1.

0 ABSTRACT

There are several objectives of this experiment. Firstly, it is conducted to study

the effect of flow rate on the heat transfer rate. Besides that, it is also to calculate
the Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) and the heat transfer coefficient.
The last objective is to perform the temperature profile study. The equipment that
has been used in this experiment is the SOLTEQ Heat Exchanger Training
Apparatus ( Model:HE 158C). There are two types of experiment that we must
carry out to determine the most efficient flow in transferring heat which are the
counter-current and the co-current concentric heat exchanger experiment. For
the counter-current concentric heat exchanger experiment, cold water enters the
shell at room temperature while hot water enters the tubes at approximately 50

C in the opposite direction. We must vary the hot water and cold water flow

rates. In the first trial, we fix the hot water flow rates at 10 LPM and vary the cold
water flow rates at 2,4,6,8 and 10 LPM. Then we repeat the experiment by fixing
the cold water flow rate at 10 LPM while changing the hot water flow rates at
2,4,6,8 and 10 LPM. The same procedure is done for the second experiment
which is the co-current concentric heat exchanger experiment. The different is in
this experiment, the cold water enters the shell at room temperature while hot

water enters the tubes at approximately 50 in the same direction. For each

trial, the inlet and outlet temperature of both the hot and cold water streams at
steady state are recorded. Besides that, the pressure drop is also taken for the
pressure drop studies. Based on the results that have been obtained, the heat
transfer rate, heat loss, Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) and heat
transfer coefficient can be calculated by referring also to the additional data
about hot and cold water. The temperature profile can also be plotted for study
thus the flow rate effects on heat transfer rate can be determined.
2.0 INTRODUCTION

Heat exchanger is a device that allows heat from a fluid ( a liquid or a gas ) to
pass to a second fluid ( another liquid or gas ) without the two fluids having to mix
together or come into direct contact. They are widely used in space heating,
refrigeration, air-conditioning, power plants, chemical plants, petroleum refineries
and also sewage treatment. Three heat transfer operations are described in the
heat exchanger :

i. Convective heat transfer from fluid to the inner wall of the tube
ii. Conductive heat transfer through the tube wall
iii. Convective heat transfer from the outer wall to the outside fluid

There are many types of heat exchangers such as shell and tube heat
exchanger, spiral heat exchanger, concentric ( double pipe ) heat exchanger and
plate heat exchanger. In this experiment, the concentric ( double pipe ) heat
exchanger is used.

Concentric heat exchanger is the simplest type of heat exchanger with the hot as
well as the cold fluids move in the same or opposite directions in a concentric
tube construction. In a co-current flow arrangement, both hot and cold water
enter at the same end, flow in the same direction and leave at the same end.
While in the counter-current flow arrangement, the cold and hot water enter at
different ends, flow in different directions and leave at different ends. This type of
heat exchanger is cheap for both design and maintenance, making them a good
choice for small industries. But on the other hand, low efficiency of them besides
high space occupied for such exchangers in a large scales, has led modern
industries to use more efficient heat exchanger like shell and tube or others.
Counter-current concentric heat exchanger flow

Co-current concentric heat exchanger flow

3.0 AIMS

1. To study the effect of flow rate on the heat transfer rate.

2. To calculate the heat transfer and heat loss for energy balance study.

3. To calculate the Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD).

4. To calculate heat transfer coefficient.

5. To perform the temperature profile study.

4.0 THEORY
In the concentric heat exchanger, co-current flow is when both fluids enter the
unit from the same sides and flow through the same directions whereas the
counter-current flow is when both fluids enter the unit from different sides and
flow through the different directions. It is normally stated that the counter-current
flow is more efficient than the co-current flow.

The heat transfer rate for both hot and cold water that flowing in the inner tube
can be determined from :

Q h (W) = H Cp H (T H i n T H o u t )

Where :

H = hot water mass flow rate

Cp H = hot water specific heat
THin = hot fluid temperature at entrance
T H o u t = hot fluid temperature at exit

Q c (W) = C Cp C (T C i n T C o u t )

Where :

C = cold water mass flow rate

Cp C = cold water specific heat
TCin = cold fluid temperature at entrance
T C o u t = cold fluid temperature at exit
So the heat loss rate, it can be obtained from the equation :

Q = Qhot - Qcold
Suppose that Q C is less than the Q H , some heat is lost through the
insulating material to the surrounding air, abide the outer surface of
the concentric tube is insulated. Thus, the efficiency can be
obtained from :

Q cold

= Q hot 100%

Consider a double-pipe heat exchanger. The heat transfer rate at

any distance x along the tubes between the hot and cold fluids is
given by

Q x = UA(T H T C )

Where :

U : the overall heat transfer coefficient based on either the

inside or outside area of the tube.
A : surface area for heat transfer
TH : hot fluid temperature
TC : cold fluid temperature

As a matter of fact, the temperature of the hot and cold fluids

changes along the tube. Therefore, in order to calculate the heat
transfer between the two fluids, equation above should be integrated
between the inlet and outlet conditions, giving that :

Q = UAT l m

where T l m is the mean temperature difference across the heat

exchanger and it can be calculated as :
 hot ,T cold ,out
T

cold ,
T hot ,out T
( ]

T hot ,out T cold ,
T hot , Tcold ,out

T LM =

This temperature difference is called the log mean temperature

difference (LMTD) and is valid for both flow conditions.

From the equation above, the overall heat transfer coefficient can be
obtained by arranging the equation until it becomes :

Q
U = A T lm
5.0 APPARATUS AND MATERIALS

1. SOLTEQ Heat Exchanger Training Apparatus (Model:HE 158C)

i. Water pump
ii. Heater
iii. Temperature controller
iv. Volumetric flow rate
v. Water tank

2. Tap water
6.0 METHODOLOGY

6.1 GENERAL START-UP PROCEDURES

1. A quick inspection is performed to make sure that the equipment is in a

proper working condition.
2. All valves are initially closed, except V1 and V12.
3. Hot water tank is filled up via a water supply hose connected to valve
V27. Valve is closed once the tank is full.
4. The cold-water tank is filled up by opening valve V28 and the valve is
leave opened for continues water supply.
5. A drain hose is connected to the cold water drain point.
6. Main power is switched on. The heater for the hot water tank is

switched on and the temperature controller is set to 50 . (Note:

Recommended maximum temperature controller set point is 70 .)

7. The water temperature in the hot water tank is allowed to reach the
set-point.
8. The equipment is now ready to be run.

6.2 COUNTER-CURRENT CONCENTRIC HEAT EXCHANGER

EXPERIMENT

1. The valves to counter-current Concentric Heat Exchanger arrangement

is switched.
 2. Pumps P1 and P2 are switched on.
3. Valves V3 and V14 are opened and adjusted to obtain the desired flow
rates for hot water and cold water streams, respectively.
4. The system is allowed to reach steady state for 10 minutes.
5. FT1, FT2, TT1, TT2, TT3 and TT4 are recorded.
6. Pressure drop measurements for shell-side and tube-side are recorded
for pressure drop studies.
7. Steps 4 to 7 are repeated for different combinations of flowrate FT1
and FT2 as in the results sheet.
8. Pumps P1 and P2 are switched off after the completion of experiment.

6.3 CO-CURRENT CONCENTRIC HEAT EXCHANGER

1. The valves to co-current Concentric Heat Exchanger arrangement is

switched.
2. Pumps P1 and P2 are switched on.
3. Valves V3 and V14 are opened and adjusted to obtain the desired flow
rates for hot water and cold water streams, respectively.
4. The system is allowed to reach steady state for 10 minutes.
5. FT1, FT2, TT1, TT2, TT3 and TT4 are recorded.
6. Pressure drop measurements are recorded for shell-side and tube-side
for pressure drop studies.
7. Steps 4 to 7 are repeated for different combinations of flow rate FT1
and FT2 as in the results sheet.
8. Pumps P1 and P2 are switched off after the completion of experiment.
6.4 GENERAL SHUT-DOWN PROCEDURES

1. Heater is switched off. Wait until the hot water temperature drops
below 40C.
2. Pump P1 and pump P2 are switched off.
3. Main power is switched off.
4. All water in the process lines is drained off. The water in the hot and
cold water tanks are retained for next laboratory session.
5. All valves are closed.
7.0 RESULTS

7.1 COUNTER-CURRENT CONCENTRIC HEAT EXCHANGER

FT1 FT2 TT1 TT2 TT3 TT4 DPT1 DPT2

(LPM) (LPM) (C) (C) (C) (C) (mmH2O) (mmH2O)
10.0 2.0 34.0 28.0 48.7 49.5 39 86
10.0 4.0 30.3 27.8 48.1 49.4 58 78
10.0 6.0 29.8 28.1 48.5 49.3 100 95
10.0 8.0 30.0 28.6 48.3 49.0 105 109
10.0 10.0 29.9 28.7 48.5 49.2 204 106
 FT1 FT2 TT1 TT2 TT3 TT4 DPT1 DPT2
(LPM) (LPM) (C) (C) (C) (C) (mmH2O) (mmH2O)
2.0 10.0 29.5 29.0 45.6 50.8 203 5
4.0 10.0 29.6 28.9 47.2 49.2 201 11
6.0 10.0 29.7 29.0 48.1 49.5 204 28
8.0 10.0 29.9 28.9 48.2 49.6 201 33
10.0 10.0 29.9 28.7 48.5 49.2 204 106

Example temperature profile of counter-current flow : At 10 (LPM) hot water and 2

(LPM) cold water

Temperature Profile
60

50

40

Temperature 30

20

10

0
 7.2 CO-CURRENT CONCENTRIC HEAT EXCHANGER

FT1 FT2 TT1 TT2 TT3 TT4 DPT1 DPT2

(LPM) (LPM) (C) (C) (C) (C) (mmH2O) (mmH2O)
10.0 2.0 30.2 32.0 49.0 49.6 3 74
10.0 4.0 29.4 30.5 48.5 49.0 5 77
10.0 6.0 29.0 29.8 48.5 49.2 5 76
10.0 8.0 28,8 29.6 48.5 49.2 5 75
10.0 10.0 28.9 29.6 48.1 48.9 5 76

FT1 FT2 TT1 TT2 TT3 TT4 DPT1 DPT2

(LPM) (LPM) (C) (C) (C) (C) (mmH2O) (mmH2O)
2.0 10.0 29.1 29.4 46.9 49.6 5 4
4.0 10.0 29.0 29.6 47.8 49.6 5 13
6.0 10.0 29.1 29.6 48.7 49.9 5 29
8.0 10.0 29.0 29.7 48.0 49.1 5 45
10.0 10.0 28.9 29.6 48.1 48.9 5 76
Example of temperature profile for co-current : At 10(LPM) hot water and 2(LPM)
cold water flow

Temperature Profile
60

50

40

Temperature 30

20

10

0
8.0 CALCULATIONS

COUNTER-CURRENT CONCENTRIC HEAT EXCHANGER

FT1 FT2 TT1 TT2 TT3 TT4 DPT1 DPT2

(LPM) (LPM) (C) (C) (C) (C) (mmH2O) (mmH2O)
10.0 2.0 34.0 28.0 48.7 49.5 39 86

TYPICAL CHEMICAL DATA

Hot water
Density: 988.18 kg/m3
Heat capacity: 4175.00 J/kg.K
Thermal cond: 0.6436 W/m.K
Viscosity: 0.0005494 Pa.s
Cold water
Density: 995.67 kg/m3
Heat capacity: 4183.00 J/kg.K
Thermal cond: 0.6155 W/m.K
Viscosity: 0.0008007 Pa.s

1. Calculation for the heat transfer and heat lost:

The heat transfer rates of both hot and cold water are both calculated using the

heat balance equation.

I. Heat transfer rate for hot water,
Qhot =mh C p T

L 1 m3 1 min kg J
= 10 988.18 3 4175 (34.028.0)
min 1000 L 60 s m kg

= 4125.65 W
 II. Heat transfer rate for cold water,
Qcold=mc C p T

L 1 m3 1 min kg J
= 2 995.67 4183 ( 49.548.7)
min 1000 L 60 s m 3
kg

= 111.06 W

Qhot Qcold
Heat lost rate =

= 4125.65 111.06

= 4014.59 W

Q cold
Efficiency = 100
Q hot

111.06
100
= 4125.65

= 2.7 %

2. Calculation of Log Mean Temperature Difference:

T lm=
[ ( ThTc out )( Th outTc ) ]
ln
[ ]
( ThTc out )
( Thout Tc )

= [ ( 34.048.7 )(28.049.5)] /ln [(34.048.7)/(28.049.5)]

= -17.89 C

3. Calculation of the tube and shell heat transfer coefficients by Kerns method:

SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER LAYOUT

Tube 1
Shell 1
Length of tubes m 0.5
Tube ID mm 26.64
Tube OD mm 33.4
Tube surface area m2 0.0525
Shell diameter mm 85
T m=T lm
For 1-shell pass; 1-tube pass,

Heat transfer coefficient at tube side:

d i2
Cross flow area, A=
4
2
( 0.02664 )
= 4

= 5.574 104 m2

mt
Mass velocity, G t =
At

0.1597
= 0.0005574

= 286.5 kg/ m.s

Gt
Linear velocity, ut =

286.5 kg /m 2 s
= 988.18 kg /m 3
= 0.2899 m/s

Gt de
Reynolds number, =

286.5 0.02664
= 0.0005494

= 13892.17 (turbulent flow)

Cp
Prandlt number, Pr=
k
 0.0005494 4175
= 0.6436

= 3.564

Nuselt number, Nu = 0.023 0.8 Pr0.33

= 0.023 13892.170.8 3.5640.33

= 72.12

Nu
Stanton number, St = RePr

72.12
= (13892.17)(3.564)

= 0.001457

Heat transfer factor, jh = St Pr 0.67

3.564
= (0.001457) ( 0.67)

= 0.003414

0.023 0.8 Pr 0.33 k

Tube side coefficient, hi=
de

0.023 ( 13892.17 )0.8 ( 3.564 )0.33 (0.6436)

= 0.02664
 = 1742.47 W/m.K

Heat transfer coefficient at shell-side:

As=
Cross flow area, 4 [ Ds2 Do2 ]

= 0.0048 m

Ws
Mass velocity, G s =
As

0.0332
= 0.0048

= 6.917 kg/m.s

Gs
Linear velocity, us =

 6.917
= 995.67

= 0.006947 m/s

de=d 2d 1
Equivalent diameter,

= 85.0 33.4

= 51.6 mm

G s de
Reynolds number, =

6.917 0.00 .0516

= 0.0008007

= 445.8 (laminar flow)

Cp
Prandlt number, Pr=
k

0.0008007 4183
= 0.6155

= 5.442
 0.8 0.33
Nuselt number, Nu = 0.023 Pr

= 0.023 445.80.8 5.4420.33

= 5.295

Nu
Stanton number, St = RePr

5.295
= (445.8)(5.442)

= 0.002183

Heat transfer factor, jh = St Pr 0.67

5.442
= (0.002183) ( 0.67)

= 0.006792

j h Pr 0.33 k
Shell side coefficient, h s=
de

0.33
0.006792 455.8 5.442 0.6155
= 0.0516

= 64.59 W/ m.K
Overall heat transfer coefficient:

Total exchange area, A = tubeOD length of tubes

= 0.02664 0.5

= 0.04 m

Qhot
Overall heat transfer coefficient, U = A T lm

4125.65
= 0.04(17.89)

= 5765.3 W/m.K

CO-CURRENT CONCENTRIC HEAT EXCHANGER

FT1 FT2 TT1 TT2 TT3 TT4 DPT1 DPT2

(LPM) (LPM) (C) (C) (C) (C) (mmH2O) (mmH2O)
10.0 2.0 30.2 32.0 49.0 49.6 3 74
TYPICAL CHEMICAL DATA
Hot water
Density: 988.18 kg/m3
Heat capacity: 4175.00 J/kg.K
Thermal cond: 0.6436 W/m.K
Viscosity: 0.0005494 Pa.s
Cold water
Density: 995.67 kg/m3
Heat capacity: 4183.00 J/kg.K
Thermal cond: 0.6155 W/m.K
Viscosity: 0.0008007 Pa.s

1. Calculation for the heat transfer and heat lost:

The heat transfer rates of both hot and cold water are both calculated using the

heat balance equation.

I. Heat transfer rate for hot water,
Qhot =mh C p T

L 1 m3 1 min kg J
= 10 988.18 4175 (32.030.2)
min 1000 L 60 s m 3
kg

= 1237.7 W
II. Heat transfer rate for cold water,
Qcold=mc C p T

L 1 m3 1 min kg J
= 2 995.67 3 4183 ( 49.649.0)
min 1000 L 60 s m kg

= 83.3 W

Qhot Qcold
Heat lost rate =

= 1237.7 83.3

= 1154.4 W

Q cold
Efficiency = 100
Q hot
 83.3
100
= 1237.7

= 6.7%

2. Calculation of Log Mean Temperature Difference:

T lm=
[ ( ThTc out )( Th outTc ) ]
ln
[ ( ThTc out )
( Thout Tc ) ]
= [ ( 32.049.0 )(30.249.6)] /ln [(32.049.0)/(30.249.6)]
= -18.17 C

3. Calculation of the tube and shell heat transfer coefficients by Kerns

method:

SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER LAYOUT

Tube 1
Shell 1
Length of tubes m 0.5
Tube ID mm 26.64
Tube OD mm 33.4
Tube surface area m2 0.0525
Shell diameter mm 85
T m=T lm
For 1-shell pass; 1-tube pass,

Heat transfer coefficient at tube side:

d i2
Cross flow area, A=
4
2
( 0.02664 )
= 4
4 2
= 5.574 10 m
 mt
Mass velocity, G t =
At

0.1597
= 0.0005574

= 286.5 kg/ m.s

Gt
Linear velocity, u t =

286.5 kg /m 2 s
= 988.18 kg /m 3
= 0.2899 m/s

Gt de
Reynolds number, =

286.5 0.02664
= 0.0005494

= 13892.17 (turbulent flow)

Cp
Prandlt number, Pr=
k
0.0005494 4175
= 0.6436

= 3.564

0.8 0.33
Nuselt number, Nu = 0.023 Pr

0.8 0.33
= 0.023 13892.17 3.564

= 72.12

Nu
Stanton number, St = RePr
 72.12
= (13892.17)(3.564)

= 0.001457

Heat transfer factor, jh = St Pr 0.67

3.564
= (0.001457) ( 0.67)

= 0.003414

0.023 0.8 Pr 0.33 k

Tube side coefficient, hi=
de

0.023 ( 13892.17 )0.8 ( 3.564 )0.33 (0.6436)

= 0.02664

= 1742.47 W/m.K

Heat transfer coefficient at shell-side:


As=
Cross flow area, 4 [ Ds2 Do2 ]

= 0.0048 m

Ws
Mass velocity, G s =
As

0.0332
= 0.0048

= 6.917 kg/m.s

Gs
Linear velocity, us =

6.917
= 995.67

= 0.006947 m/s

de=d 2d 1
Equivalent diameter,

= 85.0 33.4

= 51.6 mm
 G s de
Reynolds number, =

6.917 0.00 .0516

= 0.0008007

= 445.8 (laminar flow)

Cp
Prandlt number, Pr=
k

0.0008007 4183
= 0.6155

= 5.442

0.8 0.33
Nuselt number, Nu = 0.023 Pr

= 0.023 445.80.8 5.4420.33

= 5.295

Nu
Stanton number, St = RePr

5.295
= (445.8)(5.442)

= 0.002183
 0.67
Heat transfer factor, jh = St Pr

5.442
= (0.002183) ( 0.67)

= 0.006792

j h Pr 0.33 k
Shell side coefficient, h s=
de

0.33
0.006792 455.8 5.442 0.6155
= 0.0516

= 64.59 W/ m.K

Overall heat transfer coefficient:

Total exchange area, A = tubeOD length of tubes

= 0.02664 0.5

= 0.04 m

Qhot
Overall heat transfer coefficient, U = A T lm

1237.7
= 0.04(18.17)

= 1702.94 W/m.K
9.0 DISCUSSION

In this experiment, supposedly the inlet hot water temperature is controlled

approximately at 50 while the inlet cold water temperature is at the room

temperature which is around 32 . However, when we were conducting the

experiment, the unit was suddenly broke down and the lab assistant took about
an hour to fix it. Therefore, there are errors in our result which show that our cold
water inlet and outlet temperature is higher than our hot water temperature.
However, the calculation must still be continued to figure out more about the
heat exchanger.

Basically, in this experiment, the hot water will enter from the tube side of the
exchanger from the boiler tank while the cold water will enter from the shell side.
The one that had been varied here is the flow of both water which are by counter-
current or co-current flow. This can be varied by controlling the selected valves.
 For the both of counter-current and co-current experiment, firstly the flow rate of
hot water is fixed at 10 LPM while the flow rate of the cold water is varied which
are 2 LPM, 4 LPM, 6 LPM, 8 LPM and 10 LPM. Secondly, the flow rate of cold
water is fixed at 10 LPM while the flow rate of the hot water is varied which are 2
LPM, 4 LPM, 6 LPM, 8 LPM and 10 LPM. Then the temperature of inlet and
outlet hot water (TT1 & TT2), temperature of inlet and outlet cold (TT3 & TT4) is
recorded. The pressure drop (DPT1 & DPT2) also is needed to be record to
show there is energy interchanges occur. The atmospheric pressure is
maintained at standard 1 atm. Data is recorded in every 3 minutes interval.

When we varying the flow rate for both hot and cold water, the temperature that
has been recorded do not show any rapid change. Usually it will increase only

0.1 to 1 from its before temperature. For example for cold water flow rate

from 2 LPM to 4 LPM, the difference in temperature is only 0.1 which from 49.5 to
49.8.

For Log Mean Temperature Different (LMTD), we can calculate it based on the
difference of inlet and outlet temperature of the both cold and hot water.
Logically, the higher the LMTD, the more heat is being transferred because the
difference between the temperature is higher. Based on our result and
calculation, for fixed hot water flow rate at 10 LPM and cold water flow rate of 2

LPM, for counter-current flow the LMTD is -17.89 while for co-current flow

the LMTD is -18.17 . As the LMTD for counter-current flow is higher therefore

we can say that the more heat is being transferred by counter-current flow than by
co-current flow.
 Taking all the result from the hot water flow rate of 10 LPM and cold water flow
rate of 2 LPM, as we comparing the heat loss by this two types of flow, we can
see that the heat loss for counter-current flow is higher than the co-current flow.
By theory we know that counter-current flow is more effective than the co-current
flow. But by the result that we obtained, we calculate that the efficiency of
counter-current flow is only 2.7% while the co-current flow is 6.7%. This shows
that there are errors in our experiment. However, the overall heat transfer
coefficient of counter-current flow is higher than the co-current flow. It shows that
the counter-current flow has a higher effectiveness than the co-current flow.

10.0 CONCLUSION

Based on this experiment, we can conclude that there are many errors that
occurred. The biggest error is when the unit broke down so it totally effect the
result and temperature. Therefore, from our calculation, there are many that
different from the theory. Based on the efficiency that we calculated, the
efficiency for co-current flow is higher than for the counter-current flow. For the
heat loss and overall heat transfer coefficient, for both, counter-current flow has
higher value than co-current flow. For LMTD, there are only a slightly difference
between this two value. All in all, the experiment is successfully conducted but
the result has slightly error.
11.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Before conducting the experiment, all the procedures must be clearly

understood by the students to avoid any error while the experiment is
held.

2. The valve of counter-current flow need to be closed when the experiment

of co-current flow is held and vice versa to allow the flowing of hot and
cold water in the right directions.

3. Ensure the eyes of the observer is perpendicular to the scale when

adjusting the hot and cold water flow rates to avoid the parallax error.

4. When taking the reading of the temperature, make sure that the reading is
stable first to get the precise result.
 5. To improve the result of the experiment, it should be carried out at room
temperature by switching off all the air-conditioner and also by repeating
the experiment thus taking the average value.

6. An y leakage of the instruments involved should be avoided

and the y should be assured to work properl y to ensure the
experiment can be conducted smoothly.

12.0 REFERENCES

1. Lab Manual Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger from Faculty of Chemical

Engineering UiTM

2. Experimental Manual SOLTEQ Heat Exchanger Training Apparatus

( Model:HE 158C )

3. Cengel, Y. A. (2011). Heat and Mass Transfer. New York: Mc Graw Hill
Education.

4. Cengel, Y. A. (2008). Thermodynamics. New York: Mac Graw Hill

Education.

5. Heat Exchangers by Chris Woodford, October 1, 2014, Available from :

< http://www.explainthatstuff.com/how-heat-exchangers-work.html >. [22
November 2014]
 6. Concentric Heat Exchanger, n.d, Available from :
<http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node131.
html>. [22 November 2014]

7. Heat Exchanger, n.d, Available from :

<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_exchanger#Double_pipe_heat_exchanger >.
[23 November 2014 ]

13.0 APPENDIX