Chapter 2 Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams 2.0 NOTATION a Compression face to point on surface of conerete where crack width is caleulated a Centre-to-centre distance between bars or groups of bars A Point on surface of concrete to nearest face of a bar Ac Gross area of concrete in a section Ay ‘Area of steel in tension A Area of steel in compression Ay ‘Area of steel in vertical links 6 Width of reinforced concrete section b. Breadth of compression face of beam mid-way between restraints & ‘Width of section at centroid of tensile steel be Average web width © Coefficient of torsional stiffness Cin Minimum cover to tensile reinforcement (e Torsional stiffness a Effective depth of tensile reinforcement a Effective depth of compressive reinforcement ay From tension face of concrete section to centre of tensile reinforcement E Modulus of elasticity of concrete E Modulus of elasticity of steet & Service stress in stee! reinforcement h Characteristic yield strength of steel t Revised compressive stress in steel taking into account depth of neutral Characteristic cube strength of concrete at 28 days Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement used as links Coefficient for calculation of cracked section moment of inertia Tensile foree in a bar at start of a bend Shear modulus Overall depth of a concrete section Thickness of flange in a T-beam ‘Maximum overall dimension of a rectangular conerete beam Minimum overall dimension of a rectangular concrete beam Moment of inertia Clear span or span face-to-face of support a42 Reinforced Concrete zzEeee RAISE A Br. Etfective span Centre-to-centre distance between supports modilar ratio = B/E Applied bending moment Design bending moment modified to account for axial load Moment of resistance of concrete in flanged beams Axial load Percentage of tensile reinforcement Percentage of compressive reinforcement Imeral radius of a bend in a bar Spacings of bent bars used as shear reinforcement Spacing of vertical inks Applied torsion Proportion of total torsion carried by each rectangle of an, T- oF section Shear stress in concrete (N/mm?) Design concrete shear stress (N/mm?) Shear stress in concrete duc to torsion (N/mm?) Ultimate permissible torsional shear stress (N/mm?) Design concrete torsional shear stress (N/mm*) Shear force in concrete section Shear force carried by bent bars ‘Shear force capacity of concrete section. ‘Shear force carried by vertical links Ubimite maximum shear forees allowed on section Shear force capacity of concrete section with minimum vertical links Design shear resistance of concrete Maximum crack width (mm) Depth of neutral axis from compression face Centre-tocentre of two external vertical legs ofa link Centre-tocentre of two external horizontal legs of a link Depth of lever arm Angle of inclination to horizontal of sheat reinforcement ‘Angle of inclination to horizontal of concrete strut in truss analogy Ratio of redistributed moment over clastic analysis moment Factor governing moment of resistance of concrete T-section Material factor Calculated strain in concrete at depth ft ‘Strain with stiffening effect corrected Strain at centre of stee! reinforcement Yield strain in steel reinforcement Strain at centre of compressive reinforcement Strain at depth h corrected for stiffening effect Caleulated strain in concrete ignoring stiffening effect Poisson's rat lent diameter of a group of barsDesign of Reinforced Concrete Beams 43 2a ANALYSIS OF BEAMS, 2.1.1 Effective spans ‘SK 2/2 Continuous beam SiC 2/3 Cantilever beam, SK 2/1 Simply supported beam, ‘Simply supported or encastré —_,= smaller of (I+ d) or fy Continuous k= ad Cantilever = 1+ 5 2 Where /, = centre-to-centre distance between supports ie = effective span = clear span or span to face of support d = effective depth of tension reinforcement, 2.1.2 Effective width of compression flange > Kp a! 71 5K 216 Etective with of Hk tly» ~ G Compson Tange Secrin = 8 & Simply supported beam akan, ‘Simply supported L-beam Continuous or encasteé Teams 6 = = 4 p, Continuous or encastré L-beams44 Reinforced Concrete where 5 = effective width of compression flange by = average width of web. Note: Use actual if it is less than the calculated using the above formulae. ‘A typical example may be a precast T-beam. 2.1.3 Moment of inertia Method 1 Gross concrete section only Find moment of inertia of gross concrete section ~ see Table 11.2. Method 2. Uneracked transformed concrete If reinforcement quantities are known, find moment of inertia of trans- formed concrete section using Table 11.2. Method 3 Average of gross concrete section and cracked section ‘SK 2/5 Doubly reinforced beam. 108 (San + us) c Where [= moment of inertia of rectangular concrete section b = width of rectangular conerete section +h = overall depth of rectangular concrete section F = factor — see Fig. 11.1 for values of F. 4 = 10 42 Pe ed where A, = area of tensile reinforcement d = effective depth to tensile reinforcement. A bd pt = 100 rea of compressive reinforcement.Design of Reinforced Conerete Beams 45 5 E ‘The graphs in Fig. 11.1 have been drawn for p' = 0 and p = p’. Intermediate values may be interpolated, ‘m = modular ratio Note: The preferred method is Method 3 for rectangular sections. Where reinforce- ‘ment quantities are not known, an assumption may be made of the per- centage of reinforcement. ‘T-beams and L-beams in a frame or continuous beam structure should be treated as rectangular beams for the purpose of determining moment of inertia. The width of the beam will be taken equal (0 by. 2.14 Modulus of elasticity Modulus of elasticity of reinforcement steet £, = 20kN/mm? Modulus of elasticity of concrete, £., for short-term and long-term loadings is given in Table 2.1 ‘Table 2.1 Modulus of elasticity of concrete: short-term and long-term loading. Be Short-term loading, E, Long-term loading, E. (Nim?) (kim?) (Nim?) 20 4 2 25 25 2s 30 ey B 0 cy 4 30 30 1s 0 32 16 ‘Note: Wind load is short-term loading and dead load is long-term loading 2.1.5 Torsional stiffness For a rectangular section the torsional stiffness, C, is given by C= Chinihmax ‘coefficient from Table 2.2 ‘maximum overall dimension of rectangular section ‘minimum overall dimension of rectangular section. where ¢ Poa sin46 Reinforced Concrete bao bie i bain Train i SK 216 Componsat rectangles of « Lae | Beam to fd Corso tiie ‘The torsional stiffness of a non-rectangular section may be obtained by dividing the section into a series of rectangles and summing the torsional stiffness of these rectangles. Table 2.2 Values of coefficient e. 1 ois 2 3 5 wo « 0.14 020 023 026 0.29031 ‘The coefficient ¢ is given by the following formula: BD 2.1.6 Shear modulus Note: Shear modulus, G, is given by GE + w= 0428, for concrete where = Poisson's rati In normal slab and beam or framed construction, torsional rigidity of RC beams may be ignored in the analysis and the torsional stiffness may be given a very small value in the computer analysis. Torsional rigidity becomes important only where torsion is relied on to carry the load, as in curved beams.of Reinforced Concrete Beams 47 OT se Merreg Beas 7 2.1.7 Poisson’s ratio Poisson's ratio for concrete = 0.2 2.1.8 Shear area Note: 2.1.9 Thermal strain Shear area of concrete = 0.84, Where A.= gross cross-sectional area of concrete. ‘The shear area of concrete is entered as input to some computer programs when the analysis is required to take into account the deformations due to shear. ‘The coefficients of thermal expansion are given in Table 2.3 for different Uypes of aggregate used. ‘Table 2.3 Coefficient of thermal expansion, Aggregate type Coefficient (x 10-%e) Flint, Quartzite 2 Granite, Basak 0 Limestone 8 Note: Normally for ultimate limit state no specific calculations are necessary for thermal loads. Thermal calculations should be produced for structures in ‘contact with hot gases or liquid. 2.2, LOAD COMBINATIONS 2.2.1 General rules Note: ‘The following load combinations and partial load factors should be used in carrying out the analysis of beams: Le: Ly: Ley: Lee LCs 14 DL +16 LL +14 EP + 1.4 WP 1.0 DL +14 EP + 1.4 WP 1.4 DL + 1.4 WL + 14 BP + 1.4 WP 1.0 DL +14 WL +14 BP + 14 WP 1.2 DL +12 LL +12 WL +12 EP + 1.2 WP Load combinations LC; and LC, should be considered when the effects of dead load and live load are beneficial48. Reinforced Concrete where DL = dead load LL = live load o imposed load WL = wind load WP = water pressure EP = earth pressure. “The general principle of load combination is to leave out the loads which have beneficial effect. If the load is of a permanent nature, like dead load, arth load or water load, use the partial load factor of 1 for that load which produces a beneficial rather than adverse effect. This rule of combi- nation will be used for design as well as for the check of stability of a structure. 2.2.2 Rules of load combination for continuous beams. LG)_ON ALL SPANS ‘SK 2/7 Continuous beam loading ACLON Al sequences TC; FOR MAXIMUM SUPPORT MOMENT (1) Load all spans with LC). {Q) Lond alternate spans with LC, and other spans with LC. ) Load beam in the repeated sequence of two adjacent spans loaded with LC, and one span loaded with LC;. This sequence gives the ‘maximum support moment between adjacent spans. This is not a ‘normal requirement, as per clause 3.2.1..2 of BS 8110: Part 1: 1985."Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams 49 2.2.3 Redistribution of moments 2 ‘SK 2/8 Continuous beam — typical 1 Continuous beams ‘moment redistribution “eateries Moment, Usually 10% redistribution of moments may be allowed from those obtained by elastic analysis. Redraw bending moment diagram with redis- tributed moments. Calculate revised shear. Reduction of support moment ‘means a corresponding increase in span moment. For structural frames over four stories high providing lateral stability, the redistribution of ‘moments should not exceed 10%. Resistance moment at any section must be at least 70% of moment at that section obtained by elastic analysis. 2.2.3.2 Frame structures No reduction or redistribution of moments is allowed from the columns. 2.2.3.3 Comtinuous one-way spanning slab panels Usually 10% redistribution of moments may be allowed from those obtained by elastie analysi 2.2.4 Exceptional loads Note: Exceptional loads may be any of the following. (1) Accidental loads of very low probability properly quantified. The 0.1 fybd, design as column (see Chapter 4). My may also be taken equal to M where N=O.1fjbd and N may be totally ignored. (Sign convention: NV is +ve for compression.) OBifz 087f, K’ = 0.156 when redistribution does not exceed 10% K’ = 0,402(f, ~ 0.4) ~ 0.18(R) ~ 0.4)? when redistribution exceeds 10% we <09Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams $3 where M? = moment after redistribution; M’ = moment before redis- tribution When K>K’, endesslos-B)] mee x= ap = 05d ay aK fed? +” 087%, (4 = a’) Kfesbd® 4, A ose * oni, 0.0035, SK 2/18 Strain diagram. where gy corresponds to steel stress f/m, a in Section 1.4.2.54 Reinforced Conerete Note: The flanged beam becomes a rectangular beam if the bending moment produces tension in the flange. Design charts in BS8110; Part 3: 1985!"! may be used if design parameters fall within the scope of the charts. ‘Step 11 Design for moment ~ flanged beam » teal ‘A flanged beam should be designed as a rectangular beam with width equal to the effective width of flange in compression if x 1.1 If x> 1th, find bilby. and dh. Obtain B from Fig. 2.1. Calculate My = Brfasbd® I M,= Mg, Mg + O-Lfesbud(O.45d ~ hy) _N SK 2/19 Flanged beam — singly reinforced. 0.87 fy(d = 05h) os7y, If M, Veo calculate Ag Ve = Ay O.87 fu ‘The shear resistance may be provided by a combination of links and bent- up bars. Step 15 Minimum tension reinforcement ~eifectine width a Sk 2/27 Flanged beam, SK 2/28 Rectangular beam. For flanged beam web in tension, find ba/b. If byfb<0.4 Ay = 0.00185, for f, = 460N/mm? If by/b=0.4 A, = O.0013byh for fy = 460N/mm?58 Reinforced Concrete Step 16 Note: For flanged beam flange in tension, for T-beam A,=0.00265,/ for f, =460N/mm? for L-beam A, = 0.00200,h for f, = 460N/mm? For rectangular beams, A= 0.0013bh for f, = 460N/mm? Minimum compression reinforcement ~ when designed as doubly For flanged beam flange in compression, Al = 0.00468, inforced For flanged beam web in compression, Al = 0.0024) For rectangular beam, Al = 0.00264 Minimum compression reinforcement in beams will be used only when ‘compression reinforcement is required Step 17 Minimum transverse reinforcement in flange S| » ol 18 yaa = SK 2/29 Minimum transverse reinforcement in flange of flanged ‘Step 18 beam, For flanged beams over full effective flange width near top surface, use 1.5h;mm*/m reinforcement for the whole length of the beam. Normally this amount of reinforcement is provided in the slab at the top surface over the beam as part of slab reinforcement when the flanged beam forms part of a beam=slab construction, Minimum reinforcement in side face of beams oa otter /(%%) S, <= 250mm ‘6 = actual, or 500mm, whichever is the lesser.Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams 59 J diameter 13h, Ss T3 27a Sk 2/30 Minimum reinforcement side fee of beam. '4,90.00125bh ‘Note: To control cracking on the side faces of beams use small diameter bars at close spacings. The distribution of these bars should be over two-thirds of bbeam’s overall depth measured from tension face. A,=0.00125bh on each side face as shown, ‘Step 19° Deflection ETfectne with | 4 pl = i on be | O efective span ‘SK 2/31 Doubly reinforced erase apa SK 2/33 Cantilever beam. = fanged beam. SSK 2/82 Simply supported or Mental support. continuous beam, at midspan, Find 6,/b for flanged beams. Find fd. Find basie span/effective depth ratio from Table 11.3. Note: If by/b is greater than 0.3, then interpolate between values in Table 11.3, assuming by/b equal to I for rectangular beams and 0.3 for flanged beams.60 Reinforced Concrete Note: ‘Step 20 Step 24 ‘moment before redistribution area of steel required from calculations -a of steel actually provided Find Mlbd®. Find modification factor for tension reinforcement from Chart 11.5. Find 100A‘/6d, Find modification factor for compression reinforcement from Chart 11.4 Find modified span/depth ratio by multiplying the basic span/depth ratio bby the modification factor of tension and compression reinforcement. Check {fd .Design of Reinforced Conerete Beams 63 te eee Note: Note: Step 27 where bis the width of the section at the centroid of tensile reinforcement. For a rectangular section, A flanged beam is a rectangular seetion if x 1. i. x= Alene «n= 998+ 20 + on — (Ep = (mp + (m — Ip’ »} (ee Section 1381) 4 bd lab? + KAKd ~ @) me O-g beem-v(i-£ tome (l) o- G) oe Ts Bade In normal internal or external condition of exposure where the limitation of crack widths to 0.3mm is appropriate, Step 24 will deem to satisfy the crack width eriteria Design of connections to other components Follow Chapter 10. 2.4 WORKED EXAMPLES Pxample 2.1 Simply supported rectangular beam Clear span = 6.0m,66 Reinforced Concrete i Fe soo Iw Note: Sup 6 ‘SK 2/43 Simply supported beam Overall depth = 500mm, Width = 300mm Width of supporting walls = 200mm. All reinforcement to be used is high yield steel with f, = 460'N/mme. Steps 1-S form part of the analysis and are excluded from the worked ‘example. For a typical analysis see Example 2.3 Determination of cover Maximum size of aggregate = 20mm Maximum bar size assumed = 32mm Maximum size of link assumed = 10mm Exposure condition = severe Fire resistance required = 2 hours. Refer to the following tables in Chapter 11: Table 11.6 grade of concrete = C40 for severe exposure Table 11.6 minimum cement content = 325 kg/m" ‘Table 11.6 maximum free water/cement ratio= 0.55 Table 11.6 nominal cover = 40mm Table 11.7 nominal cover to beams for 2 hours fire resistance = 40mm For 2 hours fire resistance, minimum width of beam = 200 mm, from Figure 3.2 of BS8L10: Part 1: 1985." 434 SK 2/44 Section of rectangular 30_,| ‘beam,Effective depth, d, is given by: overall depth ~ nominal cover — dia. of link ~ half dia, of bar 500 = 40 = 10 = 16 = 434mm ‘Step 7 Determination of effective span 1+ d= 6.0 + 0.434 = 6.434m [y= 6.2m Therefore i. = fy = 6.2m Step & Determination of effective width Not required. ‘Step 9 Check slenderness of beam 1= 6.0m 0b, = 60 x 300mm = 18.0m 250 02 _ 250 x oa Ses 1 ee < 2508 ‘Step 10 Design for moment — rectangular beam py 0s tettinme a 9x=104 500 8 SK 2/45 stress diagram of iq rectangular beam, ™ Maximum ultimate bending moment = 216kNm Maximum shear at face of support = 140kN Shear at 2d from face of support Shear at d from face of support Direct load, N=OkN Ma= M=216kNm Sou 40N/emm?Me 216 x 10° Jesbd? 40 < 300 x 434? re dias+ lors -&)| = dos + (02s -2@%)| x 0956 < 0.156 = 0.884 = 382mm 434 ~ 382 Dae Hmm Ma = O82 216 x 10° . Ta eo ae = Mo Use 3 no, 25mm dia. Grade 460 = 1472 mm? Step 11 Design for moment ~ flanged beam Not required ‘Step 12 Check maximum allowable shear ~~ fe of = Fac face of support _ 010° 300 x 434 = 1075Nimm? < 08 Vf ‘Step 13 Design for shear 2d = 870mm V=96KN at 2d from support face 96 x 108 30 x 434 = 0.74Nimm? < 0.8 Via, = Simm? 100 Ay “bd _ 10 x 1472 * 300 x 44 1.13% = 0.65 x 1.17N/mm? for Grade 40 concrete 6Nimm? from Fig. 11.5Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams 69 (ve + 0.4) bd ISLKN > 140kN at face of support V-< Vaom at all points in the beam, Nominal links A, Assume S, = 300mm 0.4 x 300 x 300 0.87 x 460 90 mm As Use 8mm dia. single closed link = A,,= 100mm? (f,=460N/mm?) at 300mm centre to centre. Step 14 Alternative design for shear Voom > V at face of support so Step 14 is superfluous — use nominal links everywhere om the beam, ‘Step 15 Minimum tensite reinforcement Minimum tensile reinforcement = 0,00136h 0.0013 X 300 x 500 mm? 195mm? <1472mm? provided 2 no. 12 diameter (= 226mm?) provided at top of beam. Step 16 Minimum compression reinforcement Not required. ‘Step 17 Minimum transverse reinforcement in flange Not required, Step 18 Minimum reinforcement in side face of beams } ime ily 8 a |= q nae ‘SK 2/46 Section through beam, ALL REINFORCEMENT HIGH-¥ ELD70 Reinforced Concrete Note: Step 19 Step 20 Step 21 Step 22 b= actual, oF 500mm, whichever is the lesser. i _ (se Mim arin te to an = 2) (assume Sy = 200mm) - es 1 Use 12a, Grade 460 bars a aproxnately 200 centres on the side face ot beam 4mm 2 no. 12dia, + 1 no. 254dia, Tomar Reinforcement on each side face of beam .00125bh 00125 x 300 S00 188mm? < Tlomm? OK Strictly speaking these bars om the side face are not required for beams less than 750mm overall depth but itis good practice to use them in order to avoid shrinkage cracks. Check deflection acres aa Bo tal) ~~ iM, elem bd? 300 x 434? s Modan ft fren ecient 03 fom Tle 5 Motied pale ai = 20090 = 18> = 143 ez econ OK Maximum areas of reinforcement Ay is less than 4%. Containment of compression reinforcement Not required. Check bearing stress inside bend Not required,Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams 71 Step 23 Step 24 2-825 Curtailment of bars 0.081 = 0.08 x 6000 = 430mm ‘The central 25mm dia. bar will be stopped 250mm from the face of the ‘support. Spacing of bars 2612 a soles 64.525, 64.5, 23 4, 300 | 300_| 300 | gL le 500 SK 2/48 Arrangement of bars at the bottom of, beam, SK 2/47 Elevation of beam near support. ‘Step 25 Step 26 Clear spacing between bars in tension = 64.5 mm Minimum required spacing = 20 + 5 = 25mm 47000 Maximum spacing = 7° fe 47000 = 2 ~ 0m Sys = 170mm where f,=275Nimm? (see Step 19) Spacing of bars is OK. Check torsional shear stress Not required. Crack width calatations Service maximum moment Ay=1472mm*— d’=S4mm_ Al= 226mm? d= 439mm 200 E20 , assumed halfway between long and shor-term. 44kNm 072 Reinforced Concrete SK 2/49 Doubly reinforced rectangular beam, 1472 ~ ba 300 x 439 > = 0.012 pt SK 2/50 Strain diagram, SK 2/51 Crack with calculations A = 55 = 0.0017 e xe {lov + (m ~ Bp? + Amp + (m — oJ] - (mp + (m= D)p'} = 160mm = ()l-2) (a\(1- 245) “Nasal” 3x 430) = 016 faa tn a(t pe 8 kabd? + ksAi(d = a’) 144 x 0.16 x 300 x 439° + 5.96 x 226 X (439 = 14.74 N/mm? namie)Design of Reinforced Conerete Beams 73 oth =x) 3EAdd — x) = 1.566 x 10-9 — 300 x 340" 3% 200 x 10° x 1472 x 279 = 1425 x 1079 a) = LAS x 60.5 — 12.5 = 730mm, 4) > as = 027mm <03mm OK Example 2.2 Three span continuous beam SK 2/52 Three-span continuous beam, f ‘Three equal spans of 10m centre-to-centre of columns. Width of column = 0.4m, clear span = 9.6m slab depth = 150mm, beam spacing = 4.0m beam overall depth = 550mm beam width = 300mm Redistribution of moments = 10% ‘Note: Steps 1S form part of the analysis and have been excluded. For a typical analysis see Example 2.3,74 Reinforced Concrete All reinforcement to be used will be high yield steel with fy = 460 N/mm. It is expected that the analysis will be carried out using a computer program with the load combination shown in Section 2.2. From moment and shear envelope, My=0 —Vag=300KN Vip =250KN Man = +600kNm Mp Vac Mgc=+370KNm or —150kNm where Varn =shear at a distance of d from face of support. Vora =320KN Step 6 Determination of cover Maximum size of aggregate = 20mm ‘maximum bar size = 32mm ‘maximum size of link = 8mm ‘exposure condition = severe fire resistance required = 2 hours ‘grade of concrete = C40 maximum cement content = 325 kg/m? maximum free water cement ratio= 0.55 nominal cover=40mm from Tables 11.6 and 11.7 effective depth, d= 550-40 ~ 8-16 = 486mm Step 7 Effective span 4=1,=10.0m Step 8 Effective width of compression flange Actual 6=4.0m — (centre-to-centre of beams) oe iat 10000 714 = 170mm Caleutated 1200 SK 2/53 Elfective width of ‘compression flange.Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams 75 OE OT Reinforced Concrete Beams 75, ‘Step 9 Slenderness check May be ignored. Step 10° Design for moment Mag = 600kNm Flanged beam Ma= Mais = 600kNm. “oe _ 600 x 108 © 40 1700 486 = 0.0373, ea dos + (ors ~as)| dos J(oas-22)] 0.95d = 462mm 3245 mm? [40 gover to fins Sk 2/54 Arrangement of reinforcement at bottom of beam at midspan, 33876 Reinforced Concrete Total area of steel provided Check effective depth. Centre of gravity of group of 5 bars po BX BM 6 + 2 > 4 x 124.5 - 3304 = 815mm d= 580 ~ 81.5 = 468.5mm Recheck reinforcement requirement with revised effective depth: K = 0.010 = 0.95 x 468.5 = 445mm A, = 3369mm? (required) A, provided = 3394mm? OK Mp = -650kNm Rectangular beam Mg = 650kNm Effective depth, d= $50 ~40—32—16-§= 454mm (assuming two layers of 32dia. bars) 650 x 10° 40 x 300 x 450 263 > 0.156 Compression reinforcement required. Redistribution is 10% (K = 0.136)fsbd? O.87f(d — d') (0.263 156) 40 x 300 x 4547 0.87 x 460 x (454 — 64) = 1696mm* AL Use 3 no. 32dia, bars (2412 mm?) — bottom of beam, 0.156 = das (ors-S5)| = 0.784 = 352mm «6 =2tmm ana £= 4a 028 < 048 Si 0.156 fd? oo pene tADesign of Reinforced Concrete Beams 77 156 x 40 x 300 x 4547 0.87 x 460 x 4+ 1696 = 4435 mm? Use 6 no, 32dia. bars (4824 mm?) — top of beam in two layers. 7] (h0cover to tinks ues pas a 8} inks, 268 Arepret | | pone ne reinforeement at top of beam over a support. 3-328 Mpc= +370kNm Flanged beam b= 170mm d= 550 - 40 - = 16 = 486mm Ma fexba? = 0.023 Use 3 no. 32dia. bar (2412 mm’) — bottom of beam Mge = —150kNm Rectangular beam b= 300mm d= 486mm 150 x 10° = ew 7 005378 Reinforced Concrete enfos- os) = 0.94d = 456mm 150 x 10° O87 x 460 x 456 Use 2 no, 32dia. bar (1608 mm?) — top of beam. A, = 822mm? 2-932 ‘SK 2/56 Section through 3922 ‘midspan BC. Sep 11 Design for moment ~ flanged beam Not required. ‘Step 12 Maximum shear stress Vina v= SF = 2.716N/mm? < SN imi? Step 13. Design for sear Maximum shear = S70KN = Vag Vv _ 3x0 nd > 300% 454 = 2.716N/mm? < 08 Vfou = Nimm? OK ‘Check shear stress at d from face of column. Van = 250KN 4 = 468.5mm for span AB yo 250108 300 x 4683 = 1.78N/mm* _ 100d, 100 3394 ‘bd ~ 300 x 468.5 = 2a PDesign of Reinforced Concrete Beams 79 errr Step 14 Step 15 85% 1.17 from Fig. 11. = 0.99N/mm? ve + Oba 19SKN > ye + 04 = 1.39N/mm? bSdv — v9) ORF, (assume S, = 150mm) 300 x 150 x (1.78 ~ 0.99) O87 % 460 = 89mm? Use 8mm dia. inks = 100mm? («wo legs) at 150 centre-to-centre up to ‘the point where shear falls to 195kN. High yield reinforcement (f= 460N/mm) 0.48, O87, 0.4 x 300 x 300 0.87 x 460 Voom Ay Nominal 4, 90 mm? Use 8mm dia. links=100mm? (two legs) at 300 centre-to-centre as nominal links (, =460 N/mm?) Vara = 320kN 320 x 10° 300 x 454 = 2.35N/mm? 1004, _ 100 x 4435 bd 300% 454 Ye = 0.91 x 1.17 = 1,065N/mm? from Fig. 11.5 BS — ve) 087f, = 300 x 150 x (2,35 ~ 1.063) 0.87 x 460 = 14.5mm? (d = 454mm at B) = 3.25 Ay Use 8mm dia. links = 150mm? (3 legs) at 150 centre to centre up to the point where shear falls to 195 kN, Alternative design for shear Omitted. ‘Minimum tension reinforcementinforced Concrete Step 16 ‘Step 17 Step 18 Step 19 Flanged beam bu _ 300 = po 706 < 04 For web in tension A> 0.00186, = 297 mm? For lange in tension A, > 0.0026b,/1 = 429mm* Both conditions satisfied. Minimum compression reinforcement Al > 0.002b,h = 330mm? Provided Aj = 2412mm? Condition satisied Transverse reinforcement in flange Minimum transverse reinforcement in fangs Shepmin?/m = 1.5% 150mm%/m 225 mm"/m Reinforcement in the slab over the beam will be a lot more than this quantity. Reinforcement in side face of beam For a 550mm overall depth of beam with 150mm slab, side reinforcement will not be required. Check deflection fe, 10000 52 tes 723 d= 468.5mm for span AB by = 0.176 < 03 0.8 Since the ultimate moment at midspan is greater after redistrib the ultimate elastic moment, the service ela GI8)f,. Basic span/effective depth ratio from Table LL. than stress may be taken as Service stress, f,Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams 81 Step 20 Step 21 Note: Step 22 Step 23 Step 24 As cegs _ 3809 _ 19 Avg 3058 > Moxie ind? ~ 1700 x 468,58 ~ Modification factor Modified spansett 19 from Chart 11.5 depth ratio= 20.8 x 1.19 2.75>213 OK Maximum areas of reinforcement Ay = 0.046,ft = 6600 mim? Maximum tensile reinforcement used = 4824mm? OK Containment of compression reinforcement Minimum dia. of finks=0.25 x max. dia. of bar 0.25x32=8mm OK 12x dia. of bar 2x32mm=384mm — OK Maximum spacing of link At least one link at the centre of columns B and C will be required for containment. ‘Check bearing stress inside bend Not required. Span AB Continue 3 no, 32 dia. +2 no. 32 0.3mm ‘The calculated crack width is greater than allowable. Increase reinforcement to 5 no. 32dia, bar instead of 3 no. 32dia. plus 2 no, 25dia. No more checks are necessary. Over support B At face of column, ‘maximum service moment = 390 kNm d= 454mm b= 300mm Ay = 4824 mm? Aj = 412mm?‘84 Reinforced Concrete Cain = 48mm m= 10 See Step 26 of Example 2.1 for explanation of symbols and the equations x= 225mm Ky = 0.2068 Ky = 6.44 M * Keb? + KAd ~ €) f= 1.6N/mm? 8, = 1.058 x 107? s02 x 10°? fe = 20.69 Nimm? ac; = 745mm at the top corner Wer = 0.297mm <0.3mm OK ‘Step 27 Design of connections to other elements See Chapter 10. © 50, Tension erie] eee roof 3-432 2-42 eer ayer) $8 exe0800) ‘SK 2/584 Detail of beam at A. 0 D242 gyag [2° ¥2eCod ner saps Qe are 7 “ TERE LE 3-432 ' “one aro EOE Ste SK 2/581 Detail of beam at B.Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams 85 Example 2.3 Design of beam with torsion ‘SK 2/89 Two-span edge beam with nib, Edge beam to carry precast floor slabs on nibs. Clear gap between beams = 4.5m Effective span of beam=9.0m See Example 5.2 for details of precast floor slabs and nib geometry ‘computations, ‘Two-span beam is fully restrained at the rigid supports ‘Step 1 Analysis of beam Properties of section 290 500 ‘SK 2/60 Section of beam with ris. ‘Area of section = 500 x 290 +2 x 110 x 105 = 168 100 mm? Self-weight of beam = 0.1681 x 24kN/m? = 4kN/m = 00 290 % 145-4 2 x 110 x 105 x HO + 55) * 168 100. = 172.5mm tag = 4 x 400 008 — 2 110 x 2908 2 2 943 x 10°mm* — (grass section)86 Reinforced Concrete 2 Assume & = 0 P Assume p = 1% E ssume m = = 10 A“ E. From Fig. 11.1, F=6x10 Pod* 6.x 10"? x (400 x 500° — 110 x 290°) = 2.839 x 10° mm* Average moment of inertia, /4,= 0.5(3.943 + 2.839) x 10? mm* 3.391 x 10" mm Cracked moment of inertia ‘SK 2/61 Beam geometry 10 find shear centre Shear centre, 400 ~ 14% Loading Dead load from slab =5kN/m? x 2.25 m: 1.25kNim. Self-weight of beam = 0.1681 x 24kN/m?= 4.0kN/m Total dead load on beam including self-weight = 15,25kN/m Live load from slab @ SkN/m? = 5 x 2.25 1.25 kNim: Design of Reinforced Conerete Beams 87 Untimate Le, LG Load both spans with LC; to get maximum support moment at B. it state, LADL + L.6LL = 1.4 x 15.25 + 1.6 x 11.25 = 22kNim + 18kN/m LODL = 15.25kN/m Load span AB with LC, and span BC with LC; to get maximum support moment A and maximum span moment at AB. Steps 2 and 3 Draw moment and shear envelope Non-linear analysis with 10% redistribution. Boundary Loading Force Support Span Support | Support condition A AB OB Bo OC A.and C fully LC) on both BM -270 +135 42704135270 KN. restrained spans Shear 180 — 180 180 180, N LADL on AB BM -1598 $79.9 ~125.9 +460 92.0 kNm LODL on BC Shear 1028 — 952 726 — 65.1 KN LOon AB BM 311.7 +155.9 -186.7 +280 70.6 -kNm LG,onBC Shear 1939 — 166.1 - - oN LOKN/m LL BM 8.44 44.22 338-10 $L.19 ENm on AB Shear 5.06 — 3 kN Plastic hinge 1.0kN/m LL BM = 047.23 145 42.89 kNm at A, C fully on AB Shear 3.860 — slg — IN restrained ‘Assume 10% redistribution, Support moment at A is fixed at 0.9 311.7 280kNm. The support moment at A reaches 280kNm elastically with Joad on span AB equal to (280 ~ 159.8)/8.44= 14.24kNm. At that point a plastic hinge forms at A and the boundary condition of the structure ‘changes. The remaining five load to go on the span with changed boundary condition is (18kN/m ~ 14.28kN/m)=3.76kN/m. Design bending moment at support A=280kNm Design bending moment at midspan AB at centre of span = 79.9 + 14.24 x 4.22+3.76% 7.23 = 167.2kNm ‘A conservative design span moment = 175kNm allowing for the maximum span moment to occur away from the centre of span. Design bending moment at support B=270kNm from clastic analysis. (LC; on both spans) Design shear at support A = 102.8 + 5.06 x 14.24-+ 3.86 x 3.76 ‘= 189.5KN say 190kN88. Reinforced Concrete Step 4 Step 5 ‘Step 6 Step 7 Sep 8 Design shear at support B=180kN (LC, on both spans) Determine axial loads Not required. Determine torsion Ultimate load from slab = 1.4 * 11.25 + 1.6 x 11.25 = 34kN/m_ Load assumed to act on edge of nib. Eccentricity of load from shear centre of beam = 110 ~ 15(chamfer) 90 +> +s (¢ = 78.5 = shear centre) 18.5mm, Torsion per unit length 34 x 0.3185 Ultimate si f-weight of beam Eccentricity of self-weight from shear centre 72.5 — 145 + 78.5 = 106mm 6 x 0.106 19 kNm/m 10.83 + 0.59) x 4.5, 14kNm at the supports restraining rotation ‘Torsion per unit Tength 5 Total ultimate torsion in beam Cover to reinforcement Maximum size of aggregate = 20mm Maximum size of bar=25mm assumed Maximum size of link = 10mm Exposure condition = mild resistance required = 1 hour ide of concrete = C40 Minimum cement content = 325 kg/m? Maximum free water/eement ratio= ‘Nominal cover = 20mm Effective depth, d= 500-20 — 10 12.5=457.5mm, 155 Effective span Effective spar om Effective width of flange Not required.Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams 89 Step 9 Slenderness ratio 1=85m= clear span b= 400mm 6g = 60 x 400 = 24 000 mm > 85000 mm - (2m 10° i Bie x a) 0 119402mm > 850mm Slenderness check is satisfied ‘Step 10. Design for flexure As y Th ‘SK 2/62 Calculation of tensile steel at suppor. Support bending moments at A or C=280kNm K © joabd?® 280 x 10° © 40 x 400 x 457.7 = 0.0836 < 0.156 No compressive reinforcement required, des+ Jos) = srsfos + (oss 2225] = 410mm9 Reinforced Concrete Step 11 Step 12 Step 13 = 105mm Neutral axis is inthe flange. _M Rf 280 x 10" 0187 x 460 x 410 Use 4/no, 25mm dia. bars (1964mm?) Midspan bending moment = 175kNm Ay 1706mm? ene Feb? 15 x 18 40 x 400 x 457.57 = 0s 2 = 094d = 80mm re 0s 6Lmm < 105mm ~ fy M 4s Sang 175 x 10° © O87 x 460 x 430 = 1017 mm? Use 2 no, 25mm dia. bars (982mm?)-+1 no. 12mm dia, bar (113mm?).. Flanged beam Not required. Check maximum shear stress at support v bd 190 x 10° 290% 457.5 1.43N/mm? O8V fey = 0.8 x Va0 = SNimm? (Check flesural shear stress = 457.5mm Va = 190 ~ 40 x 0.457 TKN at effective depth away from supportDesign of Reinforced Concrete Beams 91 Suep 14 Step 15 100 x 1964 © 290 x 457.5 1.48 Y= 0.72 X 1.7 = 0.84Nimm? — From Fig. 115 Ye + 0.8) bd (0.84 + 0.4) x 290 x 457.5 x 10> 64.5KN Vaom vont 04 b5Cv An OSG 290 x 200 x (1.30 ~ 0.84) 0.87 % 460 66.7mm? at 200mm cle (2 legs) Ay 66.7 FT By xd ~ Ol for each leg 0.4 oarh, 04 x 290 Oa x 460 0.29 (2 legs) 0.145 (for each leg) ‘Area of tension reinforeement required to carry weight of slab on the nib 34k Nin O87 x 400 = 85mm'/m Ay 85 ‘Ss 1000 0.085 for each leg Alternative design for shear Not required since design shear is calculated at d from support. Minimum tension reinforcement ‘Assume channel section as L-beam,92 Reinforced Concrete Step 16 Step 17 Step 18 Step 19 Step 20 290mm? < 196mm provided Minimum compression reinforcement Not required, Transverse reinforcement in flange Ay = L5hymm/'m LS x 105 (See Example 5.2.) Reinforcement in nib = 201:mm*/m provided. 158mm"/m minimum Minimum reinforcement in side face of beams Not required. Check deflection by _ 290 Fa ay 7 07S 03 From Table 11.3, Basic spanveffective depth ratio for rectangular section=26 for bylb= 1.0 for flanged beams = 20.8 for be/b=0.3 Ioerptated basic aio = 208+ (=A) x (0708 ~ 0.8) = 24 M_ 1672 fae = i559 Midspan service stress = i (=) MAS x10 bd? 400 x 457.5? Modification factor for tension reinforcement from Table 11.3 Modified span/depth ratio= 24 x 1.20=28.8 fe _ 9000, a” 575 = 19.67 < 28.80 OK Maximum areas of reinforcement Ay < 0.046, = 5800 mm? Satistied,Design of forced Concrete Beams 93 Step 21. Containment of compression reinforcement Not required. Step 22 Check bearing stress inside bend Not required. Step 23° Curtailment of bars 45 x bar dia. =45 x25 = 125mm 2 no. 25mm dia. top and bottom throughout. 2 no. 25m dia. extra top at A, B and C — 5000 long at B, 2500mm into span at A and C and properly anchored at A and C. no. 12mm dia. bottom in spans AB and BC. Follow simplified detailing rules for beams as in Fig. 2.2. Step 24 Spacing of bars Minimum clear spacing = MSA +5 =20+5=2Smm ‘Actual minimum clear spacing used = 43mm (support) Actual maximum clear spacing used = 84mm _(midspan) 47000 _ 47000 7) Maximum clear spacing allowed = = 189mm > 84mm where f= 249N/mm? (see Step 19.) ‘Step 25 Check torsional shear stress Uhimate torsion=Si4kNm (see Step 5) Divide section into 3 rectangles of maximum total torsional stiffness. First choice ® @ ®@ ® ®@ FIRST CHOICE ‘SECOND CHOICE SK 2/63 Calculation of torsional SK 2164 Calculation of torsional shear stress, shear stress94 Reinforced Concrete 500 x 290 ~ stiffness = Myiltmax = 290° x 500 = 1.22 x 10! 2 x 110 x 105 — stiffness = 2 x 105° x 110 = 0.025 x 10" TOTAL = 1.245 x 10" Second choice 200 x 290 — stiffness = 290° x 290 = 0.707 x 10" 2 x 400 x 105 — stiffness = 2 x 105? x 400 = 0.0926 x 10!" ‘TOTAL = 0.7996 x 10" Hence the first choice is critical. Tx 122 x 10" tion of torsional moment cared by the web = 7% 122 x 10" Enea eri 1.245 x 10" _ HA x 122 125 = 50.4kNm Torsion carried by flanges = 0.5514 ~ 50.4) = 0.5kNm or Torsional shear stress vin web = Hal 2x 50 x 1h 20°(so0 - 2°) ‘= 2.97N/mm? Torsional shear stress vin flange = 2% 05% 10° 10s*(110 - 1.21 N/mm? Yn = O.57V fu 0.06740 0.4N/mm? Yee = O8V fay = SN/mm? vast _ 5% 450 $50 = 4.1N/mm ¥% > Ye mins torsional reinforcement required. ‘Torsional shear stress + flexural shear stress = 2.97 + 1.30 (see Step 13) |27Nimam? <5N/mm? OK Torsional reinforcement in web (vertical)Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams 95 Aw r ‘Sy OR ORTF 50.4 x 10° OB x 28 x 448 x O87 x 460 48 (for 2 legs) = 0.74 (for each leg) Longitudinal reinforcement for torsiod a= (Bhan Sy 1.48 x 1 x (238 + 448) 1012mm? Use 10 no. bars at 101mm? each in the longitudinal direction evenly placed on the perimeter of web cross-section (f,= 460N/mm?).. jorr Aauday® 0-165 (FLEXURAL SHEAR) ‘Asy/sy = 0-085 (NIB DIRECT TENSION) z om is TORSION) Aya i fen only 3 E 5 # 25 é | tconsneod Anew Se leant : er so | on | 5 os ‘SK 2/68 A,./S, diagram for x {1750 __| Example 23. ‘Torsional reinforcement in flange Aw Tr SORE ORTH,96 Reinforced Concrete Step 26 0.5 x 0 Ox (5 = yx Ca = BLOTS = 00m Maxima spacing =, oF Yor 200mm = 57mm, Use Simm dia ks at SOmm centres (1006mm"/m) (f, = 460.N/mm2) ‘Could also use 6mm dia. mild steel links at 50mm centres (566 mm?/m) (f,=250N/mm?) See Example 5.2, Step 4. Ay req = 13LmmP/m (460 grade steel) (for flexure) = 241mm"/m (mild steel Grade 250) 4-007 fortonion (re) A, = 0078 10m «2 (nse 289 4mm'/m (For 2 legs of mild steel) = T2mm*/m (for cach leg ~ horizontal) ‘Total requirement = 241 +72 = 313mm2/m < $66 mm"/m, Longitudinal reinforcement for torsion in flange = (2) (ever A 0.078 x 355% (87 + 352) 59mm? (4-n0. 6mm dia. mild steel: f, = 250 N/mm?) See Step 10, AL support, A, requited = 1706mm? Torsional A, required at corners (2 bars)= 202mm? (Step 25) ‘Total top reinforcement required = 1706 + 202 = 1908 mm? Provided = 4 0. 25mm dia. = 1964mm? OK Flexural crack width calculations By elastic analysis: no redistribution, Maximum support moment at A or C = 201kNm (serviceability lim state) 100 ~ 20 ~ 12 ~ 12.5 = 455.5 964mm? p= 0.0108,“© Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams 97 6cHS) 4-625 ‘SK 2166 Typical section at support. Al = 982mm? —_p' = 0.0054 10 105mm 500mm, 290mm hy h by d’ = 425mm {om apa (vin 0 (2) — (mp + (mn — vey} = 156.3mm > hy = (05mm Using Reference 10, Table 117, = dA ODI mA, + Bh 10 x 455.5 x 1964 + 0.5 x 400 x 105? 10 X 1964 + 400 % 105 = 181mm ‘hae(3x — 2hy) eed Ge) 105(3 x 181 ~ 2 x 105) pau) ‘3(2 x 181 — 105) = 410mm98 Reinforced Concrete Ag 201 x 10° 1964 x 410 150 N/mm? & = 125 x 10-7 (gsssam) *28* = 145 x 107 — buh = 3 BEAMd 9) 45. 10-9 = 290 x (500 — 181)? 3% 200 x 10° x 1964 & (455.5 — 181) 36 x 10° a, = VONSE + 44.59) — 12.5 = 504mm p22} (500 — 181) = 0.18mm < 0.3mm Step 27 Design of connections to other components Follow Chapter 10.2.5. FIGURES FOR CHAPTER 2 $ Fig. 2.1 Values of fy,100 Reinforced Concrete ae | 249 fore rom fy | 20 es Toad fs, pore ena support Ertectne Span t 1 Evectne Span SQUIIOUS REAM: CURTALNENT OF REINFORCEMENT Toon a [PSP goes so ‘Suny SLPPORTE BEAM: CURTALMENT OF REREOREEMEN? ost st pom | pe | Tr fe po ‘CANTLEVER BEAM: CURTAK MENT OF RENFORCEMENT Fig. 2.2 Simplified detailing rules for beams.