BRITISH STANDARD BS 5950-1:2000 ———— es Otti Ne Structural use of steelwork in building — Part 1: Code of practice for design — Rolled and welded sectionsCommittees responsible for this British Standard ‘The proparation of thie Briah Standard was enteusted by Techical Comrnitiee 1/525, Building and cv engineering structures, to Supcommitice USUAL, Structural use of steal, upon which the following bodes wer British Constructionl Steiner Asscition Building Reosareh Estabieiment lad (ald Raled Sections Aasosiatien Confederation of British Metalformning BTR (Construction Direetaras) DETR (Highways Agency) Health and Safety Executive Institution of Ci Engineers Instiutin of Strctral Engine Steel Construction Tnatitte UK stool Association ‘Amendments issued since publication Rma Na [Dawe [Comments 13199 [Bay 2001 | Corrotod and reprintedBS 5950-1:2000 Contents Page Commitioes responsible Inside front cover Forced . 11 Beope 12 Normative references 13 Terma and defisitions 14 Major ymbols Other materiale 18 Design documents 17 Reference to BS 640038 21 Genera principles and detign methods 22 Loading 23 Temperature change 24 Ulimate imi states 25 _ Serviesbil ‘Sexton 3. Proper ial ad setian properiios 1 Sroctural steel 22 Doles end welds 83 Steel castings and forgings 3:4 Section properties 35 Claesifention of erotesoctons 36 _ Slender eros sections “Bectin f Dosen of srocbaral mamibers 41 General 42, Members subject to bending 42° Lateral-torvional buckling 44 Plate girders 443 Web bearing capacity, buckling resistance and stiffener design 46 Tension members 47 Compression members 42 Members with combined moment and axa force 49° Members with biaxial momenta 410. Membere i lattice frames and trasion 411 Gantry girders 412 Purine and side rail ‘412 Column bases 44 Cased sections 416 Separators and daphragme 4417 _Beowntrie loads on beame 51 General 52 Global analysis 53 Stability cutof plane for plastic analyeie 54 Continous beams 55 Portal frames 5 Elastic design of mul storey rigid frames 5:7 _ Plastic design of multi-storey rid framesSection 6. Connections 81 General recommendations 62 Connections using bate 83. Nonpreloaded bles 84 Preloaded bite 85 Pinconnectins 86 Holding-down bots 87 Welded conacetions 58 Design of fle welde 59 _ Design of butt welds ion 7. Coaing teats Ta General 18 Test procedures TA Relative serength coeicient 18 Proof test 76 Strength toxt 7_Paihre tet ASE oe SI ERATISDS SRT NBS BORD and FTES To Annex B (ormatve) Lateral torsional buckling f members oubjet to fending ‘Annex C (normative) Compressive strength Annex D (normative) Bective lenges of clu in simp structures Annex E(sormative) Bective lengths of competion members in ‘Annex F(parmatve) Frame stability “Annex © (normative) Membors with one flange lserally restrained Annex H (normative) Web bucking reitance Annex (narmative) Combined axial compression and bending Biiiography “Figure T— Bxample ong Whe olamne of = ulldag ——— Figure 2— Example of general tying ofa building Figure &— Staggered flee Figure 4— Angle with holes in both lege Figure 6— Dimensions of compression clemente Figure 6 Dimensions of eompound fangee Figure 7 — Stes ratio fora smi compact web Figure 8 — Doubly symmetric slender eros sections Figure 9 Eilective width fr clase «slender web under pure bending Figure 10— Example of lipped sections with eompression fange ipa Figure 11 — Gres-sctions comprising elements with differing design stonathe Figure 12— Interaction between shear and moment Figure 13 — Sul bearing lnath Figure 14— Rolled I- or H-sotion with welded flange plates Figure 15 — Bifotive area of baseplate Figure 16 — Proportions of standard castellaed members Figwe 17 — Dimensions of hauach,Figure 18—Portal frame definitions Figure 19 —Haunch restrain Figure 20— Calum web panel zane [igure 21 — Minimum elge and end distances Figure 22 — Block shear — ilective shear area Figure 25 — Lap length of splice Figure 24— Maximum crow-centes of bolt line for the simple method Figure 25 — Design of outstands Figure 26 — Povended tension members Figure 27 — Welded end connections Figure 28 — Welded connection to an unstiffened lange gure 29 Eetve throat size a fa illee weld Figure 80— Deep penetration Mt weld Figure 31 — Filet welde — Directional method Figure 82— Partial ponetration butt welds ‘igure D-1— Side alum without intermediate lateral restrsint Figure D.2— Side column with intermediate lateral restraint to bth Ranges Figute D.2 — Simple side column with crane gantry beams Figute DA — Compound side clu with crane gantry beams Figure D.5— Compound valley earn with ene gantry beams Figure B. — Bifective length rato Ly for the non-sway buckling mode Figure E.2— Etfctvelngth ratio L/L forthe sway bucking mode Figure E.1— Distribution factors for eontinuous clurnns Figure E— Bective length ratio L/L with partial away bracing of relative eilinen #1 Figure £5 — Esfctve length ratio L/L with partial eway bracing of relative eins f= 2 Figure G.1— Members with one ange restrained Figure G2 — Types of haunches Figure €.3 — Dimensions defining taper factor igure 0.4 — Value Figure 0.5 — Conservative moment gradiente Figure G.6— Moment ration Figure 1 — Anchor force Hy Figure H2— Single fener end poste Figure H.8— Twin stiffener end poss Figure Hs — Anchor panei ‘Table 2 — Pacial factor for andy, ‘Table 3— Factor K for typeof dal steas level and strain conditions ‘Table 4 — Thierens for plates ats and rolled sections ‘Table — Thicknoss for structural hollow sections Table €— Maximum thickets (nm) ‘Table 7 ~ Charpy test tamperature or equivalont test temperature Ty Table 8 —Surgertod limits for calculated defections Table 9— Design strength p, Table 10 — Strength and elongation of welds Table 11 — Limiting width-tothicneae ratios for setions othor than Chis ana RAS Table 12 — Limiting width t-thickness ratios for CHS and RHSBS 5950-1:2000 ee _ Page ‘Tbe 19 — Etetive length Lp for beams without intermedint restraint #7 Table 14 — Etetve length I for casilevers without intermediate restraint 4 Table 15 — Limiting value of Lr for RES 8 ‘Table 16 — Bending stength py (Nimm) for elle pections 51 ‘Table 17 — Bending strength py (mm for welded sections 52 Table 18— Equivalent uniform momen factor M1 fe atra-trsional buckling a Tahle 18 — Slondernese factor v for sections with wo plain Manges ‘able 20 — Bending srenath (N/mm) fr rolled sections with el anges ‘Table 21 — Shear bucking strength gy (Simm of a web ‘Table 22 ~ Nomina etfoctive length Ly for «compression member ‘Table 28 — Allocation of strut curve ‘Table 24 — Compressive strength. (N/mm) ‘able 25 — Angle, channel and section struts ‘able 26 — Equivalent uniform moment factor m for lexural buckling ‘Table 27 — Empirical values for purine Teble 28 — Empirical values for side rails Teble 29 — Minimum edge and end distance of bots Table 20 — Shear strength af bole Table 31 — Bearing strength of oles ‘Table 82 — Bearing strngth py of connected parts ‘Table $3 — Standard dimensions of hole for son-proloael bots ‘Table St — Tension strength of bolts ‘Table 35 — Sip factors for preloaded bolts ‘Table 36 — Standard dimensions of holes for preloaded bt s Table 31 — Design strength of filet welds py ‘Table 38 — Statistical factor k ‘Table A1— Comparison of partial factors ‘Table D.1 — Riective lenges of eohumrs fr internal platfrm fers ‘Table £1 — Stifnes coefficient Ky of beams in buildings with Noor slaby Table £2 ~ General stillness coefcientsK for beams ‘Table B3— Approximate values of Ky for beams subject to axial Table G1 ~ Rauivalent uniform moment factor myForeword This part of BS 6850 supersedes BS 59501:1960, which fs withdrawn, A period tf toe moctha ie being allowed for uere to convert the now standard. This fliin introduces technial changer based ont review ofthe standard, b (doesnot constitute fll vision ‘This new edition has been prepared fllowing the sue ofa number of ne related standards adopting Europeen oF inetastional standards or materials fd proceoea: pus revisions to standards for loading Teale reflect the tanefor ‘feck formed structural hollow actions frem BS 68506 to BS 9950-1 Causes upéated technically include those for sway stability, avoidance of ‘proportionate collapse, resistance eo bite fractare, cal buekng, {ntora orsional buckling, shear reistanesatifenes, members aubect vo combined axel fre andbending moment, jis, connections end teasing. Ts all "awe the reason for changing the recammendations ons topics structurl Safer, but where posible some adjustments based on improved knowledge have lls boon made tthe recommendations on these topic io elle pati Sanne cfthe text has been edited to reduce the rek of misapplication, In addition ‘ome opis omitted until now kave been added fom BS 48, eluding ‘Separators and diaphragms and eccentric leads on bear. BS 6950 pa standard combining codes of practice covering the design, construsion and fire provec‘ion of stol structures and speiiations far materials, workmenchip and ection Te eomprises the flowing pats — Part 1: Code of practic for design — Rolled and welded sections ~ Part 2: Speifeaton for material, fabrication and erection — Rolled ond ‘elded section Part Design in compat construction — Sotion 3.1: Cade of protioe for esa of simple and continuous composite Beams — Part &: Cote of practic for design ofcompocie slabs with profiled sel etn — Part & Coe of practic for design of od formed thin gauge sections: Part & Code of practice for desien of ight gauge profiled steel sheeting — Part 7: Speification for malarial, abrcation and erection — Cold formed ‘ectons and theting Part & Code of practice for fire resistant design Part 8: Coe of practic for stressed skin designBS 5950-1:2000 Pare gives recommendations fr the design of simple and ontinuous sted structures, using raed and welded wetions te provisions apply tothe majority ‘of such structures, although iis recognized that casos wil arias when ster proven method of design may be more appropriate, ‘This part doesnot apply to other steel structure for which appropriate British Standards exe. has been assumed in che dafing of tis British Standard tat the execution of its provisions j ontrsted to appropriately qualified and experienced people and that construction and supervision willbe cared out by capubie nnd experioncod As a code of practice, this Brtgh Standard takes the form of guidance and Fecommendations I should notbe quoted seit were spetieation an particular car should be taken to enrare that claims of ompbance ase ot fisleading, Yor materials and warkmanhi reference shovld ne mae to 'BS 80804 For erecion reference should be made to BS 5030-3 and BS S581, ‘A British Standard docs nat purport to include llth necessary provisions of ‘ontract. Users of British Standards are responsible for thir cfsee application, Compliance with a British Standard docs not oftselfconfer immunity from lal obligations Summary of pages This document compres a front cove, an inside front cover, pages ito vi pages Ito 213 and. back cover. “The BSI copyright notice dlaplayed in this document indicates when the dncument wae last suedBS 5950-1:2000 Section 1. General 11 Seope ‘Thin part of BS 5050 gives recommendation for tho design of structural staeork using hot rolled steel ‘ection, at, pates, ho finished srtaral allow sections and cold formed structural ollew secon in ‘uildings and alice structures not specifically covered by other standards Detaled recommendations for practical dost application of "second oder” meth of global analysis (Gesed onthe final dtormed geometry ofthe frame) including alowence for geomettical imperfections ‘sd residual stress, strain hardening, the relationship between mermber abi and frame staihty and “pproprite flue criteria, are beyond the sope of ths document: However, euch enna precluded provided that appropriate sllowancen are made for these considerations are 81), ‘The tvt procedures of 7.2 ae intended only for sae structures within the seope of thie part of BS 5850. Other canes are covered in Setion 8 lor Parts 4, 5, Sand 9 of BS 6900 as appropiate 1.2 Normative references ‘The following nermative documents contain provisions which, through rfornce in thie ext, constitute provisions of ths British Standard For dated feferoncs, subsequent amendment oar revisions of, any [tthe publications donot apply. For undated ferences the atest eiton of che publication refersed to applic [BS 2578-1, Rules fer the design of cranes — Part I Specification for classification stress calelations and (sig eri fr sructures BS 2863, Speifiaton for the design and testing of sel overhead runway Beams. BS 5100, Specification fr steel cating for general engineering purposes, BS 4395-1, Spscifcatin or high strength friction grip bolls and associated nutsand washers or structural ‘nginering~ Pat I: General grade, ‘BS 4895-2, Specification for high strength friction grip bolts and aseciated nuts and washers for structural ‘engineering Port 2 Higher grade bole and nuts and general prode washer. BS 4449, Speciation for carbon ste bars forthe reinforcement of concrete BS 4489, Specification fr cold reduced ste! wir for the reinforcement of concrete BS 4489, Stel fabric forthe reinforcement of concrete BS 46041, Spefcation forthe use of hgh strength friction grip bole in structural stotwork — ‘Metric sri’ Part I: Gonera grade, BS 4604.2, Specifcatin or the ue of high strength ition grip blts in structural steelwork — ‘Metric series ~ Part Higher grade (parallel shan), [BS 5400-3, Stel, concrete and composite bridges — Part: Code of practice far the design of stl brdges. [BS 596502, Structural us of stolwork in building — Part 2 Specfction far matrils, fabrication and ‘retin ~ Roled and wala sections BS 6960-3, Structural use of steelwork in building — Part & Design in composite construction — Becton si: Code of raciceordesign of imple sd continuous composite beams BS 5850-4, Structural us of stetwork in building — Port: Cede of practice for design ef composite slabs {th profiled stat sheeting BS 59505, Structural use of steluorh in building — Part 6 Code of practice for design of cold formed thin ‘gouge sections BS 5950-6, Structural use of elorkin building — Part 6: Code of practic for design of ight gown roiled eel sheeting [BS 5950.9, Structural ua of stolwork in building — Part 9 Code of practice fr srsted shin designBS 5950-1:2000 1S 6998-1, Loading for buildings — Part 1: Code of proctice for dead and impoved lade BS 62982, Loading for buildings ~ Part ® Code of proctice fr wind lade. BS 6198.8, Looding for Buildings — Part 3 Code of practice fr imposed roof loa BS 7419, Specification fr holding down Blt BS 7608, Code of practice for fatigue design and astesement of steel structure BS 7044-1, Direct tension indicators — Part 1: Speciation for compressible washer 'BS 76442, Direct tension indicators ~ Part 2 Specifction format face and bt face washers [BS 7608, Specification for weldable struetural steele — Hot finished structural hallo sections in wnathor esata tnt [BS 8002, Codeof practic for earth retaining structures, BS 8004, Codeof practic for foundations, BS 10-1, Structural use of conrete— Part I: Code of prastice for design and contruction. BS 81102, Structural use of concrete— Part 2 Cade of practic for special circumstance. [BS EN 10002-1, Tensile esting of metallic materiale — Part 1: Method of ts at ambient temperature BS EN 10025, Hot rolled producte of non-aloy structural eels — Technica deliver conditions BS EN 10113-2, Hotvoed preducts in weldable fine grain structural eee — Part 2 Delivery conditions for narmalized/narmaiised red sels. BS EN 10118-2, Hotroled product in weldabe fine grain structural lcls — Port 8: Delivery conditions for tnrmomeckanical red sels BS EN 10197-2, Plats and wide lats male of high yield strength structural sels inthe quenched ond fempered or precipitation hardened conditons "Part & Delsey condition for quenched and tempted BS EN 10156, Structural steele with improved atmospheric corrosion resistance — Thebnical delivery conditions, [BS EN 10210-1, ot fniched sructurat hollow section of non-alley andfine grain structural stele — Part i: Technical delivery requirements. BS EN 102191, Cold formed welded structurl hollow sections o nonalay and fine rein steels Part i: Technical delivery mequrementa. BS EN 10250-2, Open deste forgings for general enginering purposes — Part 2 Nonalley quality and special sees 'BS EN 22559, Welded, brazed and soldered jointe — Symbolic representation on dravings. (GP2, Barth retaining structures, Civil Bagincering Code of Practice No.2, London: The Insittion of Strusteal Engineers, 1961 ($Pa:Ch ViPar 2, Code of base data for the design of buildings — Chapter V: Loading -- Part 2: Wind load London: Bsh, 193 1.8 Terms and definitions For the purposes ofthis par of BS 8950, the flowing tarts and definitions aly. aaa beam member predominantly abet to tending 132 Drletle fracture Die failure of wel at low temperatureSection L BS 5950-1:2000 Timit of free or moment that a member can withstend without bucking 134 baileup ‘Conatrted by interconnecting more then one rolled section to form a single member Las. ‘hear that s fixed at one end and ee to dels at the other 136 fii offre o moment that canbe resisted without failure due to yielding or rupture iat column 1 erties member carrying axial frce and ponibly moments 138 ‘Scrose-tcton thatean develop its plastic moment capacity, but in which local buckling preven rotation Las compound section sections or plates and sections, interconnected to form «single member 130 Iecation where a member i fixed v a supporting member or other suppor, including the bolts, welds and ‘her material od totranefor lads 13a dead load ‘ad of onstant magnitude and postion that aes permanently, including self-weight design strength ‘he notional yeld etrength ofthe mateval used in design, obtained by applving partial factors othe ‘Specified misinum Fed strength and tonale strength ofthe material aaa dynamic ond part of a imposed loud renting from motion 1a ‘edge distance Aistance trom the cate of bole hole to the nearest age ofan sleet, measured perpendicular to the 1338 eiective length ora beam. Length beweon adjacent restraints agtnstIateal-trsinal buckling, multiplied by factor {hat alloms forthe effec: ofthe seta restraint conditions compared toa nimple Beam With torsional end ora cimprestion member, Length between adjacent lateral restraints against bacling shout a given xi, tmateipied bya faceor tt allows forthe offer of the ncaa reverint conditions compared o panned ebdsSection 1 Structural enlysis that assumes no reditebution of momenta in «continous momar or frame du plastic hinge rotation 13a ‘empirical method ‘Smplied method of design justified by experience or by teste end distance Aiotance fom the centre of bale hole tothe edge of sn elinent, mensured parallel othe direction in which fhe ble bears 1819 factored load speed load multiplied by the slevant pata factor 1320 fatigue damage to strucural member caused by repeated application of tosses that are insufficient to cause faire bya single application foundation part of structure chat distributes land dre tothe ground saa friction grip connection ‘aboltod connection that elie on ection to tranemit shear between components 1aga section witha contral wo andl two fangs, thats an overall depth not greater tha. 1.2 times its overall watt hybrid section [ection witha web of lower strength grade than the Manges 1aas ‘section witha contal web and two Manges, that has an overall depth greater van 1.2 mes it overall sah Imposed load don astrcture or member, other than wind loed, producedby the external environment ortho intended 1337 instability Inability to cary Garter load due o vanishing stiffs Joint coment ofa structure that conne:ts members ogsther and enables forces and moments tobe transmitted Frtween them 1329 Iateral restraint {ora beam. Hestrain that provents lateral movement ofthe compression flange {ora compression member. Rectraint that prevents laeral movement ofthe member given planeBS 5950-1:2000 1330 Tonaitudinal slong the length ofthe membor 1a ‘connected end of member with one o bth Nanges cutaway Iealy fr clearance 1aaa patzern londing Fonds arranged to give the mot severe effect ona parGeula lament 1333 pitel Aistance between centres of bolt lying inthe direction of force transfer 1334 plastic analysis ‘rvctural analysis that allows for editeibution of moments in a continuous momber or frame due to plastic hinge rotation plastic eromsacction ‘ crowection that ean develop a plastic hinge with cufcient rotation capacity to allow redistribution of tending moments within «continuous memver or frame 1336 plastic load factor the ratio by which each of the factored lds would have o be increased to produce plastic hinge vechaniaet 1ss7 plastic moment moment cepaity allowing for redistribution of stress within a eros aection 1338 portal frame ingle storey frame with rigid mement resting joints 1a39 preloaded Sol tightened to specified initial tension ‘he angie through which a joint ean rotate without fling 1a the moment reqzed to produce unit otatin in joint segment {portion ofthe length of a member, between adacent pints chat are laterally restrained 13a {eroee ection that ena develop is elastic capacity in compreasion or bending, butin which lca bucking Drovents development of te plastic meme capacaaa slender croseseetion serene ection in which loa buckling prevent development fie clastic capacity in comprenin andlor fending " 1345 slenderness {he effective length divided by the radi of gration 1346 Timivof shear thst canbe applied before slip occurs ina frition grip connetion 1347 Fesistance to failure by bucling ole of static equilibrium 1348 strength Fesistance to failure by yielding or buekting ‘member carving predominant axial compressive force sub-frame ar of lrger frame torsional restraint resteint that prevents rotation of membrsbout it longitudinal axis ase ace lout > 40 LAr eompreeio NarapaTTe NWavaracamnet re re (oes criteria shouldbe sated Ise hoe [Single angle or double antes with TS lewmpononts separated, axial compression Not applica {Al tnee criteria should be stited) [Oatstand lg of am ang Tn contact le ack totack in adoutle angle member [Outatand log of an ang with aback x continuous contact with another cosponent [Sem of Teoetion, rolled or cut from a rolled [BT ise ime ie [rer Hwection |‘Table 12 — Limiting width-to-thicknes BS 5950-1:2000 ts for CHS and RHS [Compression due to bending et Tae [axa compression [Nav enphicbio lar [Flange [Compression due wo fou = Soe ee ae bot = 626-0 |soe [Anil compression [Not applicable [Neutra xiv at nidsepch ate Tale (Generali=® cae, Tr0er, lout = aoe ie Ty Inet = ane [Asi comprenion? [Net applicable Compression ave t bending ase fot <72e— a ae ut = Ste asa [Asal compression? [Nov eppicabie [Neutral ira nidsdepeh se Fe onary Bee but = ae ut » Sse [Asal compreson? [Nev appieable cr [CHS Cireuarholow section — including welded tbe; lH Hoe finished Cola formed JRHS Rectangular hollow section — including square hollow seston,BS 5950-1:2000 Section 8.5.5 Stress ratios for classification The sree ratios 7; end used in Table 11 and Table 12 shouldbe determined from the flowing: 1) for - r Hestions with equal anges: ») for -or Hsectione with unequal flanges Fe BN BT Py a pe nat tens isthe gros cross-actional ae isthe width of sh compression ange: io the width ofthe tension ange, inthe web dept io tbe axial compression (negative for tension); {nthe maniznum compresiveetroas in the web, see Figure ‘isthe minimum compresive tres inthe web (negative for sension), ee Figure 7 ‘the design strength ofthe Manges Js the design strength ofthe web (ut Py = Py ‘athe thickness ofthe compression Mange 1T, athe thickness ofthe tension Mange; £fathe web thickensSection 3 Tension Conpreson Tension. Compression ] T Figure 7— 12.56 Effective plastic modula 2.56.1 General Clase 3 sri compact sections bjt to bending shoud be designed sing either the action modulus Zor the effective plstc modula Sy For or Hseeions with equal fanges,RHS and CHS, the effective plete modulus shouldbe deteriined frm 8.8.6.2, 3.8.6.3 or 28.64 respocsvely For Lor Hiscetons wth {Enequal flanges subject to bending'in the plane of he web ofrence shouldbe made to H.S. For ather ‘rom aetions Sy thould be taken as equal athe rection modulus Z 3.5.6:21- or H-sections with equal flanges For class 3 semi compact I or Haeetins with equal anges, the elfective plastic mod Sa 84 Sy bout the major and miner axes may be stained fom war Pag Bu but Suan 25+ (8-20) 1b isthe ange ouatand, ae Figure dia the web depth; ‘Ss the plesti medulus about the major ax 'S, is theplastic modulus about the minor ais, Tis the ange thickness; ie the web thickness 4 zz is the section modulus about the major axisSection 3 the setion modulus about the sinor ax the limiting value of 4 rom Table 1 fora class 2 compact Mange; Boe ia the imiting value of at from Table 11 fra class 2 compact web, is the limiting valu of 87 from Table 11 fra clase 3 semi-compact ange; Bae ia the limiting valu of from Table 1 fora class 8 semicompact web, 35.63 Rectangular hollow sections For class semi compact RHS the ffictive plastic moduli Sq and Sq for major and minor exe bending ray both be atained by consdesing bending about the reoeive ate using the fallowing bse Ba He) ee Sq2z24s- 2) z cas B18) BE Pew Pas Sq = 248-2 where ‘Buy is tholimiting value of Ot rom Table 12 for a clase 2 compact Mange Boy i thelimiting vl of dt fom Table 12 fora class 2 compact web Psy is thoimiting value of rom Teble 12 for a las 3 wemi-ompact Mange Poy is thelimiting value of elt fom Table 2 fora class 2 semi-compact web and the dimensions ,d and #of an RES ate as defined in Table 12 8.5.64 Cireular hollow sections For class 3 somi-compact CHS of diameter D nnd thickness the effective plastic modus Sup shoul bo Sa rosaellGED-]s-2 3.6 Slender cross-sections 3.6. Bifective section properties ‘The local buckling resistance of elas 4 slender creations may be allowed for indesign by adopting sffectveotesionproperten Duc allowance should be nade for the posse eer of anche the ferro of the effective crousecion compared to tat ofthe prose croas secon, see M3 Genoraly the methods given in 2.6.2, 2.6.3, 264, 6.5 and 8.46 shouldbe used, at moe exact methods of eaculating resistance talc bucking may nzo be used where appropriate. In members that are mainly sresod by sxal compression, the poesle effects of local buckling on Servicsbiity shouldbe taken inte soonune for crostescbons that ielagenteral elements wider than 7O€ tines their thickness for cold formed RIS, or Be times for other sectionsSection 3 146.2 Doubly symmetric erost-sections 26.2.1 General "Tho methode given in 8.622, 3.6.23 and 3.6.2.4 may be uted for doubly symmetriscros-ections that include class 4 slender elements The eflecive cons sectional aren Aye and the values of eetre section ‘ods Zor bending about the major and minar axes shold each be determined from separate effective ‘oe-sctons as desaled in 26.22, 8.28 and 86-24 3.6.2.2 Byfective area ‘The elective cross-sectional ares Au shouldbe determined from the effective crose-setion as shown in Figure Sa). Theefesive width of ines slender web clement o internal lang element shouldbe taken tee times ie thckness fr cold formed RIS, or 4e tive for other sections comprising ewe eal witha central non fective se. The effective with of clase slender outstand slam should Eetaten as equal tthe maximum width for las 9 dered fom Table Be) ame 9 Ste T3te28¢ (se ,20"3outand rm SIP Ee | fe Ths i i aL. i i i F i i —fe— i i i i f igure 8 — Doubly symmetric slender cross-sectionsSection 3 Cogsen Captidteis Sirens Tesson ge 1s te Me as ae Se age petit one wise ‘Reinet nis wb il tien re mas at sure 8 —Doubly symmetric slender eron-sections (continued) 5.6.23 Effectice modulus when web is fully effective For cross-octions with webs that arene clase 4 slnder under pure bending, the effective section modulus Zar should We determined from an ellseive cron section in which the fective with of enycase 4 slendet ‘ldment nthe compression flange is detrnined as detaleg in 3.6.22, see igure 2) the whole cross section i fll ellective fr bending about given ais then Za shouldbe taken as equal tothe section modulus Z about that sx {he cross section is not uly fleive i resnting bonding about the major or minor aie causing the relevant offctive cc section tobe saymmetne abou the aint bending, the smaller ef tho two values of Zale tat asin shoud booed 8.6.24 fective modulus when web ie slender For cross-sections with wcbs that are cats 4alender under pure bending, the effective setion modulus Zr should be detrmined frum am sfective eros action obtained by adopting nn effective with befor the mpression vnc ofthe web, arranged as indsated in Figure &, with 0. tByq adjacent the cokpression ‘ange and 0.6 adjacent the elastic neutel sal"The elective width bg ofthe compression sone under pure bending shouldbe ctined fom: rove Teh) (Fe we NO) {9 te maximum compressive strat in the web, eu {isthe maximum tensile stot inthe we, se Figure & ie th dnignsrongth ofthe web the we thicken. ‘The value of fon an fy soto determine by shouldbe based on acroes-sctionin which the web is taken sly eee unng the efoctve width of fhe compresion ange this w clase tlendes, 6b sticeavra ae Seats states Tein flange Figure 8 — Effective width for class 4 slender web under pure bending 36.3 Singly symmetric and unsymmetrie cross-sections "The efactive widths detailed in 3.5.2.2 may sao bese fr class 4 singly eymametric and unaymmetre ‘ros-sctons, provided that accounts taken ofthe eddthral moments induced inthe member du tothe Shift ofthe centroid ofthe effective eons scton compared to that of the gros toss ncton. ‘These sdditional moments shouldbe obtained by seruming that the axial compressive fren F, sets atthe czntoid of tho gross coo section, buts rusted by an equal and oppoite fore ating atthe centro of the etfctiee crows cation thet corresponds to tho case of iform stress equal athe deg strength Py ftingthroughoxt its effective cron setunal are, The additional eaoments shoul be take inse accor’ inthe checks om coen ection enpaeity nd member buckling resistance piven in 42, 48,44, 4.% and 48 ‘xcept wheres more onerous condition actus they ate oma,3.6.4 Equableg angle sections Forclas slender het rolled equal-eg angle sections, the method given in 8.6.8 may be used. Alternatively the effective cross-sectional aoe Ayq and efleciveseson modulat Zag abut a ven aaa a) fonservatively be obtained using where 0 in theleg lengths isthe thickness, 3.55 Alternative method As an alzernative to the methods detailed in 26.2, 3.6.9 and 2.64, a reduced design strength py may be calculated at which the cross-section would be class 3 semi-compact: The reduced eign strength pe ‘should shen bo used in place of, nthe checks on stetion capers and tieiber bucking reiesance iven 44.2, 43,44, 47 and 4.8. The Ya ofthis reduced design srength py may be obtained fom Py * Dy/BDy in which isthe value oT, Dito at that ext the limiting value given in‘Teble 11 or Table 12 fer claus 3 aemtcompect stein. 36.6 Circular hollow sections Provided that the overall diameter D dos not exceed 240 the effective cross-sectional area Age snd sffective setion modulus Za a claes lender ela hllow scion of thickest maybe selermined from 46-(@@9 serBS 5950-1:2000 Section 4. Design of structural members 4.1 General 4.11 Application ‘This Section 4 applies tothe design ofsimple members and of members that comprice parts of remes, 4.12 Clase of cross-section Reference shouldbe made to 3. forthe classification of cross sections 4.13 Design strongth ‘Tho dosign etongthp, shouldbe dbtained fom 3.1.1, 4.2 Members subject to bending. 42. General 42.1. General conditions All members subject bending should moet the following condition 4) At rita points the combination of maximum moment and oo-ristent shear an the combination of maximum shear and coxstent moment shouldbe hacked 1) The deflection criteria given in 25.2 should be taken into acount ) Unless the member i fully restrained against lateral torsional buckling a indicated in 42.2 ite Fesistance to lateral torsional Busklng should be checked in acordanee wih 3. 4) For cass 4slonder sections, local buckling should be taken into acount as given in 3.6, ‘9 When loads or reactions are applied through the Mange tothe web the conditions of 4 for beeing and ‘buckling shouldbe met 42.12 Span of beame ‘The pan of «berm should be taken between te effective points of ppt 42.1.3 Length of cantilevers ‘The length of cantilever shouldbe taken asthe distance from the eetive point ofthe supporto the tip atthe cantilever, 42.2 Foll lateral restraint [Fa beam haa fll lateral restrain 0 its compression flange, resistance to lateral torsionabuckling may Doussumed to be adequate provided thee als has nomna ronal restrain te supports. Nomi torsional rsteant at memsber supports dtinet fom fll foreonal resteint et member eupport, ‘see 4.3.8) may be supplied by web cleats, partial depth end plates, fin plate or continuity withthe next Fl lateral restraint may be asunned to exis if the frictional or positive connection of a oor (or other) ‘anstrecton tothe compression lange ofthe member incapable of resisting t ateral fore of pt lee than 2550 the masimum force in the compreason ange ofthe member. This aera ore should be Considered a dstributod uniformly along the ange, provided that th dead Yad of the flor and the Imposed lad it sports together constiate the dominant loading onthe member Ie should be ensured ‘hat te for (rather) construction i capable reiting thie lateral free‘BS 5950-1:2000 Section 4 42.8 Shear capacity ‘Toe shen free F, should not be grenter than the shear capacity P, given by: P,=080,A, in which A ia the shenr ate, ten flows: ‘rolled I, Hand channel section, lad parallel to webs » 1) molded Foeetion, load parallel to wet a ©) rectangular hollow eetions, load parallel to webs ADD +B) welded box sections, lo parallel to webs ad © tolled Pectons, load parallel to web » ‘welded Tsections, lad parallel to wel “-D 2 cecuer bollow sections ona 1) solid bars and plato: 094 ‘any otter case: oa, isthe ares of the cross-section is the aren ofthat scilinear lement of the cross-section which has the largest dimension inthe 06, forelas 1 pati or clase 2ompact cree scons: Me= (8-98) (orcas 3 sei-compact eve sections Mo=pE-9S/A) er ateraatvely M,= pfSye-PS) — foreland resection: M.=pyZeq- PS) tn which 8 tained from the flowing — for sects with unequsl lange: 5-8-5 in hich ithe plastic modu of he tleive ection exuding the shea are A, defined in 4.2.8 = cane Syinthe plastic modulus ofthe sear are A fn in 4.2. sap ven by: p= RIFF) 1} ‘ifcrnatvcy, for clase 9 sem-competcrone-wctons reference may be made oH. ot fer clase 4 slender cronnocont relrenc maybe nde to 36 and 3. Ifthe tit sod 7 fr led ton o 2 for weld section, he momen cacy shold he itemined lowing fr shear bling necrdanee wih ekBS 5950-1:2000 Section 42.54 Notched end For notched ends of, Hor chanel section members the monies capsiy M, hold be tl 2) Low shear where Fy = O78, for nay notched end: MoxpyZ fo doubly mothe end: Me py 2 High shear where F, > 0787, or singly notched end PF for doubly notched end: ogee isthe rsidual dpsh ofa doubly notehed end isthe rolovantcction madulue of the residual te ata singly notched end 4.255 Bolt holes No allowance need be made fer belt holes in a compression flange (or le). No allowance nee be mede for bt holes tna tension Mange or log) forthe tention sere euaat * aK, 1% isthe aren ofthe tension elements ou: the net ares ofthe tension element after deducting bel hole K, sthefactor for effcsive net are given in 8.4, Noallowance need be made or ol hole inthe tenshon sone ofa web unles there are also belt holes inthe tansan Nange a the same loeation, Furthermore, no slowance need be mae fra holes na web if the ‘ndition gen above i nated when both atid Oy ae based upon the complete tension roe, ‘Somprisingthe tension Nange pls the tension zone f Che web. Tag ib ete shan a/K, then an effective nt area of Kido May be used 4.3 Lateral-torsional buckling 43..General ‘Unless bear o cantilever ha ful lateral restraint tots compression Mange ae described in 42.2, thon Inadaiion to satafying 2 ie revstance to lateral torsional buckling shoul ales be checked Generally the renintance ofa member to lateral-torsenal buckling shoul be checked ns detailed in452, 485, 184,435, 436,37 nnd48, However, for members that satay the conditions given 9 GA, advantage may be taken of the methods for members with one fangs restrained geen in G2. 43.2 Intermediate lateral restraints 43.2: Generat Ifa member that ie eubjec to bending need intermediate lateral restraints within its length inorder to develop the required buckling renatance moment. these reresnts thould have sfiient sires and ‘Steonat to init lateral movement of the compression flange felative to the suppertsSection 4 BS 5950-1:2000 Intermdite lateral restraints should generally De connected tothe member as case as practicable othe compression flange and in eny case closer to the level othe sear entre ofthe compres ange Santo {he level ofthe shone centre ef he member. However, iran inermedist lrional estan, se 4.2.3 fe Slo provided atthe sume cro section, an intermediats lateral restrint may be connected ea lve, 43.22 Restraint forees 4.2.21 Where intermediate lateral restraint is required at interval within the lnath of x heam of {antlover the intermediate atral restraints should be capable af enntinga total fore of not eae than 15 of the maximum value of te factored force in the compress Dang within the relevant span, divided beoween the inzermediote letra restraint in proportion to ei spacing ‘The intermediate lateral restricts should either be connected to an appropriate syrtom of bracing capable ftransfrrng the restraint frees tothe effective point ef suppor of tre member or else connected toa Sndependont ebast part ofthe structure capablocffllling stellar fusetion Where two cr more parallel mombersreghte intermediate lateral restraint, it sot adequate merely fo connet the members together ‘ich that they Boome matualy dependent {43.2.2 Where choo or more intermedia laters restraints are provided, each intermediate lateral terri shouldbe apa orestng ere oa han Tc the manu vale of te factored ree sm the compresnen fangs within the relevant ep "Tho bracing eyetom should be capable of resting ach ofthe flowing alternatives: 1 the 1% reatrsint force considered as ectng at only one point ata time >) he 25% restrain fore from 48.2.2, divided between the intermediate lateral restraint in 4.82.2. Bracing sytem that supply intermediate laterl restraint to mare than one member should be Aesigned to rei the sum ofthe letra rerteaint force rom each member that they restrain, determined In accordance with 4322.1 and 43-222, redveed bythe factor hy obtained ro b= (02+ UNE in which Ni the numberof parallsl members restrained. 4.32.24 Purine adequately restrained by sheeting need not normally be checked for frees caused by Tesiraaing rafters foot asees or portal frames tat carry predomnansy vont lon, provdod that ther: 1) there bracing of adequate sttiness inthe plane of the raters; or Dy the rot sheeting is apableof acting a stresed.skin diaphragm, s00 BS 5950.9 4.8 Torsional restraints ‘Amember may be taken as torsional estained agains rotation sbontits longitudinal exo at any point in‘ length where both flanges are hed n position relative to each other nthe lateral cece, 8 ‘xcemel means wot involving the lateral linen or Tessance of tho Manges themeeles, ull orional restrain at member rapport (as dstne from nominal torsional restraint at member fupporis, sce 42:2, should generally be provided inthe form of ntral restrain to both flanges or by ‘inline senna to intermediate torsional fstnina, Alternatively fll orien restraint at mersoer apport may be provided by bearing stilleners as recommended in 4.8.7 Intermediate torsional restraint within the length ofthe member may be provided by means of mitable ‘aphragms botween two silar members, cr else by equivalent panel of tsangulated bracing ‘ae torsional restraint shouldbe capable of resting a couple comprising two equal and opposite ores ‘cing ata lever arm equal othe dope beeen the Sento ofthe anges, each equal tthe larger of 15) 1% the maximum vali ofthe factored force i the compression ango within the relevant span, 1) 2.5 % ofthe maximum value ofthe factored fore in the compression Dange within the relevant span, ‘vided between the intermediate leteral entrain in proportton tothe spacing.BS 5950-1:2000 484 Destablizing load ‘The destabilizing loading condition shouldbe taken wheres load is wpplied to the top lange uf «beam ‘cantilever, end both the load and the lange are fre to defect lateral (and posal trations sie ‘lative to the centroid ofthe eos-secton. Ocherwise the normal lading condition should be assumed. 43.5 Effective length for Interal- torsional buckling 43.5: Simple beams without intermediate lateral restraints ‘The effective length Lo lateral torsional buckling fa simple beam with restrain at the ends only shouldbe obtained from Table 15, taking the segment length Ly am equal to he span Lot the bean Ifthe festrait condition teach end dite, the meas vl of shoud be taken, The conditions of restraint aginst retation of anges on plan at member supports shouldbe assessed taking into account the sutinecs of the connections ns well a the alfaes of tr supprting mersoers oF ‘thor construction supplying restraae atthe suppor, 4.382 Simple beams with intermediate lateral restraints ‘The effective length fr lateral torsional buckling of «simple beam with intermediate lateral restraints shouldbe taken es 162 fe normal loading conditions ort 2rcy forthe destabling long condos (eo 4.28), where Za dhe longth of tho tolerant segment betiven adjacent lateral sess Fer the segment between « support andthe adjacent intermediate lateral restrain, aceunt should be talon ofthe restraint conditions tthe support The effective length Ly shouldbe taken ao the mee af he value given shove and the value given by Table 18 forthe restraint cobditione et he support, taking Ler [ste length ofthe segment berweon the support and the lateral restrain both enaee, 43.5 Beams with double curvature bending In the case of continuous beams or other membars subject to double curvature bending, consideration shouldbe gven to th rgions subject a eagging moments and hogging moments as fliows 2) Fors beam with intermediate atral restraints to each Aang, the segmens length Dx andthe fective length Lg frlateral-esionl buckling should be deter aor a sip ea ao given {n 428.2; hogeing moment regione ae well asin sagging moment rqions. The letra estat. the compression flange of each region should extend upto or beyond the points ef sontrfleare Fora beat with intrmodite lateral restnints tothe compression ange in the seeing moment region only, forthe sagging moment region the repmentlengts Ly and eecive lent Lg for Interal-torsional buckling shouldbe determined a fora simple beam as given in 430-2, he iateral buckling resistance ofthe beam tothe moment the hogeng moment Fags shouldbe determined using G2 ©) For a beam directly supporting a concrsto or compete Noo o ev slb that provides fll lateral Testrint to the top flange see 4.2.2. the Interal Buskling restatance ofthe beam tothe mimes inthe ogeing moment regions thosid te dstermined using G2, 1 Fora beam directly supporting aconereteor composi aro rof slab that provides bat lateral and ‘orsionalresteant tothe op Mange an allowance ay be made fr this trsiealrestai by assuming ‘rt lateral restraint tothe notion args tthe poise of sntrflenure when eternity the egment length £3, Inthe abnence of better infortaation torsional estan athe top Fang ny be ‘asumed ifthe depth of the beam sees than $80 mm andthe sab einer. composite slab with profiled stool shestng, see BS 5850-4, designed tact compoitely withthe ‘etl beam, 0 BS 5050-808 solid in situ conerae sla with a depth of not leas than 25 % ofthe beam depth, designed tbe ‘continuous ove the bea These rt resrainss should not be ascumed if another form of allowance ie made or the torsional restraint of he top lange bythe sah Lateral restraint the bottom Nang cl tot be meu at Doint of contraferure under ther restraint conditions unless lateral estan is actualy prowl ot That pineSection 4 BS 5950-1:2000 able 18 — Effective length Ls for beams without intermediate restraint [Compresston ange [Bork Manges Wally rearainel agaInA TOON fiaterally restrained. [on plan. [ola |Nominal trsional [Compression Tange Wally estratned againar festean: against (rotation ox plan fotation abqut [Both Tanaes parialy Fara aT Jonaudinal ass, as rotation on plan [othe jpven in 4.2." [Compression flange partly FOaIAEE lacainat rotation on san poo [Both anges free to rotate oa FR (Compression Tange Partial torsional PstI ayaina® TORT laterally labutlongtudinal axis provided by connection Nnrestrined lt hottom lange to mspport=. Tolar Taya Both anges ree to [Partial torsional ventral gaint rtaTOn tater plan. jabout longitudinal aus provided only by [preccure ot wottom fange onto support 43.5.4 Cantilever without intermediate restraints Taare The ffetve length Ly fr lateral arsional buckling of cantilever with no intermediate Iatral restraint shouldbe obtained from Table 14, taking Las the length of the cantilever Ifa bending moments applied [Sts tp, sho effective length Ly fom Table 14 shouldbe Inereased by the greier of 30% o OL. 43.5 Cantilever with intermediate restraints Provide tha: the end restraint conditions correspond with eases et) a 4) in Table 14, the elective length by fo lateral torsional buckling oa centlever wth intermodiate lateral ectralts to its ompreston lange should be taken aa 1 7-fr normal lading conditions, talaog las the length ofthe felovant segment betwoonadincon Intra restainta. However for the destabising lasing condton (Gee 4 Lg shouldbe obtained from Table 14 taking L asthe length ofthe cantilever, unless te op Mange also its itermodiate lateral retest.BS 5950-1:2000Section 4 BS 5950-1:2000 4.36 Resistance to lateraltorsional buckling 4361 General Resistance to lateraltrsinal buckling need not be chockod separately (and the buckling resistance ‘momen if maybe ‘item ne equa ote Flevent momen: capacity Mi the fllowing cases — bending about the minor is 1, square RHS or crculr or aguare solid bas [RHS, unless Lgl, excoed the limiting vale given in Table 1 forthe relevant vl of DB —1.,H, channel or box setions fx doe not exered Ay 260 43.658 Otherwise, fer members subject to bending about their major exis, reference chould be made a follows: —for IH, channel o bos section members with equal lange and a niform cronsteton throuzhout he length ofthe relevant sopment L between adjacent Iter restrain soe 8.8.2) —forFseccione or box scion with unequal ange but with uniform cros-scton throughout the length of the relevant segment Lbetween adjacent lateral restraints, see 48.63; — fort, H, channel or bas action members with scrote eesion that varies within the length ofthe ‘levant segment L between adjacent lateral restraints soe B25 —for hot rolled anges, see 43.8 for pate, flats of slid rectangular bars, te B27; tor Tetons ee, B28. ‘Table 15 — Limiting value of Fry for RHS Fr OX eT 5 BSXIAT OX ETT Tas ]oOx wT BT REX Bx aT.) [ia OT ns a0 re EEX aT,) Lat 0x oA BEX IIIT 7 TIO* OTH,) 4362 F, H, channel and bax sections with equal flanges Incach segment of length L between adjacent Interal restraint, members ofl, H. channel hae sections wth equal anges should sti Mge Mim and My + Me, where ‘My i tho buckling resistance moment, see 4.8.64 ‘Mey is tho major exis moment capacity ofthe crose section, se 426; My. is tho maximum major axis moment in the segment riz. ia the equivalent unifrm tnomentfxtar for laeralorsonal bucking, 00 43.8.84.3.63 Lseetions and bos sections with unequal flanges Ineach segment of length Lyx between adjacent lateral restraints, members of Tor box cross-section with UUnegual anges should si fora segment of length Lypsubject to single curvature bending, the criteria given in 4.86.2 for sections with equal Hanes fora sogment of lenges Ix sue tadouble-curvature bending, the criteria given in BZA 4.3.64 Buckling resistance moment For Inera torsional buckling, the buckling resistance moment M, shouldbe obteined allows «for rolled, H-or channel sections with equal anges, either using the general method given ind),or lsrnatvaly using the mmple method given in 42.7 0) for single angles, na giver in 4.88 ©) generally, except as given na) oF), Mf, should be determined from the following —for ease 1 plant or cess 2 compact cross.sections My= D8 for elas 5 som compact crostsections: My = padaioralernatively Me PScatt for clase slender eroe-sctons Myrna inthe bending strength from 4.6.6 lu the plastic modulus about the major axis ‘is the oflesve plastic modula shout the mise exi, see 8.5.6 isthe scetion modulus abot the maior axis Zugtt lathe effective cection modulus about the major ais, sce 8632 43.65 Bending strength p, eho equivalent slendernoss fom 4.3.6.1 i not more than the limiting slederneo ya forthe relevant design strength p given ne the foo of Table 16 and Table 17, chen py should be taken seal Copy end ho allowance nced be made for Iterl torsional buckling. Otherwise the bending strength py for the rlevat values of and py shouldbe hand from ‘Table 16 for rolled sections or Table 17 fr wed suction or hom the formula given in B21 4.3.66 Equivatent uniform moment factor mx For the normal loading condition, the equivalent uniform moment factor for lateral torsional buckling mie Should be obtained from Table 19 forthe pattern of major ante moments over the segment length For the destabilizing loading condition mx shauld be taken as 10.Bending strength », (Wimm® for rolled sections Biel grade and denis rant Cm)‘Table 17 —Bonding strength p, (Nimm for welded sections aSeotion 4 ‘Table 18 — Equivalent uniform moment factor ms for lteral-torsional buck (Continued overleaf ‘Segue wit ced moments nly (alos of rom he formula rte eT ET brea‘Table 18 —Rquivalent uniform moment factor m7 for lateral-torstonal buckling (entinued) Jrebame may saz EME GEMS OTMSection 4 BS 5950-1:2000 43.67 Equivalent slenderness ix ‘The equivelentslenderness Ay should be abeaned as follows 1) Foran I-orH-section member the equivalent slendermees Ay shouldbe obtained using dan * wh inwhiet gin the effective length for latera-trsons bucking, from 4.3.5 ry lithe radius of gyration about the minor axis inthe buckling parameter, se 4.685 Dy ithe ratio defined in 4.3.69. ‘The slonderness factory may be obtained fom Table 19, depending on the value cf the ratio where ris the torsional index ce 43.8.8, andthe flange ao Foe mclons with equal anges the Tenge rato shouldbe faker an 0. Otherwise 9 should be chained fom Toh, a where Iye ithe socond moment of area af the compression Nange about the minor axis ofthe section Iq inthe second moment of area af the tension Nange abou the minor axis ofthe ection Alternatively, maybe determined from the flowing: —foran I, Hor chart eetion with equal flanges ** Troan —foran I-or Heeecton with unequal flonase: [(sna—m+0.08070" +v")"* +9) fn which i the nonoayennetry inden "The monotymmeiry index may be oblained from B.2A.1. Alternatively, for vals of satisfying Ol z nz 09 the monosymmeny index 9 may be approsiated as flows: fora plain FoF H section ve hg2n-1) for lipped Lazction of depth D with compression Menge lps of depth Dy, see Fique 10 = Ry2n—1)01 +0800) in which &, =0.8 when n> 0.5 and h, = 10 when n<05. ») Rorachannel section member the method fran I-or H-sscton specified ina) may be wed ifthe details the support, end restrint, intermediate restraints and connetions of thechanl to other members {hat apply losd toe are such that the lines ofaeton ofthe onde an ropporerentons can be taken Passing through its shenr canes, evn though thi Toetnd outside the ack fe roe seta {2 Fora bos section member (including an RHS witha value of Ing that exceeds the vale given in ‘oble 1) the oquivalontslenderness yy should be abiained using B26BS 5950-1:2000 Section 4 Table 19 — Slonderness factor v for sections with two plain flanges Goel ge tewe in [Bane [Ursa ange: angi Tia loz (ILSeotion 4 igure 10 — Examples of lipped Lxections with compression flange lips 48:68 Buckling parameter u and torsional index x The buckling parameter « and torsional index xshoulé be obtined from ether the frmulee given in B.2.8 (or tables far ruled seetinns based on thet formulae) —for rolled I, Hear channel sections with qual flange: ‘DIT “wwe with = 09) —for welded three plate girders with equal flanges: T=DT umdwith u=1.0 D isthe dopth of the section: 1s the Mange thickness The rato By shouldbe taken a follows: —forelase {plate or class 2 compact crowesections: Bu = 10: for las § semi compact cross sctions SWM=MZyind 364 Bw=ZISe = PySeat 8 BEA: By Sra !Sy for els 4 slender eros sections Bur * Za48.7 Bqual Nanged rolled sections ‘As asimple Gout more conservative) alternative to 4.8.65, 4.16.6 4.86.7, 4.3.68 and 4.63, the bucking Tesistance moment My ofa plan rolled, Horse saicon with equal sages nay be determines ne ‘the bering srorath py obtained fom Table 90 forthe relevant values ol Qissbpiy and Dic tlone fora clase 1 plastic or class 2 compact crse-ection MS: — fora class 9 temi-compact crow section: wine 7 inthe depth ofthe ection ie the offctive long rom 4.3.5 {nthe radius af gyration ofthe section about its yy axis {nthe plastic modulus about the major wis inthe ange thickness; inthe action modus about the major ais inthe rato specified in 43.8. 43.8 Buckling resistance moment for single angles 43.81 General ‘The design of unrestrained single angle members to resist bending should take acount of theft thatthe "ectanlar axes ofthe eron-section x and yy) arent tho prinelpal axe, either by using the base ‘ethod ven in 43.820 the simplified method given in 42.83. 43.82 Baste method For thin method th applied moments should be resalved into momeats about the principal axes ut and vv. The bucking resistance momen by fr hending about the wu oxs shouldbe bored on che value ‘faq obtained from B.2.9. The eilete of banal hetng should chen combined ta necordane with 3. 43.85 Simplified method Alternatively to 4.8.82, for oqual angles the buckling resistance moment of single angle with bese eujec to bonding abou thax axis may be determined ae flows he fan ompresin = 0807 = yz (es) ae a coy, where Shorter i vy intheradae cation aoa the ai; 2, shemale seton motu bat he a Ashe member a et th he oth an eran amare win he ng ewe restreinta apne! buckling about she v-¥ ena the relevant value of My shouldbe applied Yhroughout that For unequal angles the basic mathed given n 4.3.8.2 shoul be weed,Section 4 BS 5950-1:2000 ‘Table 20 —Rending strength py (Nmm*) for rolled sections with equal Nanges fano fia hes fier hes fies ss fist us [iat an fins 5 165 faa er 127 84 ts 12504 2 fist fue | oe 6 uz ja | oe | st | fis fos | sr ta | os‘Table 20— Bending strength p, (Wmm*) for rolled sections with e wee 5 — fra fro aes bss laos fas 25s last fas [ase 261 [asa ar 2a aoe ees 88 338BS 5950-1:2000 ‘Table 20— Bending strength 7, (Nin) for rolled sections with equal flanges (continued)BS 5950-1:2000 Section 4 ‘Table 20— Bending strength p, (mm!) for rolled sections with equal anges (continued) a fs a5 sR aa sar fast 28 0s {aoe 264 es 238BS 5950-1:2000 44 Plate girders 442 General For the design of plate girder, the aditianel provisions piven in 4.4.2, 4.4.3, 4.44, 44.8 and 4.4.6 should ‘he stisted together withthe relevant provistna given in 42 and 3. 442 Design strength “The design seength ofthe flanges pe snd the design etength ofthe web fy should Doth be determined from 31.1 Ipyn > py then the desig strength of th anges poe should says be used when considering omens or exif, see Figure 11), bu the design arengh of the wey may optionally be ured ‘hen considering shen or traneverse forces applied fe the web, For a hybrid plate girder witha web ofa lower srength grade than the langes), the design strength py ‘ofthe web sul always be used When conldering hear or trannveree forces applied tate web, bat Ha Sssig strengths may be taken into account when considering momenta orate ore, ee Pgure 110), P. Wo dig sen ye < fan dito Figure 11 — Crossaections comprising elements with differing design strengths 443 Dimensions of webs and Danges 44.3. Generat Reference shouldbe made to 8.5 forthe casintion of webs and compression Anges The web ticknees should satisfy both 44.8.2 and 44.3.3 443.2 Minimum web thickness for serviceability To avoid serviceability problems 8) for webs without intermediate ailfenert: = 250; 1) for webs with transverse tiffeners en —hereatilfener spacing a> d:¢ = 250 where sifener spacing ad «> (a250\ald)* for webs wit lngitudinalstflener, reference should be made to BS 5400-3.BS 5950-1:2000 Section 4 44.3.3 Minimum web thickness to avoid compression flange buckling To avoid the compression flange buckling into the web: 2) for webs without intermediate iffenens¢>(250)o248) )for webs with intermediate transverse aifeners ‘where sifene specing a> 1.5: ¢ (2250948) — whore stiffener spacing @ < 1d > (280) 485) here ‘ye ie the design strength ofthe compression fang, 444 Moment eapscity 4.4.41 Web not susceptible to shear buckling Itthe web dept to thickness ratio dt = 62¢ should be assumed not to be azscoptble to shear buckling and the moment capacity othe eras section should be determined using 02.3 44.42 Web eusceptible to hear buckling the web depth-o-thicknea ratio dt > 70¢ for «rolled section, or 62 fora welded section, it shouldbe assumed tobe susceptible to ser bucking. The moment capacy of th cove section shal be ‘letarmined taking aesoun ofthe iteracton of hesr and moment see Figure Ta, using the folowing ‘nethode 1) ow shear Provide that the applied shear Fy 0.6Vq, where Vt the simple shes buckling resistance from 45.2, the mament espace shouldbe decried fom 423 ) high ehear"— Rangoon" method the applied shoar F, > 0.6Vy, but the web e designed for shes nly, oe 44.5, provided thet the flanges are not las 4 sender a canseevative valve Mfr the moses capaciy may be obtained by ‘sauming tht the moment is feslsted by the Banges alone, with each flange subject to a uniform stest not exceeding Dye ©) igh shear ~ poneral method tke applied ehear F, > 0.8Vy, provided thatthe applied moment doesnot exceed the “ow shee” moment capacity given i) tha web shoal be designed using 8 forthe applied shear combined with {ny additonal momen: beyend the "anges oniy" moment eaperity Ny given by 4443 Effects of axial force Ifthe member is lao subject to an axa force, reference should also be made to 4.8 The valu of My in 4.) should be obtained by assuming tt the moment aad the eal fore ave bath resisted by the ‘enges aloo, with exch ange abject to anor stoss not exceeding Py. 4.45 Shear buckling resistance 4.45. General ‘The shear buckling resistance should be checked if the ria dt ofthe web exceds Te fora rlled action SF 62 farm welded section, or webs required to carry bending moment andlor axial force in ation to shear, reference should also ‘Wot without intermediate stifones shouldbe designed using the simplified method given in 44.5.2 ‘Web with intermediate transverse sifleners shold be designed by means of either: 1) the simpliied method given in 44.8.2 1) the more exact method given in 4.4.5.8, ©) reference to BS 5400-2Section 4 BS 5950-1:2000 In alton, th conditions given in 44.8.4 and 6.4.5.5 shouldbe satisfied as appropiate, Wiebs with longitudinal stifeners should be designed by making reference to BS 5400-3 @ 4251 © 444200) OH @sas2 @u251 @ 4020) ©n3 © Sasa lo Figure 12 — Interaction between shear and moment 445. Simplified method ‘Tho shear buckling resistance Vs ofs woh withor without intermediate ranevers stiffeners may b taken asthe simple shear buclingreitnnes Ve given ¥y Var= dig fn the depth of the webs ‘nthe shear buckling strength ofthe web inthe web thickness ‘Tye shoar buckling strength gy shouldbe cbeained Grom Ho from Table 21 depending on the value of it and al wher i the aioor spacing Hor ebm witht itermeliatsillner al hi takenSection 4 445.3 More exact method Alternatively, the shoar buckling resistance Vj of = we panel betweon two tranaverseailfeners maybe determined 2 follows ifthe Manges ofthe panel ae fully stressed Uf 20) Weve diy ‘fhe flanges ate mot fully stress <0) WrMyrY bt Ws P, in which Vis the Mange dependent shecr buckling resistance, given by Pavan —iVpy)") T+ 015M) where fr isthe mean longitudinal tres in the smaller Mange due to moment andi axial fore M, fy isthe plastic moment capacity ofthe smaller flange, about ite own equal ers exis perpeniclar tothe plane ofthe web, determined wit ye ‘My isthe plastic mament capacity ofthe web, abou its own equal ars axis perpendicular to the plane ofthe weo, determined wo pyre Py isthe shear capacity from 423 inthe design strength ofthe Mane; yw iethe design stent of the we, 44.54 End anchorage End anchorage nev not bo provided iether ofthe following conditions apply 9) the shear capacity, not the shear buckling resistance, is the governing design criterion, indicated by 1) sulicient shear bucking rasistance is avsiable without forming a tension field indicated by in which Vs the cial shear buckling retstance rom H.2 or given by the Slloming: AVR, Ya = Py HPL >Vy>072R, Vey = (Vy —2BYT —ayconp, Var ® We, where F Vy. ie the simple chear buckling resistance fot 44.6.2 ty je the maximum shear fre Inall other cases anchorage should be provide fr onatudinal anche fre Hy presenting the longitudinal component of che tension field, detailed i He a —the ends of webs without intermedia eilfeners —theend panels of webe with intermediate transverse aiffeners, 4455 Penets with openings Forth design of panels with an opening with any dimension greter than 10% ofthe minimum panel 4inension, reference shouldbe made 4.15. Such panels should not be used av anchor panel ad the [Mjncent panel shold be designed a end paneleSection 4 BS 5950-1:2000 Table 21 —Shear buckling strength g, (Nim! of a webstrength ay (Nim! of a web (continued)Section 4 BS 5950-1:2000 44.6 Design of intermediate transverse web stiffeners 446.1 General Inermdiate transverse tifeners may be provided on either one or both sides ofthe web, 448.2 Spacing Where intermediate trancvorso web stiflancrs are provided, their spacing shoul conform to 43. 44.8. Outstand of stiffeners ‘The outstand af thesilfenrs should conform wo 4.6.1.2 4484 Minimum stiffness Intermediate transverse we aifeners not subject to external lads or moments should have second toment of area F, about the cntreline ofthe web not ere tI given by forald2 8: 1,=0.76ah for ald: 1,= 18a’ 2s tho actual stifener spacing: 4 isthe depth ofthe webs “ini tho minimum required web thicknes for the actual stiffener spacing 4465 Additional stiffness for external loading fan intermediate traneverse wel aifener is mbject to externally applied force, the vali of J given in 44.64 should bo inrossed by tdding Ie as flow 4) for tranaverse force effectively applied in kine withthe web: Togs 0 (ino intone i 1) ») for transverse forces applied eccentric tothe web Ions” FeeDUBL fr lateral foress, deemed tobe applied a the level of the compression Mange ofthe girder: 2R,DYBL {nthe overall dapth of the section inthe modulus of elasticity ‘nthe ecomtrcty of the tranavese fre from the centrolne ofthe web fa the external laters force fa the external tranavese fore ia the actual web thicken 44.6.6 Buckling resistance Intermediate transverse we slfenrs not subjct to extemal foces ot moments should mest the constr Fy Py in which isthe large value, cousidering the two web panels each side ofthe tifene, ofthe compressive "xiel free ven by F=V—VegBS 5950-1:2000 Section 4 where Py inthe bucking resistance ofthe intermediate web sioner. fom 45.5; V- isthe shear ina web panel adjacent to the iffene; Vig isthe criti shear bucking resistance (re 4.4.5) ofthe aime web panel Invermodiste transverse web stiffeners subj to external forces or moments should meet the conditions forlead caeying web siffoners gwen in 48.3.8. ln addon thoy chou lcs seuaty ene lowing in which M,=Fety+ RD where FF, inthe external latorsl fre, ian, 00 44.85 E, "inthe external tranoverte face My, iotho moment capacity of the siffener based on it action modules Py, lathe buckling sistance of load carving silfener, see 4.5.3.8 44.6.7 Connection to web of intermediate stiffeners Intermediate transverse web stiffeners tha ae not subject to external forces or moments should be ‘connected tothe web withstand sear between cech component ond the web Gt AN per tlinetre ron) ‘trot es than 1160) p r isthe outstand of the sifenr (in mm) £° nthe web thickness in mn. It the stiffeners are subject to extrnal forces or moments, the reeulting shear between the web and the Sttfener should be added tothe nbowe value Intermediate transverse web stiffeners that ar not subject o external eres or moments should extend to the compression ange, but need not be connected tit. Inermedinte tranoverce web stfeners hase pot bubject to external force or moments my terminate lear ofthe tension lang, auch eases Uae welds fonecting the stifener to the web shold terminats not more than a lear ofthe tonion flange 4.5 Web bearing capacity, buckling resistance and stiffener det 452 General 4.51. Web stiffeners Web stiffeners shouldbe provided where needed t locations where unsiffnod webs ae subject to bel loads or reactions, a follows 1) bearing etiffeners, to prevent crushing ofthe web du o frees applied through & Range, se 4.5.2 load carrying stiffeners, to resist web bucking dv a concentrated loading, ve 4.5.3; ©) tension stiffener, to transmit tensile forces applied va ange int the web, se 4.54 4) intermediate transverse web stifeners, to reset web buckling dv to sbear, te 4.5.5©) diggonal stiffeners, to provide local zenforcent of ¢ web in shear, 106 4.5.6 ‘torsion stiffener, to provide torsional restrint st supports ee 4.5.7 the same atfoners have ore than one function, they ehould meet the requirements french function 49.12 Mazimum outstand of web stiffeners Unless theauter edge ofa web iffener is telf continuously stiffened, its outstandfrom the fea the wh ould not exceed Tbe Ue eho outtand of aifener inbetween Le, and 19h, then ts design shouldbe sed onan effective {roneaection wth anoatstand of et 45.1. Suiff bearing length ‘Tao si bouring length by should be taken as the length of support that cannot deform appreciiy in ending. To determine by the dlaperson af load through «rool boring shouldbe taken a ndated Figure 18. Dispersion at 45 threugh packs may be inetaded provided thatthe ate firmly xed place, Figure 18 — Stiff bearing length 45.14 Becentriclty Whero a lad o reaction i applied eccentric from the centraine of the web, or where the centro ofthe sulle doesnot icon th centrlin the wa, he resulting eccetriety of oadingehould be allowed for indesign 45.1.5 Hollow sections Wheroconcontrated loads are applied to hallow section cansidratin shouldbe give to local stresses and {sformations and the aston reinforced or sflened as nessa. NOTE_Deuet ies on fr tan ode or rata plone fal etn rag ange Semin nonce Bar 4.8.2 Bearing eapacity of web 48.2.1 Unatiffened web Bearing atifeners should be provided where the local compressive force F applied trough «flange by Toads or reacting eaceeds the bearing capacity Py af the tained web a he web solange connec0n, Pu =O, Ab Pe except at the end of « member: nezsoedse but ns 5:‘BS 5950-1:2000 Section 4 sand fis obtained a allows: fora rolled [or Hesection; k= 74 fora welded I-or W-section: R=: where by iethe sl bearing length, 0 4.5.1.8 isthe distance tothe nearer end of he member from the end ofthe tif bearing is the design strength ofthe web; isthe root radius {s the fange thickness: Jsthe web thiknoss, 45.22 Stffened web Bearing stifferers shouldbe designe forthe applied farce minut bearing capacity Poy ofthe Uutillened web. The capacity P, of the sifener shouldbe talned from: Py Aasay in which A, i the nt cross-sectional area ofthe stiffener, allowing fr cope hoes fr weling the wel and the stiffener have diferent design strengths, the smaller value shouldbe used to calculate both the web pacity Pye and the ifenescapacty Ps 45 Buckling resistance 45.3.1 Unatiffened web Load carrying web stifeners should be provided wher the lc sompressve force F, applied through a flange by loud or rencton exctds the oucklingreetence ofthe we the fang tarough which the load o reaction i applied i eetvely restrained aging beh 4 rotation relative tothe wb ») lateral movement relative tothe other ange then provided tht the datane a, fom the load a reaction othe nearer ond ofthe membre atleast 0.74, the buckling resistance of the untiffned web shoul be taken au Ps even by = Bet Frnt where 4 inthe dopth ofthe web Poa isthe bearing capacity of tho unattfencd web a the web to‘lange connection, from 4.5.2.1 And by, h mand faze aa defined n 482.1 the distance , from the load or reaction tothe nearer end ofthe member is os than 0.74 the buling resistance My ofthe web shoulé be taken a pw at O74 _a5et «Tad Jy entna ‘Where a ore not met, the buckling eritano ofthe web sould be reduced o Py ven by In which Zs the effective length of the web, acting a a compression member or a pert ofa compresion ‘ember, determined in aordance with 47-4 fr the appropriate conditas if end retrainSection 4 BS 5950-1:2000 45.2 Loads applied between stiffeners Load carrying web stiffeners should be added where the loalcompressivo stress fu an the compress ‘ge ofa web, due leeds or reactions applied through flange between the web Sitenerselteady provided, exesode che compressive strength for edge loading peg For this check, the stress fon the compression edge of web panel of depth d between two transverse sllenrs of spacing a shouldbe ealslatod a fllows 4) individual poin loads and dstibuted loads shorter than the smaller panel dimension gor dshosld be diviod bythe smaller panel dimension 1 )for a serie of similar point lads, equally space, divide the lange Ind bythe epacing, orb the Shaler panel dimension theless! ©) ada the intensity oreotnit length) of eny other distributed loud 4) divide the sum of), b) and) hy the we thickness t The compressive strength for edge lading Py shouldbe cleulted as follows: —it th compression Mange ie retrained againt rotation relative tothe webs ka ifthe compression flange not retrained aginst rotation relative to che wah rat [los aia 458 Buckling resistance of lead carrying stiffeners ‘The external load or reaction Fy ona load carving stiflner should not exceed the buckling resistance Py the tiflene, even by ‘Thealfectve area A, ofthe load caring litfener sould be takan as that ofa cruciform crose-sction made up trom the efloctivé aren ofthe suftensra themnoclve (ene 482) together with anefecve width of web th each side ofthe contreline ofthe wflners limited to Ts times the wen thickness "The compressive trongth 7 should be detormined from 4.7. wsng stat curve) (oe Table 24) andthe radius of gyration of he carplee cruciform are A, ofthe siffenes abut its te parallel to the web, ‘The desienstronath py should be taken othe lower valu for the web othe silfeners The reduction of 20 Nit referned ton 4:7. should not be applied unless tho stifenersthomsves are welded sections Provided that the Mange through which the lad or reaction ie applied efetvely restrained against Intel movement relative othe other Mange, the effective length Ly shouldbe takes lllows 4) ange restrained agenst rotation inthe plane of the atilfenee by athe structral elements 1Lp=0.7 times the length Lof the stiffener clear between ange; ') ane nats restrained: {Lp 10 times the length of the stilfner clear between Manges [ehe load or zeaesion i applied tothe lange bya compression member, then unless effective Iter restraint is provided at that poin, the stifener shoud be denigned a pt of the om pression member {pplving te loa andthe connection should be checked forthe elles af strut action, ae C3 [rhe sffener slo acta as an intermediate ranavere sien toresiet shear buckling, it should be hacked forthe fet of combined lads in necordance with 44.8.8 Load earring stiffeners should slo be checked na bearing sifeners, soe 4.52.2454 Tension stiffeners Tension stifoners should be provided whore the applied land or reaction exceeds ether ') the tension capacity fhe unstifened web atts connection tothe flange 1 the tension capcity othe unstifened Mange, 68 6.4 and 6.75. ‘The tension capacity Pq of an unsifened web at the web-to-flange connection shouldbe obtined by Aspersion through the ange t the web to flange connection ata ope of! 29 0 the ange Incase) tension sliffoner required to strengthen an uostiffned web should be designed to carry that portion ofthe applied load or reaction that exceeds the tancion capacity Pe ef te unsifened we If tae ‘eb andthe stiffener have different design strengths the mallet value shoul be uoed for both In case), tension stiffener roguized to wrenethen an unaifened Mange, the proportion ofthe applied load or reaction assumed tobe carried hy the fener shuld be constant: withthe design ofthe Range. 45.5 Intermediate transverse web stifeners ‘The buckling resistance P, of wn intermediate transverse web ttfener shouldbe determined efor the Duckling resistence P, of sland earryng stiflencr, ace 45.23, except tha — the effective length Dx sould be taken an 07 times its length Lent hetween anges —nteners required only to resist shear buchling need not be checked as bearing stfeners to 45.2.2 456 Diagonal stiffeners Diagonal stiffeners shouldbe designed to cary that portion ofthe total applied shee that exceeds the hear eapacty Po the member, be 4.28. Ifthe web and te siflener have diferent design atrengt, the salle value shoal be used fy both 45.1 Torsion stiffeners Suilfeners tha are required to provide torsional restraint at momber support, se 4.2.3, chou have @ ‘second moment of area, about the centreine the wen th ates the cretion 1,2 084¢,D°7, In which the coefficient is given by the allowing: 68 <0, 0.006 it 80< A100 oan —st> 10 = aoe where A isthe slondernets Lar ofthe member D inthe overall depth of the member at the support ip, istheeffoctve length of the member inthe epan under consideration Fy itheradiu of gyration about the minor axis: T, isthe maximum thickness ofthe compression Nange in the span under consideration, 5.8 Connection of stiffeners to webs Wb stitfeners that contribute to resisting lands or roastons applied through a Mange should be connected tothe web by welds, ted bots or prelosded tote designed tobe nonaip under factored laa, oe 842 This connection sould be designed to transasta free equal othe lsu of 4) the larger of tho ores applied a ctherendifthey act in opposite directions or the eum of these frees IPhoth actin the same direction 1) the capacity ofthe stiflene, soe 4.5.2.245.9 Connection of web stiffeners to flanges 4.5.91 Stiffenersin compression Web sttfners required vores compression should ichr be fited aginst the loaded Mange or connect twit by continuaas weld, itd bla or preloaded bolts designed tn ne non-slip under factored onde The sitfoner should be hited against, or connected to both flanges where any ofthe following apy 2) load ie applied aiocly over «suppor 1b) thestiflene farms the end stiffener fm stiffened web the atlfener act a 8 torsion sine 4.5.9.2 Stiffeners in tension Web stttences required o resist tension should be conte tothe flange transmitting the load or reaction bycontinvous wads ited belts or preted bats denigned tobe nonsip under factored lone, ce Ol. This connection shouldbe designed to resist the lesser ofthe applied load o reaction a the espacio the ilfner see 8.22 4.510 Length of web stiffeners Bearing stiffeners or tension stifners that donot alto have other functions ee 45.1.1, may be curtailed ‘there the capacity Po the unstiflened wabbuyond the endef the eter i not lou than the proportion Of the applied lad or eatin carved by he stiffer The capacity Py ofthe unstiened web athe point ‘hotld be obtained from: Pug= (bs * W)Eym where by tothe stil bearing length oe 45.1.3 1e_iothe lngth obtained by dispersion at 45 tothe level at which the atiffener terminates. ‘Thelengt ofa sifener that doesnot extond right acots he weh shoud leo be suc thatthe lca sear strc in the web due the fore tranamited hy the eller does not sxceed Orne 4.6 Tension members 461 Tension capacity "The tension capacity P ofa member should genorlly be obtained from: P= yy in which A isthe sum ofthe effective net areas ay af al the elementsaf the cross-section, determined ffom 34.3"bue noe more than 13 sine the total Set ary 462 Members with eccentric connections members are connociod centri to tel axes, the resulkng moments should generally be allowed for in scrordancs wrth 482: However, agen chaanie er Tsctons with scent ond connectioné ma) be treated as wxaly loaded by using the reduced tension capacy given in 463, 4.63 Simple tension members 4.6.3.1 Single angle, channel or Tection members 2 simple, designed as axaly loaded, coining fa singe angle connectd through one eg aly, & sinle channel connected only rough the web oraT-aeeion connectedonl through the flange, the tension ‘apacty shouldbe obtsined na follows — for bolted connections: P= ayA.-0.50)) — for welded connections: Pe= Py 0.802) in which paiernere ‘Ay isthe grose crc sectional are, sco 3.41 421 in the groaa area of the connected slement,tnken ax the preduet ofits thickness andthe overall Teg wid fora angle, he overall depth fora channel orth fang with fora T-secion 48.2 Double angle, channel or Psetion members For simple tie, designed ao exaly loaded, consisting a two angle connected through ane lg onl, to ‘hanna connected ony through the web or two T-sectone connected only through the Dang, the tein xpacty shouldbe obtained a fellows 4) the ties connected to beth sida of «gusset or section and the component are interconnected by bolts or weldoandheldapar and longitudinally parallel by battens esl packing piesa at eat two Toontiops within tei length, the tension capacity per cempanent shoul be obtasaed frm —forbolted connections: Py" pyiAe~-0.2509) —for wolded connections: P= pyldy 0.1505) ifthe components are both connsetod to the same ide ofa uso or mes, o ot interconnected at sven ina) the tension eapacity per component should be taken as given in 46.8. In cave the outermost interconneetion should be within adistane from each end oftentimes the ymaller Teg length for angie components, orton ses the smaller overall dimers fr channels or Teco. 463. Other simple tee ‘Asmmple te consisting of a single anele connect trough both logs by lg angles or ther wae, singe ‘hanncl eanneced by both flanges ora T-=neionconnertd only through the stem (r both the lange snd {be te) shoulbedvgned aly Indes The ese capac sod be baa on te offre et ‘Tho internal bays of continuous tes should be designed a aially loaded. The tension capacity shoul be based onthe efceive not area frm 3.4. 464 Laced or batvened tes For Ince or batten te, the lacing or batting ystems shouldbe designed to resist the mreatr of 4) he axial frees, moments and shea forces indused by eccentric loads, applied moments or tranaverse Fores, ncuding self wetght and wind resistance 1) the axl frees, maments and shear frces induced by a transverse shear onthe completa member at ‘ny point inte lengt equal tol ofthe ail force nthe member, taken ue chared equally beeween all transverse lacing or batoning eystems in parallel plane, 4.7 Compression members 42.1 General AAA Segment fength ‘The segment length Lo compression member in any plane should be taken asthe length between the pts at which tis restrained against buckling in thar plane 4742 Restraints Arestrint should have ulicient strength and stifbea ts inhibit movement ofthe restrained point ia Dsiton or direction ab appropriate Poaitonelresteante shouldbe connected wan appropriate shear “Bapheagm or syetem of ruangulated beeing Positional restraints to compression members forming the anges of lattice girder shuld eatiey the ‘ecommendations fr laceral restraint of eam specied in 43-2, All ether paitonal resents to Compression members shouldbe capable of resisting a fore oft es than 7.0% ofthe axa force inthe ‘member and transferring I tothe adjacent points of positional restraintSection 4 Bracing systoms that supply positional restraint to more than one member shouldbe designed to resist the sum ofthe restraint forces from euch ember that they restrain, reduced by the ertor fy obtaine from by=(02+ UNE In which Ni the numberof parallel members restrained 4.72 Slendernese ‘The sendernessA of compression member should generally be taken a its efletive length divided by ite radius ot gyration» ehout the relovent ata except az given in'47.9, 47.100" 43.18; In the cas of single-anle strut with lsterl restraints to its two legs aerate, the slenderness for ‘ekling about every axe shouldbe tacrenged by 20% 4:74 Effective lengths ‘cept for angles, channels or T.sections designed in secordance with 4.7.10 the eflective length Ly of a fompreason member shouldbe deternid fom the cement lengch L evntteto-estte of eatraint or interectons with restraining members in the rlevane plane allows 1) Generally in accordance wth Pale 22, depending on the conditions of restrain in the relevant plane, tmembare carrying mare than 9 ef ther reduced plastic moment capac iyi the preenes of axial Force Gee 12) being taken aa incapable of providing directional Terrain ') For continuous columns in multstorey buildings af simple design, in asordance with Table 22, depending onthe conditions of restraint isthe Pelevant plane, drecional remtrain being based 93 ‘unsectan stiffness at well nz member ifinese «Fer compression members in truses, lattice girders or bracing systems, in scsodance with Table 22, Skpending onthe conditions of restrain in the felevant plane 4) For columns in single storey buildings of simple desig, see DA ©) For columns supporting intrnal platfarm Bors of simple desir, eee D2. 1 For colunns forming pare of continuous structure, see Annex E, ‘Table 22 ~ Nominal effective length Ly for a compression member [Restraint Gin tho plane under conatdoration by other para of ie RnR] Tectia hel in postion at Elective entrained in direction at oth end both ends [Partallyresivained in direction at ath ends | [Restrained in dirocton atone end — — [Not restrained Tn direction at other ad —————] [One end od [Biever olin poston —|Nor Balas potion EOTvey estraied GSC Paraly retrained i direaion Net restrained in dieitiom 474 Compression resistance The comprossion resistance P, of mesaberthould be obtained from the following 8)for clase 1 plastic, clase 2 compact clase 3 semi-compact cross-sections Pom babe for elas slender eros scetios Pee AanSection 4 lathe effective crs aeational ane fot 86; ihe gross cross-sectional aa, se 8.4.3; inthe compressive srength, ate 47.5; isthe value of from 47.5 fora reduced slenderness of Ayq/Ay)* in which Ais based onthe radu of gyration rof the gross crost-section, 4.2.5 Compressive strength ‘The compresive strength p shouldbe based onthe appropriate strut curve for buckling about she relevant ani from Table 23 and Figure 1, depending onthe type of cree section aad the maninum thickness Tho value ofp fr the appropriate strat curve shouldbe abtained from Table 24, depondng onthe design steength p, and the slenderese for hocking about the relevant axe ot fom the formule even in G2 For welded I, H o box sections p should be obtained from Table 24 using sp, value 20 Nini below that tained from 31.1, rhyming this eeduced value fy tn the formula ive in C2 NOTH ‘cel appt when an abe 2 renin Figure 14 — Rolled [or Hhsection with welded flange platesSection 4 ‘Table 23-— Allocation of strut curve BS 5950-1:2000 a Raiahed iractaral allow wion is (Coliform trucbral llow een TalledTsscton =a >40mm I» Rolled Waecion >40mm Dy eS [Welded Tor Woeeoton (eo note 3 aid @7.5) >40mm ib » Tolled Tasso with welded Tange cover plates wih (025'< UI < 0.8 ae shown in Figure 14a) 0m >40 mm lw Toled W-socsion with weldod Range cover plates with [0.25 < Uil'<0.8 ae shown in Figure 14a) 40 mm ip [Rolled Tor Wasson with welded flange cove plates Wik [UB's 08 ar shown in Figure 145) >40 mm [Ralled Tor Wasson with welded flange cover pats Wilk [UB = 025 ne shown in Figure 140), >40mm S Welded box seston eo rave Sand 47.5) >40 mm le Round, equave or Hat bar b>40 mm Rolled ale, channel or Pawction \Two rolled sections laced, ba:tened or back-to back |compound rolled sections ro)fection 4 ‘Table 24 — Compressive strength p, (mm)‘Table 24 — Compressive strength p, (Nim! (continued)BS 5950-1:2000 Section 4 Table 24 — Compressive strength p, (Nimun!(continsed)Section 4 _ BS 5950-1:2000 ive strength 7, (Nmmt) (continued) ES em‘Table 24 — Compressive strength p;(Nimm®) (continued)Section 4 Compressive strength p, (Nimmt) (continued) Sec ade and design reo CayTable 24 — Compressive strength p, (Nim (coninasd)Section 4 BS 5950-1:2000 sien nat Ta ape ae os [a aSection 4 476 Bocentrle connections Moments due to econtricty of connections shauld be allowed for in acnedance with 4.8encopt a fllows 15) Columne in simple structures. Thate should be designed in accordance with 4.7.7 1 Laced, batlened strut and baton starred angle erate These may be tested as single integral ‘moners and designed as axially loaded struts is seordance with 47.8, 4.1.9 0 42.11 respecly. © Angles, channels and T-section. The tect of ecentric and connsctions may be neglected if thove ‘members are designed in accordance with 42.10 €) Continuous structures, These shouldbe in accordance with Section 5 4.17 Columns in simple structures Instructurs of simple docign, se 21.23, it eae neceaary to consider the eet on columns of patern lung. Fr the parpose of column design all tbe beams supporced hy mcm at anyone evel shouldbe sosumed tobe fully loaded ‘The nominal momente applied othe column by simple beams or other simply supported members should Decalculated from the ecoentriety of their rections taken a follows 1) Fora beam supported cn thecap pate, the reaction shouldbe taken as acting at the face ofthecolumn, rede of packing fused, towarda the span ofthe beat, 2 Por a rot trus supported on she cap plat, the coentiity may he neglected proved that simple ‘connections aroused ths do not develop signfiant moment nbveroely acting the struct 8) Inallesher eases the reaction shuld be taken as acting 100 mm from the face ofthe steel eau, a the entre of the length of sf bearing, whichever gives the geator econ multi-storey columne that are effectively continuous at tei pices, the net monsent aplid at any one leva shoald be divided between the clam lengths shove and below that level in proportion tothe ssiens cuffiient HL of each length except that when tse ratio he wiinesscouicints doesnot ecwed 1.5 ne ‘Boment may optionally Be divided easly ‘lect uniform moment ctor sold taken 80. The i nomen stint ‘Shay shade argued ohare no tra the lest aot he nel we ty ae ‘oni hen oi oe oma sess espe can Shea he nth EM. PM bz, lathe compressive fre due to axial oes isthe nominal moment about the maior axis isthe nominal moment about the minor axis, athe buckling resistance moment fr simple columns inthe compression resistance from 4.7.4 in the design etongt 2 istho section modulus abou the minor axis, Fer czcular or square hollow sections, and for rectangulsollow sections within the limiting vluo of gir given in Table 15, he buckling resistance moment fr sitnpe cams My chou be ton ac to'emomen: capacity Meal the croesncton, ace 426, Feral other doubly symmetric cross-sections Mj, shouldbe taken s the value of My determined as Acccribed in 4.8.64 bat (exept or ectangulr blow stone using the nuvaient lendernee yo the ‘shun ven bySection 4 where Lathe distance between levels which the column is laterally restrained in bth directions ry inthe radius of gyration about the minor axis 4.78 Laced struts ‘laced str consisting of two or more min components may be designed ns a single integral member, provided tht the fllowing conditions are met 48) The main components shold be effectively retrained agina! buckling by a Icing ate of flats or ») The lncng should comprise an effectively triangulated sytem on each face and ofr as practicable the lacing should no: vary chroughout the length f the member. ©) Bact forthe panel eferee ton 9, double intersection lacing systems and single intersection lacing Ststeme mutually opposed rection on opposite sides of two mais componente sold no: be combined ‘with members or phragm penpendiculat tote longitudinal axe ef the strat wen lovee ‘eslting from the deformation of the strat member recalculated and allowed for inthe design, «Single lacing sysems mutually opposed indirection on epposte sides of two main components should ‘ot be usd unles the renting trsonal effects are slowed for «© All lacings,whother in double or single intersection systoms, shouldbe inclined stan angle between ‘ir and 70°00 the waa of the mee, {Tie panels should be provided atthe ends ofthe Incing systems, at pnts where the lecng is Interrupted, and at connections with ther members Tie pens ay ake the frm af teens conforming {04.7 Sjalarnatively, cro braced panels equivalent rigty may be wed. In either ease the He panels should be designed to cerey tho loads foe which the lncing system s designed 1) The slanderness A ofthe main components (based on ther minimum radius of gration) between Eenstetive pants where the lacing tached should not exceed 0. Ifthe overall senders ofthe mmomber is len than 1-4, the design shoud be based on lesderneas ofthe b) The elective length of acing soul be ake asthe distance between the inner end welds x bolte far single intersection leing and 4807 times this distance for doube intereeson lacing consected by weld or balsa the intersection, The slenderaes: a lacing should nt exceed 180, ) The lacings and ther connactione should be designed to catty the forces induced by a tranaverse shear at any point nthe lent of the member equal ta 2.9% of he axa ore inthe member, vided sully Smmonge al tranrvoes lacing eyes in parallel planer Fr meters caring momeats dus to ‘Scentraityoflonding applied end monies or lateral bading the lacing shoul be propetioned to ‘sit the shear duet bending in addition 202.5% ofthe aa ore 4.79 Battoned struts Abatiened str consisting two or mare main components may be designed aoa single integral member, rotided thatthe following conditions are tet, 2) The main components shouldbe elective restrained against buckling bya ayatem of battens ‘onaating sf pate rsetons, connected othe main componente sto ora with them at fectiely ') Battna shouldbe positioned opposite each other in each plane a he ends ofthe member anda points vrhere tis laterally ectained. Intermediate bates should be positioned oppoate each acer ad be {paced and proportioned uifrmiy throughout the agi «member The slendornes ofa main compunent (baed on its minimum radius of gyration between end welds ‘rend bolts afadjacent betenssbould not excod 90. The lendornese of he batted srt about the ‘Sls perpendicular to the plane ofthe battens shouldbe calculated rom Bye Gat + AEE where qi the ratio gr ofthe whole member sbou that axis, 1 seas than 1.42 the desi shouldbe based on Ay = 1BS 5950-1:2000 Section 4 ©) The thickness f plate batton should be not les than 1/50 ofthe minimum distances hxtween welds orbits. The slendermess of sectione used as battens should not exceed 180, Toe ath of es eod bots slong the axis ofthe main components shouldbe not ee than the distance between stmtvids othe ett ‘members ad not las than hal thie distance for mtarmeditsbastens: Farther, the wide any bang shouldbe not less than twice the width ofthe aacrewer main compos 2) The batons and th canncetions between them andthe main components should be designed to carry he ores and moments induced bya traneverse shear at any point inthe lagi sc morse soda 102.5% ofthe anal force inthe maniber For members carying moments duc eecentty ef ading, applied end moments or lateral ond, the batiena should be proprtinned co Fests the shear duc Bendingin adaionto.8%of he axial force 4710 Angle, channel or Tteetion struts 47.0.1 General Struts composed of angles, channels or T-sections may be treated as axially laded, neglecting the ‘eccentricity of normal end connections, provided thatthe ceria given in 7.102, 210.8, TOA, {tnd 7.105 ae ants Alterntivly.in the internal sogment of continuous struts, sch as hose forming the log of towers ofthe ‘Manges of atic girder, the effective longth may be deserted fom 07.3 and Table The aement length [should be taken asthe distance hetwoen the intersection of centoidal ax the intersections of the setting out lines ofthe bolt, and inthe radi of gyrntion abt the elevant as Phe thes thould be taken ns defined in Table 25, Intermediate restraints may be allowed for in determining the segment lenge Lfr buekling about each sts, provided te io at an angle of ot mone tha 49° tothe plane of cklingSoneidere. In the case of singlo-angle strut with lateral restrsnts tots two legs alternately, the slendernes for Duckling about every ax bosld be increasd by 2090 47.202 Single angles Fora singe angle connoctd by one leg oa gusset, or directly to another member, at each en: 8) by two or more bolts in standard clearance holes in Kine along the angle, or by an equivalent welded Connection, the slonderneae A should be taken ta tne reno of DO8SL/r but 0.7bdr, +16 DOLyiry but 20.7L,r, +90 HOBSlyin, but =0.2Lan +20 ») by two bolts in Line along the angle one ina standard searance hole and one in a kidney shaped slot, e the slenderness A should be taken aa the greatest of D)LObdry but 207, + 15 210Eiry bat 20.7Lyr, +0 10%, bat 202 + 0 ‘ty # singe ol, the compression resistance should be taken as 80 ofthe compresion resistance of !n dually Toded tomer andthe slendemness shold be taken asthe pretento DOr, but 207g + 18 2 10L/r, but 20 7bJr,+20 3) LOLI, but =07L4in,+ 90BS 5950-1:2000 4.7103 Double angles For double angles interconnected back to bac ss ecamended in 49.18 or battened as recommended in 47:12 and connected by one log of eech angle tow guret or directly to another member at each end 4) gone side fa guaset or member by two or more bots inline along each angle or by an equivalent ‘weld the slenderseee A shouldbe taken asthe greater of 1) .0lglre ut 207Ly +90 2) (ORO Lyre 229 but 214d, ©) toon ido gta or member by oe bl in ach ane. he sledernes A abou be tke athe )10bgire but 207hyir +90 2)ULonrye+ Ages but 214A ©) tooth sides of «gusset of meraber by two or more lt in standard clearance hole. inne along the Soles, the slendernoss)sbould be taken a the greater O85 L Ir but 27h +90 2)Ufry +A — but ALAA 4) toboth sides ofa gusset or member by twats inline along each ante one in standard clearance hole end one in Kidney shaped sa, the slenderness should be taken a che grester of 110g Tut 207Lr+ 90 2a Ag — but BL, to both sides ofa guset or member bya single bolt through each angle he compression resistance Should be taken a 80% af the compression rereeance of axl Ionded member and the slenderne ‘ahould be ake asthe greater a 1)10lgirg bet 20h, +90 Dldyrye rages — but E14, ‘wherein a to) = Ls i which I s measured between interconnecting bolts for back-to-beck struts UGrbctween end welds or end bots of sdjneent batten for barened angle tts, 47104 Single channele Fora single channel connected only by ita web to & gute, or drsetly to another member at etch end 8) by two or more rows af bolts arranged aymimetrically across the web, orby an easivalent welded ‘clon; the slenderness A thou be taken au the greater a 1) O85Lae D10lyry but 20.7, +20 1) by sey or moeblts arranged symmetrically in single rw across the web, orby an equivalent welded ‘nection, dhe slenderneas should be taken asthe greater a 1) 10h, 210lyry but 0.7L, +30BS 5950-1:2000 i ? |vores,Section 4 ‘BS 5950-1:2000 {hate theasdarens Asbo Be taken ootbe gear cl neh 77 anemualnt wed Dossy, A batted angle member of ersform crots-saction maybe designed asa single integra compresion ‘member provided tha ie meets the condivone given in 4.7.9 with te following moditcatons 4) The battens should bo connected to the backs af angles parallel both the rectangular axes ofthe Imeraber Thos should lternao tn cath plane and the effective length os main componcnt should be {ken as the spacing centre to-centre of the battens inthe same pane 1) The transverse shear of ot less than 25 ofthe axial force shouldbe taken ag nting perpendicular tothe minor axiof the member. Thebaitens in exch pane shoul be designed forthe components of ie shes reslved reper othe rectangle tsp any ransvrs shear dts oe meg wind Abattened parallel angle member composed of wo similar angles aranaed symmetrelly with their ‘onesponding rectangular axe aligned may be designed ae a singlaintoprel compression meme? providing tht in all other respect mecte the eandions given 41.9 "Tho cecenriety af end connections shouldbe allowed for ne given in 4.7103, 4.718 Rack-toback struts 4.7181 Componente separated ‘A member compose of two angles, channels ox T-eetion,separatod back to back by a distance not fxcceding that required fort end gusaee connection, may be designed a sng integral comspresion ‘Berber provided thatthe folowing conditions ae sata, 2) The main compononts shouldbe of similar croe-ection and their corresponding rectangular axes auld be aligned ») The main components shouldbe interconnected by buts. Where the components are connected together hy welding she member should be daigned as a battened struts given in 4.79. Tho member should no: be subjocted to tanaverse loads perpendicular tthe connected surfaces other ‘han the weight or the wind rsitance of the ember 4) The slendernets of the compound strut abot the aia parallel othe connected surfaces should be ‘leulated from 4.7.86 for battened strats 6) The main components should be connected at intervals thatthe membre divided into at ear three thys of appronimatel equal length. Atthe ends of the member the main component should be Interconnected by not lees than So bls slong each lie along the legis ofthe member. 1) The interconnetng tlt should be designed to transit the longitudinal shear between the main ‘umponnts induced bya raneverse shear @ at any point inthe member: @ shoud be taken se not eat than 2.9% of she factored axial compression inte tember plus any lal Gusto elf weight or wind Fesltance of the member Ino nat should the balts be legs than 18 rom in diameter, The longadinal ‘hear per interconnection shouldbe taken as0.25@i, in which i the alendermen of the main Atellinterconrections the bl should pace through solid stoalpackings washors or gussets Inirute lent to belts shouldbe provided inline scros the width eal member that are sulin wide to ‘encom ”BS 5950-1:2000 Section 4 4718.2 Componente in contact Amember compused af two angle, channels or Postion in contact back o-back or separated by fentinuous seal packing mabe designed ao singe integral compression member provided that the {slowing conditions are met. 1) The main compenents shouldbe similar section arranged symmetrically with their cormesponding Fectangular ser aligned Interconnection shoul bea follows 1) When interonnection iby means of lt, at last two bolts should be ured inline seross the width ef the member, provided that i wiconty wide, Ths spacing ote bls should no exceed 00 mt fr 82 where ithe thickness ofthe thinner par joined 2) When interconnection i by mess of welds, both pire of edges ofthe main components should be ‘welded. The spacing contr t-centre of interconnections shouldbe taken the spacing tre centre f consecutive effortive lenge of wald onthe same edge. The space Between fonrecutive welds the same edge sould not exceed 300 tam or 16 wheres the minimum thickness ff the part janes ©) The member should not be subject to tranavers lotd perpendicular to the connected surlaces ether ‘than the weight or wind resaeanes ofthe member 4) The slendorness of the compound strat abot the ais parallel othe connected wurfaces shou be ‘akulated from 4.7.99, ©) The main componente should be interconnect tntervalem that the members divided nto atleast ‘three bays of approximetely equal length. At he end of the meraber ine min componente should be Interconnected by ot las chat bats in each bine long the length ofthe member, or by equivalent ‘Me ntersnaeting welds or te shouldbe designed to tana the longi shea betwen the 2 In mombers expos to tho woather or other corrosive inflenoes the componstts shoul be conse Sycontinuous welds or bolts at speiied in 6.2.2.8, 4.8 Members with combined moment and axial force 48. General “Members subject to combined moment snd axial tension should stify 4.8.2 and members subject ‘umbined moment ar exalcompresion should stat 483, In deormining which interaction expressions apply, th elatsication of the cote section should generally bebased onthe combined moment and axa fore and this latifeation should be ued in coining the ‘moment capacity end bucking resistance moment fom 42 and 43 Yor ua nthe interaction express, Cirelar hollow sectine shouldbe classified separstaly for axial compreasion and for bending For clas slender coat cations the efetvo scion propertice shouldbe determined ae detailed in 38. Provided that she shor force Fy does net excetd 60 % of the shear capacity P, (se 4.23) por 60% othe lp shear buckling resistance Vy where relovant (ue 448, the cro seeion capacity of «member Gl, H, chennel or HHS section maybe assumed tobe unaffected by shear: However where Fe eceeds (or .6Vy the resatanc ofthe webto the combined elects of axa fore, tomes and shear ssould be shocked sing HL. I necossery,sreses due to tal free or moment ay be she rm tie web tthe ‘enges using tho method for ise girders given tn dase ‘The bucling resistance of she member mey be assumed tbe unaected by shear, For members with asymmetric eros section reference may optionally be made to. Moments in angle, channel or Taetion members dus to easentriit of connections shoul be treated as recommended in 468 far tension members r 41.10 fr compressicn inane,Section 4 BS 5950-1:2000 4.82 Tension members with moments "The cron-section capacity of tension members with moments shoul be checked wing 4.8.22 0748.28 at those locations where the moments and seal forse ae large ‘Tension members with moments shoul sao be checked for resistance to lateral torsional bucling in toordance with 43 under moment sone 482.2 Simplified method (Generally the fllowing relationship should be satisfied isthe axial tension at the crite lsstion: isthe moment capacity about the major axis from 4.2.5 isthe moment capacity about the minor ais fom 4.2.5 isthe moment abou: the major axis tthe cial action isthe moment about the minor are at the eritcllcation inthe tension capacity fom 4.61, In the ease of cross aetions that are not doubly-eymnetrc, reference may optionally be made to 1 482.8 More exact method Alternatively, x member ofelas 1 plastic or cats 2 compact cross-section subject to a mamentaboxt only he ans shoud satiety the slovantcoteron ae follow My = Ma, ‘minor asia moment ony My = MySection 4 482 Compression members with moments 4831 General ‘The rom-sectonal capacity of compression members with moments ebould be chicked at those locations where the moments and axl force ate lange, wt 48 "Tho bucling resistance ofthe member asa whole should also be checked, uring either the simplified approach given in 4883.1 or the mare exact approach for douby-symmeiseracions given tn 8.9.3.2 or 48.3.8. As afursher alternative, th buckling resitance of «member of doubly eymmetee lass 1 Plastic or class 2 compart eros scton may be verified uring the meted fr stocky members given in For the application of 4.8.32 toa single angle section se A 4832 Cross-section capacity The cross-section capacity may be chicked as follows, 8) Generally, except fr class 4 slender crom-sectione: Inthe ease of crose-soctions that are nt dochiysymnisti, reference may optionally be made tL. 1) Akernatvely, for clas 1 plastic or cass 2 compact ero-sections, 48.2.8 may be applied 6) Por asa 4 slender cone sactons Ms me where ‘Aggie the effective cross aestionl ares from 25 Ag isthe gros croat sectional ares F. lathe axial compression atthe crtcl lation and the other ayo ane as dele in 4.8.22. 48.3 Member buckling resistance 4898.1 Simplified method ‘The bukling resistance of member may be vrified by checking tht the flowing eationshipe are both tated mM * aM, my isthe axial compression inthe buckling resistance moment, generally from 48, bu from EA for single ante members My iathe maximum major axe moment inthe segment ength Z governing inthe maximum major axi moment in the segment length governing Px isthe maximum minor axis momentin the sguent length L, governing Po: inthe smaller of Po and Ps fi the compression resistance rom 4.7.4, consiering buckling about the major axis onyPy 1s the compression esstance from 4.7.4, considering buckling about the minor axis only fa the section meds abou the major axe 2, athe section madulue about the minor axis, ora cass 4 slender crose-scton the efetve section modus Zyy shoul be used, 96 3.6 ‘The equivalent uniform moment factors mi. mand my soul be obtained from 4.8.24. For cross-sections that are nt doubly aymmetri, reference may optionally be mede to. 488.82 More exact method for I-or H-stctions with equal flangee ‘Theboekling resistance ofa member of - or H-ssstion with equal Manges may be verified by checking the {allowing ‘0 for members with moments about the maior axis only ~ for major axis in-plane buckling Foon sys Fee ee osp2) Pe Ma : =F out-of plane buckling Fo mgr for stembers with mements about the minor exis only for minor eis inane bucking Foon, Fey Fy” iy St Fy) foros of plane botling: Fe osu Feostypies )for members with moments about both exe — fr major aie buckling: PO tose) Ba ORD {ot lateral torsional backing morta, MC mM 05E IP.) mM FJPg) Fe) ey ‘Mz. i the maior axis moment capacity from 4.2.8 ‘Mg isthe minor axis moment capacity from 4.2.5. ‘The equivalent uniform moment factors mq, my My sd Myx sould be obtained from 48.3.4 andthe thor symbols ae as defined in 483...BS 5950-1:2000 Section 4 48.3.3 More ect methad for CHS, RHS or box stone sith equal flanges ‘The buckling resistance ofa member of CHS, RHS or box section with equal flanges may be verified by ‘hocking th flaring 8) for membars wth moments about the major axe ony: —for major axe n-pane bucking if fea fe ea(arosge) <1 —for outa plane buckling Provided that no lateral torsional buckling check is needed (te 4.3.61: mu My rap oy by for members with moments about the minor axis only for minor avin plane bukling ©) for members with moments about both axes — for major axis buckling mally Fey, Ply esos) +08 ee — for minor axis buckling, provided thst no lteral-torsional buckling check is needed jee 4.3.6.1) mM, MoM 0 9 Fe ostrMir MM, 605, 2m Fy? — 18 ior nt ln srl Sina cking chek is ede 46 Email mall cya Fe i, z Feh(s oop forimaractve bucking MgC. OE JP), MyM, +05(EIP)) M0-F Pag)? Mgi-FIP) 48834 Ryuivalent uniform moment factors ‘The equivalent uniform momeat facts for ue in 4.8.34 shold be based upon the patcen of moments ‘over the relevant segment lengeh and obtained as fellows: the factor mfr Inter orsional bucking ‘om Table 18 forthe pattern of major ais maments over the segment length Ly governing Mi the ctor m, for major axis flexural buckling: from Table 26 forthe pattern of major axis moments over the segment length L, govern Py the factor m, for ninor axis Sexaral bucking fiom Table 26 forthe pattem of minor aie moments over the segment length Ly govern Pay; the factor mig fr lateral flexural buckling ftom Table 26 forthe pattern of minor axis moments over the segment length [governing PaSection 4 BS 5950-1:2000 where “iat isthesopment length between restraints agunst later torsional buckling, se 4.3 ‘Ez inthe segment length between retraints against flexural bvelling about the major axis 1, _isthesogment length between restraints against Sexural buckling about the minor asi. Forcantlever columns and for members in wvay-uenitve frames, ee 2.4.2.7, the fllowing modifctions thould be made, degending pon the method used wallow fr the effect of sway ~ifaway mode in-plane elective lenge are sed the value cf my of My for moments in that plane ‘ould not he taken as les than 08 — stamped sway momenta are used, se 6.64, he factor mg, my yg for moments in that plane ‘Should not be applied tothe smplifed sway moment, thus teres of Ure fm mM shoul be replace by terms ofthe fort haypM, + my in which Bf tthe say moment Ma etn new momen a yey {sthe ampliention fcr from 34.3.7 for momenta that Plane 4.9 Members with biaxial moments Members subject to moments about both anes in the absence of ensileor compressive axial force shoul be ‘designed in aosrdance with 483, taking ie value of Far see For the application of 4.9. ingle angle aston 20 LSection 4BS 5950-1:2000 4.10 Members in lattice frames and trusses In the design oflatice frames and trues, unles fatigue it a design consideration, it maybe assumed that +) then plane lengths of chord members (rafters or bottom chor) shouldbe taken asthe distance Ineween connections to internal mombers, ad the ost af plane Iogthe asthe dintance between pling corlngitudinal tes, provided thet such is are properly connected vo an adequate restraint system 2) forthe purpose of alulating the effective length of members, the fixity a the connections end the Frid of adjacent members ay be ake ita secon forthe purzoe of calculating te foresin the members, the connections maybe taken as pinned 4) ise exact locations of the purine are not xed relative to the points whers the rafter ia connected to teinternal member, te bending moment inthe afer ay be taken ee 56, which Ln the length ‘of Use afer between tush points andi he total load er ut length applied penpendale to she ‘afer. the sheeting spane direct from truss to tru without using paring te stability ofthe rafter should be investignted and the sheeting shouldbe sdequately Sued. The method of providing restraint tothe rafter hold not be used wnloes the loading ia mainly root leading 4.11 Gantry Ganz ginders resting loads fom overhead travelling cranes, ote 22.9 and 24.2, shoul satisfy the conditions given in 112, 4123, 411d and 4115, i addon to those given in 4 424 8 and 4 4112 Crabbing of trolley Gantry girders intended to carry cranes of loading cats QU and Q2 as defined in BS 2572-1 need not be Atsgned forthe ects of cabng action Gansy girders intended ro carzy crane feats Q3 and QS as defined in HS 2672-1 should be designed for tho fallowingeouple duo to crabbing action: This couple ed nc be combined with the horaotal lod shiained from 22.8, The couple a dueto the crabbing action of two wheels or bogies comprising two equal thd oppo fore Py acting transverse tote ral oh at each endo he wheelbase Wa fs the distance botwoen the contos af the two ond wheele or Betoun she pivots of the borie, ‘hcep that ifhortontl guide vollers ate uoed ay isthe wasslse ofthe fue rollers fa the span ofthe crane; isthe largest load (nchding dynamic effects) ona wheel or bogie pit 4.118 Lateraltorsional buckling Duc tothe interaction between crane wheels and crane rails crane loads need not be treated as destabilising, ae 43.4, povided toa the ras ar not moutied on realent pads Leiter cane, the ‘sivas uniform momen factor myn 4263 shld be taken 8010BS 5950-1:2000 4114 Local compression under wheels ‘The local compressive stress inthe web duo toa crane wheel load maybe ctained by distributing i ver length xy given by SRT lg +T) but ay

B= Be e=1 —for > > 0: Dike ford p> 075 =KiK,—4 KYA tor ps -0.7 orkSection 5 ‘where fis the end moment ratio, using the same sign convention asin Table 18, “The limiting value Ay should be determined from the fellowing: forse grade 218: 9, « oun hs - 2 easy ler 2923590; K=29+00%x~sf./9000 tor 90 2x 260: 18+ 008 10) 2000 Im which and are a defined in). for tee grade $55: 9, » 047+ 5.8.4 Member or segment with one Mange restrained "The following approach may be used fora member o segment that as a laterally unrestrained 1.2, where Dis the depth and Bis the Nange width: — for hnunched segments Dy is not greater than 2D, se Figute 1 for haunched segment, the haunch lange i not smaller than the member ange —the seo is prado S 275 or erate S355, In the simple method, the spacing Ly between restraints to the compression lange should not excond the riting spacing Z, given conservatively by the allowing — forsee grade 8 275 72-007 for sel grade 8 855 Kise a00/0TBS 5950-1:2000 where ry te the minor aris radius of gyration af the un-haunshed rafter isthe tersinal inde, 0043.68, of the unshaunchod rafter and K, has the fllwing values, ote Figure 17 ~ for an un-haunched segment: Ky = 1.00 for haunch with DyD,=1: Ky = 1.25 form haunch with DyD,= 2: Ky = 140 fora hauach genorally:” Ky =1 +0.25(DD)2, Figure 17— Dimensions of ah 535 Haunches 5.3.5. Threeflange haunches ‘Wnerea plastic hinge loeatin oscars immediately adcent to one end of three-fenge haunch (00 G12), he tapered aeyment need pot be rected ssa segment adjacent tom plastic hinge loeaton i both ofthe following criteria are satiated — both Manges have latoral restrain: i azordance with 8.8.2 atthe plastiching oation tse or within ‘distance D2 along the length of the tapered sogment only, aot the uniform segment the depth ofthe haunch is sufficient forthe tapered segment to remain east throughout it length, 5.35.2 Two-flange haunches ‘Where plastic hinge lation czurs immediatly adjacent to one end ofa two-flange haunch (ee 2.2), the tepered segment should entity one ofthe lowing eeria; =the moment at the adjacent lateral restrain des ot exceed 85% of te reduced plastic moment apacity rode to slow for ial Toc ‘he length L tothe adjacent lateral restraint othe compression flange dots not excad 85% ofthe limiting length Ly from 8.8.80 Lom 8-34 or G3 fora sginent with one ene eseained, 5.4 Continuous beams 5441 Elastic design [elastic lebl analysis used fra continuous beam, the moment capacity ofthe crsssetion en the Duckling resistance moment of thebesm shod be biained using 2 and 4.3 on appropratcanes, 62 5.42 Plastic design Plastic global analysis may bo usd fora continuous beam, provide that the conditions given in 2.8 are satisfied. In aditin, the out-of pane stably ef the beam should stil 88 taking yas 10Section 8 BS 5950-1:2000 5.8 Portal frames 55.1 Gener Ether clastic or plastic analy, soe 5.2 may be usd or single-storey frames with gid moment-resetng joins ll load eorbinatina sical be covered isluding both eniform and non-anform imposed ro! Toads: Notional horizontal forces shouldbe applied when ducking lad combination? ravi load, see 2412 In addition, the frame shuld be iablzedaguinet sway uot plane see £828, (Other fee with sloping members and moment-rvistng joints may ale be treated like prtal frames, 5.5.2 Blastie design elastic global analysis is used for a prt frame, the eros-tctionenpacity shoul be checked wing 4.8. nd 48.82 and she outaf plane bueMling resistance should be checked uring 48:33 oF U1, oF ppeopriate ease, C2 Por independently braced frames, a0 8.1.4, the in-plane member buckling rsstances should lea be checked uring 48.3.3, with inplane effective lengths obtained using BA Inall other ease, the in-plane sail ofthe fame should be verified by checking the cross-section ‘capacity and out of plane buckling resistance ofthe members using ampliied mostents snd fore taken nthe values given by ner elati analyse multiplied bythe required loud factory ftom 8 5.5.3 Plastic design Plastic global analysis may be used fora portal frame provided that the conditions given in 5.2.3 are fatlsted. Mult-bay frames should lve be checked for foaized fasure mechaniema The inplane stability of he frame shouldbe verified by checking tht the plastic oad factor Ay eats Meh where isthe required lad factor frm 6.64 for the elevant load combination, ‘Theoutofplane sabity af the members shoul be checked ns detailed in 5.5. 5.54 In-plane stability 5.4 General The in plane stability ofa portal frame should be checked under ach load combination. Bxorpt for ated portal, ope oft following sbould be sed 1) the sway-check method given in 8.6.4.2, together with the snapthrough check given in 8.5.48 ») the amplified moments method given in 6.4.4 A tied poral shouldbe chicked aa recommended in 6.6.4.6. 5.5.4.8 Sway-check method 554.21 Generat ‘Theaway check method may be used to verify the in-plane stability of portal eames in which ech bay ‘tiaes the folowing conditions the eight Ay ofthe apex above the topsof the columns des not ened 0.25 tes the pan ifthe rater is symmetric h aio th xteron: (eg? Hain 208 {in which ny and are the horizontal tances from the apexto the coms, oe Figure 185) Provided that thse conditions ar mt, inearelatie analysis should be used ta calculate the notional horizontal deflections tthe topo exch coh du to eset of maionl horiaontal freee applied nthe ane Aircon to ench column and aqua 0 % othe versal rection atthe base ofthe eapective column forBS 5950-1 Generally, these notional horizontal frces shouldbe applied at the top ofthe repectve columns However in the case of colarans supporting los from crane gates, oer sigefennt verbal loads spplind within their height, the notional horzantal foros dered fram seh leds shouldbe applied othe Hlumn et tho same love asthe teevant vertical lad L Figure 18 — Portal frame definitions 55.422 Gravity loads For gravity loads (oad combination 1, see 24.1.2, the national horizontal deletions shouldbe determined without any allowance fer the stiffening flat of cladaing Ifthe notional honeontal deflections the {ops the clumns donot exceed 1 O00, where hs the eight ofthat calumny hen or gravy ads te eguired load fectae 2, for frame stability shouldbe taken 10. 2D, n= t-[pei ln, fora singe bay frame; fora maltvbay frame; sand is he arching ratio, given by: a=W,BS 5950-1:2000 where Dia the cross section depth ofthe rafter, Dy isthe edtional doph ofthe haunch, see Pigute 17 D, isthe depth ofthe rate, allowing fr its slope, ee Figure 17 1 ia the mean column beh 1, isthe inplare second moment of area ofthe column (lken ns zero if he cok is nt egidy Connected tothe rafter orf he rater st supporeed oa valley beam), isthe in-plane second moment of area of he ae isthe span ofthe bay inthe effective epan ofthe bey; isthe length of hunch, aoe Figure 1 inthe total developed length of the rafters, xe Figure 184) isthe design strength ofthe raters in Nis isthe value of W, fr plarticfilare ofthe raters a fixedended beam of span Ei i the total factored vertical lad onthe rafters ofthe bay, seo Figure i) Ifthe two columns or the two rafters of a bay difler, the mean value of J, shold be used, fhe haunchon at each ade ofthe bay are different, the met value shouldbe use, 54.2.8 Horkeontal loads Forloa combinations that include wind lads or other significant horizontal loads, allowance may be made forthe nlfening effets of clading in calculating the aotonal horzntaldeflesions Oy see 8.34.21 Provided tha tho h/1 000 eway criterion i autnid for gravity loads, then fr lad cases involving hoviaontallosds the requleed loud factor 3 fo ame sebiity should We determined weg ee wat in which 2 the amallos value, considring every elute, determined fom: he es * 0, ‘sing the notional horizontal deflections 9, fer the relevant load cave I Aye 5.0 second eeder analysis shoul be use Provide that she fame i nt subject to loads fom valley beams or cane gantrie or ether concentrated Toads larger than toe from purline, then he may b appreciated ring ia? Gales) Ite winlona ar auch ha tei csr tential afer andslun, then the required ltd Koes waten ets Ineachintrsal uy of singe story rae with hroormorebye ths er shad ais the allowing by 204+ Je275) Ba GS Ifo arching aioe than open limit ned placed on L/D. ean20 For symmetrical ridged bay chou be akon asthe slope the rafters. For ather oa shapes the value 8 should be detrmised fr = tats (hylL)BS 5950-1:2000 Section 5 SS 5.5.44 Amplified moments method For cach load ease the in-plane stability oa portal frame may be checked using the lowest elastic critical ton factor Afr that ond case. This should We determined taking acount of he eetoaf ll he members contho plane clastic stability ofthe rine au a wfole NOTE tefomatnce determining rapt Gam igen fee 10 Bia In thie method, the required lod factor fr frame stability shoal be determined fhm the following ith = 10 ae to i102, 246 a, = SMe 12.<.46 the amplified sements method shoul not be used 5.5.45 Second-order analysis ‘The inplane stability of portal fame may be chacked using ether elastic or elastic peste second order analysis When thee methods are used the reqired loa! factor fo rune seabiiychould We tale 5.5.46 Tied portale ‘The insplane stability of ied portal should be checked using elastic of east plastic second order analysis: The required Toad factory for fare vcbty shoul beeen as 0. [OTE Cuitanos onan spepcte tad sen ine 0 Bsr, ‘The method used shold allow fr the increase n the te free due to the reduction in the lever gem from the apex tothe i, caused by extension of the te and deformation of the rater, unless the He mcupperted bya hanger designed to avoid reducing this lever srm, To make allowance fir the eects of plasticity when lastcplastic analyses used inthe absence os more exact analyse the total seduction of the fever nay be taken as two that predicted by liner elastic ania, 55.5 Oxtotplane stability ‘The out-of plane stability ofall frame members shouldbe ensured unter lod cases, not just theca Jond case fr the plas resistance ofthe fame members. Where diflerentialsttement of oundatione is ‘design criterion, this shouldbe ten into account in checking out f plane sabi. Lateral restraint should be provided in accordance with 8. The resrsate oe virtual restraints to the bottom flange ofthe rafter shown ix Figure 19 should extend up tor beyund the pont of entrant [the purtns and their connections othe rafter are capable of providing torsional retains to the op flange of he rafter, an allowance for this torsional restrain may he made by ausutnng a virtual lateral restraint tothe bottom fango atthe pote cantraflexere, whether or not the tp Mange we vettaned st ‘This virtual restraint should not be assumed if another format allowance is nade fo the torsional restraint ofthe tap Mange by the purine, ‘Torsional errant ofthe top Mange by he purine maybe assumed ifthe following criteria areal stistied. 1) The rafter isan Fsection with DIB = 1.2, where Dis the depth and Bis the Nange width ») Por hausched rafters Dy ie nat greater than 2D, see Figure 17. ©) Bvery length of purln hn at lest two bolts in each puttin torte connection 4) The depth ofthe pulin section i not leas than 0.28 times the depth Df the rater. Lateral restrain ofthe bottom Nange should not be assumed atthe pont of contraflexure under other ruin condition, unloes a Tatra restrain is actualy provided ee that potSection § BS 5950-1:2000 ey. 1+ Rectroint Xcresraat overeat Hinunch restraints 5.6 Elastic design of multi-storey rigid frames 5.61 General ‘hocked uring 48.83 or Lt on, in appropriate case, G2 ‘The load cases o be checkod andthe in-plane effotive lengths tobe taken for the columns should be determined from 8.62, 5.6.3 or 6-4 ae elev 5.6.2 Independently braced frames Independently braced frames, se 6.1.4, shouldbe designed to resist sraity lads (ord combination te LALA) The noneway mde inane effotive lengths ofthe calumne should be used, wee Annex ‘Thomeximum moments inthe beams sndthe combinations of exa force and moments inthe columns that [ve the wor cases for ers neti capi (eee 48.3.2) and for member buckling ressince In arr 9 reduce the numberof ond cats, suitable sub rams may be used for pattern losding, NOTE Inornasone we ame nin rnc Beep 5.63 Non-eway frames ‘Non-sway frames, se 2.4.2.6, should bo designed to reise gravity los (oad combination I nee 241.2), tiforindependentiy brace tmes, ate 58.2 They should suo be checked for combined verdes an Novaonta loads (sed combinations 2 and S, soe 2-412) withou pttern lading. The pox sway mode [nplane llective lengths ofthe elumna should be use, see Anes E 5.6.4 Sway-sensitive frames Soy sensitive femen, te 2.4.27, should initially be designe to rene gravity loads (oad combination 1 SULA, as for indspendenly braced frames, ace 862 without taking secoust of ew. Swy sensitive fares should then be checked in the wwry modeby applying the notional horizontal forces, e044 together with the fil gravity load (load combination 1, wu 2.41.2) without any patters Incding, They should also be checked inthe wey mode for combined Vercal and bortontal Toads oad ‘Smbinstings 2 and 9y see 8:12) without peter long.BS 5950-1:2000 Section 5 Se Provided that A, > 4.0 sway shoul be allowed for by using one of the following methods 4) Bective length method: In tha method, eway mode in plane elective lengthy, vo Annex E, should be ‘sed for the columns. The beams should be designed to remain elastic under tho factored lade 1) Amplified sway method: The eway moments, 20 2.4.28, should bo mltplied by the amplification factor gg tom 2.4.7 ad the internal nes adjasted to mnintain eaves withthe applied oad Inthisfithod, non-sway mode in-plane elective lengths, ss Anew By shouldbe used forte erm i ,inless than 4.0, second order elestic analysis shouldbe used to allow for sway 5.7 Plastic design of multi-storey rigid frames 52.1 Gonerat plastic global anaiysisi used for a multi storey frame with rigid moment-resating joints the conditions for plasbt analysis given in 8.2. shold bo satiated. In addition, tho ame sould be seellined conan sway outol plane, oe 24.3.8 Members shouldbe checked for the forces and moments determined iven in 873 or 8:78 aa relevent ‘The cron setion capacity shouldbe determined using 48:1 and 48.3.2 Octo plane oucliagot members contnining plastic hges shouldbe prevented by providing estate ae recrmmented in .8-Oceok plone belting of ther members should bo checked az detailed in 483.) or Li etm appropriate cases, G2 The ‘esistance ofthe enlumns to in-plane buckling should br checked as given in 822 on 8.7.9, as appropriate 5.72 Independenty braced frames Independently braced frames, see 8.14; hould be designed to resist gravity lade (oad combination 1. sage 84.1.2) Inchocking the columns for roeistanco ton plane membor bucking the effective lonth yi the pane ofthe frame should generally be take ab equal tothe trey height £- However ison ofthe, ‘eats is tha plane heve been denied a remain leat the in plane elo ve lng Ly fr te non-omay smode may be determined from Anes B Columns should als be checked under dhe combination of exal fore and torent that gives the worst ‘ae for member buckling, determined by applying pattern loading tothe imposed land this check the {vplane effective length or the on-eway mode shuld be determined fom Annex F. An propriate sub-ftme may be used to take acount of pater loading NOTE Inbrmaton oe hapten ian in rene Bea 5.1 Unbraced frames 5.13.1 Generat Except fr frames that satisfy the frame sabikty check given n 6.7. al platcally designed multestorey frames that are not independently Draced aginattway shouldbe cesigned to fess way mode falure using ether clase analysis ace 8.6) o econ order taste paste analysis (eee 82.0). ‘Multi-atory frames that are not independently braced shoul als be checked for posible nomaway modes offalure es recommended fornspendeniy braced frames it: 5.1.32 Frame stability heck ‘The use ofthis simplified check fr frame stabi should belimitd to ramos thet clio atl the flowing conditions 18) The bases ofthe colamas shouldbe Fixed (but oe also 6.2.) 1») The plastic hinge mechanism shouldbe a sway mode, wth plastic hinges aseumed inal the beams fndat the base ofeach ctluma out no ctr hinges nthe elem. 6 I should be ensured that no localized Beam or storey:height plastic hinge mechanisms can form at « lower fond factor than the overall fame mechani, 4 Tho storey ight of the frame chould nowhere oxeed the mein spacing ofits colamne in that storey. 1) The lower lengths of the clams should be designed te remain elactic under the theoreteal plastic Biage moment at the bases sasutned In)Section 5 BS 5950-1:2000 Tho clasts eitical oad factor Ag should be determined from F.2, taking into account the base wifes, determined as detailed in 8.3 ‘The plastic lad facior fy should nt be less than the requited load factor fr fame bility given by the following 8) for clad structures, provided hat tho stiffening effect of masonry inf wall panos or diaphragms of ‘roiled stecl shooting (ee 24.28) ena taken ito ascot ithe 210 210 A I10> 2g 246, ») for unelad frames ofr clad structures which the stiffening effect of masonry infil wal panels or tapheagms of profiled ston sheeting (ce 2.42.5) i taken into nesunt: ith 220 —ita0> Ay 28.8: pie loss than 4. for cas ) or 5.78 for case), either elastic analysis or second order cleste plastic shale oe 5:23) should be woBS 5950-1:2000 Section 6. Connections 6.1 General recommendations 6.11 General Joints shouldbe designed onthe basis of reainte assumptions ofthe distebution of itera fares Theos ‘Sssumptionschouldcoreapand with direst laa pathe through the jn, aking acount of the relative ‘ilfneace ofthe various components ef the pint In ll chaes,equitbrium showid be maintained between tho tntrmal foreoe and the external applied loads. Where other members are connected tothe surface of web of ange of « momber, the abiy of the web flange to tranafer the applied fores whould be shocked ase of fabrication and eroton should also bs taken into acount inthe design of connections and epics, Attention shouldbe paid to cearances necessary fr tightening bat particulary for preloded tis), ‘welding promdures, subsequent iupesion, surface trettmene and maintenance, Because the ductility of atractral sal assets the distribution of frees generated within join, residual ‘Hewaees and treat due to tightening of bots and imperfect up heed not normaly be calle As non-preluded belt in clearance holes generally sip before sartng to tranafer los in ser, they ‘ould ot be assumed to share load with welds of pelouded bolt and ane fmf connection should ‘ormally be desgned to cary the ttal load. However, pel tits designed tobe nowy uncer ‘Stored lads may be designed to shar land with weld, provided thatthe final tightening w done ater welding 6.12 Detailing The connections besween members shouldbe capable af withstanding the forces and moments to which thoy are sabjncted, within ascopabie deformation mits tnd without invligaing the dengr aenempions ‘The detalling of connetion® should take account of potsibe mensional variations Ave to rlling margine ‘and fabriction variations, leading ta some degree af nck of 6.1. Intersections Where therein ccentiity at intersections the members and connections should be desgoed to accommodate Use reauling momenta, oeem, deflotions and rotations Inthe case of bated fang anlatng of angles and Tssatton, Une eeereetions of the tetting ot lines of the bola may be adopted instead ofthe intersections of the centroid! ease In jints invalving structural hollow sections, hinted ezentricitybotwean member intarsetons shouldbe Sniroduced where necessary to at tor fntures of connection design, soe 6.7.8.3. 6.14 Joints in simple design In simple design joints betwoon mombors shouldbe capable of tranemtting the calculated forces and should also be capable of scoping the reruting rtation, sea 21.2.2 They should not develo sigaicant fnoments that adversely affect members of the srwctre, 6.15 Joints in continuous design In continuous design, ents between members shouldbe capable of tranemitting the forces and moments Calculated nthe global analysis Inthe ease of elastic analysts the rigidity ofthe ont should be ouch that ‘he tins af the frame ta not lens then that sarumed inthe salves to an extent that would reduce te Tos earrying capacity. Inthe cae of plastic analy one nt x pitching loestion should have moment capacity at last equal to hat ef the mob, and should sly have sfcten last Teton ‘The fabrication restrictions given in 5.2.8.4 should alo be applied where loel ye ines are assumed in the design of component of moment resisting connections, Thus applies especie of whether elas placti global analyse wed for the structure 6.16 Joints in semi-continuous design In semi-continuous desig, joint should provide a predictable degre of interaction between members as described in 21.2.4 Taey shouldbe capable of twarmiting the plane rectraint moment in adiion to ‘hecthor forces and momtnte a the jis Te shouldbe enmired that the jiate are nether too rg orton Aerie to fll accurately the assumptions made in design