Professional Documents
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Cong Trinh Xu Ly Nuoc Thai - Le Anh Tuan PDF
Cong Trinh Xu Ly Nuoc Thai - Le Anh Tuan PDF
TRNG I HC CN TH
KHOA CNG NGH
--- oOo ---
BI GING MN HC
CNG TRNH
X L NC THI
(Wastewater Treatment Works)
Bin son
L ANH TUN
- 2005 -
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LI M U
--- oOo ---
Trn trng.
L Anh Tun
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
M U - MC LC ii
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MC LC
==========
trang ...
TRANG BA....................................................................................................
LI M U ................................................................................................. ii
MC LC....................................................................................................... iii
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
M U - MC LC iii
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chng 3 CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC ................ 25
3.1 CNG TRNH LM SCH C HC....................................................... 25
3.1.1 Song chn rc ...................................................................................... 25
3.1.2 Mt s kiu song chn rc ................................................................... 27
3.2 B LNG CT ......................................................................................... 31
3.3 B LNG S CP .................................................................................. 37
3.4 B THU DU, B THU M .................................................................... 42
3.5 B LC.................................................................................................... 43
PH LC ...................................................................................................... 93
===========================================================
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M U - MC LC iv
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chng
KHI QUT V CNG TRNH X L NC THI
--- oOo ---
Ti nhiu quc gia trn th gii, vic i hi phi kim sot v x l ngun nc
thi tr thnh lut l bt buc. Hu ht cc ngnh sn xut u c cc ti liu
ch dn v tiu chun lm sch nc thi.
Mc tiu chnh ca mn hc l:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chng 1: KHI QUT V CNG TRNH X L NC THI 1
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hiu c tiu chun cht lng i hi cho mt h thng x l nc thi
sinh hot v mt s ngnh cng nghip.
C kh nng nh lng vic chuyn ti thy lc nc thi n trm/nh
my x l nc thi.
C kh nng xc nh vic b tr v tp trung cc nh hng ca nc thi
n trm /nh my x l nc thi.
C kh nng thit k cc hng mc cng trnh x l nc thi.
Bit cch qun l, vn hnh mt h thng x l nc thi.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chng 1: KHI QUT V CNG TRNH X L NC THI 2
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 H THNG
CP NC
CNG TRNH
LM SCH NC
)
MNG LI
S DNG NC
C
X L NC THI NC THI
TRIT (LN III) CHA X L
@ +
X L NC THI
TH CP (LN II) X L NC THI
A S CP (LN I)
@
H THNG X L NC THI
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chng 1: KHI QUT V CNG TRNH X L NC THI 3
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bng 1.1 : Tng quan v cng ngh v phng php x l nc thi
Cng ngh Phng php Cng trnh Mc tiu
x l x l x l x l
+ Ha L - Tuyn ni - Tch cc cht l
- Hp ph lng v kh mu
- Keo t...
X l
s b
+ Ha hc - Oxy ha - Trung ha v kh
- Trung ha c nc thi
+ C hc - B lc ct - Tch cc cht l
lng
+ Sinh hc - B aeroten bc II - Kh nit v
- B lc sinh hc bc II phtpho
X l - H sinh vt
trit - B kh nitrat
+ Ha hc - B oxy ha - Kh nit,
phtpho v cc
cht khc
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chng 1: KHI QUT V CNG TRNH X L NC THI 4
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nc thi Li chn
H thng rc, si My bm Li chn B lng ct
cha x l
thu gom ln nc thi rc nh hn
nc thi
+)
Thu gom rc, bn ct
v bi
X L S B
X L S CP X L TH CP
X l bn s cp X l bn th cp
B sc kh
Chlorire st
B lng bn ct My nn kh (Loi Phophorus)
v vng ni
Hon lu bn hot tnh
Sn phi bn
Kh trng X L TRIT
San lp/
Betn ha
3
B tip xc Chlorine RA NGUN NC
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Chng 1: KHI QUT V CNG TRNH X L NC THI 5
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
V d 1.1: S hng dn chn la mt h thng x l nc thi sinh hot da
vo c ca nc (hnh 1.3).
Nc c c trung bnh Lc
Thm thu
Lc chm qua ct
Nc c c cao
v c phng th nghim tt
C tin Xy dng nh my
Kinh ph? x l nc thi theo
tiu chun
t tin
Lc chm qua ct,
C vi bin php tin
C ct?
x l nh:
+ B lng
t + B lng ct nc
chy ngang
Lc nhiu lp: + B lc ct sn
Mng lc bng tro
tru/ x da / ct
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Chng 1: KHI QUT V CNG TRNH X L NC THI 6
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.1.5 Cc yu cu chnh ca mt Cng trnh XLNT
Mt cng trnh X l nc thi phi c xem xt trn c 3 ch tiu
(3E): k thut (Engineering), kinh t (Economics) v mi trng
(Environment).
Chnh sch
Qui hoch
D n
Cng trnh
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Chng 1: KHI QUT V CNG TRNH X L NC THI 7
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hnh 1.2: Tin trnh tng qut ca vic xy dng v thc hin d n
Vic thc hin mt cng trnh s c nhng bc i c bn sau:
iu tra, Kho st
Phng n cng trnh
Chn la phng n
Thit k cc hng mc
D ton cng trnh
Duyt, iu chnh
Thi cng, Xy dng
Bn giao, Qun l
Hnh 1.3. Cc bc c bn trong thc hin mt cng trnh
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Chng 1: KHI QUT V CNG TRNH X L NC THI 8
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.2.4 xut Phng n
Cc chuyn gia cn xy dng cng nhiu phng n xem xt cng tt. Trc khi
xy dng cac phng n cn nh gi mc vn cn gii quyt. Hin nay,
c nhiu phng php x l nc thi, vy cn chn phng n no? Kt cu
cng trnh no l ph hp? Chi ph xy dng v vn hnh c vt qua kh nng
ti chnh cho php khng? Cc gii hn v din tch t? Qun l cng trnh ra
sao? Mi phng n phi nu ln mt mnh v mt yu ca n. Chn phng n
ti u (li ch cao, tha yu cu, chi ph t, vn hnh d, ...).
Phn ny, sinh vin c th tham kho thm cc gio trnh kinh t xy dng, kinh
t mi trng v cc ti liu tham kho v phn tch d n.
Tm tt cng trnh
Phn ph lc
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Chng 1: KHI QUT V CNG TRNH X L NC THI 9
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
H s cng trnh thng c in ra r rng theo kh giy A4 (210 x 297 mm),
kiu ch chn phng, c nh s trang v sp xp theo mt trnh t nht nh.
H s phi c ng thnh tp vi ba cng. Phn ph lc c th ng chung
vi tp h s nu khng qu dy. Trng hp cng trnh ln, biu bng tnh ton,
bn , s nhiu th c th tch ra thnh mt tp ph lc ring.
Tn cng trnh : M s :
V tr, a danh :
C quan ch tr :
+ Kho st :
+ Thit k :
+ Xy dng... :
Thi gian :
Kinh ph :
+ a phng :
+ Quc gia :
+ Quc t :
1. Bi cnh (Background)
2. L gii (Justification)
3. Mc tiu (Objectives)
4. u ra v cc hot ng (Outputs and Activities)
5. u vo (Inputs)
6. Sp xp vic thc hin (Implementation Arrangements)
7. Qun l d n (Project Management)
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Chng 1: KHI QUT V CNG TRNH X L NC THI 10
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.3.3 Cc s liu - Ph lc
==============================================================
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Chng 1: KHI QUT V CNG TRNH X L NC THI 11
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
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Chng
XC NH KHI LNG V THNH PHN NC THI
LIN QUAN N CC CH S THIT K CNG TRNH
--- oOo ---
Lng nc thi sinh hot v tnh cht tp trung nhim thng bin ng cao.
Nu lng nc cp gim, th tp trung nhim gia tng.
Bng 2.2 Khi lng cht bn c trong nc thi sinh hot cho 1 ngi
Cht Cht bn (g/ngi/ngy-m)
Khong Hu c Tng cng BOD5
Lng 10 30 40 20
Khng lng 5 10 15 10
Ha tan 75 50 125 30
Cng ton b 90 90 180 60
Ngun: Imhoffk, 1972
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Chng 2: XC NH KHI LNG V THNH PHN NC THI 12
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
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Bng 2.3 Lng nc thi hng ngy cc cng trnh sinh hot v thng mi
Loi cng trnh n v Lng BOD5
(v) nc thi (kg/ v. ngy)
(l/ v. ngy)
Phi trng khch 20 0.01
Nh th ch ngi 20 0.01
Cu lc b ng qu hi vin 100 0.03
Xng (khng cht thi cng nghip) cng nhn 135 0.04
Bnh vin gng 950 0.24
Tim git i my git 2200 bin i
Nh tr (khng km nh hng) gng 190 0.06
Vn phng (khng km cn tin) nhn vin 60 0.02
Cng vin ngi 20 0.01
Nh hng mn 20 0.01
Trng ni tr hc sinh 380 0.08
Trng tiu hc hc sinh 60 0.02
Trng trung hc hc sinh 75 0.02
Siu th ngi 60 0.02
H bi ngi 40 0.01
Sn vn ng ngi 20 0.01
Nh ht ch ngi 20 0.01
Ngun: S.N. Goldstein, W.J. Woberg, Wastewater Treatment Systems for Rural
Communities, 1973
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Chng 2: XC NH KHI LNG V THNH PHN NC THI 13
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
lng rn l lng c th lng ng chng 60% sau khong 1 gi yn nc,
c ly ra khi nc v x l vt l nh mt bin php lng s cp (primary
settling). Phn cn li, chng 100 mg/l l nhng cht khng th lng ng v c
th dng cc bin php x l ha hc hoc sinh hc loi thi. Hu ht bin
php x l th cp (secondary treatment process) l sinh hc. Phn cn li cui
cng phn ln l vi cht v c ca cht rn khng lng ng c, mun loi b
hon ton phi dng nhng bin php x l trit .
Tng cht rn
720 mg/L
Cht rn l lng
160 mg/L
450 mg/L
Cht keo
50 mg/L
60 mg/L
Cht khong
Cht khong
Cht khong
Cht khong
Cht hu c
Cht hu c
Cht hu c
Cht hu c
120 mg/L
160 mg/L
290 mg/L
40 mg/L
40 mg/L
15 mg/L
40 mg/L
10 mg/L
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Chng 2: XC NH KHI LNG V THNH PHN NC THI 14
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
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Chng 2: XC NH KHI LNG V THNH PHN NC THI 15
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
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hn hoc bng gi tr quan trc c (v tr im) theo cng thc, trong m
khong th t gi tr v n l tng s quan trc. Bng tnh nh sau:
Th t BOD5 V tr im Th t BOD5 V tr im
1 200 4.17 7 400 54.20
2 250 12.50 8 425 62.50
3 300 20.80 9 475 70.80
4 300 29.20 10 475 79.20
5 350 37.50 11 525 87.50
6 375 45.80 12 525 95.80
Ly kt qu tnh
chm im ln giy
bn logarit (giy tn
sut, trc honh v
theo logarit).
V ng thng i
qua trung tm cc
im, sao cho
khong lch l nh
nht.
*Ghi ch: Phng php ny tng t cch xc nh tn sut l xut hin trong
thy vn.
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Chng 2: XC NH KHI LNG V THNH PHN NC THI 16
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
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2.2 NC THI SN XUT
2.2.1 Khi lng
Chng ta cn phn bit 2 loi:
nc thi cng nghip (industrial wastewater) l nc thi ca qu trnh
sn xut cng nghip.
nc thi khu cng nghip (industrial zone wastewater) l nc thi sn
xut cng thm lng nc thi sinh hot t cc nh v sinh, nh n, ... v
lng nc ma ri trong khu vc.
Gii:
3
200 . mg 1g 2500 . m 1000 . l 1 . nguoi . ngay
PE = = 5263 ngi
l 1000 . mg ngay 1m 3 95 .g
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Chng 2: XC NH KHI LNG V THNH PHN NC THI 17
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
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2.2.2 Thnh phn v tnh cht
Thnh phn v tnh cht ca nc thi cng nghip rt a dng v ph thuc vo
nhiu yu t ca sn xut cng nghip gm nh lnh vc, nguyn liu tiu th,
loi cng ngh p dng, qui m hot ng, ... Mt s ti liu nc ngoi cho bit
khi lng nc thi cng nghip thng chim 30 - 35% tng lng nc thi
th. Khi tnh ton cng trnh x l chung nc thi sinh hot v cng nghip, ta
cn c vo cht nhim bn sinh hot. Cht bn cng nghip phi gi li x l
cc b nhm bo m tnh an ton cho h thng dn v x l nc thi th.
Tnh cht ca nc thi thng c xc nh bng phn tch ha hc thnh
phn nhim bn. tuy nhin c y cc s liu thng gp nhiu kh khn
v thi gian, thit b v kinh ph. n gin, ngi ta thng da vo mt s ch
tiu nh nhit , mu sc, mi v, trong, pH, cht tro v khng tro, hm lng
cht l lng, cht lng ng, BOD, COD v mt s ch tiu khc do yu cu.
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Chng 2: XC NH KHI LNG V THNH PHN NC THI 18
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
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2.3 CC V D C BN XC NH CH S THIT K THY LC
2.3.1 Phng trnh Manning v phng trnh Hazen-Williams
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Chng 2: XC NH KHI LNG V THNH PHN NC THI 19
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
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V d 2.5: Thit k mt knh dn hnh ch nht bng btng vi:
Lu lng nc thi Q = 2 m3/s
dc y knh S = 0,001
H s nhm knh dn n = 0,012
2/3 b (m)
Q max =
1
0,012
(
d
2.d 2 . ) (0,001)
1/ 2
=2
2
d = 0,8 m b = 1,6 m
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Chng 2: XC NH KHI LNG V THNH PHN NC THI 20
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
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ng knh ti u:
(511,4 a1 T Q 2,8519 ) 0,17 (511,4 150 7300 0,2 2,8519 ) 0,17
d opt = =
(u r a 2 C 1,8519 ) 0,17 (0,60 0,0991 500000 1001,8519 ) 0,17
dopt = 0.57391 m
Nhiu trng hp ta phi dng nhiu my bm thot nc, vic tnh ton mt
h thng nhiu my bm tr nn phc tp hn, ( ngh xem li cc Gio trnh v
sch v Bm v Trm bm).
v2/2g
Ho H
P
Q
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Chng 2: XC NH KHI LNG V THNH PHN NC THI 21
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
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2.3.5 Cn bng dng chy
Vic loi thi cht rn, c bit l bn ct, s lm thay i nhanh chng lng
dng chy cht thi. Trong mt h thng x l x l nc thi thng c mt khu
tr tm thi hoc mt b iu lu nhm loi b mt phn ln cht rn l lng
trong nc. Kch thc hoc th tch ca b iu lu thng c xc nh theo
thy nc thi hng ngy (the daily wastewater hydrograph).
n
1
Q ave =
n
Q
i =1
i (2-11)
Qavg Qmin
Q b= x(1 ngay)
Qmax Qmin
Qma
Vs
a = Qmax - Qavg
Qavg
b
Qmin
6:00 6:00 Gi
18:00
Hnh 2.5: M hnh sng vung cho dng nc thi trong 1 ngy
V d 2.7:
Hnh 2.5 cho dng nc thi trong 1 ngy (t 6:00 sng hm nay n 6:00 sng
ngy hm sau) theo m hnh ny. Vng din tch c gch sc th hin s thay i
ca lng chy thi trong 24 gi so vi tr trung bnh Qavg. Theo s cn bng khi
lng, ta c:
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Chng 2: XC NH KHI LNG V THNH PHN NC THI 22
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
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Qavg(1 ngy) = Qmin (1 ngy) + (Qmax - Qmin)(b ngy)
Q avg Q min
b= (2-12)
Q max Q min
Ly trc honh l thi gian trong ngy (ct 1), trc tung l lu lng nc thi ly
tch (ct 5). Chm cc im tng ng t bng tnh. V ng cong ni lin cc
im ly tch vi nhau. Ni im 0 vi im tch ly trong 24 gi, ta c ng
trung bnh, v 2 ng thng x-x' v y-y' song song vi vi ng trung bnh v
tip xc vi im lm v im li ca ng ly tch ln lt ti A v B (hnh 2.7).
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Chng 2: XC NH KHI LNG V THNH PHN NC THI 23
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
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16000
y'
14000 Lng nc B
thai luy tch
12000 (m3)
10000
y Th tch b
8000
6000 x'
4000
A
2000
x Gi
0
0:00
2:00
4:00
6:00
8:00
0:00
10:00
12:00
14:00
16:00
18:00
20:00
22:00
Hnh 2.7: ng cong ly tch th tch lng nc thi trong ngy
Trong thc t, ngi ta thng gia tng th tch b khi xy dng khong 10% n
20% so vi tnh ton d phng cc trng hp gia tng lng nc thi bt
thng, i khi cn phi cng thm mt lng th tch nc cht no ty theo
nh hng ca cao trnh cng thot.
==============================================================
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Chng 2: XC NH KHI LNG V THNH PHN NC THI 24
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
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Chng
CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC
--- oOo ---
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Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC 25
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
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i vi song chn rc, ta c th phn bit:
Theo khe h ca song chn c 3 kch c: loi th ln (30 - 200 mm), loi
trung bnh (16 - 30 mm), loi nh (di 16 mm ).
Theo cu to ca song chn: loi c nh v loi di ng.
Theo phng cch ly rc: loi th cng v loi c gii.
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Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC 26
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
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Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC 27
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
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Song chn rc c b phn ly rc bng c gii rt a dng v hnh kiu, mi loi
u c u im v khuyt im ring (hnh 3.4).
V d 3.1: nh hnh kch thc lin quan n vic thit k mt knh dn trc khi
i n mt b phn song chn rc co tay vi cc thng s tnh ton sau:
+ Lu lng thit k ln nht Q = 1 m3/s
+ Vn tc dng chy i qua song chn rc V = 0,5 m/s
+ Khong cch cc thanh chn rc b = 50 mm
+ Chiu su dng chy trong knh ly rc H = 1 m.
Gii:
1. Tnh chiu rng cc thanh chn v b rng knh dn nc thi
Din tch mt lm sch qua song chn A:
Q 1
A= = = 2 m2
V 0 ,5
Chiu rng mt lm sch qua song chn W:
A 2
W = = =2 m
H 1
S khong h trn song chn rc n:
W 2 .m 100 .cm
n= = = = 40 khong h
b 5.cm 1.m
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Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC 29
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
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3. Tnh ton s rc gi li song lc trong 1 ngy.
Khi lng rc gi li = (20 m3/1.000.000 m3)(1 m3/s)(3600 s/h)(24 h/ngy)
= 1,73 m3 rc/ngy.
Yu cu xc nh
(1) vn tc trung bnh dng chy trong ng.
(2) s thanh chn cho b phn song co rc theo cc s liu trn.
(3) tn tht ct nc qua song chn ng vi Vavg.
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Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC 31
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
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V d 3.3:
(1) Thit k mt b lng ct vi lu lng nc thi ln nht Qmax = 0,45 m3/s.
Cho thi gian nc lu li trong b l T = 1 pht v vn tc chy l V = 0,3 m/s.
B rng knh dn l B = 1,50 m.
(2) Xc nh kch thc ca p trn hnh loe cn thit. Cho chiu cao t y
knh n nh trn l P = 0,2 m (xem hnh 3.5).
Q 0,450
Din tch mt ct t: A= = = 1,5 m2
V 0,3
A 1,5
Chiu su lp nc: H= = = 1,0 m
B 1,5
(2) Thit k p trn hnh loe
p trn hnh loe i xng c b tr cui knh dn. y l dng phi hp
gia bi ton dng chy qua mt p trn thnh mng v mt l. Loi ny c c
im l khi Q tng gp i, th chiu su dng chy cng tng gp i v nhng
vn tc dng chy khng i:
Q 2Q
V= =
( B)( H ) ( B )(2 H )
vi B l b rng knh v H = (h + P) l su dng chy.
xc nh hnh dng ca mt hnh loe, ta tnh ton theo tin trnh sau:
Q = 4,17 l.h1/2.h
Lp bng tnh:
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Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC 32
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
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Lu lng su trn su B rng Vn tc
Q h = Q/0,56 H = h + 0,20 l = 0,13/h1/2 V = Q/BH
(m3/s) (m) (m) (m) (m/s)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
0.45 0,803 1,003 0,145 0,298
0.40 0,714 0,914 0,153 0,291
0.35 0,625 0,825 0,146 0,282
0.30 0,535 0,735 0,177 0,271
0.25 0,446 0,646 0,194 0,257
0.20 0,357 0,557 0,217 0,239
0.15 0,267 0,467 0,254 0,213
0.10 0,178 0,378 0,307 0,176
Hnh 3.7:
B lng ct nc chy vng
1. Tm phay
1 H 1
3. ng dn ct ( < < )
8 R 6
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Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC 33
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
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+ B lng ct c sc kh
B lng ct loi ny thit k theo quan st chuyn ng ca cht lng xoy trn
lm cc ht rn trong cht lng tch ly li, nht l cc ht ct c ng knh ln
hn 0,2 mm, thi gian lu li trong b khong 2 n 5 pht ti thi im c lu
lng cc i. H thu ct c b tr di y ng dn chng 0,9 m di cc
ng thi kh. Cc ng thi kh c t v tr cch y b chng 0,45 - 0,60 m.
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Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC 34
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tnh lng kh cn thit, cng sut kh ti u ra ca my nn kh v chi ph tin
in hng thng.
Gii :
Vi s liu cho, xc nh kch thc b
Lu lng knh max Q = 30.000 m3/ngy
Thi gian lu li T = 3 pht = V/Q (V l th tch khi nc thi)
Xc nh lu lng kh cn thit
Qair = 0,6 m3/pht. m x 8,5 m = 5,1 m3/pht
Xc nh cng sut:
Tnh ct p nc
h = (my khuy kh) + ( ngp my khuy kh) + (tn tht ng khuy v van)
h = 300 mm + 2500 mm + 30% (2800 mm) = 3,64 m
h = 3,64 x 9790 N/m2/m = 35.700 N/m2 (1 m p nc 20C = 9 790 N/m2)
Cng sut my bm kh P:
Q h 5,1 35.700
P = air = = 303.450 N.m/60 giy = 5058 Watt (1 W = 1 N.m/s)
b 0,60
P 5,06 kW
Chi ph bm kh mi thng Cm t ng c
T C e P 24.h / d 30.d / mo 0,03$ / kW .h 5,06kW
Cm = m = = 121.$ / mo
m 0,90
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Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC 35
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ B lng ct ng
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Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC 36
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.3 B LNG S CP
B lng s cp (primary sedimentation tanks) l mt trong nhng tin trnh x l
nc thi c in nht, n c nhim v gi li cc cht khng ha tan, tri l lng
trong nc thi. Cc cht c th b gi li trong b gm:
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Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC 37
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC 38
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cc ht cht rn c tc lng khc nhau, n ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh s
lng ht rn, hnh dng, trng lng ring, ng lc dng chy v c nhit
nc na. Mt s nh nghin cu v thy lc c gng xc nh qu trnh lng
bng mt phng trnh ton hc nhng n nay vn cha c th khi qut ha
c. n nay qu trnh lng ng hc thng xc nh bng cch thc nghim.
Vn tc lng ca thnh phn ht Vs c th ly theo cng thc:
g
Vs = ( s w ).d 2 (3-7)
18.
trong g - gia tc trng trng, g = 9,81 m/s2
- h s nht ng hc (dynamic viscosity), = ., N.s/m2
( l h s nht ng lc - kinematic viscosity - ca cht lng, m2/s v
l trng lng ring - density -, kg/m3)
s v w - ln lt l khi lng ring ca nc thi v nc tinh
d - ng knh ht, mm
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Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC 39
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bng 3.4: Cc s liu thit k b lng s cp
Thng s Khong bin thin Khong
chun
B lng s cp trc trm x l th cp
Thi gian lu tn, gi 1,5 - 2,5 2,0
Lu lng, gal/ft2.day (m3/m2.day)
- Trung bnh 800 - 1.200 (32,56 - 48,84)
2.000 - 3.000 (81,4 - 122,1) 2.500 (101,75)
- Ti a
Lu lng qua 1 n v chiu di p trn 10.000 - 40.000 (124 - 496) 20.000 (248)
gal/ft.day (m3/m.day)
B lng s cp c hon lu bn hot tnh
Thi gian lu tn, gi 1,5 - 2,5 2,0
Lu lng, gal/ft2.day (m3/m2.day)
- Trung bnh 600 - 800 (24,42 - 32,56)
- Ti a 1.200 - 1.700 (48,84 - 69,19) 1.500 (61,05)
Lu lng qua 1 n v chiu di p trn
gal/ft.day (m3/m.day) 10.000 - 40.000 (124 - 496) 20.000 (248)
Ngun: George T., Franlin L. B., Wastewater Engineering, 1995
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Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC 40
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q 36.400
Gii: Din tch mt thong = Ap = = 3.033 m2
SOR 12
B hnh vung L = W = 3033 = 55,072 m, ly trn 56 x 56 m
Q 5000
Din tch mt thong: A p = = = 143 m2
SOR 35
2.5 5000
Ti lu lng max: SOR = = 87 m3/ day.m2.
143
vtt/Umin 20 15 10
1,75 1,65 1,5
V d 3.6:
Mt nh my lc du x c knh nc thi trn ln vi du cn vi lu lng thi
220 l/s. Hm lng du trong nc thi l 5.000 mg/l. Cho bit ht du c ng
knh d = 0,008 cm, nhit 20C, trng lng ring ca du l d = 0,87 g/cm3,
nc thi n = 1 g/cm3, nht ca mi trng nc thi l = 0,01 g/cm3.s. T
s vn tc dng chy ngang trong b v vn tc ni ti thiu l vtt/Umin = 10. Yu
cu xc nh kch thc b thu du.
Gii : Tc ni ln ca ht du:
981 2 n d 981 1 0,87
U min = .d . = .0,008 2. = 0,0465 cm/s = 0,00465 m/s
18 18 0,01
Mt ct t b thu du:
Q 0,22
= = 48 m2
vtt 0,00465
Thanh gt du thng c chiu rng 1,2 - 1,5 m. Chn 4 thanh, chiu rng b thu
du ly l B = 6 m, 4 ngn. Khi chiu su cng tc ca b l:
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Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC 42
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
w 48
h= = =2m
B 64
3.5 B LC
Ngi ta c th dng cc ht sn si, ct, than ... loi b mt phn cc cht
rn l lng ca nc thi v lng BOD trc khi cho qua cc cng trnh x l
sinh hc hay ha hc khc. B lc thm hay b lc nh git (percolating hay
trickling filters) l mt trong cc hnh thc lc c in vi dng hnh hp trn , hnh
ch nht bng b tng hoc thp cha si, vi (c ng knh ht khong 25 -
100 mm). Kch thc cc b thng vo khong 1,0 - 2,5 m theo chiu su v c
ng knh khong 5 - 50 m, y b l cc tm lc thu hi nc thi qua
x l b lc thm. Gn y b c mt l nh thng kh. S b nh hnh v.
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Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC 43
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bng 3.6: Cc c trng ca b lc nh git
c trng thit k (vn tc) Thp Trung Cao Rt cao Lc trn
Loi vt liu lc Si Si Si Plastic Plastic/ Si
Ti thy lc (x 1000 m3/m2. ngy) 10 - 40 40 - 100 100 - 400 150 - 900 600 - 1800
Ti hu c (kg BOD5/m3. ngy) 1-3 3-6 6 - 12 < 30 > 20
% BOD b loi kh 80 - 85 50 - 70 40 - 80 65 - 85 40 - 85
Nitrat hoa C Mt s Khng t Khng
Ngun: American Water Works Association (AWWA), 1992
Nhit ca dng nc thi cng cao th hiu qu lc cng ln. Cng thc kinh
nghim sau cho thy quan h gia hiu sut b lc v nhit nc thi:
Et = E20 .a t 20 % (3-9)
trong : Et - hiu sut b lc nhit nc thi t C
E20 - hiu sut b lc nhit nc thi 20 C
a - hng s thc nghim, a = 1,035
100
E= % (3-10)
1 + 0,448. W / VF
Theo Cm nang M hnh Thc nghim Anh quc (The British Manual of
Practices Model), 1988:
L1 1
=
[
Lo 1 + K t 15
(
A.s m / Q n )] (3-11)
360 25
Gii: Hiu sut gim BOD yu cu: E=
= 93%
360
Vi R = 1:1 = 1, s dng phng trnh NRC:
H s hon lu:
1+ R 1+1
F= = = 1,65
(1 + 0,1R) 2
1 + 0,1.1) 2
Vi R = 2:1 = 2
H s hon lu:
1+ R 1+ 2
F= = = 2.083
(1 + 0,1R) 2
1 + 0,1 2) 2
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Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC 45
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chn n = 10 b lc hnh trn vi kch thc: su h = 2,5 m, ng knh D = 40 m.
D 2 3,1416 40 2
Kim tra: Vtk = n.( .h) = 10 2,5 = 31.416 m3 > 31.212 m3 (tha).
4 4
=============================================================
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Chng 3: CNG TRNH X L NC THI BNG C HC 46
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chng
CNG TRNH LM SCH NC THI DI T
--- oOo ---
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Chng 4: CNG TRNH LM SCH NC DI T 48
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.1.2 B tr Nh v sinh
cc vng nng thn, ni c din tch rng ri, kinh ph v vt liu xy dng kh
khn, nh v sinh thng b tr bn ngoi nh , mang tnh cng ng (cho 1
hoc vi nng h s dng chung), cu trc n gin nhng m bo yu cu
v sinh mi trng, mt s khong cch ti thiu hnh 4.2 cn c tham kho.
Hnh 4.2 : Khong cch ti thiu tham kho khi b tr h x cng cng vng
nng thn
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Chng 4: CNG TRNH LM SCH NC DI T 50
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.1.3 Phn loi nh v sinh
C 3 dng chnh chn la khi quyt nh xy dng nh v sinh:
Bng 4.3 : Phn loi b thi lin quan s dng nc v vn chuyn phn
C s vn chuyn phn Khng vn chuyn phn
1. Xy dng nh v sinh 3. Xy dng loi nh v
loi c nt nhn x nc sinh c nt x ni h cha
C dng nc
ni vi h thng dn thot phn hoc ao c hoc hm
nc biogas
2. Xy dng loi nh v 4. Xy dng loi nh v
Khng dng
sinh vi loi h x thng sinh vi h phn
nc
compost
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Chng 4: CNG TRNH LM SCH NC DI T 51
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bng 4.4: Cc hnh thc chuyn phn
Hnh thc vn chuyn c im
Vn chuyn phn bn bng xe ht
hm cu
Ph hp vi cc vng th v ven
, th trn
Chi ph cao
V sinh tt
Ngoi ra ngi ta cn phn loi theo kiu nh x c hay khng s chia tch phn
v nc tiu cho cc mc tiu x l v s dng khc nhau.
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Chng 4: CNG TRNH LM SCH NC DI T 52
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
H X Ngi
Xe b Xe ht Ao tr
chuyn phn hm cu H tr
Thc phm
4.1.4 B t hoi
B t hoi (septic tank) thng c thit k theo dng hnh trn bng cc cu
kin lp ghp sn, mt s ni c xu hng xy theo hnh ch nht (hnh 4.4). Cn
lu rng, b t hoi khc b lng ch l nc thi khng chy lin tc vo b
t hoi nn tnh n nh thy lc khng ng dng c.
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Chng 4: CNG TRNH LM SCH NC DI T 53
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.1.4.1 Kch thc b t hoi
Qui m xy dng nh v sinh c hiu l dung tch cn thit ca h cha phn
hay kch thc h cha, dung tch cha ca nh v sinh ty thuc vo 3 yu t:
mc thi ca tng c nhn (ngi ln hoc tr em), s lng ngi s dng nh
v sinh v thi gian s dng (thi gian phi ht sch hm cu). Tht s, kh c
th xc nh chnh xc dung tch ny, n mang tnh gn ng, vic tnh ton thin
v an ton, ngha l kt qu tha so vi nhu cu thc t.
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Chng 4: CNG TRNH LM SCH NC DI T 54
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4,8
su ca h cha phn = = 3,91 m
1,23
Bng 4.7 v 4.8 l bng tnh th tch cho cc h cha kh (h x khng di nc)
v h cha t (h x c di nc) theo cng thc 4-1.
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Chng 4: CNG TRNH LM SCH NC DI T 55
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
V d 4.2: (theo ti liu ESIC, Bangkok, 1987)
Nh v d 4.1, dng bng tra xc nh th tch v hnh dng h cha.
Gii: Tra bng 4.7 cho h x kh, vi 6 ngi trong h v s dng h cha 10
nm, dng nc ra hu mn, ta c th tch thit k l 4.79 m3. S dng
bng 2.6 vi th tch 4.79 m3, ta c cc chn la cc kiu h cha sau (xem cc
bi m, chn s gn 4.79 m3, nghing v an ton):
B
Th tch (m3)
15
14
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Chng 4: CNG TRNH LM SCH NC DI T 56
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
V d 4.3: Dng v d 4.1, s dng ton xc nh th tch h cha phn.
Gii:
1. Chn im C. T bng 4.6, mc thi phn l C = 0,06
2. Chn im P, l s ngi s dng, v d ny l 6.
3. Ni CP c im T trn on OB.
4. K ng ni 2 im A v T c on AT.
5. Chn im N, l s nm thit k, y l 10 nm.
6. T im N, ko thng ln gp on AT, t im giao, ko ngang qua on
OB, im ct trn on OB l th tch thit k: # 4,8 m3.
Theo nghin cu ca Vin Pasteur Nha Trang, c tch th tch ngn cha
phn qui m gia nh, c th dng cng thc kinh nghim sau (Dng Trng
Ph, 2003):
Cng thc ny cng tng i ph hp vi mc thi phn theo s liu bng 2.3
ca Kalbermatten et al. (1980).
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Chng 4: CNG TRNH LM SCH NC DI T 57
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
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Chng 4: CNG TRNH LM SCH NC DI T 58
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
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i vi b t hoi 2 ngn, dung tch ca ngn th 1 khng nh hn 2/3 dung tch
ca c b, cn i vi b t hoi 3 ngn, dung tch ca ngn th 1 bng 1/2 dung
tch b. trnh lng cn, ng ng dn nc thi ra ti b phi t nghing
vi dc 1:50. i vi cc ng ng dn qu di, cn t ging kim tra.
i vi ng ng thot nc thi ra khi b, c th t ng ng c dc
nh hn, khong 1:100 n 1:50.
Hnh 4.10: Xe ht hm cu
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Chng 4: CNG TRNH LM SCH NC DI T 59
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
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Gii:
Gia nh c 4 ngi v b t hoi (1,8 x 2,0 x 1,0) m3 = 3,6 m3 = 3,600 L s
phi bm ht hm cu khong sau 6 nm (chn ng cong gn nht thin
v an ton: V = 3,785 L, trong biu ca Bounds).
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Chng 4: CNG TRNH LM SCH NC DI T 60
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.3 H THNG G LC
G lc (mound) l mt h thng x l nc thi bng phng php thm lc qua
t c xy dng trn nn t ct xp lp. Phng php x l nc thi bng
g lc c pht trin vo u thp nin 1970 ti i hc Wisconsin (M). G lc
c s dng hiu qu :
Cc vng t thm rt chm c;
Cc vng t thm rt cn trn nn ;
Cc vng t thm rt c vi mc nc ngm cao trong ma ma.
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Chng 4: CNG TRNH LM SCH NC DI T 61
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
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Kch thc g lc x xch trong khong 8 - 10 m chiu rng, 35 - 40 m chiu di
v khong 0,5 - 0,8 m chiu cao. Tuyn b tr g l ni thp hn khu vc nh ,
xa ngun ly nc, dc khong 12%. t p cho g lc l cc loi t ct, ct
pha tht hoc st, ni l ra ca ng bm nc c ri sn si hoc ct th.
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Chng 4: CNG TRNH LM SCH NC DI T 62
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nguyn tc cn tn trng l ging thm khng c lm nhim bn v nhim
bnh ngun nc ngm v cc ngun nc t nhin khc. Ngoi ra, khi thit k
ging thm cn lu l thnh phn nc thi i vo ging thm khng c cn l
lng khng lm tc nghn ging. Mun nh vy, cn c b t hoi ln hoc b
phn hy. i vi nc ngm tng mt, y ging phi cao hn mc nc ngm
cao nht trong ma ma t nht 1,00 m. Nu mc nc ngm qu cao, st mt
t th c th xy dng h thng ti ngm, hoc g lc nh phn trc, lc
chi ph s cao hn. Nn xy ging v tr di hng nc chy ca ging ly
nc. Sau khi s dng mt thi gian di, cn lm sch li ging thm hoc xy
ging mi. Trong tnh ton ging thm, cn xc nh din tch thm. Din tch
thm cn thit c nh ngha l din tch b mt y thm nc v thnh ngoi
nm trong t thm nc. thm nc ty thuc vo loi t v chiu cao p
lc ct nc trong ging. Trng hp khng c iu kin kho nghim, c th ly
1 - 2 m2 din tch thm cho 1 ngi s dng. C th dng bng tra sau:
Bng 4.3 : Din tch thm c ch (m2, cho 1 ngi) khi xy ging thm
Loi t Nh Trm tri Trng hc
(200 l/ng/day) (100 l/h/d) (65 l/h/d)
Ct th hoc si 0,93 0,23 0,14
Ct mn 1,40 0,37 0,23
Ct pha st 2,30 0,60 0,37
St trn nhiu ct hoc si 3,70 0,93 0,60
St trn t ct hoc si 7,10 1,85 1,25
St nng, t, t cng, khng dng khng dng khng dng
khng thm nc,...
Ngun: J. Gruhler, 1980, Cng trnh lm sch nc thi loi nh, V.K. Long dch
1200
qs (4-5)
2 , 5 .t + 6 , 2
trong :
qs - lu lng thm (l/m2/ngy)
t - thi gian (pht) cn thit
mc nc h xung 10 cm
qs = 107 l/m2/ngy
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Chng 4: CNG TRNH LM SCH NC DI T 63
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
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4.2.2 Kt cu ging thm
Rt nhiu tc gi thit k nhiu kiu ging thm khc nhau. Di y l mt s
kiu tiu biu:
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Chng 4: CNG TRNH LM SCH NC DI T 64
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.3 CNH NG LC, TI
4.3.1 Nguyn l
Nc thi c kh nng t lm sch qua qu trnh thm rt qua t ct nh l mt
phng thc x l t lc sinh hc v ha l, c gi tng qut l l x l nc
thi qua t (land treatment). Bng cch x nc thi sau khi x l s b qua mt
ho lc ngm hay mt cnh ng ti hay bi lc c din tch tng i rng, cc
cht cn l lng trong nc s b gi li tng t mt. Nh c xy v vi khun
ho kh m cc ht cht bn c xy ha v nc c lm sch thm
xung mt t. iu kin quan trng trong phng php ny l phi c lp t ct
kh dy lc, chiu dy ti thiu khong 0,2 - 0,5 m. Thc t cho thy kh
nng x l nc thi hu hiu din ra su 1,50 m t mt t. S dng
phng php lc nc thi theo chu k. Chu k lc c thay i bng chu k
thng thong vi lp vt liu lc. Ngoi ra, lng nc ny c th s dng
tng m trong lp th nhng v cung cp mt phn dng cht cho cy
trng.
4.3.2 Thit k
Vic dng nc thi ti cng cn xem xt nhu cu nc ca cy trng theo
cc yu t loi cy trng, thi v, loi t v giai on sinh trng. Kch thc cc
ti cng khng nh hn 3 ha, nu hnh ch nht th b tr t l chiu
rng/chiu di khong 1:4 n 1:8, chiu di ca khong 300 - 1.500 m thun
li cho vic c gii ha. dc khu ti chn khong 0,02 v khu ti nn xa
khu dn c theo bng sau:
Ba hnh thc x l nc thi qua t thng dng l: lc chm (slow rate), thm
nhanh (rapid infiltration) v chy trn mt (overland flow). Trong hnh thc lc
chm cn c cc kiu tnh ton khc l: Kiu (1) tnh mc ti thy lc da vo tnh
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Chng 4: CNG TRNH LM SCH NC DI T 65
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thm ca t, kiu (2) tnh mc ti thy lc da vo nhu cu ti, ngoi ra cn c
kiu tnh mc ti thy lc da vo mc gii hn Nitrogen (xem cch tnh ton
4.3.3). Mi kiu ph hp vi tnh cht cng trnh ni x l, c th tham kho
bng 4.5.
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Chng 4: CNG TRNH LM SCH NC DI T 66
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
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Trong 3 phng cch lm sch nc thi qua t ni trn, cch thc cho ti
chy trn mt cho hiu qu cao hn, xem bng 4.6.
Bng 4.5: So snh cht lng nc thi x l qua 3 phng thc lc chm, thm
nhanh v chy trn mtca h thng x l t nhin qua t
Gi tr o, mg/L
Thnh phn Lc chm a Thm nhanh b Chy trn mt c
Trung Ln Trung Ln Trung Ln
bnh nht bnh nht bnh nht
BOD <2 <5 2 <5 10 < 15
Cht rn l lng <1 <5 2 <5 15 < 25
Dung dch nitrogen (N) < 0.5 <2 0.5 <2 1 <3
Tng nitrogen N 3 <8 10 < 20 5 <8
Tng phoshorus P < 0.1 < 0.3 1 <5 4 <6
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Chng 4: CNG TRNH LM SCH NC DI T 67
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Bng 4.6: Hng dn chn tuyn x l nc thi qua t
c trng xem xt Kiu cng Ghi ch
trnh
Tnh thm ca t Chy trn Ph hp vi vng t c tnh thm cao
mt Tc ti thy lc gia tng theo tnh thm
Thm nhanh ca t
Lc chm
nhim tng Thm nhanh B nh hng bi (1) mc gn st vi
nc ngm tim Lc chm cc tng nc mt, (2) s hin din ca
nng cc cng trnh thy ngm (3) hng chy
ca nc ngm (4) mc khi phc lp
nc ngm do ging nc hoc h thng
tiu ngm
S hi phc v tr Thm nhanh Kh nng tr li nc qua lc v hi phc
ca nc ngm bi ging v h thng tiu ngm da trn
c s su cc tng nc mt, tnh thm
ca t, tnh lin tc ca cc cng trnh
ngm, chiu su x l hiu ch v kh nng
ngm nc trong khu vc cng trnh
S s dng t Tt c cc C th lin quan n cc s c t nhin v
hin ti tin trnh mt no c th mu thun n vic s
dng t
S s dng t Tt c cc Vic pht trin th tng lai c th b nh
tng lai tin trnh hng do s m rng h thng
Qui m ca tuyn Tt c cc C th gp kh khn khi mua hoc thu t
cng trnh tin trnh cn thit xy dng cng trnh
c cht do l Tt c cc i khi phi loi bt hoc gii hn li qui
mang i tin trnh m ca tuyn cng trnh
dc Tt c cc dc ln c th (1) gia tng chi ph cho
tin trnh cng trnh t (2) gia tng him nguy xi
mn trong ma ma
Thm nhanh dc ln c th nh hng tnh cht
dng chy ngm
Chy trn c ln c th gim thi gian chy trn
mt vng t x l v nh hng hiu qu x
l.
dc nh th li yu cu tng chi ph cng
tc t to dc ln hn
Quyn s dng Tt c cc C th yu cu phi sp t lng nc
nc tin trnh x l trong mt thy vc ring r
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chng 4: CNG TRNH LM SCH NC DI T 68
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chng 4: CNG TRNH LM SCH NC DI T 69
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hnh 4.17 di l mt kiu knh lc bng thc vt. Bng cch cho nc thi
qua cc ng PVC c c l hoc ca cho dn vo cc on knh t ct si,
y knh c tri cc tm nylon, trong lng knh cc loi c c th hp thu cc
c cht trong nc thi nh c ui mo (cattail), nc thi sau khi c x l
qua thc vt c th thu hi bng mt ng PVC c c l y bn kia ca knh
lc.
Bng 4.7: S liu thit k tiu chun cho vic x l nc thi qua t
c trng Lc chm Thm nhanh Chy trn mt
K thut p dng Ti phun/trn mt a Trn mt Ti phun/trn mt
Mc ti hng nm (m) 0.5 - 6 6 - 125 3 - 20
Din tch yu cu (ha) b 23 - 280 3 - 23 6.5 - 44
Mc ti hng tun chun (cm) 1.3 - 10 10 - 240 6 - 40 c
Tin x l ti thiu M Lng s cp d Lng s cp e Lc qua si & phn tn e
Hng x l nc thi Bc thot hi & thm Thm ch yu Trn mt, bc thot hi & thm
Cy trng Theo yu cu Chn la Theo yu cu
a. Bao gm cch nh lung - cy xi v bc lp bin.
b. Din tch tnh bng hectares khng bao gm cc vng m, ng s v knh
mng cho dng chy 3785 m3/ngy.
c. Khong tnh bao gm nc thi cha x l n ch ra th cp, mc thi cao
hn cho vic tin x l cao hn.
d. Hn ch vic s dng cng cng, canh tc hoa mu cho ngi dng trc tip.
e. Hn ch vic s dng cng cng.
(Ngun: Robert A. Corbitt, Standard handbook of Environmental Engineering,
1989)
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Chng 4: CNG TRNH LM SCH NC DI T 70
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
U Tnh mc ti thy lc theo tnh thm ca t (h thng lc chm loi 1)
Phng trnh cn bng nc tng qut, trong thi k tnh l thng, c s dng
xc nh mc ti thy lc da vo tnh thm ca t:
LW ( P ) = ET P + W P (4-6)
trong :
LW(P) - mc ti thy lc nc thi da vo tnh thm ca t (cm/thng)
ET - lng bc thot hi thng tnh ton (cm/thng)
P - lng ma thng tnh ton (cm/thng)
WP - lng thm ca t trong thng tnh ton (cm/thng)
2,54.C p ( P ET ) + 4,32.U
LW ( N ) (mg / l ) = (4-7)
(1 f )(C N ) C p
trong :
LW(N) - mc ti thy lc cho php theo mc ti nitrogen hng nm, mg/l.
Cp - tng s nitrogen tp trung trong lng nc thm, mg/l.
ET - lng bc thot hi tnh ton, cm/yr.
P - lng ma tnh ton, cm/yr.
U - lng nitrogen hp thu bi cy trng, kg/ha.yr (xem bng 4.8)
2,54 v 4,32 - h s qui i n v
CN - tng lng nitrogen tp trung trong nc thi, mg/l
f - h s xc nh tng nitrogen loi ra do cch kh nitrit v bay hi.
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Chng 4: CNG TRNH LM SCH NC DI T 71
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
thit k. Nu ngc li, LW(P) > LW(P), th s dng tr LW(N) v sau so snh tng
thng mt gia LW(N) v LW(P), gi tr no nh hn th ly tr lm s liu thit k
theo thng. ET v P tnh theo phn tch tn sut nh trnh by phn trc.
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Chng 4: CNG TRNH LM SCH NC DI T 72
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gi thit:
Lng ma thit k cho trn c tnh t chui 10 nm ma.
Lng bc thot hi trung bnh thng cho bng trn l chun cho khu vc
Tuyn cng trnh gn nh bng phng.
Loi t l t tht pha st, dy vi thm 0,35 in./h (9 mm/h).
Loi cy trng l c vng bin Bermada.
Khu cha nc c cho hnh thnh t lng nc tr li trong ma ng.
Chy trn, nu c, s c thu thp v tr cho vic ti s dng.
Tng s nitrogen trong nc thi l Cn = 20 mg/l.
Lng nitrogen tp trung cho thm l Cp = 10 mg/l.
H s tn tht do kh nitrit/bay hi l 0,15.
S ngy khng vn hnh ca h thng l 0.
Gii:
1. Xc nh lng thm theo thng (Wp). Chn gi tr thit k 4% ca gi tr thm
nh nht, tc thm thit k theo thng l:
ET P
Tng qut: R= (4-9)
1 ( LR / 100)
trong :
R - nhu cu ti ti thiu, mm hoc in.
ET - bc thot hi v ma, mm hoc in.
P - lng ma, mm hoc in.
LR - lng thm, %
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chng 4: CNG TRNH LM SCH NC DI T 74
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ Ti trn b + Ng cc, cy mu, la + dc dc = bng + Min IR= 0,3in/h + SL: cn dng chy 75 - 90 %
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chng 4: CNG TRNH LM SCH NC DI T 75
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Chng 4: CNG TRNH LM SCH NC DI T 76
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
V d 4.7: Xc nh mc ti thy lc thit k cho mt h thng dng nc thi
ti, s dng cc s liu v gi thit sau:
Thng 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
ET - P -3,69 -2,59 -1,82 1,34 1,02 4,74 8,56 6,68 2,05 1,06 -2,10 -2,98
Gii:
Lp bng tnh c kt qu nh sau:
Thng Gi tr tnh theo inches (in.)
ET - P 100/(100 - LR) (100/Eu) LW(R)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)=(2)(3)(4)
1 - 3,69 - -
2 - 2,59 - -
3 - 1,82 - -
4 1,34 1.11 1.25 1.86
5 1.02 1.11 1.25 1.42
6 4.74 1.11 1.25 6.58
7 8.56 1.11 1.25 11.89
8 6.68 1.11 1.25 9.28
9 2.05 1.11 1.25 2.85
10 1.06 1.11 1.25 1.47
11 - 2.10 - - -
12 - 2.98 - - -
Tng nm 35.35
Ghi ch:
Gi tr tnh ton ca LW(R) cn phi c so snh vi mc ti thy lc cho php
trn c s gii hn LW(N) nh trong v d 4.1. Nu LW(N) > LW(R) th lng nitrogen
tp trung cho nc thi dng ti phi c lm gim thng cc bin php
tin x l nhm t gi tr LW(N) = LW(R), hoc cn phi thm lng nc sch vo
lng nc thi c tng lng nc ti yu cu. Trong thc t, cn phi c
khu tr nc thi c iu chnh v lng khi lng nc thi x ra nhiu hn
lng nc m cy trng cn.
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Chng 4: CNG TRNH LM SCH NC DI T 77
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aw - din tch thit k, acres
Q - lu lng nc thi trung bnh ngy, ft3/yr
Vs - th tch khu tr nc ma ti thiu b tn tht do bc hi, thm, ft3/yr
Lw - mc ti thy lc thit k
Theo khuyn co, tng din tch t cn thit cho h thng lc chm da vo tnh
thm ca t (h thng loi 1) vo khong 60 - 200 acres (# 24 - 80 ha) v nu
da vo nhu cu ti ca cy trng (h thng loi 2) trong khong 175 - 550
acres (# 70 - 220 ha) cho mc lu lng dng chy trung bnh 1 Mgal/d (#
43,8126 l/s = 3,7854 m3/d.)
Nu Q tnh bng m3/d, Vs tnh bng m3/yr, Lw tnh bng cm/yr th Aw cng thc
(4-13) s c tnh bng hectares bi :
40,6945.[(365.Q ) + Vs ]
Aw = (ha) (4-12)
Lw
(xem v d 4.9)
Gii:
Tnh din tch ti
Mc x nc thi ton khu = 150 l/ngi.ngy x 5.000 ngi = 750.000 l/ngy
273.750
Din tch t cn thit = = 182.500 m2 = 182,5 ha
1,5
210
Mc ti BOD = = 1,15 mg/l.ha
182.5
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Chng 4: CNG TRNH LM SCH NC DI T 78
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
U Tnh th tch khu tr
Khu tr nc thi, nh ch th v d 4.1 v 4.2, s c yu cu xy dng khi
lng nc thi phi ra ln hn mc ti thy lc thit k. thit k th tch
khu cha nc, cn lp bng tnh ton cn bng nc theo thng, nh minh ha
v d 4.4. Th tch khu tr c tnh ban u phi c iu chnh theo mt
bin thin lng ma, bc hi, thm ca khu tr Vs trc v sau thi on tnh.
V d 4.9:
Tnh ton th tch khu tr nc cn thit cho mt h thng lc chm bng cch
dng phng trnh cn bng nc. Cc s liu v gi thit cho trc:
Gii:
1. Xc nh din tch t yu cu, s dng cng thc (4-13):
(Q. ft 3 / d )(365.d / yr ) + V s . ft 3 / yr
Aw =
( Lw .in / yr )(1,0. ft / 12.in)(43.560. ft 2 / ac)
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Chng 4: CNG TRNH LM SCH NC DI T 79
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Da vo kt qu tnh ton ca bng trn, trong ct (6) cho thy gi tr tnh ton
th tch ly tch theo thng ln nht l 118,1 acres-ft, xy ra vo thng 5.
Vi Epond l bc hi mt thong ca ao h.
==============================================================
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Chng 4: CNG TRNH LM SCH NC DI T 80
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chng
T HP CNG TRNH X L NC THI
--- oOo ---
5.1 NGUYN L
Khi tin hnh xy dng mt khu cng nghip, khu lin hp sn xut, ngi lm
cng tc qui hoch v thit k cng trnh cn phi ngh n vic xy dng mt hay
nhiu t hp cng trnh x l nc thi. y qu thc l mt cng vic rt kh
khn v tn km trong k thut mi trng do tnh phc tp v a dng ca s
din bin v s lng cng nh cht lng nc thi khi kt hp vi tiu chun
v sinh mi trng v tnh kinh t trong sn xut. T hp cng trnh x l nc
thi l mt chui lin hon cc hng mc cng trnh x l tng cp nhm gim
dn cc cht mun loi b trong bn thn nc thi cho n khi chng t c
cc yu cu sch cn thit. Lng nc sau khi i qua t hp cng trnh c th
c x ra ngun nc chung hoc quay vng mt phn hoc ton th li nh
my sn xut (hnh 5.1).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chng 5: T HP CNG TRNH X L NC THI 81
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Trong vic quyt nh xy dng t hp cng trnh, 3
nhn t chnh quan trng c gi l 3E, gm K
thut (Engineering), Mi trng (Environment) v
Kinh t (Economic) cn phi hi ha vi nhau, mc
thch hp gia cc nhn t ny cng ln th cng
trnh cng t cht lng cao nh m phng sau:
U Cn bng cht rn
Tu yu cu x l m ta c s cng ngh x l. Cn bng cht rn nhm xc
nh kch thc cc b cha tm thi, cc b tch bn cn v kch thc cc ng
dn, knh dn v my bm bn. Cn thit phi c s liu o c v lng cht
rn trong nc thi ln nht trong ngy v ti lng trung bnh cc cht hu c.
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Chng 5: T HP CNG TRNH X L NC THI 83
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bng 5.2: Din tch cn thit xy dng cng trnh x l
Lu lng nc thi Din tch (ha)
3
(m /ngy m) X l c hc X l sinh hc nhn to
5.000 0,7 - 0,5 1,3 - 1,0
10.000 1,2 - 0,8 2,0 - 1,5
15.000 1,5 - 1,0 2,5 - 2,0
20.000 1,8 - 1,2 3,0 - 2,3
30.000 2,5 - 1,6 4,3 - 3,5
40.000 3,2 - 2,0 6,0 - 4,5
(Ngun: I. Gruhler, Cng trnh lm sch nc thi loi nh, 1980)
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Chng 5: T HP CNG TRNH X L NC THI 84
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.2.3 Chn phng n x l
Ty theo qui m ca lng nc thi, tch cht ca nc thi, iu kin kinh t k
thut v yu cu v sinh ca c quan chc nng ta s quyt nh chn phng
n x l. Ta c th chn phng php x l theo mc x l (xem bng 5.3) v
theo khi lng nc thi (xem bng 5.4).
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Chng 5: T HP CNG TRNH X L NC THI 85
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.3 V D THIT K MNG LI NC THI TH V K NGH
Nc thi ca mt khu th c tp hp qua mt chui cc ng ng ngm
bng b tng ct thp. ng ng c chn di mt ng khong 1 - 3 m
su (ty thuc vo gradient thy lc). Nhnh ng ng c kch thc thc t
nh nht, ng knh 0,15 m, nm cht u h thng ni lin vi nhm cc h
gia nh. Ty thuc vo s cm gia nh (hoc cm c xng) m kch thc ca
ng dn ni tip s gia tng dn, c th ln n vi mt (2 - 3 m) khi chy n ch
ra ca h thng. thnh ph Boston (Hoa k) ng ng nh my x l nc
thi ln n 8,3 m ng knh khi ra bin. Kch thc v su ng ng
nm di mt ng, ty thuc vo a cht v a hnh rt nhiu. Trong thit k
mng nc thi, mt s ch tiu sau thng c ngh:
V d 5.1:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chng 5: T HP CNG TRNH X L NC THI 87
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S dng phng trnh Colebrook - White tnh ton vn tc trong mi ng
ng:
k 2,5l
V = 2 2.g.D.S f log10 s + (5-3)
3,7 D D 2.g .D.S f
trong
D - ng knh ng, m
Sf - gradient thy lc, m/m
ks - chiu cao ca g nhm, m. y ly ks = 0,3 mm cho ng btng.
- nht ng lc ca cht lng = 1,003 x 10-6 m2/s ti 20C
Gii:
Thit lp bng tnh ton gm 17 ct tnh nh phn di, trong
Ct (1) : nh s cm phn b
Ct (2) : nh s cm phn b trc
Ct (3) : nh s tng cm phn b (cng dn)
Ct (4) : nh s lu lng t thng lu (l/s)
Ct (5) : nh s ngi nh cho mi cm (ci)
Ct (6) : nh lng nc thi t cc ngi nh (l/s)
Ct (7) : nh din tch khu k ngh cho mi cm (ha)
Ct (8) : nh loi k ngh cho mi cm (nh/ trung bnh /nng)
Ct (9) : nh lu lng n v nc thi t khu k ngh mi cm (l/s/ha)
Ct (10) : nh lu lng cho nc thi k ngh, (10) = (7) x (9)
Ct (11) : nh s tng lu lng t cc nh v khu k ngh, (11) = (6)+(10)
Ct (12) : Gi tr tng dng chy t ct (11) cng dn t thng lu
Ct (13) : Gi tr gradient ng ng
Ct (14) : Gi nh kch thc ng knh ng dn
Ct (15)-(16) : Vn tc v lu lng tnh theo phng trnh Colebrook - White
: Nu kch thc ng knh khng tha s gi nh kch thc li
Ct (17) : Ghi ch
So snh lu lng dng chy tnh ct (12) vi lu lng thc ct (16) xem
c tng xng hay khng. Nu khng, knh thc ng ng phi gia tng, v.v...
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chng 5: T HP CNG TRNH X L NC THI 88
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 - 5 - 110 6.975 0.9 Nh 2 1.8 8.8 8.8 1/250 150 0.7 12.6 tng
- - 225 0.9 36.8
6 - 6 - 160 10.0 2.3 TBnh 4 9.2 19.2 19.2 1/238 225 0.92 37.8 tng
1-6 1-5 105.1 1/100 300 1.72 125.0 t
7 1-6 1-7 105.1 350 21.9 2.1 Nng 8 16.8 38.7 38.7 1/53 300 2.38 174.0 t
Ghi ch::
* Cho vic s dng dn dng: 4 ngi/ngi nh vi mc s dng 225 l/ngi/ngy.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chng 5: T HP CNG TRNH X L NC THI 89
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.4 QUN L CNG TRNH X L NC THI
5.4.1 Nguyn tc chung
Mt cng trnh hot ng c hiu qu phi thc hin tt trong tt c cc khu t
bc kho st, thit k, n xy dng v vn hnh. Trong thit k cn phi ngh
n cc hng mc cng trnh h tr cho vic qun l vn hnh lu di v sau, bao
gm cc cng trnh o c, cng trnh lm sch, cng trnh bo dng, ... Khi
to thun li cho cng vic qun l th cng trnh cng hot ng thun li v m
bo tui th lu di. Khi a cng trnh vo hot ng phi c cc h s sau:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chng 5: T HP CNG TRNH X L NC THI 90
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mu nc c th ly n gin bng chai thy tinh c nt y, khi a chai xung
mt su no ri rt nhanh nt y li nc trn vo trong chai, xong
nhanh chng rt lai ln, y kn, ghi nhn dn ngoi chai, nhn phi ghi r tn
mu, a im ly mu, su, ngy gi v ngi ly mu. Mu nc c tr
trong thng nc v chuyn n phng phn tch cht lng nc cng sm
cng tt. (Nn tham kho thm cc ti liu hng dn thu v phn tch mu
chuyn ch mu v phng th nghim trc thi gian qui nh.)
Ch dn chung.
S phng lm vic, phng iu khin thit b, phng th nghim, hng
mc cng trnh, ng i, v tr cc ca ra vo, cu thang, chiu sng.
Cc thit b o lng in, my n v kim sot cc ng ng, b cha,
knh dn, ca van, ...
Qui trnh vn hnh, thao tc v theo di.
S nht k hot ng.
Lch bo dng my mc v thit b.
K hoch s cu v d phng vic x l tai nn.
==============================================================
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chng 5: T HP CNG TRNH X L NC THI 91
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BNG QUI I N V
U . S . units SI units
acre/(Mgal/d) 0.1069 9.3536 ha/(103m3/d)
Btu 1.0551 0.9478 kJ
Btu/lb 2.3241 0.4303 kJ/kg
Btu/ft2 . 0F . h 5.6735 0.1763 W/m2 . 0C
bu/acre . yr 2.4711 0.4047 bu/ha . yr
ft/ h 0.3048 3.2808 m/h
ft/min 18.2880 0.0547 m/h
ft2/capital 0.0929 10.7639 m2/capital
ft3/capital 0.0283 35.3147 m3/capital
ft3/gal 7.4805 0.1337 m3/ m3
ft3/ft . min 0.0929 10.7639 m3/ m . min
ft3/lb 0.0624 16.0185 m3/kg
ft3/Mgal 7.04805.10-3 133.6805 m3/103 m3
Ft2/Mgal . d 407.4611 0.0025 m2/103 m3 . d
ft3/ ft2 . h 0.3048 3.2808 m3/ m2 . h
ft3/ 103 gal . min 7.04805. 10-3 133.6805 m3/ m3 . min
ft3/min 1.6990 0.5886 m3/h
ft3/s 2.8317.10-2 35.3145 m3/s
ft3/ 103 ft3 . min 0.001 1,000.0 m3/ m3 . min
gal 3.7854 0.2642 L
gal/acre . d 0.0094 106.9064 m3/ha .d
gal /ft . d 0.0124 80.5196 m3/m . d
gal/ft2 . d 0.0407 24.5424 m3/m2 . d
gal/ft2 . d 0.0017 589.0173 m3/ m2. h
gal/ft2 . d 0.0283 35.3420 L/ m2 . min
gal/ft2 . d 40.7458 2.4542. 10-2 L/ m2 . d
gal/ft2 . min 2.4448 0.4090 m/h
gal/ft2 . min 40.7458 0.0245 L/ m2 . min
gal/ft2 . min 58.6740 0.0170 m3/ m2. d
gal/min . ft 12.4193 8.052.10-2 L/min . m
hp/103 gal 0.1970 5.0763 kW/ m3
hp/103 ft3 26.3342 0.0380 kW/ 103 m3
in 25.4 3.9370.10-2 mm
in Hg (600F) 3.3768 0.2961 kPa Hg (600F)
lb 0.4536 2.2046 kg
lb/acre 1.1209 0.8922 kg/ha
lb/103 gal 0.1198 8.3452 kg/m3
lb/hp . h 0.6083 1.6440 kg/kW . h
lb/Mgal 0.1198 8.3454 g/ m3
lb/Mgal 1.1983.10-4 8345.4 kg/m3
lb/ft2 4.8824 0.2048 kg/m2
lb/in2 (gage) 6.8948 0.1450 kPa (gage)
lb/ft3 . h 16.0185 0.0624 kg/m3 . h
lb/103 ft3 . d 0.0160 62.4280 kg/m3 . d
lb/ton 0.5000 2.0000 kg/tonne
Mgal/acre . d 0.9354 1.0691 m3/ m2 . d
Mgal/d 3.7854.103 0.264.10-3 m3/d
Mgal/d 4.3813.10-2 22.8245 m3/s
min/in 3.9370 0.2540 min/102 mm
tons/acre 2.2417 0.4461 Mg/ha
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PH LC & TI LIU THAM KHO 92
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PH LC
B XY DNG
TIU CHUN XY DNG
QPXD 66 - 77
(C hiu lc t ngy 1 - 1 - 1978)
--- oOo ---
... trch ...
4. CC CNG TRNH X L NC
Trm x l nc sch
4.13 Khi ly mu nc bn phn tch phi eo gng tay bng cao su.
4.14 Khi s dng clo theo qui nh chng 8, cn khi s dng cc ha cht
khc theo qui nh cc iu t 4.4 n 4.10.
4.15 Nu cc cng trnh x l nm trong nh kn phi bo m thng gi.
4.16 Cm c ra li chn rc bng tay m phi dng cc dng c chuyn
dng.
4.17 Cm kim tra v sa cha nhng b phn quay ca li chn rc khi li
ang chuyn ng.
4.18 Khi li chn rc su qu 1,2 m phi c sn ph c ra v lan can
cao 0,8 m bao quanh.
4.19 Rc li chn rc phi c nhanh chng thu vo b ring v c kh
trng bng clorua vi.
4.20 Cn ly b lng ct ra trong trng hp khng ch n sn phi ct th
phi rc ln mt lp vi bt hoc clorua vi.
4.21 Cm s dng ct ly b lng ct ra san lp nn hoc dng trong xy
dng.
4.22 Cm dng nhng dng c ty tin nh que gy v.v... gt vt ni, du
m v.v... m phi dng thit b chuyn dng.
4.23 Trong v chung quanh khu vc b m tan ch c s dng cc thit b v
dng c in chuyn dng cho cc mi trng d chy n.
4.24 mi b m tan phi lp mt p k kim tra p sut kh. p k phi
nim ch.
4.25 Khi p sut kh trong h thng kh ca b m tan tng qu gii hn cho
php hoc khi c s c phi x kh theo ng ng ring cch xa khu vc
b v cc cng trnh kin trc khc ti thiu 200 m. Kh x ra c t
u ng, khi i phi c bin php an ton theo qui nh ca c quan
phng chy v cha chy v c quan kim tra v sinh, ng thi phi c
phng n x l s c.
4.26 khu vc c b cha kh m tan khng c t la, ht thuc v mi
hot ng khc c th pht sinh tia la. Phi c bin "cm la".
4.27 Cm dng nhng dng c c th pht sinh tia la sa cha ng ng
dn kh v b cha kh m tan. Trong trng hp cn sa cha m khng
c dng c an ton th phi co bin php lm sch kh m tan trong ng
ng v b.
4.28 trnh gy n v ng c, cng nhn lm vic trm kh phi thng
xuyn kim tra mng li v cc thit b dn kh, phi c y dng c
phng chy v cha chy trong tnh trng sn sng.
4.29
4.30 Khi kim tra ng ng dn kh v b cha kh m tan, cm dng n c
ngn la h, phi dng n in cm tay in p khng qu 12 vn.
4.31 Khi mt thit b c trong b b hng, ch c php sa cha thit b
sau khi ly ra ngoi b.
4.32 Tt c cng nhn lm vic cc cng trnh lm sch nc bn phi mt
qun o bo h lao ng v mang cc dng c bo him cn thit trnh
nhng nh hng xu n sc kho.
4.33 Phi c y nc tm v x phng cho cng nhn lm vic cc trm
lm sch nc bn.
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PH LC & TI LIU THAM KHO 94
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
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Kh trng nc
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PH LC & TI LIU THAM KHO 95
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
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GI TR GII HN CC THNG S V NNG
CHT NHIM (TCVN 5945 - 1995)
Ghi ch
KPH: Khng pht hin c
A: X vo khu vc nc c dng lm ngun cung cp nc sinh hot.
B: X vo nc dng cho giao thng thy, ti tiu, tm.
C: X vo cng thnh ph hoc nhng ni quy nh.
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PH LC & TI LIU THAM KHO 96
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
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Cht lng nc - Nc thi sinh hot -
Gii hn nhim cho php
(TCVN 6772 : 2000)
Water quality - Domestic wastewater standard.
1 Phm vi p dng.
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PH LC & TI LIU THAM KHO 97
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
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Bng 2
Qui m, din tch s dng Mc p Ghi ch
Loi hnh c s ca c s dch v, cng dng cho
TT Dch v/ Cng cng, chung c php
cng/ Chung c theo
bng 1
Di 60 phng Mc III
T 60 n 200 phng Mc II
1 Khch sn
Trn 200 phng Mc I
T 10 n 50 phng Mc IV
Trn 50 n 250 phng Mc III
2 Nh tr, nh khch
Trn 250 phng Mc II
Di 100 m2 Mc V
T 100 m2 n 250 m2 Mc IV
Nh hng n ung, 2 2
Trn 250 m n 500 m Mc III Din tch tnh l din tch phng n
9 nh n cng cng,
Trn 500 m2 n 2500 m2 Mc II
ca hng thc phm
Trn 2500 m2 Mc I
Di 100 cn h Mc III
T 100 n 500 cn h Mc II
10 Khu chung c
Trn 500 cn h Mc I
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PH LC & TI LIU THAM KHO 98
Gio trnh CNG TRNH X L NC THI L Anh Tun
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TI LIU THAM KHO
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PH LC & TI LIU THAM KHO 100