It is usually required to have a permanent record of any quantity being analysed. many industrial applications, it is often required to monitor continuously the 2cess variable mainly voltage, current, electrical power, temperature, pressure, flow . So the main utility of a recorder is to record electrical as well as non-electrical antity as a function of time. Thus, a recorder is a measuring instrument which cords time varying quantity, even after the quantity or variable to be measured has ped. In today’s life, automation is of great importance. So the instruments which are atinuously recording the quantities have greatest utility in the central monitoring d control stations. These instruments provide continuous records of the changing antities being measured. These records are then studied and analysed to get mplete knowledge of control of process as well as quantity being measured. ‘The electrical quantities such as voltage and current are measured directly. The nelectrical quantities are recorded using indirect methods. The non-electrical antities are first converted to their equivalent voltages or currents, using various nsducers. Electronic recorders may be classified as = 1. Analog Recorders 2. Digital Recorders Analog recorders dealing with analog systems can be classified as 1. Graphic Recorders 2. Oscillographic Recorders 3. Magnetic Tape Recorders Digital recorders dealing with digital output can be classified as 1. Incremental Digital Recorders 2. Synchronous Digital Recorders The recording of any physical quantity is done in order to preserve the detai of that quantity time to time. This helps in analyzing that quantity with som other quantities or parameters. The recorder provides display of any quantity with respect to time as well ¢ with respect to other quantity. | In many applications, there are some critical parameters of the process « equipment. For better performance of process or equipment these paramete: are recorded for taking necessary action time to time. | The performance of the unit, equipment or the process can be overviewed b just looking at the recorded chart. The recorded chart also reflects the necessary action taken by the operator f better performance of process or equipment. ‘The efficiency of process or equipment can be determined easily by usin recorded chart. )The answers to the problems come up with the product quality can b obtained by analysing the permanent record charts. i) The permanent record charts also helps in analysing the process or th equipment completely form the point of view of preventive maintenance. The recorded chart indicated the performance of the equipment as per th specifications provided by the manufacturer. The accuracy of the recording must match the accuracy of measurement so «The graphic recorders are the devices which display and store the record o: ‘sical quantity being measured. Graphic recorders use basic elements as chart paper displaying and storing the physical quantity and pen (which is also called at us) for marking the variation in physical quantity. There are three types of graphic orders = 1. Strip Chart Recorder 2. Circular Chart Recorder 3. X-Y Recorder. Strip Chart Recorder Principle of Operation = Strip chart recorders are those in which physical quantity ecorded on a continuous roll of chart paper moving at a constant speed. Thistents of the strip chart recorder are pen used for marking and chart paper for rding data. The basic strip chart recorder is as shown in Fig, 6.1. ector. The range selector switch keeps data within acceptable limits. Whatever may the input data, the stylus is to be moved along the calibrated scale in accordance th input data. So it is necessary to monitor and condition the input data to be orded. To get proper record of input data, signal conditioning block is used which ‘es proper input signal along the calibrated scale. Most of the strip chart recorders ? a servo feedback system which controls the displacement ‘of stylus across the chart per. The position of stylus is measured using potentiometer system. The chart paper Wwes vertically at a uniform speed. This movement is generally controlled by stepper ‘tor. The speed selector switch enables user to select required speed for movement chart paper. Many times, a pointer is attached at the tip of stylus, so that we can directly instantaneous value of input data on calibrated scale. ‘The input data can be recorded on the chart paper by various methods. 2. Pen and Ink Stylus : The ink is filled in the stylus using gravity of capillary ion. In general, red colour is used to record the input data. One can use any colour record data as per standard colour coding adopted. The stylus moves across chart per which is properly scaled, in accordance with the variations in input signal. The vantage of this system is that even we can use an ordinary paper to record input nal which reduces cost. The good quality chart paper hardly offers friction to the lus tip. Also, we can have wide range of recording sheets.Fig. 6.2 (b) Optical galvanometer recorder When the light is focused on the mirror, we get spot on light sensitive paper due reflected beam from mirror. When the current in accordance with the input signal be recorded passes through the coll, the mirror gets deflected. This movement sets Hight beam by deflection of small mirror. Accordingly, the spot on the paper > varies and thus, waveform is recorded on the paper vantages: 1. The system is comparatively inexpensive, 2. The galvanometer type recorder records very low frequency a.c. signals, 3. If offers multiple channel operation. In this operation, one can record large number of varying outputs simultaneously. 4. As the speed of paper is determined by the gear ratio, we can change the speed of paper as per requirement.