

2
3 rectangular wing
tapered wingswept wing (delta wing)
(sweep)

b
U (Span)

c
(Chord length)

8.1: (MAC)

8.1
3 Aspect Ratio

b2
AR = (8.1)
S
S b spanS = b c

b
AR = (8.2)
c
c chord length
94 8

() (Bombardier) Dash8(Q400) AR=12.8

Cessna 172) AR = 7.3B747 AR = 7 F15 AR = 3
ASW-19B AR = 20.4

mean chord
b
c= (8.3)
AR

Cr Ct
A

U
MAC

B
Cr Ct

8.2: (MAC)

(MAC:
Mean Aerodynamic Chord) ( 8.2 ) (rootchord :
Cr ) (tipchord) (Ct ) A
B AB
C C (MAC)
B747 MAC=8.3m

8.2
(nite wing theory) Prandtl(1918)

(b/2) = 0 L
(y ) y = 0
8.2. 95

trailing vortex sheet

Lanchester(189718681946)

trailing vortex sheet Prandtl

Prandtl rolling up

bound vortex sheet

(p = pu pl = 0)
free vortex sheet
(p = 0)

gqQV[ g
V
p0 p=0

gqQV[g

8.3:

a single bound vortex linelifting line

lifting line theory

q q V
V
V
96 8

downwash velocity, w w

R resultant velocity

R
V

R = V
V + w
(8.4)

V
y

(y)

w (y)
8.4:

w y

w = w(y) (8.5)
R
V = V w(y)k
R (y) = V (8.6)

k z x
z
R
y = y (y) V

Prandtl

dy
Kutta-Joukovski

R (y) j(y)dy
F (y) = V (8.7)

j y
8.2. 97

V
V R y

(zero lift line)

(y) = K(y)VR (y)R (y) (8.8)

R (y)
R (y) y = y V
K
[ ]
1 dCL 1
K(y) = (y) c(y) = a0 (y)c(y) (8.9)
2 dR 2
c(y) a0 (y) (lift slope)

1
= 4U a sin U c = 2U c (8.10)
2
c = 4a CL = 2
1 dCL
= U c (8.11)
2 d

R (y) = (y) i (y) (8.12)

(y) : V

i (y) : V
R V
induced angle of attack

w(y)
i = tan1 (8.13)
V
w(y) V
w(y)
i = (8.14)
V

w(y)
R (y) = (y) (8.15)
V
( )
1 w
(y) = a0 (y)c(y)VR (y) (8.16)
2 V
Prandtl
98 8

w(y) (y) x
dy x y
b/2
1 ()
w(y) = d (8.17)
4 b/2 y

2 4 ( x )
(0 x )
(y)

d
(y) = (8.18)
dy
y d/dy < 0 (8.18) 8.17
b/2
1 d(y) 1
w(y) = () d (8.19)
4 b/2 dy y

w > 0 z w(y) (y)

(y) w(y) 8.15R (y)

11) 8.88.158.19
[ ]
b/2
1 d(y) 1
(y) = K(y)VR (y) (y) () d (8.20)
4V b/2 dy y

w(y) V VR V
[ b/2 ]
1 d(y) 1
(y) K(y) V (y) () d (8.21)
4 b/2 dy y

8.9
1
K(y) =
a0 (y)C(y) (8.22)
2
8.21(y) Prandtl

( ) ( )
b b
= =0 (8.23)
2 2

8.3
(aerodynamic force) 3
(Lift) (Drag)
8.3. 99

(y)

-b/2 b/2 y

8.5:

L F

i
Di V
i w
VR
8.6:

L V y

D V

5
downwash VR
F VR Di (induced drag)

() (8.19) downwash
winglet
737 85% winglet
5 7%
()
100 8

8.3.1
y

L(y) = F (y) cos i F (y) (8.24)

Di (y) = F (y) sin i F (y)i (y) i L(y) (8.25)

8.7

L(y) F (y) = VR dy V dy (8.26)

Di (y) = i L = V i dy = wdy (8.27)

b/2
L = V (y)dy (8.28)
b/2
b/2 b/2 b/2
Di = i (y)L(y) = V i (y)(y)dy = w(y)(y)dy (8.29)
b/2 b/2 b/2

(y) L D

induced drag
downwash

8.3.2

b/2 b/2 b/2
M = yj (iDi + kL) = k yDi + i yL (8.30)
b/2 b/2 b/2

x () rolling moment
b/2 b/2
MR = yL = V (y)ydy (8.31)
b/2 b/2

z yawing moment
b/2 b/2
My = yDi = w(y)(y)ydy (8.32)
b/2 b/2

(y) MR
My
(8.31) MR > 0
8.4. 101

(8.32)

body axis coordinates (x, y, z)
x (longitudinal axis)
y (lateral axis)
z vertical axis
x y x
y (pitching moment)z

wind axis coordinates(xw , yw , zw ) xw

zw yw
xw zw

8.4
(y)

2 (y) y2
(y) = 0 1 (2y/b)2 or + =1 (8.33)
20 (b/2)2
w 8.19
[ ( )2 ]1/2
b/2
0 2
w(y) = 2 1 d (8.34)
b b/2 b y

= y

b b
y= cos , = cos (8.35)
2 2
b/2 y b/2 = 0 8.34

0 cos
w() = d (8.36)
2b 0 cos cos

(7.107) w

0
w(y) = = const. (8.37)
2b

102 8

downwash

w
8.27
0
Di (y) = w(y)(y)dy = (y)y (8.38)
2b
Di
b/2 b/2
0
Di = w(y)(y)dy = (y)dy (8.39)
b/2 2b b/2

L
b/2
L = V (y)dy (8.40)
b/2

(8.39)
0
Di = L (8.41)
2bV
i = w/V

Di = i L (8.42)

b/2
b0
(y)dy = (8.43)
b/2 4

(8.40)

L= V 0 b (8.44)
4
(8.41)

L2
Di = 2 b2
(8.45)
(/2)V

L Di
b/2

L = V dy =
V 0 b (8.46)
b/2 4
w 0 L
Di = L= = 20 (8.47)
V 2b V 8

8.4. 103

L b 0
CL = 2S
= (8.48)
(1/2)V 2 S V
( )2
Di 0 1S 2 1 CL2
CDi = = = C = (8.49)
2S
(1/2)V 4S V b2 L AR

AR = b2 /S S (plan form area of

wing) B747
7
CL CD polar diagram)

CL = ARCDi (8.50)

CL2
CD = CD0 + (8.51)
eAR
CD0 0 e Osswald
eciency factor 0.8

[] w

0
w= (8.52)
2b
L

L= V 0 b (8.53)
4
0

4L
w= (8.54)
2V b2

w 4L
= 2 b2
(8.55)
V 2V

2
w L (1/2)V S 4
= 2
2 b2
(8.56)
V (1/2)V S 1 2V

w S CL
= CL 2 = (8.57)
V b AR
AR AR = b2 /S
104 8

()

b/2 b/2
d ddy
Di = (y) (8.58)
4 b/2 b/2 d y
y

b
y= cos (8.59)
2


(y) = U b An sin n (8.60)
n=1

()

b
= cos (8.61)
2
() = U b An sin n (8.62)
n=1

d/d
d
d d d d U b n=1 An n cos n
= = d
= (8.63)
d d d d
(b/2) sin

8.598.61

d = (b/2) sin d
dy = (b/2) sin d
y = (b/2)(cos cos ) (8.64)

b/2 y b/2 0
b/2 b/2 0 (8.65)
(8.66)

8.58
2 2
U b cos n
Di = Am sin m sin An n dd (8.67)
4 0 m=1 0 cos cos
n=1

(7.107)

cos n sin n
d = () (8.68)
0 cos cos sin
8.5. 105

2 2 2 2
U b U b
Di = nA2n sin2 nd = nA2n (8.69)
4 n=1 0 8 n=1

n = 1 8.33
8.59
(y) = 0 sin (8.70)

n = 1 n 2 Di

() GA(Genetic Algorithm)

8.5
8.21
1
(y) = a0 (y)C(y) [V (y) w(y)] (8.71)
2
C(y) a0 (y) (y) (y)

(y)
[ ]
1 0
(y) = 0 1 (2y/b)2 = a0 (y)C(y) V (y) (8.72)
2 2b

a0 (y), C(y), (y)

(geometrical angle of
attack) a0 (y), (y)
8.72C(y)

(y) 0 1 (2y/b)2
C(y) = = (8.73)
(1/2)a0 (y) [V (y) (0 /2b)] (1/2)a0 (y) [V (y) (0 /2b)]

C(y) = const (y) (8.74)

const 0 , V , , b, a0

untwisted) C(y) elliptic
wing
(
(
106 8

35 40%
(Hermann Glauert 1926)

8.6
(x = xw ) x :
y z
L D
K.Kusunose

K.Kusunose: A Wake Integration Method for Airplane Drag Prediction, Tohoku University Press,
2005.

U

8.7: (MAC)

8.6.1
L

w u
L = U ydydz U
2
(1 M
2
) dydz (8.75)
w U
U
w

2 P w w
+M sdydz M 2
Hdydz + O(3 ) (8.76)
R w U w U

, U y x
( = w/y v/z)u = U U w s
H

w u
L = U ydydz U
2
dydz + O(3 ) (8.77)
w w U U

8.6. 107

()

8.6.2
D (y z )
( )2
s P s
D= P dydz + dydz dydz (8.78)
w R w 2 w 2 R

2 2
+ = (8.79)
y 2 z 2

x (
= rotv
(8.78) 1 (prole drag) 2 (induced drag) 3