|Fsc Onkineinfa Chapter {No.1 any aprons Seemadie | Acordng| us Of Punjab Text Book Board For Class XI} Online @ http:/Amwficonline info GHAPTER= 2: ~& EASUREMENTS INTRODUCTION + The carhiey dbseyvalions , 4 man about the world arvotmd rum - and fack abaut te raleral Phenomena and metertad things Aosta vn the birt of Aivghe Hisecp kine og Betis Called ‘nalieral pHilosophy” Dee huge. ave reast/ i. the Aciantifie. knowledge “pte he bogota “F 19H. Century, At was foumd rece? % a! cblesiy ths. 5hdy of nabive tule two onition bvanches os fivess bebov + @) Biobosical Setences » “Te Setdecs which deals with tha stecly of Liviag things ave Cbbecl Biokopical Adiaors" Examples: Biology, Roolagy, Bolory . / dip Ehysical SetenCeas - “Te “Atiences which deals nuh nom Living Rings aye Cabladk Pl poten ABeieveas / Exourprhes : Pigs, Chamishy, Atonory, Gacy ee Me Atuce and Attuitific cnetael emphargs The read Of accurate menses 2 meme Of vavinws measuve able. features. This ChaPly empbosizes Page 1Chapter No. 1 According to Syllabus Of Punjab Text Book Board For Class XI Sealine phacionapecinant Ee. tee need of Rovough dare thanking cd prackin | of measuring Toctiniguss aod recording skills. | INTRODUCTION To PHYSIcs :- | “Plepics 28 am Inwprvtewt and base part | ef Plysicnl sciences? Sk ce an experimerilal Aeiewee,s vepived. on fpntt b crearhy ee At Present time, ‘ave ge: Ding hres. aman frontiers of Fondamental Atitnce: Gi) The world of sxtiernely foxge Pedy — te Aeahnterten tse —& Birk ad expos . ThE CREATOR, . fron a vey 4) Apel Cosmic.

opine ed Ard. omwavds jes Otte modern (ogpsces” A_ few Sranches “Chassieal bs Are: O Mechanics i- This branch. of Physics deals oath Page 3dn easy approach to Intermediate Fee Ontineinfo Chapter No. 1 According to Syllabus Of Punjab Text Book Board For Class XI Foul Lew fconline nfo @ “the mnation of farboles under the actin +f dypereet ofovees” Gi) Heat auc tarmedynamics :- “This branch of Poapsces deals wih te maléve | of toot , bh oneasivemert , measurement of damp. aud._Goaveysion a Raat energy | inb mechantal eg. Git) Elactromagnelizay v- “Tis Bemsch cteals wi interaction: Af ehecti2iy avd on Amy theiy dawbopmsst Yard sate. in puchiat 7) (Hy) Optics :-This. buamch heals wie the study of nature ap Lube, ibs propartiss ac about optical imshiuimauh of Aiferect types” (2) Sounds: his branch cleats wih pra . neue aA differert Properties ef Botta” > Hifdrodynamtes Tis bramch deals with “te stacy ef te omotion ef fluids dpids Bnd fe A few Av she bitenthes of darn Lbgues are: ) Special rebahy vib - In this brarch we shay about non accelevaled frases o ref Lente. This was Slated Einstein im (90S Ui General Yebativily :- In tees branch we slay Page4Fee Ontineinfo Chapter No. 1 an 000g approach te termediate |] According to Syllabus Of Punjab Text Book Board For Class XI “sr Sibu ya Lew fconline nfo Ter about the acccberdted Frames 4 vefevecce. This theory Came in /45 Coy Einster >. Giiy Quartitm mechanics Ses The mahema tical toy bad on planks quanilien Ay pots (DD Atomic Peysics te This branch, deals cuk behaviour, shyachire and nalure ef alors. (LD Mohecubay fhuysics we Sn His Branch we Atay about te Atatelure of mater 20) tha basis of onofecubes. UD Nackeay Pheysiess- So this branch we Abel about the alemec. nucter, wucheay veackmns and vadoactivily (D> Solid Stat 408 r- This branch 45° Concerned ule the tractive and properties of Aolids. (wi) Patbiche. Phepsies : ve This branch 2 Concer. med oxitk “ebemeritany partic’ af matter. (> Super Conduachs vil te This branch deabs osilh fhe Bady of Auper Conductors amd tsiy develapment, ® Super fluidity w Mis branch deals wik te beravisuy and oulure of Auper- fluds (SL) Phasomna PAaystes vm This branch ‘es concerned mt tgtly Aonged tae at vag High tamper alures. Plasma. 3 Cla ffurth steli af onetey, PageFee Onkineinfo Chapter No. 1 ang apgracht Serna | According toSlabs Of Panjab Tet Bok Board Fer Clas X Available Online @ hit! few ficonline info (Xi) Magnets hydrodynamics w This branch deals wh the bekaviowr ap. a conducticg fluid weer The. wfluemee. of a magnetic flux. cx) Space PArprios te This pramch deals wih | Nee Aggerent apects tf. apace. Some. offer vebatd. branches ave: Astrophysics 5 Blophiprics., Chamicak Pogues, Enpinaering. playsies ,.Geofluysics , macdical Phupsics Phagsicnl cceanopraphy , plysics 6f amuric. Puppies 24 most fundamental sp abl Aciomony aod provides clay branches BP Atiumce , basic princi- fis and. fundamental. favs. Mis overba ping 4 Poppies Gere bivk 1 “(reco branches such as Plypiog Charmishy » bioprysics, astiophysies ee Physics ek, Pripics also plage ana importast vole in thn develo Parent of bctyrolagy ava anfineering. We ave Kivieg tn te age of information Teeboro— ops. The Jonfermattion muadia aod fost means of Communtertions have made te. world as a “Global village”. Son. PHYSICAL, QUANTITIES :- Defi “Meese. quantities. whsol Can be mtattired accurately ave Abed Physical guateties” Te femaeon of orien Atte pen Pica pont PageOFee Onkineinfo Chapter No. 1 an 000g approach te termediate |] According to Syllabus Of Punjab Text Book Board For Class XI “sr Aish Orinc ot nolo for example: omass., fenghh, “ins , void , fra) dewily .mp., cleric cued ee, TYPES 3. flaysical quantities ave ef shoo “ype: C) Bese Quanbtes ciiy Derived qnantites . : Ct) Base Guantities i “Bese ave Wa minimum’ cumber ef those. Plyrionl guanbitics im Terms which shor fopecak Quantities Car be if. For -exanple ; Aengih 5 mass, tone Ui) Devived Quantities "Men Guantties whose inition. ave. based. on char Phrepsicak frauds Bre. Cbled. Arrived. Guantihcss? i For example: vélosity, acceleration , force che, “The. omeaseroqieut “e a pase. quaxtiliy” wvollves follwing too Alaps: >) Be Chocee’ ea Alendard GR) Estebfsfmnent Of & Procedure sev Compaiv te qeantly t be. measured wik ts slandard An ideal Atandard hes tio Cbervactevish, @ * & accessible, b> SE 2 invartabke INTERNATIONAL _SYSTEM_OF UNITS. sn 1960, an wieynakmal mittee apreed. on a ath of definitions and Alindards % duscybe fix Plysical guantitin. The system Hat was Page7usteblished 48 ClleA the Yyslemn Intevnabioal (5B) Due to Avnpbicily ard. Convontence tis Apiten| Of tril it Laing mised by te wserldl’s Aciemtifir Communi Bak amet makons The SI- Uris ave build p trem hres Kids of nih (A) Base rid (2) Seppbiomantary torah (C) Derived tunis. A) Base teniks s- The unilt) Asfinact arbibranty for the measurement tf Aeven base Qroubites bn Comparisen wth Vem ave Olle base snik? The names +f basen uch along atk Acspecting vee poootitis and Aymbels. are giten below; Sr.No, Physical Quantity SI- unit Symbol 1. Geng metre ™ 2, Moss | Kiepram ip 3. Tome | Second s 4. Elechte current | Aon pere A s Timparatare | kebnin kK é. Light thins | Candela ed 7 Amount 04 Subslomce mmo ke mek Be tteochard clefinitions Of base. unit ave. giren bbe (L) Melre :- The. dimit of hongth 2s metye. Before (tbo Pagewas An pinact as: Def. — —1: “The dislimce bedlesean tise Lemes meth on The bar of am alley of Phatintn (07) and driditim Geox) kept under Controlled Conditions at Ha. Inlarratio. mal Buyeax ef Utiphts anc Measures im France” Me Wt General Conference on Weights anck Measures (1960) vedepinah the. slawdayd onébre 2s folloun. Defi.— xr “ore metre 23 a Aeyh eypalt (650, 763.73 conve boughs ln wacteddm C7 the orange eA yediatin emitted Ay he. iyp Tom 86 alam? Sn 1983, the miehe mas vedafined as : Defin 3» “Ss 2s tr Ailence travelled Ay dipok ba tacetiem charg Hina Of START oA A few ub-onebttples and Sonublepbes' of mobje ars 1 rmteromibar jooom (iy 4 dlacameliv =o! m D4 milblmtber | Gi) 4. Reclomdiv =m Git) 4 Coutimeter | Git) £ Kibometiy = 12» (Dy) 4 deeimetey 1 Dy 1 mepanctiy = 15 mm. tty“. Joem = Pdecinulir &® Joobm = [Km | UG) lomm = 1 om C8) 1000 mm = tm (2) KiloFyvam te Te sk of ness 28 Kelopiom. St is dofmedas: “he. nas of a [labireeinn Gof) ard ‘rickium((o//) athoy China, 340m im dicmetiv anc 34¢m ‘xm Page| Foc Online info Chapter No. 1 ay aprons Srtrmaie | AcorngtoSylabus Of Punjab Text Book Board For Class X Available Online @ http:/Amwwficonline info hight Rept at tt Srtevnatimal Buren | ought and Measures. in. France” 1 This mass Slanclard. was rtablished in lol. A fess Lonvertion vebakins 0g ‘eg’ are: cd leeo mileipy aces ie is rom Gi 1000 Fran [Kikepram Cit) Lee kékegram t Quel (Dy (200 kikepram = 4 matric forme (3) Second --- Tha Unik of Kime. 28 clayniad: a8 Second. Defid- “one Accord 3s Kyal te se, part of an average. Ay of te rer [Joo A.D.” ln 1967, am Svileymational Committee Aedsponed. Arcond 23: a W V Depa ie “ne Ateond is apel tT demakion tn mehich the oulir mest electron ef te Cosinm-tes alom onakes. 992,631,770 Vibvatens” ieee A feo Sub-mubliplis and anubliphis of Htsemd’ ave as gtren below: 7 qt . td tmamosecmd = flo's + WD S56 S$ =ImIm, , . ad . diy | micro yw =l0s Gi) 60 min, = 1-bx Gil) b mikey 2s | dil) 24 tr, = Iday, * ® 36S days = lfear , b> fo. years = I decade 2) loo fears = | century (ay -Leee fears = 1 Milberrizn. Page LObus Of Punjab Text Book Board Far Class XI fo lable Online @ http: feconline.inf (4) KRekvin i+ The. Unit of Lemperative as Kelvin. _ Defi w S928 te Frackn xan Ff Ke Ravmen| Aymamie Lemperatlave 4 ths. Frifple. poist of ler The tripple Point ef Aubstamce means The. Hemp. at chick sobih , hiqtid acc. vapour phases are in quchibrinm. The triffle point of welar 7 Token as 273-16 kK. This shawdard wat adiptid | in 1967. i (S$) Armpere :- | The. Merit 4 tbectic cikxpent rs Ampere. | “one ampere As thet Constant Cament mdich 4 omaintamed in Too tonight pavaleel Conductors of danfimile Aug 4 megligible Civeukay Choss- Artin and phrid a mehe apait in vacuim, Would produce between these. Conductors a fore epal t axle mauler fey onatie of kangih? Mis unt wes slabbisted in 1971 (6) Candela : The terik ref Lepht intensity (oy Luoninous intanaily), 45 Candela, which xs Apined as: Defi “one Candela is the Lumingers dntemaily im the perpendicular divedion ap a surface 6f Fospss— Ayore meter af a Black body radiatby at the Adidificatin Hemperciliive of peetinum under staedaid Page 11atmospharce pressure” This miko was adopted in 1967. (7) Mole + The umit ef trnount of Aubslomes” As mole. we “one mole 8 the ammount of substance Defi aw ayptin tubich Contains as omamy eh mentary seviiins as thave ave atoms in o.olnkg 4 Carb-12. This Alandard wes adopted im 197. than the unit mole 23 wed) fer eleonaritary entities must be apecfiad Thopes ane bes. dons, omolecubes, tons, elections, diay particles ov apecipad frou, of Bech povtichess one mohe of ang be Alames Contains 6.6325x10° entities. BD) Stapplameritery Anh These SL- wemils which ave mot included eittay im base omits dram devived unis ave Called Aufple- mentary anil. These axe to im rmumber as given below; SuNO. Phpical, Quantity St-unit Symbol 4 1 Plane anghe | adam i red 2 | Solid amghe | Steyadian| sr Depinitiors :. 4, Radiom “The yadian us the fo flanx angle betsvesm oe vadii Asse ag a creche which cut on om Fel. the Civeumferernes An are, eyat om Aengik , Page 1 2to te vadius oe the. civele.¢ fig-t). Total aug he 4 We Chovetiem Pevem ee = 20 red 2, Slevadian :- The. Aleradian is the solid angle Ctree-dimensional angle) AublindeA at the cotye ef a Aphere joy aon area of wh Aurface cemad te th —sprare af radils) of tis phere. Fig-2)- (C) _Devived wits »- “SL- mils for measuring all otter Plypical yar. tikes ave derived from The base and. supplemantay Manik, Aese are Colle, devived unth. Soma ef the davived. nih ave given as Mmder: Sr.No. Physical Quantity Umié — Symbob Jn taymsep base Larus 4. | Force : newlen | Nn 1 kG ms 2 | Werk | joule TW me ee 3. | Power 1 watt | wo oigde gre | Pressure | paseat ban meg ae s | Elechic charge | Coukemb io tas eh. ete. Scientific Notation - “phan the numbers ave expressed in’ tlinclord form, it 48 Caled Acientific nolation, which empl Page 1 3Chapter No. 1 According to Slabus Of Punjab Text Book Boar For Class 0 vale Onlin hn fice. = | powers ef tan” | Rube whih corviting the mumbers in Heian | notion, Hive should be only me. men gore obpit: t He. Lede of decimal . ~ Excamphes :- Sermo. Simple Notation Seieribipie. notation 4. 134-7 1347 xe 2. 0.0023 d.aeye” 3 1225 1B2s Ke ete. Conventions for indicating dtnits Following Pots About fee Kept in mind while ; Asing and + G) fate mame ep He aemil. does rot begin with a capital even ih named. afin a Aeientist, eng. meuten Gi) The Agmbab: 4 Mrik named after a Adentist tas inital Capital teller Auch os “A for newton. Git) The pregin should ee writen feefore the anit taithowt omy apace, such os: fem wm 1 mm W) A Gembination of unik 23s written each wih ome space apart. e.g. mentin melve = Nm. @) Compound. prepircas ave not allowed. eg (MMP onay fen coxitlen os IPP. Wi) 4 number Auch as 5.0 Xl Om mag fra expressed fin Adiartific nitetion as So x10 ™. Wil) then a multiple of a bose amit 18 —uised te Page 14According to Syllabus Of Punjab Text Book Board For Class. [omvatetestente atin a power, the poner Ofplizs te He orhole rmuttiple aud | mot the base stmit abome, Thus: [knit weak einibat | (Vili) Measurement im practical work should tee reco ded ionmediately an the omest Convenient “emit, | oF Hind ng of Acrew gauge in Som’, mess in ‘pos But Lepore Cabeubation for the Assult , all meas Arements must hee Converted init St- uni. x» Sop. é @ ato = = @ Gil) fami = a! i) pleo = iB cp s deta = fo (day Heel = io ERD Kile = “ & oy ot mega, (4) UO! Ril FeGe = ve @ On"; (Ri) tera = we CT) 1 (EF) pela p) e 1 (Xi) exa 210% (®) UNCERTAINITIES + Every measuvemet Bas tome ervey t tome extent, SE xs ver} Afploubt te bimrinal af & & forebhe -evvors oy Uncertamitizs im a mensuremet, The er70r in a “measurement may occur due hb: w Negligence or imemperience ope frxsen, Gi) Te fully afpavatis, wi Inappropriate anche or techmigue . | Fac Online info. Chapter No. 1 ; Page 5bus Of Punjab Text Book Board Far Class XI fo Online @ httpd ww fecoline inf The Umtartanily mag abso occur dee 6 Ima dequacy of an anshriment » naturel vanations ov matuval inperfactons of a pevscrs Aamses Hewevey, There are Two major Hopes of errors: (Random error (ily Sptematic error G) Random error: Wis ertoy js said to cocuy them Asfeated measurement f fe Juantily , give Afferent values tndey the Same Conditions. ef) Aiperrand vabhieos of Aius period , Aherat yeluas of Wek. Ths rrr Con fee yedtiice by viferkig te maasiremonls several Jims and Takia am arerepe Ww Sytamic ervyor’;- Tis 20x Asfers ty an affet that 4 all maasuvormoadts af a fparbenlay grautily eypally . Je prducss a Consistont Afparvence im Vead ings. SM may oteuy due & Zero evver, oor Cake bration of fnstaemeds ete. Tes -exvor Can fee veduced fy Compe ving a putty dostyemedt wi a mere acatyale ons, Thus tox fammeate err, a Correction Foctor Com fee ofpted. 2-9. to veomere ze 2Y/V We Wty Bevo Corvect.om.: Page 16Fee Ontineinfo Chapter No. 1 ang apgracht Serna | According toSlabs Of Panjab Tet Bok Board Fer Clas X Available Online @ hitp:/ few ficonlne nfo UT SIGNIFICANT FIGURES :- Defi “In any measurement , The accuevataly Kmocn Aigili and first cloubtful abgit | are Called. Agrifieat Fyre” Sm other words, a Aignificont figure, 8 Tk ome Known to Ae Asasenably relixhle, Explanation witk €xawples :2 ae Kmow that everg measying knstreemerit us Cabibvated to a Caylain sonallest: “division whict Limits its dagrens ef acctracy. E: ml Suffete that we wart meaticve Ths. Lengh Boa Bhaight Lins. with Tha bof of a mete. ved Cobiprated in \rniblimetves. Lat the amd point of ths Line firs Aectwean 10.3 ancl 1o-4em marks é fo 4 as shotin in F9-3. te, ta? LAaQre By lomverikion, ff tha. end of ter Line doat ont touch, or C088 Tha midpoint of tha. Somallest division, the. vending 48 Confined % tha. previous Aivisi jm Case Hi ord of the fine Anas be hee. touching or —Rave Crested Ha midpoint, he veading 23 extended t ta next kvision(io). Example 2:- By applying tha above vube Cexanpled te position ef the edge of a fine vecorded. a8 Tem with the help of a odbc vod Calibrated Page 17bus Of Punjab Text Book Board For Class I it fo wfaconine in C07 in nibbimeties meg Ha behoeen 12-65 0m and 12.78 cm, Thus in His examphe ta oman. Umesy- teinly ty 0-08 em. Ik As in fact eysivalent te | Aalf of the Haast Count of metve. rod (Lmm=o-leo) tett(oitem) = te.cS emia. Ralf above tod Alf Ihe te. vecaded veadi | ‘ Ce The Uncartamly ig the value | of omeasuyed Ypatily Cam fee indieted Conven- : ienitly Mg Ming Agrficant F gers, The. vecorded | valece ef Hea hong of Atraight Aone ie. 1-7 Om Cortains three dint, (62,1 pet af ctich too Aipils (1,2) ave aceuritily) known chipits while the Bird Agit ie.7 ism oust fel one. Thus dy defini ton, Ki me. 4 Peipieout Fpares | tn The Piven Value ie. Inqeve ‘red. Sf te Above omeaturement (i.e. /arem) Taken fg a balla ontasuring jnihument which 2s exad ap a tundra of “em, ib esol Rave hoon recorded. as. [2-7oem. Jn Hes case, The om Ff ope Ficat fperes Bre. four Conckusioni- Mus we Can Any that a5 we domprrove Hee qposily of eer neering drstivement and tecteniquss, we edlind the mmaasuned result ty mere and rove signi Picont: figures and Correspondingly imprave te experimental Recuvacy of Te result, Page 8Fee Ontineinfo. Chapter No. 1 x 62g approach te Intermediate | According taSylebus Of Punjab Text Book Board For Class X1 Available Online @ hit! hen ficonlne nfo au ot. Sd Rubles of Significant Figuves s- Gi) Ae tke Agits 1,253,4,5,8,7,8,9, ave Aignipicart. However, Zeros may, or onay mot be significant, Jn Case. of geves the vubs ave, (A) A gervo between too agnfieant fgures a3 sep egnificant, eG tod, 10.5 ck, cb) eves t He Aft og Aen ficant Fyeres are oot Agnificac, €-7. Nomen ae The Zeras 0.00467 , 6nr.89 Vas A9m Plead . (C) zevs t He wight fr BA Hipnificcent Fyre Rriag OF mee mot be Aipeifeart. Jn decimal Fraction, geves & Hao viptt ag a AGni feat Foqure ave sippient. eg. ae the Jers im 3-570, \7\4200 ave. Bemfeat, However Im wrlagers such as 8,000 kg, tea mo. ef Aignifieant geves 2s delevonined by tis. Accuracy e The measuring ivstriment. Jf the measering Seale has a hast Count. of “4 ty” tien tare ave Por signi ficant tyes carlton in Aeiantific not. akin as Bc00 x10 Ky. SE feast Count af Ha scale eg loka, than the mo, of a9- fica fepures will be “tered cohen eit ‘(nn Atti fie mitation as Bcoxlokg and 4e om. Page 19Foc Onkineinfo Chapter No. 1 a 6aay approach to Satermediate |labus Of Punjab Text Book Board For Class X1 le Online a hit: rwfconline info According to S) %. me Pal TAS (a) tahem a meativemert 2s recorded in | Aciemtific. metekon, tha figures ofliay thom tka Powers of Jan ave Aegnificant Fgures. | (1 eg. @ measurement recorded as |. 8-7e xe 4 thas Bree’ Agrifleout figures. | GD “Sr abt, or dividing numbers, Keep a number +4 pein fgnres im fhe vtbutt “pet ® the Facter tontein ing the Least oe. OF Apr ficont Fyre For example : Sibel xB xId = 457 6998E ie 4s the Stacker “5c4 nD The. above. Calculation has the Lease mo. ap significant fignees vetives Bo the answer Bhould Rave. only ‘hres’ Pg flea Figures So Tha Answey As: The oll L 4oxIo ‘ (sures im the above Calculation are icant and ave deleted /dro, ceding te the following pubes; (A) $f the Avofping digit is Len hom “6 te Tehaliving digit wilh razmain Unchanged Cb) Sf the Arfting digit is greatey ham Fire, he retaining Aigit will be ineveased fry one. (6) Sf the digit hee Arofped 22 $5 ths retin ng Aigk 23 Imereased Ay one if it as odd amd vefamed as such ig ut xs even, For excrmphe , the foblowirng numbeyo Ave ace Page 2.0Fee Onkineinfo Chapter No. 1 ay aprons Srtrmaie | AcorngtoSylabus Of Punjab Text Book Board For Class X Available Online @ hips! fnew feconline info rounded. on te res Ainibieont Fyeves as Follows: 43.75 28 rounded of os 43-8 56.8546 4 ” “4 56-9 73-450 a” a” “4 73-6 64.38 oy an ae b4y Gii> “In add ing ov Subtracting numbers , the mo, of decimal peace vetamed in the answey should Me 2yyok t the Amablest ro. ef datiinal places tn amg of he quantities being added ov subtracted’ Examples = (a) 72.1 om > 2.7543 B42 e Yeo « 2.003" es. ¢ 75.5235" Slave 4 Correct Answer: 73.5 m 8:13 m The above. “vale 4 afptind ‘in cabeubeting cowed ANWSWONA tn examples Ca) avd cb) .g PRECISION AND AccuRAcy + Precinion she precision ef & mentuve ment a delivonined. hy Ths. imsterment (ov daviea) being Mad? A precise mecsuvement 5 Hat oe atich Aes fogs absofute tuncervtarnly or ervey). Accuracy "Te aceuray of a measurement depends upon The ~fractimak oy farcentage sent an that measurement.” An aeenyite moaguremet Ys that one which Aas Lon fraction Cor peveectege) temcartacaly. Absolute Uncevtanily :- “Absofude uuncertavuty (91 error) Page 115 yl & te feast Count of Thr ose increment Fractonal Exvvoy “Se is the vatio mp absolute) exer tb the Prortily oneasured.” i.e. | Frackonal exyor = Absolute evr | i Example 1: wees det tke. hong of an object As vecorded as 25-Sem! dey Ming & ometye ved, having Amablesd division | In onildemmelves., The Uncavlainty ‘im the qreasuye ment “4 te.0S. on doubling at we gel Gmoska)= 40-1 cm which As Called absatute Umcsvtainty and is gual the Mask Count ef metre red (So im the above. measuremest; Absohete- Uncertainty) = to.t om Fractional ») a oe = 0-0039 = 0-004 Percentage uy = SEA = Sha ote ha_- 2x2 Let ws take anclay measurement Hing vernier ote fer with Least Count crotem us vecerdacl as 0.4Sem, = St has: Absolute evvoy = te-0] cm Frackmal 4 Peveedtage = SSE Ae Bmax Conclusion + J s concbaded. om the: basis. of tests Of example Dt and tha : “The reading 25.52 Taken by ometye rod us wes epee dus to Raving boss LED urheyeas the mente 0-4Sem taken fy verniey CaLbepers “s oe precise dee te Raving fess absolute 2x67 (a.0lem moe depovd are: > Lengik of pendulum (£) UO Mass of. ths bob (mn) \ i) Angle °B ahiich tx thrend makes \ width vertical dvyeckon \ GD Acceberation due te geauiliy(g) fact 3 \ Page 29Fee Ontineinfo Chapter No. 1 cag appracht Sitermadie | Accorling LS Of Panjab i ot Board For Clas X The vebation for the Paine pevied T 7 “wiae| be th. form: * « a pln Ong oY To ceil. Cmte Pp Ee HRD where we ave fd tha. Vabues of powers a,b, co and A. wavibing the démengions on both sikes af above wy :,we Rave: (1) = cosh [MI¥L] * erat ow (TJ =corstt [mJ “ern el oy [ap {-J'LrJ=cost(M] “puis Eqnating tha. Passes. on beth aides, we ged: aso, bediso, tard , de-h ov are, beod ae thyet , abet eo ei] (Ul Slel=1 (08) eect! Picking vabutns ef fewers un vb (W) above, Tre Const, (om x LE ain gt acst( A) Te Cost (EE The. numerical value ef. const Cant be ditevrimed Ay dimensional amalysis , however, at Com be found ey experiments . Examphe 1.6 ix Find the dimensions anc Ramee thee Units of Conpe. op vincoidy “7” in the relation OF Stokes baw for tha crag fares “F* for a apharint object o£ vadkus ‘v’. omoving wath vebocily ‘v? given a: F abn 7 rv. . Page3 OSob. 45.65) a the given formula as a dim eusionfiss rumbey, so wt 1s mot accounted dimensional analysis. Them; (A= (97) weg tx dimenstons F, 7%, im Ris. [7] = Gerd = feild oS” Clery eyes @” Oj =i eT ay ‘ (1) = [me' ro] Thus, the St- unit of Copp ae viacosidy (7) “ez! “48: Kg ons a Page 1