AVL-BOOST COMBUSTION MODELS

AST@AVL.com
ROHR (Rate Of Heat Release) CLASSIFICATION

Spatial Discretization
Single Zone (Zero-Dimensional)
Two Zone (Quasi-Dimensional)
Ignition Type (Mixture Preparation)
Spark Ignition
Compression Ignition
ROHR Type
ROHR Input
ROHR predicted by Combustion Model
Source
Standard BOOST
User Coding

BOOST_CombustionModels_2011_Bras 2
SPATIAL DISCRETIZATION / SINGLE ZONE

Governing Equations
Energy Conservation
d mc u dV dQF dQ dm
pc w hBB BB
d d d d d

Perfect Gas Equation

1
pc mc R Tc
V

Thermodynamic State Vector

c mf FB mf1



mfCP

pc Cc mf
Sc C
mf Cc G
1
T
c FV
.

C mf
c n

C

c C /G Classic / General Species Transport

BOOST_CombustionModels_2011_Bras 3
SPATIAL DISCRETIZATION / TWO ZONE /1
Energy Conservation for burned and
unburned Zone
dQF
dmbub dV dQ
pc b F
dQWb d d d
dQWb dmb dmBB ,b
pc , ub , mb , Rb , Tb d u d BB ,b d
h h

dQWu hu dmb
pc , uu , mu , Ru , Tu dmu uu dV dQ dmb dmBB ,u
pc u Wu hu hBB ,u
d d d d d

pc dV Perfect Gas Equation

mb Rb Tb mu Ru Tu
1
pc
V

Thermodynamic State Vector

Sburned
hBB ,b dmBB ,b hBB ,u dmBB ,u Sc

Sunburned
BOOST_CombustionModels_2011_Bras 4
ROHR INPUT FOR SPARK IGNITION ENGINES /1

Vibe Single Zone

ROHR Approach

m 1 y m e a y
dQB a m1
QBT
d c

o
y
c ... Combustion Progress

Released Energy
m 1
0

QB QBT 1 e
a

Parameter Data Source

Fitting Result of Combustion
Analysis Tool (BOOST-Burn)
Experience
BOOST_CombustionModels_2011_Bras 5
ROHR INPUT FOR SPARK IGNITION ENGINES /2

Table Single Zone

Adaptation
For physical reasons preprocessing
performed to guarantee monotonic
increase of Fuel Burned

Data Source
Result of Combustion Analysis Tool
(BOOST-Burn)

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ROHR INPUT FOR SPARK IGNITION ENGINES /3

Vibe Two Zone / Table Two Zone Hires et al

Required Input
Same ROHR Approach as for Vibe Combustion Parameters and Ignition
Single Zone Delay for Reference Operating Point
State Vector of Burned Zone
allows to calculate: Model Approach for Variation of Ignition
NOx Production Delay and Combustion Duration dependent
(Extended Zeldovich) on Engine Speed
1/ 3
CO Production n f ref sref
2/3

(Onorati) c c ,ref
n
ref f s
State Vector of Unburned Zone
1/ 3 2/3
allows to calculate: n f sref
id id ref
Required Octane Number n f
ref ref s
1
1 t85% MFB

B
a s ... laminar flame speed
ON 100
n
pe TUBZ
dt
A f ... piston to head distance at ignition timing
t SOC
BOOST_CombustionModels_2011_Bras 7
PREDICTED ROHR FOR SPARK IGNITION ENGINES /1
FRACTAL COMBUSTION MODEL

Motivation

All mentioned ROHR Types require input based on experimental data which
show usually a strong dependency on the operating point (speed, load-
signal) of the engine.
For optimization issues (variable valve timing, engine control strategies, ...) a
predictive combustion model which handles the influence of residual gas
content and charge motion is required.

This requirement can be fulfilled in a wide operation point range by the new
introduced Fractal Combustion Model

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PREDICTED ROHR FOR SPARK IGNITION ENGINES /2
FRACTAL COMBUSTION MODEL
Characteristics /1

The Fractal Combustion Model is based on a

physical model of the flame front
propagation:

Geometric Combustion Chamber Input

Data leads to a Relation between Piston
Position, Geometric Free Flame Surface
and Burned Zone Volume

Increase of Burned Zone Volume is a

function of Laminar Burning Speed and
Geometric Free Flame Surface.
A Simple multiplication => to small values
because
The flame front is a very thin and highly
wrinkled surface (wrinkled-flamelet
combustion regime)

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PREDICTED ROHR FOR SPARK IGNITION ENGINES /3
FRACTAL COMBUSTION MODEL

Mandelbrot Set
Characteristics /2

This wrinkling effect is driven by the in-

cylinder turbulent flow and chiefly
responsible for the increased burning rate.
The relation between geometric free and
effective (highly wrinkled) flame area can
be described by a fractal structure.
Fractal is a mathematical method
describing irregular geometry with self
Burned Gas similarity (length of British coast?).

SL u
L
SL
Unburned Gas

SL

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PREDICTED ROHR FOR SPARK IGNITION ENGINES /9
FRACTAL COMBUSTION MODEL

Extension to stratified charge

Input possibility for 1D distribution of

fuel vapor and combustion product
concentration (stratified charge) in
the direction of flame propagation

1D distribution can be imported from

AVL FIRE in-cylinder simulation
(standard output )

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PREDICTED ROHR FOR SPARK IGNITION ENGINES /10
FRACTAL COMBUSTION MODEL

BSFC [g/kWh] Project Experience

The fractal combustion model has the

potential to predict the influence of the
valve timing variation on the rate of heat
release.
Out of 7 parameters for the combustion
model only the 2 turbulence parameters
are function of engine speed and valve
timing.
Res. Gas [%]
The tuning of the turbulence parameter is
based on 3D CFD results.

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PREDICTED ROHR FOR SPARK IGNITION ENGINES /11
OPEN CHAMBER GAS ENGINE COMBUSTION MODEL

Main features:
2 Zone (unburned/burned) flame
propagation model
Arrhenius / Magnussen approach
combination for ignition delay simulation
In-cylinder turbulence level (used for the
relation between laminar and turbulent
flame speed) is sourced by swirl and
squish flow
Combined with BOOST Classic Gas
Properties Preparation Tool which allows
to generate properties for arbitrary fuel
blends (e.g. lean gas as mixture of CH4,
CO2, ), as alternative to general
species transport

BOOST_CombustionModels_2011_Bras 13
ROHR INPUT FOR COMPRESSION IGNTION ENGINES /1
Vibe Single Zone

ROHR Approach

m 1 y m e a y
dQB a m1
QBT
d c

o
y
c ... Combustion Progress

Parameter Data Source

Fitting Result of Combustion
Analysis Tool (BOOST-Burn)
Experience
Evaporation Assumption
ROE (Rate of Evaporation) is
direct linked to ROHR
dmFV 1 dQB

d H u d
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ROHR INPUT FOR COMPRESSION IGNTION ENGINES /2
Double Vibe (Single Zone)

ROHR Approach
Superposition of 2 Vibe
Functions to meet Premixed
Combustion Peak and/or more
Complex Injection Strategies

dQB dQB dQ
B
d d Vibe1 d Vibe2

Parameter Data Source

Fitting Result of Combustion
Analysis Tool (BOOST-Burn)
Experience

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ROHR INPUT FOR COMPRESSION IGNTION ENGINES /3
Table Single Zone Woschni/Anisits
Identical to spark ignition Required Input
engines +
Vibe Combustion Parameters and Ignition Delay
Evaporation Assumption for Reference Operating Point

Model Approach for Variation of Combustion

Vibe Two Zone / Table Two Duration and Vibe Parameter m dependent on
Zone Engine Speed and Ignition Delay
0.5
Same ROHR Approach as for AFref
0.6
n
Single Zone c c ,ref
n
AF ref
State Vector of Burned Zone
allows to calculate: pIVC TIVC ,ref
0.3
n
0.6
id ref
m mref
NOx Production p T
id IVC ,ref IVC nref
(Extended Zeldovich)
CO Production Ignition delay according to relations found by
(Onorati) Andree and Pachernegg (exceeding
Temperature*Time Integral threshold)
Soot Production
(Bolochous)

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PREDICTED ROHR FOR COMPRESSION IGNTION ENGINES /1
AVLMCC COMBUSTION MODEL
AVLMCC Combustion Model

Model Approach

Mixture controlled combustion (MCC) part of

heat release is controlled by fuel
quantity available and the spray
induced turbulent kinetic energy
density.

Premixed combustion
is modeled by a vibe function which
parameters are determined from the ROI
(Rate of Injection) considering Ignition
delay.

Combustion process stages

Injection
Turbulence
Evaporation
Ignition Delay
Combustion

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 PREDICTED ROHR FOR COMPRESSION IGNTION ENGINES /4
AVL MCC COMBUSTION MODEL
Intake
Throttle PL1 Intake Manifold
31
p_IM, T_IM

3
R3
MP23
25
p_EGR,
T_EGR
Calibration Parameters
4 5 6 7 8 9
CO3 MP4 MP5 MP6 MP7 MP8 MP9

p_2_1, EGR
T_2_1 MP3 Valve
24
R1 Cmod combustion constant

MP21 23
MP10
C1 TAZ2 C2
MP11
TAZ3 C3
MP12 MP13
C4
MP14
C5 TAZ6 C6
MP15
Cdiss dissipations constant
CO2
MP22 27
10
26
11
16
12
J2
13
17
14 15
Cturb turbulent constant
CO1 T_EGRHEO J5
p_31_1,
J1 J4 J3 MP16 CNO NOx formation constant
Charge Air T_31_1 MP17 MP18 p_31_2,
Cooler 18
R4
19
J7
T_31_2
Cign ignition delay constant
2
p_21, T_21 33
28
MP2
29

TC1 Wastegate
R2

p_11, T_11
MP1 MP19 30

CL1 20
SB1 MP25 J6 CAT1 SB2
32 1

MP20
21 22
MP24
Project Experience
Air Cleaner p_41, T_41, Exhaust Gas
NOx_S1, ... Treatment Devices
Burn_bst_MCC_Ah38_B50.cly

Parameters are engine specific but

Basis1_Ah_0038.50%.1800 1-zonig Analyse der 1-zonigen Sim.
Basis1_Ah_0038_MCC.50%.1800 1-zonig Analyse der 2-zonigen Sim.
200

Engine Speed rpm 1800.0

for than valid for a wide range

180
Compression Ratio - 18.500
Energy Balance - 1.0149
160

140

120
BMEP
BMEP
[bar]
[bar]
8.8542
9.0688 of operating points
ROHR [J/deg]

MFB10 [deg] 7.4354

MFB10 [deg] 6.7318
100 MFB50 [deg] 16.648
MFB50 [deg] 16.089
80 MFB90 [deg] 31.985
MFB90 [deg] 27.916
60

40

20

0
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Crankangle [deg]

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 PREDICTED ROHR FOR COMPRESSION IGNTION ENGINES /5
HCCI COMBUSTION MODEL

Single Zone HCCI

Simulation based on General

Species Transport

CHEMKIN compatible

no CHEMKIN needed

arbitrary no. of species (CO,

CO2, H2, O, H, ...)

arbitrary no. of chemical

reactions (two sets for unburned
and burned Zone Chemistry)
C7H16 + O2 = C7H15-1 + HO2 2.500E+13 0.0 48810.0
C7H16 + O2 = C7H15-2 + HO2 2.800E+14 0.0 47180.0
dQF nSpcGas dw
ui i
C7H16 + H = C7H15-1 + H2 5.600E+07 2.0 7667.0
C7H16 + H = C7H15-2 + H2 4.380E+07 2.0 4750.0
C7H16 + OH = C7H15-1 + H2O 8.600E+09 1.10 1815.0 d i 1 d

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PREDICTED ROHR FOR COMPRESSION IGNTION ENGINES /6
HCCI COMBUSTION MODEL

6 Zone HCCI Combustion

6 zones
General species transport
Non uniform species distribution in
zones
2 Heat Transfer
Zone to zone (engery potential
driven)
Boundary zone to wall
Isooctane mechanism (~291 species
875 reactions in CHEMKIN Format)

Kozarac et al.: SAE 2010-01-1083

BOOST_CombustionModels_2011_Bras 20
BOOST CLASSIC / GENERAL SPECIES TRANSPORT

Classic General
Pre-defined Vibe (1zone, 2zone, Hires,...)
ROHR Table (1zone, 2zone)
Diesel: MCC
Calculated
Gasoline: Fractal
ROHR
HCCI -
User Coded Combustion Models
Utilites
Set Conditions at SHP

General Species Transport

Flexibility
CHEMKIN Chemistry can be used comfortably in BOOST (HCCI)
Coupling of Combustion-, Emission- and Aftertreatment models
BOOST_CombustionModels_2011_Bras 21
 BOOST-FIRE COMBUSTION & EMISSION SIMULATION

BOOST ESE-Diesel Link Engine Simulation Environment - Diesel

3D Combustion through ESE Diesel BOOST

Coupling
BOOST Automatically Initialize and Starts
ESE Diesel Calculations for The Combustion
Phase
Modes of Coupling:
HPC-mode: Combustion
Calculated for One BOOST
Cylinder and ROHR Copied
to the Others
MHPC-mode: Combustion
Calculated for Each BOOST
Cylinder Individually

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