miTi da moTologia

miTologia adamianis mxatvruli azrovnebis erT-erTi pirveli nayofia, Tumca Zvel droSi
mas ar Tvlidnen gamonagonad, aramed miaCndaT, rom miTSi moTxrobili ambavi
namdvilad moxda. miTologia aris adamianis mier aRqmuli samyaros suraTi,
romelmac SemdgomSi, Tavis mxriv, xeli Seuwyo poeturi azrovnebis ganviTarebas. igi
koleqtiuri Semoqmedebis produqtia da Cven verasdros davadgenT mis avtors.
miTi (miTos) berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs moTxrobas, gadmocemas, Tqmulebas.
berZnuli zmna (miTeo) kargad asaxavs am ambebisadmi xalxis damokidebulebas.
Mmisi mniSvneloba Txrobas gulisxmobs, magram iseT Txrobas, romelic sxvaTa
naTqvamis gadmocemaa, marTlac, miTi, rogorc xalxuri Semoqmedebis sxva
Zeglebi, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi gadaecemoda Taobidan Taobas. miTosSi
moTxrobilia samyaros Seqmnaze, RmerTebis gaCenasa da maT moRvaweobaze,
adamianis dabadebasa da sagnebis Seqmnaze. erTi sityviT, yvelaferze, rac ki
arsebobs. swored es arseboba, cocxali sinamdvile iyo miTis WeSmaritebis dasturi.
miTosi mogviTxrobs sagnebisa da movlenebis pirvelad Seqmnisa da gamoyenebis
Sesaxeb. masSi iseTi ambavia moTxrobili, romlis Sedegs TvalsaCinod xedavs
adamiani, radgan mis Tvalwinaa yvelaferi, ris Seqmnazec miTosSia saubari (tye,
mTa, mdinare, mTeli buneba, Sromis iaraRebi da sxva) da amdenad, damajereblobas
matebs mas.
miTosSi moTxrobili movlenebis dro ganusazRvrelia. marTalia, yvelaferi Seiqmna
Soreul warsulSi, winare droSi, sizmrebis xanaSi, magram arsebobs axlac da
iarsebebs momavalSi. Aamitom miTi erTnairad moicavs warsuls, awmyosa da
momavals. samagierod, gansazRvrulia misi geografiuli sivrce. miTosis ambavi xdeba
konkretul qveyanaSi (garda kosmogoniuri ambebisa). saubaria konretuli mTis, tbis,
mdinaris. . . warmoSobaze. Aamitom arsebobs berZnuli, qarTuli, iranuli da a.S.
miTologiebi, romlebic, garda imisa, rom am xalxebis mieraa Seqmnili, maT
geografiul sivrcesac moicavs.
miTologia miTebis (moTxrobebis) erTobliobaa, magram ara meqanikurad SeerTebuli.
miTologia sistemaa, e.i. miTebs Soris arsebobs Sinagani kavSiri, erTmaneTisadmi
logikuri damokidebuleba, radgan isini erTi mTelis Semadgeneli nawilebi arian. Ees
mTeli ki samyaroa. Aadamianis warmodgena samyaroze farTovdeboda misi codnis
Sesabamisad. aqedan gamomdinare, miTologiac icvlida saxes, e.i. ara marto
sxvadasxva xalxis miTologiaa gansxvavebuli, aramed erTi da imave xalxis miTologia
icvleboda droTa ganmavlobaSi. rasakvirvelia, Tavdapirvelad adamianis mier aRqmuli
samyaro im garemos moicavda, romelTanac mas uSualod hqonda Sexeba. Kkosmiuri
sivrceebisken man gacilebiT gvian mimarTa gonebis Tvali. Aamas Zlieri biZgi
miwaTmoqmedebam misca. miwasTan siaxlovem miaxvedra adamiani, rom
samyaro erTiani da ganuyofelia. miTologiis warmoSoba umTavresad adamianis
cnobismoyvareobam ganapiroba.
miTologiur cnobierebas safuZvlad udevs uZvelesi religiuri warmodgenebi
animizmi, totemizmi, magizmi. . . maTgan uZvelesi da yvelaze mniSvnelovania
animizmi, rac gasulierebas niSnavs ( anima = suli ). Zveli adamianis warmodgeniT,
bunebaSi yvelaferi cocxalia da gaaCnia Tavisi suli. Aamitom iseve moqmedebs,
rogorc adamiani. aseTma warmodgenebma ubiZga adamians, SeeTxza moTxrobebi,
romlebmac miTosis saxelwodeba miiRes. aucileblad unda aRiniSnos, rom Zvel
sazogadoebaSi miTi cocxali sinamdvile iyo, namdvilad momxdari ambavi, romelic
winaprebma gadmosces TavianT STamomavlebs da romelic maTs garemomcvel
samyaroSi agrZelebda Tavis yofierebas.
Zvel sazogadoebaSi miTossa da miTologias mniSvnelovani funqcia ekisreboda: igi
iyo zepiri istoria (marTalia, gamonagoni, magram masSi garkveulwilad simarTlec
irekleboda) da amave dros modeli, romelic gansazRvravda sazogadoebis
struqturasa da cxovrebis wess. Aar arsebobs xalxi, romelsac ar hqonoda miTologia.
Tu arsebobs ena, arsebobs miTebic.
rogorc aRiniSna, miTologia moicavs yvelafers, rasac xedavs da aRiqvams adamiani,
amitom mravalricxovani miTebis Sinaarsic mravalferovania.
 miTebis SedarebiTma kvlevam cxadyo, rom sxvadasxva xalxis miTologiebSi ZiriTadi
Temebi da motivebi meordeba. Zalian Zvelia miTebi mzis, mTvarisa da varskvlavebis
warmoSobaze. zogierT miTSi isini adamianebad arian warmodgenilni, romlebic adre
miwaze cxovrobdnen da raRac mizeziT avidnen zecaSi (es motivi gvxvdeba
kavkasiur miTologiaSic ).
Mmiuxedavad simravlisa, SesaZlebeli gaxda miTebis dajgufeba Sinaarsis mixedviT
da im ZiriTadi elementebis gamokveTa, romlebic miTologiuri sistemis RerZs
warmoadgenen. Ggamoiyofa oTxi ZiriTadi jgufi (Tumca, Tu ufro mcire nawilebad
davaqucmacebT, bevrad meti jgufic Sedgeba), romlebic sazogadod miTologiis
mTavar elementebs warmoadgenen da am oTxi elementis gadamuSavebiT iqmneba
miTologiuri mozaika. TiToeuli jgufis gamaerTianebelia ZiriTadi Tema da ara Temis
gadmocemis saSualebebi. Ees jgufebia: kosmogoniuri miTebi, etiologiuri miTebi,
miTebi kulturuli gmirebis Sesaxeb, miTebi gardacvlil da mkvdreTiT aRmdgar
RvTaebebze.
Kkosmogoniuri miTebi. sityva kosmogonia (berZn.) niSnavs samyaros
warmoSobas da bunebrivia, am jgufSi Sedis moTxrobebi samyaros Seqmna-
gaCenaze. sxvadasxva xalxis miTosSi gansxvavebulad aris gadmocemuli es procesi
(Tumca xSiria mgavsebac), magram isini erT jgufSi Tavsdebian, radgan yovel
maTganSi samyaros Seqmnazea saubari. berZnuli miTologiis mixedviT,
Tavdapirvelad iyo qaosi, romlisganac Seiqmna kosmosi mowesrigebuli samyaro
(magram ar aris miniSnebuli, ratom da rogor moxda es). Ppirveli RvTaebebi iyvnen
gea (miwa) da uranosi (ca) col-qmari, romlebmac warmoSves RmerTebi da sxva
arsebebi. uranoss Zalaufleba CamoarTva Svilma kronosma, romelmac falosi
mohkveTa mamas da ganayofierebis unari waarTva. Kkronosis coli iyo rea. maT
warmoSves RmerTebis axali Taoba, magram kronosma icoda winaswarmetyveleba,
rom mas Svili waarTmevda samyaros gamgeblobas da axladgaCenil Svilebs
ylapavda. ream moaxerxa zevsis gadamalva kunZul kretaze. roca gaizarda da Zala
moikriba, zevsma waarTva taxti kronoss da mamis adgili daikava. Mman aiZula
kronosi, amoenTxia gadaylapuli Svilebi, romlebic zevsis meTaurobiT gaxdnen
olimpoze mosaxle axali Taobis RmerTebi. Aamitom maT olimpos RmerTebsac
uwodebdnen. Suamdinarul miTologiaSi samyaros Seqmnamde arsebobdnen
urCxulebrivi arsebebi, aseve col-qmari. marduqis xelmZRvanelobiT Svilebi
aujanydnen qaosis warmomadgenel mSoblebs da mokles isini. TiamaTis sxeuli
daanawevres da am nawilebisgan Seqmnes samyaro. sxva xalxTa miTologiebSi
samyaros Seqmnis sxva suraTia warmodgenili, magram, rogorc iTqva, isini
kosmogoniur miTebs ganekuTvnebian.
RmerTebis TaobaTa Soris brZola sakmaod gavrcelebuli Temaa Zveli xalxebis
miTologiebSi. Aam Temis saxesxvaobasa da transformacias warmoadgens
dapirispirebulTa brZolis amsaxveli ambavi, romelic miTologiis wamyvani Temaa
( Tavis mxriv, man saTave daudo bevr miTologiur moTxrobas) da mniSvnelovani
adgili uWiravs religiur sistemebSi.
Kkosmogoniuri miTebi (samyarouli masStabiT) SedarebiT gviandeli warmoSobisaa,
radgan aseT moTxrobebs qmnis ukve ganviTarebuli sazogadoeba. Aam miTebSi ori
ZiriTadi idea ikveTeba qmnadobisa da ganviTarebis ideebi.
Kkosmogoniur miTebSi, rogorc misi saxesxvaoba, Sedis dualisturi miTebi,
romlebSic samyaros SeqmnaSi ori RvTaeba monawileobs. xSirad isini erTmaneTs
upirispirdebian samyaros mbrZaneblobisTvis. rogorc wesi, dapirispirebul-Tagan erTi
sikeTes (sinaTles, kosmoss) ganasaxierebs, meore borotebas (sibneles, qaoss).
isini ebrZvian erTmaneTs, xan erTi imarjvebs, xan meore. zogi xalxis
warmodgeniT, am brZolis Sedegia dRisa da Ramis monacvleoba, mag., egviptur
miTologiaSi mzis RmerTisa (ra) da gvelis (apopi) brZola. Mmagram Tu uaryofiTma
arsebam gaimarjva, maSin samyaro daingreva da kvlav ukuni da qaosi
daisadgurebs.
Ddualizmi SesamCnevia yvela xalxis miTologiaSi, radgan igi udevs safuZvlad
dapirispirebulTa brZolis motivs. Ees motivi ki erT-erTi ZiriTadi marcvalia siuJetis
ganviTarebisTvis. Yyvelaze ufro mkveTrad gamoxatul dapirispirebas borotsa da
keTils Soris adgili aqvs iranul miTologiaSi (ahuramazdasa da ahrimanis dasebi).
qarTul miTologiaSi kosmogoniuri miTi imeorebs bibliur moTxrobas, oRond garkveuli
saxecvlilebiT: RmerTma Seqmna samyaro. Mmas ejibreboda eSmaki, magram
yvelaferi maxinji gamosdioda. Aaqedan gamomdinare, rac lamazi da kargia,
RmerTis Seqmnilia, rac maxinji, is _ eSmakis.
Kkavkasiis xalxTa miTologiaSi Zveli kosmogonia anu samyaros Seqmnis procesi
aRar Cans. Aam moTxrobebSi adamiani ukve saxlobs miwaze da RmerTebsac
ganawilebuli aqvT funqciebi. Tumca erT gadmocemaSi axsnilia, Tu ratom aris
dedamiwis zedapiri uswormasworo: RmerTma dedamiwa rom Seqmna, mere ca
gaakeTa, raTa dedamiwisTvis daexura, magram ar moergo, radgan miwa ufro didi
aRmoCnda. cis zomaze rom daeyenebina, RmerTma dedamiwas xeli mouWira. ase
gaCnda mTebi da xevebi, amitom aris dedamiwis zedapiri uswormasworo. Ees
gadmocema kosmogoniuri miTebis rigs unda mivakuTvnoT. Kkosmogoniis
gamoZaxili Cans aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielTa miTologiuri sistemis umaRlesi
RvTaebis saxelSi morige RmerTi anu samyarouli wesisa da rigis damamyarebeli.
Mmeore jgufi miTebisa aris etiologiuri miTebi, romlebsac naturalursac uwodeben.
Eetiologia niSnavs mizezTa axsnas. Aaitia (berZn.) = mizezi. am moTxrobebSi
gadmocemulia mzis, mTvaris, meteorologiuri movlenebis an cxovelebis,
mcenareebis warmoSobaze da radganac aq saubaria bunebis Sesaxeb, amitom am
miTebs naturalursac uwodeben. Tavisi aRnagobiTa da SinaarsiT es miTebi moklea da
martivi, zog SemTxvevaSi primitiulic. aseTi miTebis rigs miekuTvneba, mag.,
berZnuli miTi apolonisa da dafnas Sesaxeb, narcisis Sesaxeb da sxva. Kkavkasiur
miTologiaSic gvxvdeba etiologiuri miTebi, mag., ratom aqvs kurdRels grZeli yurebi,
ofofis warmoSoba, paliastomis tbis gaCena da sxva. Eetiologiuri miTebis
umravlesoba daclilia im amaRlebulobisa da Rrma Sinaarsisagan, rac kosmogoniuri
miTebis did nawils axasiaTebs. rasakvirvelia, is ,rac moTxrobilia etiologiur miTebSi,
xalxis gamonagonia da ar Seesabameba realobas, magram Zveli sazogadoebisTvis
isini sarwmuno ambebs warmoadgendnen.
Cven vsaubrobT miTebis erT-erTi jgufis Sesaxeb, masSi Semaval miTebze, romelTa
ZiriTadi Temaa raime konkretuli movlenis an sagnis warmoSoba. rac Seexeba
zogadad etiologias (anu mizezTa axsnas), Tavisi arsiT yvela miTi etiologiuria, radgan
is Seicavs axsna-ganmartebas, Tu ratom aris samyaro maincadamainc am saxiT
Seqmnili. Aam TvalsazrisiT Rrma SinaarsiT aseve kosmogoniuria yvela miTi, radgan
maTSi samyaros Seqmnazea saubari ara marto kosmiuri, aramed mcire
masStabiTac. Nnebismieri sagnis an movlenis warmoSoba kosmogoniuri procesis
gagrZelebaa.
Mmesame jgufs qmnian miTebi kulturuli gmirebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac
mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravT bevri xalxis miTologiaSi. maTSi moTxrobilia iseTi
sagnebis mopovebaze an iseTi wes-Cveulebebis damkvidrebaze, romlebic xels
uwyoben sazogadoebis Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebas anu kulturasTan mis
ziarebas. rogorc wesi, kulturis elementebs sazogadoebaSi amkvidrebs romelime
personaJi (RvTaeba, adamiani, cxoveli an frinveli), amitom ewodeba mas kulturuli
gmiri, magram es mecnieruli terminia da ara xalxuri. Kkulturuli gmirebi aswavlian
adamianebs miwaTmoqmedebas, sxvadasxva xelobas, moaqvT cecxli, aseve
ayalibeben garkveul socialur institutebs, adgenen qorwinebis wesebs da sxva.
aRsaniSnavia, rom Tu kulturuli gmiri gadascems adamianebs codnas, is Tavad aris
am codnis matarebeli, magram Tu moaqvs sagani (mag., cecxli, Sromis iaraRi da
sxv.), es ar aris misi kuTvnileba da, rogorc wesi, sxvas stacebs mas. Kkulturul gmirTa
galerea metad mravalferovania. MmaTgan pirvel rigSi gvaxsendeba promeTe,
romelmac olimpos mbrZaneblebs cecxli mohpara da adamianebs moutana. indielTa
tomebSi cidan cecxlis momtani yorania, romelic nakverCxalma Setrusa da amitom
aris Savi ( aq, rogorc vxedavT, etiologiuri elementic figurirebs). Mmsgavsi
personaJebi kavkasiur miTebSic gvxvdeba. raWaSi Cawerili erTi Tqmulebis
Tanaxmad, cidan Camovida RvTaebrivi mWedeli, romelmac muxlze daido rkina da
muStiT gamokvera. ase aswavla man adamianebs Wedva, maT ki grdemli da uro ise
gaakeTes, rom miamsgavses muxlsa da muSts.
Kkavkasiur miTologiaSi saintereso saxeebs qmnian RvTisSvilebi, romlebsac RmerTi
agzavnis dedamiwaze. Ddevebis damarcxebis Semdeg RvTisSvilebi afuZneben kults
da ayalibeben sociums _ saymos, romelsac ganusazRvraven cxovrebis wess. am
TvalsazrisiT RvTisSvilebi kulturul gmirebadac gvevlinebian.
meoTxe jgufs Seadgens miTebi gardacvlili da mkvdreTiT aRmdgari RvTaebebis
Sesaxeb. warmoSobiT es miTebi Zalian Zvelia, Tumca droTa ganmavlobaSi maTi
Sinaarsi da simboluri gaazreba daixvewa da garTulda. Ggardacvlili da aRmdgari
RvTaebebi ganasaxierebdnen bunebis Zalebs da weliwadis droTa monacvleoba maTi
kvdoma-gacocxlebiT iyo gapirobebuli. Aam miTebs zogjer agrarulsac uwodeben,
radgan maT ukavSirdeboda sameurneo saqmianobaTa kalendaruli cikli.
aRorZinebadi RvTaebebidan SeiZleba davasaxeloT osirisi (egvipt.), adonisi (finikia),
atisi (mcire azia), dionise (Trakia, saberZneTi). gansakuTrebuli gavrceleba da
ganviTareba am miTma miiRo mcire aziaSi. Tavdapirvelad bunebis macocxlebel
Zalas ganasaxierebda qalRmerTi da kvdoma-aRdgomac mis saxels ukavSirdeboda.
roca kvdeboda, ufro swored, sxva samyaroSi gadadioda, miwaze usicocxloba-
zamTari isadgurebda. Mmis dabrunebas mosdevda sicocxlis ganaxleba mTel
samyaroSi. Aaqedan iwyeboda wliuri cikli, amitom uZveles xanaSi axal wels
gazafxulze zeimobdnen. Nnayofierebis qalRmerTs uxvi ZRveniT xvdebodnen, raTa
misganac igive mieRoT. erTad aRniSnavdnen pirveli xnulis (kvalis) gatanas (es rituali
Crd.kavkasiaSi XX saukunis dasawyisSic tardeboda). rogorc Cans, es RvTaebasTan
Sexvedris zeimis nawili iyo.
droTa ganmavlobaSi, roca qalrmerTma Tavisi prioriteti dakarga, misi adgili
mamakacma RvTaebam daikava, magram qalRmerTi, rogorc misi deda an satrfo
mainc darCa miTSi. saintereso transformacias vxedavT berZnul miTSi demetrasa da
persefonas Sesaxeb.
miTis qmnadoba kacobriobis kulturuli istoriis umniSvnelovanesi movlenaa.
Ppirvelyofil sazogadoebaSi miTologia warmoadgenda samyaros gaazrebis ZiriTad
saSualebas. miTi gamoxatavs misi Semqmneli sazogadoebisa da Tanadrouli epoqis
msoflSegrZnebasa da msoflgagebas. G