Advantages

of SDH over PDH.

High transmission rates up to 40 Gbit/s
Simplified add & drop function
High availability and capacity matching
Reliability
Future-proof platform for new services.
Interconnection (SONET,SDH,PDH)
 What is SDH?
The basis of Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
(SDH) is synchronous multiplexing - data
from multiple tributary sources is byte
interleaved.
In SDH the multiplexed channels are in fixed
locations relative to the framing byte.
De-multiplexing is achieved by gating out the
required bytes from the digital stream.
This allows a single channel to be dropped
from the data stream without de-multiplexing
intermediate rates as is required in PDH.
7/26/2012
 Multiplexing Processes
Multiplexing is composed of various processes:
Mapping
Tributaries adapted into Virtual Containers
(VC) by adding stuffing and POH
Aligning
Pointer is added to locate the VC inside an AU
or TU
Multiplexing
Interleaving the bytes of multiple paths
Stuffing
Adding up the fixed stuff bits to compensate
for frequency variances
 TRANSPORT OF PDH
PAYLOAD
SDH is essentially a transport mechanism for carrying a
large number of PDH payloads.
A mechanism is required to map PDH rates into the
STM frame. This function is performed by the
container (C).
A PDH channel must be synchronized before it can
be mapped into a container.
The synchronizer adapts the rate of an incoming PDH
signal to SDH rate.
SDH and non synchronous signal
At the PDH/SDH boundary Bit stuffing is
performed when the PDH signal is mapped into
its container.

7/26/2012
 STM-N frame

270 x N Columns

9xN
Columns

STM-N VC capacity
9
Rows

125 sec
Section
Overhead
7/26/2012
 Concatenated Frames

N-1 Columns SDH terminology is using

X instead of N (X = N)

N x 260 Columns
STM
POH
9 bytes
9 Rows STM-Nc Payload Capacity
(AU-4-Nc)
Fixed
Stuff
(9N-9 STM-4c = 599.040 Mbit/s
bytes) STM-16c = 2396.160 Mbit/s

125 sec

N x 261 Columns
7/26/2012
 SDH Rates
SDH is a transport hierarchy based on
multiples of 155.52 Mbit/s.
The basic unit of SDH is STM-1:
STM-1 = 155.52 Mbit/s
STM-4 = 622.08 Mbit/s
STM-16 = 2588.32 Mbit/s
STM-64 = 9953.28 Mbit/s
Each rate is an exact multiple of the lower rate therefore
the hierarchy is synchronous.

7/26/2012
 Frame Structures for Each Common
Hierarchy Level
270 Columns
STM-1

9 Rows 155.52 Mbit/s

1,080 Columns
STM-4

9 Rows 622.08 Mbit/s

4,320 Columns
STM-16

9 Rows
2488.32 Mbit/s

STM-64 9 rows x 17280 columns, 9953.28 Mbit/s

7/26/2012
 Mapping Hierarchy

xN x1
C-4 139 Mbit/s
STM-N AUG AU-4 VC-4 ATM
x3
x1
x3
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3
x1
44 Mbit/s
STM-0 AUG AU-3 VC-3 C-3 34 Mbit/s
x7

x7
x1
TU-2 VC-2 C-2 6.3 Mbit/s
TUG-2
x3

TU-12 VC-12 C-12 2 Mbit/s

xN
Multiplexing x4
TU-11 VC-11 C-11 1.5 Mbit/s
Aligning

Mapping
7/26/2012
 Containers - I.
In SDH terminology, the original PDH payload
with special framing is called a container (C-x)
Various container sizes with some space for
stuffing are defined
C-11 for DS1 (25 bytes = 1.600 Mbit/s)
C-12 for E1 (34 bytes = 2.176 Mbit/s)
C-2 for DS2 (106 bytes = 6.784 Mbit/s)
C-3 for DS3 or E3 (84 columns = 48.384
Mbit/s)
C-4 for E4 (260 columns = 149.760 Mbit/s)
 Virtual Containers - II.
Various VC sizes defined:
With 1 byte allocated for POH
VC-11 for DS1 (26 bytes = 1.664 Mbit/s)
VC-12 for E1 (35 bytes = 2.240 Mbit/s)
VC-2 for DS2 (107 bytes = 6.848 Mbit/s)
With 1 column allocated for POH
VC-3 for DS3 or E3 (85 columns = 48.960 Mbit/s)
VC-4 for E4 (261 columns = 150.336 Mbit/s)
 Tributary Unit Structure
TUs are defined to fit into a number of columns
This requirement determines the size of virtual
containers and containers
TU-3 adds up 3-byte pointer plus stuffing to VC-3
Lower TUs add up 1 byte for pointer storage
Organized into 4 frames (500 s multi-frame)
This provides V1, V2, V3, V4 TU pointer bytes
Lower TUs also organize POH along the multi-
frame
This provides V5, J2, Z6, Z7 POH bytes
Lower TUs use V1, V2, V3, V4 bytes in 500 s
multi-frame
Adoption of 2MBPS Signal over SDH.

IF C1C1C1-111 THEN S1 IS A JUSTIFICATION BIT

SKG/RTTC/BBS
7/26/2012
 General Structure
Order of transmission
1st 270 columns

2nd

Section
overhead VC Capacity
(SOH) (for AUG)

9 columns 261 columns

7/26/2012
 STM-1 frame

270 bytes

RSOH 1 .. 9 261Byte

3 rows

pointer Information
9 Rows
Payload
MSOH
5 rows

Transport 125 s
overhead
Synchronous Payload Envelope

7/26/2012
 Pointer
4 Bytes
v1
V1 & v2 points
TU12
V5
v2

v5

VC-12
500 sec
v3

7/26/2012
 STS-1 Frame 810x64kbps=51.84Mbps
810 Octets per frame @ 8000 frames/sec
90 columns

A1 A2 J0 J1
B1 E1 F1 B3
1
D1 D2 D3 C2
Order of
2 transmission H1 H2 H3 G1
9 rows B2 K1 K2 F2
Special OH octets: D4 D5 D6 H4
D7 D8 D9 Z3
A1, A2 Frame Synch
D10 D11 D12 Z4
B1 Parity on Previous Frame
(BER monitoring) S1 M0/1 E2 N1
J0 Section trace
(Connection Alive?) 3 Columns of Synchronous Payload Envelope (SPE)
H1, H2, H3 Pointer Action Transport OH 1 column of Path OH + 8 data columns
K1, K2 Automatic Protection
Switching Section Overhead Path Overhead

SKG/RTC/BBSR
S Line Overhead Data
 STM-0 Overheads
HO Path
Section Overhead Overhead
Framing Framing RS Trace Path Trace
A1 A2 J0 J1
R-Section BIP-8 Orderwire User Channel BIP-8
Overhead B1 E1 F1 B3
Data Com Data Com Data Com Signal Label
D1 D2 D3 C2

Pointer Path Status

AU pointer Pointer Pointer
G1
H1 H2 H3
BIP-8 APS APS User Channel
B2 K1 K2 F2
Multiframe
Data Com Data Com Data Com Indicator
M-Section D4 D5 D6 H4
Overhead Data Com Data Com Data Com User Channel
D7 D8 D9 F3

Data Com Data Com Data Com APS

D10 D11 D12 K3

Sync (REI) Orderwire Tandem

S1 (M1) E2 N1

7/26/2012
 STM-1 Section Overhead

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 - media
dependent
R-Section
B1 E1 F1
Overhead
D1 D2 D3

AU pointer H1 H1* H1* H2 H2* H2* H3 H3 H3 H1* = 10010011

B2 B2 B2 K1 K2 H2* = 11111111

D4 D5 D6
M-Section
Overhead D7 D8 D9

D10 D11 D12

national use

S1 M1 E2

7/26/2012
 MAPPING OF VC-4 IN TO STM1

270 bytes
9 bytes
RSOH
Transport 3ROWS 20 BLOCKS OF 13 BYTES
Overhead VC-4 Path Overhead
AU-4 POINTER
9 rows Trace
MSOH J1 Path Overhead
BIP-8
5 ROWS B3 J1- Path Trace
BIP-8 - Parity
Label
C2
Status
G1 C2 - Payload Type Indicator
User
F2
G1 - End Path Status
Multiframe F2 - User
H4
Synchronous Growth H4 - Use Depends On Payload
Payload Z3
Growth Z3-5 - Future Growth
Envelope Z4
TCM
Z5
STM-1 Payload

Asynchronous
7/26/2012
mapping of 139.264 MBPS
Page-66
 Payload Pointer
Payload Pointer marks
start of STM-1 VC-3 or
VC-4
90 (VC-3) or 270 (VC-4) Columns
STM-1 Frame #1

H1 H2 H3...

9
Rows STM-1
VC-3 or VC-4

STM-1 Frame #2 125 sec

9
Rows
STM-1 VC-3 or VC-4
POH column
250 sec
7/26/2012 Section
Overhead
 270 bytes
9 bytes
RSOH
Transport 3ROWS 20 BLOCKS OF 13 BYTES
Overhead
H1H1H1H2H2H2H3H3H3

9 rows Trace
MSOH J1 1 2 3 . . . . . . . . . 17 18 19 20
BIP-8
5 ROWS B3
Label
C2
Status
G1
User
F2
Multiframe
H4
Synchronous Growth
Payload Z3
Growth
Envelope Z4
TCM
Z5

Asynchronous mapping of 139.264 MBPS STM-1 Payload

Page-66
 path
multiplex section multiplex section

regenerator regen. regen. regenerator

section section section section

ADM
TM REG or REG TM
DCS
path regen. section multipl. section regen. section path
termination termination termination termination termination

PTE = path terminating element

service (E1, E4..) TM = terminal multiplexer
mapping service (E1, E4..)
demapping REG = regenerator mapping
ADM = add/drop multiplexer demapping
DCS = digital cross-connect system
DXC= digital cross connect
 Regenerator
A regenerator simply extends the possible
distance and quality of a line by decomposing
it into multiple sections
Replaces regenerator section overhead
Multiplex section and path overhead is not altered
 Add-drop Multiplexer - I.
Add/drop multiplexer (ADM)
Main element for configuring paths on top of line
topologies (point-to-point or ring)
Multiplexed channels may be dropped and added
Special drop and repeat mode for broadcast and
survivability
An ADM has at least 3 logical ports: 2 core and 1 or
more add-drop
Ports have different Optical port
roles Optical port ADM(OEO)
No switching between
the core ports
Switching only Electrical port
between the add-drop
and the core ports.
 Uni- and Bi-directional
Routing
A A
A-C A-C

F B F B
C-A
C-A

E C E C

D D

Uni-directional Ring Bi-directional Ring

(1 fiber) (2 fibers)
Only working traffic is shown
Subnetwork (path) or multiplex section switching for
protection
 USHR
Working traffic is carried around the ring in
one direction only.
Ring capacity is sum of demands between
nodes.
Also called CounterRotatingRing;
traffic in prot. rotates opposite.
1:1 (USHR/L); extended to 1:N, then not
entirely selfhealing.
1+1 (USHR/P).
 USHR-L
USHR/L
Incoming and
returning signal
routed
unidirectionally on
working ring.
On failure,
adjacent nodes
perform fold or
looping function.
Basic ADMs used
(TSI not needed).
 USHR Concepts
USHR/P = Unidirectional Self-Healing Ring / Path Switched
2-fiber ring topology
Head-end bridge, tail-end switch logical topology
1+1 protection with uni-directional routing on each fiber
Traffic is sent in both directions on the ring on separate
fibers
The better signal is selected by the receiver.
 BSHR Concepts - I.
BSHR/MS = Bi-directional Self-Healing Ring /
Multiplex Section Switched
1:1, or 1:N redundancy options
2 fibers with shared protection configuration
Half the bandwidth in each direction in a link
is reserved for the shared protection of all
traffic in that reverse direction of the link
An even number of
STM-1s are required
4 fibers for dedicated protection configuration
Bi-directional routing on 2 fibers (working
line)
Each direction has a working and a protect
fiber
 BSHR Concepts - II.
Multiple fail-over options for 4-fiber BSHR/MS
In normal operation traffic is sent only in the required direction
During fiber interruption, the traffic is routed around the break in
opposite direction (long path)
Ring switching
Optionally if the other 2 fibers are still available, then traffic might
be routed onto the parallel 2 fibers (short path)
Span switching
 Multiplex Section Protection
Switching
R-Section
Overhead
information
controlling
protection Payload
switching
M-Section
Overhead

Conditions resulting in a protection switch:

Loss of signal, loss of frame
LOS AIS
Line AIS (all 1s)
down
Signal degrade REI
upstream
OCN
stream

Excessive BIP-24 errors in MS overhead

 Path Protection Switching
R-Section Payload
Overhead
VC
Path
Overhead
STM Info
Path controlling
Overhead protection
M-Section switching
Overhead VC
Payload

Conditions resulting in a protection switch:

Loss of pointer, STM or VC AIS
Excessive BIP errors for STM path, BIP errors for VC
path
Automatic Protection Switching - I.

APS = Automatic Tributary

Channels

Protection Switching STM-N Mux

Allows network to MSTE K1K2

Read/Sel
K1K2
Write

react to failed lines,

interfaces, or
poor signal quality
Performed over the Working
STM-N
Protect
STM-N
entire STM-N payload
Uses K1 and K2 bytes
of MS Overhead
MSTE K1K2
Write
K1K2
Read/Sel

STM -N Mux

Tributary
Channels
Automatic Protection Switching - II.
K1 byte: Tributary
Channels

Type of request (bits STM-N Mux

1-4)
MSTE K1K2 K1K2

Channel requested Read/Sel Write

(bits 5-8)
K2 byte:
Channel selected (bits
1-4)
Working Protect
Architecture (bit 5) STM-N STM-N

Mode of operation
(bits 6-8)
e.g. Alarm
Indication Signal MSTE K1K2
Write
K1K2
Read/Sel

(AIS), Remote
Defect Indicator STM -N Mux

(RDI) Tributary
Channels
 Uni- and Bi-directional APS
Uni-directional APS
Only traffic on the affected fiber is switched to the
protect line
Bi-directional APS
TX and RX are both switched when channel is
affected
Revertive and Non-revertive
APS
Revertive switching
Will restore to the working channel when WTR
timer expires
Non-revertive switching
Will not move to working channel after failure
unless requested