Trng (i s)

Trng cng vi nhm v vnh l cc cu trc i s 2 V d

c bn trong i s tru tng.
Tp hp cc s hu t Q , tp cc s thc R , tp
cc s phc C l trng.
1 Khi nim Cho p l mt s nguyn t. Tp hp Zp vi php
cng v php nhn modulo p l mt trng.
Trng (i s) l mt tp F trn c hai php ton
cng v nhn tha mn: Cc trng hu hn c vai tr to ln trong l
thuyt Galois.
1. F l nhm giao hon vi php cng
Trng c t phn t nht l trng ch gm duy
2. F l nhm giao hon vi php nhn nht mt phn t 0. Tip theo l trng ch gm
hai phn t 0 v 1 vi php cng v php nhn
3. Trn F , php nhn phn phi vi php cng
modulo 2.

Chi tit hn cc iu kin trn, ta c th k ra cc tin

ca trng nh sau: 3 Cc trng hp khng phi l
Trng l mt tp hp F = trn xc nh hai php trng
ton cng v nhn:
Mi tp Zn vi php cng v php nhn module
Php cng (+): F F F : (a, b) 7 a + b n trong n l hp s khng l mt trng.
Php nhn (): F F F : (a, b) 7 a b
tho mn cc tin sau:
4 Trng con
1. Php cng c tnh kt hp: a, b, c F, (a + b) +
Gi s F l mt trng. Tp con E F c gi l
c = a + (b + c) ;
trng con ca F nu chnh E l mt trng vi cng
2. Php cng c tnh giao hon: a, b F, a + b = php ton trong F. nh l: Cho F l mt trng v tp
b+a; con E F c nhiu hn mt phn t. Cc iu kin sau
l tng ng.
3. Tn ti phn t 0: 0 F, a F, a+0 = 0+a =
a; 1. E l trng con ca F

4. Tn ti phn t i: a F, (a) F, a + 2. a, b E : a + b E, a.b E, a E v nu

(a) = (a) + a = 0 ; a = 0 : a1 E

5. Php nhn c tnh kt hp: a, b, c F, (ab)c = 3. a, b E : a b E v nu b = 0 : a.b1 E

a (b c) ;
V d:
6. Php nhn c tnh giao hon: a, b F, a b =
Trng s hu t Q l trng con ca trng
ba;
s thc, R trng s thc l trng con ca
7. Tn ti phn t n v: 1 F, 1 = 0, a trng s phc C .
F, a 1 = 1 a = a ; Tp A R

8. Tn ti phn t ngh o: a F, a =
0, a1 F, a1 a = a a1 = 1 ; { }
a + b. 2 | a, b Q
9. Php nhn phn phi vi php cng: a, b, c
F, a (b + c) = a b + a c . l trng con ca R .

1
2 8 LIN KT NGOI

Tp cc ma trn cp 2 dng

( )
a b
b a

vi php cng v nhn ma trn l mt trng

v tp cc ma trn dng
( )
a 0
0 a

Nhng i khi E khng phi l trng con ca F nu

E Z v F l mt trng.

5 Trng cc thng

6 Xem thm

7 Tham kho

8 Lin kt ngoi
 3

9 Ngun, ngi ng gp, v giy php cho vn bn v hnh nh

9.1 Vn bn
Trng (i s) Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_(%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_s%E1%BB%91)?oldid=
25327749 Ngi ng gp: Apple, Newone, Ctmt, Hong Cm, Meem, Haonhien, Zagothal, TuHan-Bot, DSisyphBot, Cheers!-bot,
MerlIwBot, Phan c Minh, enhitran, AlphamaBot, Addbot, Tuanminh01, Helolo, anhKPF v 4 ngi v danh

9.2 Hnh nh
Tp_tin:E-to-the-i-pi.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/E-to-the-i-pi.svg Giy php: CC BY 2.5
Ngi ng gp: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). Ngh s u tin: No machine-
readable author provided. Dermeister assumed (based on copyright claims).
Tp_tin:Question_book-new.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Question_book-new.svg Giy php:
CC-BY-SA-3.0 Ngi ng gp: Chuyn t en.wikipedia sang Commons. Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:
Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Ngh s u tin: Tkgd2007

9.3 Giy php ni dung

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