Fakultet strojarstva i brodogradnje

Sveuilite u Zagrebu Zavod za tehniku mehaniku

Metoda konanih elemenata

Programski zadatak
(Prof. dr. sc. J. Sori)

Ime i prezime: Petar Pavi

Matini broj: 0035192345
Grupa: 4-KS-MIV
Asistent: dr.sc T. Lesiar, mag. ing.

Zagreb, 2017.
 P av i Petar , 0 0 3 5 1 9 2 3 45

Sadraj:
Popis slika......................................................................................................................................................... 3
Popis tablica..................................................................................................................................................... 3
Popis dijagrama................................................................................................................................................ 3
1. Prvi zadatak.................................................................................................................................................. 5
1.1. Vektor pomaka................................................................................................................................. 6
1.1.1. Metoda direktne superpozicije............................................................................................ 6
1.2. Matrica krutosti................................................................................................................................ 6
1.2.1. Element 1........................................................................................................................... 7
1.2.2. Element 2........................................................................................................................... 7
1.2.3. Element 3........................................................................................................................... 8
1.2.4. Element 4........................................................................................................................... 8
1.2.5. Element 5........................................................................................................................... 9
1.2.6. Element 6........................................................................................................................... 9
1.2.7. Element 7......................................................................................................................... 10
1.2.8. Element 8......................................................................................................................... 10
1.2.9. Element 9.......................................................................................................................... 11
1.2.10. Element 10...................................................................................................................... 11
1.2.11. Marica krutosti proraunskog elementa..........................................................................12
1.3. Vektor sila...................................................................................................................................... 13
1.3.1. Element 1......................................................................................................................... 15
1.3.2. Element 2......................................................................................................................... 16
1.3.3. Element 3......................................................................................................................... 17
1.3.4. Element 4......................................................................................................................... 18
1.3.5. Element 5......................................................................................................................... 19
1.3.6. Element 6......................................................................................................................... 20
1.3.7. Element 7......................................................................................................................... 21
1.3.8. Vektor sila za proraunski model......................................................................................22
1.4. Odreivanje pomaka u vorovima................................................................................................. 23
1.5. Raspodjela uzdunih sila u tapovima........................................................................................... 24
1.5.1. Element 1......................................................................................................................... 24
1.5.2. Element 2......................................................................................................................... 24
1.5.3. Element 3......................................................................................................................... 25
1.5.4. Element 4......................................................................................................................... 25
1.5.5. Element 5......................................................................................................................... 25
1.5.6. Element 6......................................................................................................................... 26
1.5.7. Element 7......................................................................................................................... 26
2. Drugi zadatak.............................................................................................................................................. 28
2.1. Definiranje numerikog modela..................................................................................................... 29
2.2. Postavljanje prve mree................................................................................................................ 30
2.3. Zadavanje rubnih uvjeta i dodavanje optereenja..........................................................................31
2.4. Dobiveni rezultati prve mree........................................................................................................ 32
2.5. Postavljanje druge mree.............................................................................................................. 33
2.6. Zadavanje rubnih uvjeta i dodavanje optereenja..........................................................................33
2.7. Dobiveni rezultati druge mree...................................................................................................... 34
2.8. Postavljanje tree mree................................................................................................................ 35
2.9. Dobiveni rezultati tree mree....................................................................................................... 36
2.10. Postavljanje etvrte mree........................................................................................................... 37
2.11. Dobiveni rezultati etvrte mree................................................................................................... 38
2.12. Prikaz konvergencije rjeenja...................................................................................................... 39

FS B , K ated r a z a teh n ik u m eh an ik u
2
 P av i Petar , 0 0 3 5 1 9 2 3 45
Popis slika:
Slika 1 Stupnjevi slobode.................................................................................................................................. 5
Slika 2 Optereenje elementa 1...................................................................................................................... 15
Slika 3 Optereenje elementa 2...................................................................................................................... 16
Slika 4 Optereenje elementa 3...................................................................................................................... 17
Slika 5 Optereenje elementa 4...................................................................................................................... 18
Slika 6 Optereenje elementa 5...................................................................................................................... 19
Slika 7 Optereenje elementa 6...................................................................................................................... 20
Slika 8 Optereenje elementa 7...................................................................................................................... 21
Slika 9 Dijagram uzdunog pomaka............................................................................................................... 27
Slika 10 Geometrija modela (etvrtina ploe)................................................................................................. 29
Slika 11 Kreiranje mree konanog elementa................................................................................................. 30
Slika 12 Verifikacija mree.............................................................................................................................. 30
Slika 13 Rubni uvjeti....................................................................................................................................... 31
Slika 14 Normalne komponente naprezanje smjeru osi Y u presjeku A-A......................................................32
Slika 15 Deformirani oblik ploe...................................................................................................................... 32
Slika 16 Kreiranje mree konanog elementa................................................................................................. 33
Slika 17 Verifikacija mree.............................................................................................................................. 33
Slika 18 Normalne komponente naprezanje smjeru osi Y u presjeku A-A......................................................34
Slika 19 Deformirani oblik ploe...................................................................................................................... 34
Slika 20 Kreiranje mree konanog elementa................................................................................................. 35
Slika 21 Verifikacija mree.............................................................................................................................. 35
Slika 22 Normalne komponente naprezanje smjeru osi Y u presjeku A-A......................................................36
Slika 23 Deformirani oblik ploe...................................................................................................................... 36
Slika 24 Kreiranje mree konanog elementa................................................................................................. 37
Slika 25 Verifikacija mree.............................................................................................................................. 37
Slika 26 Normalne komponente naprezanje smjeru osi Y u presjeku A-A......................................................38
Slika 27 Deformirani oblik ploe...................................................................................................................... 38

Popis tablica:
Tablica 1 Globalni i lokalni stupnjevi slobode.................................................................................................... 6

Popis dijagrama:
Dijagram 1 Konvergencija pomaka u toki B.................................................................................................. 39
Dijagram 2 konvergencija ekvivalentnog naprezanja prema von Missesu u toki B.......................................39

FS B , K ated r a z a teh n ik u m eh an ik u
3
 P av i Petar , 0 0 3 5 1 9 2 3 45

FS B , K ated r a z a teh n ik u m eh an ik u
4
 P av i Petar , 0 0 3 5 1 9 2 3 45

Slika 1 Stupnjevi slobode

FS B , K ated r a z a teh n ik u m eh an ik u
5
 P av i Petar , 0 0 3 5 1 9 2 3 45

1.1. Vektor pomaka

Vektor globalnih stupnjeva slobode:

V T = [V 1 V 2 V 3 V 4 V 5 V 6 V 7 V 8 V 9 V 10 V 11 ]

Vektor lokalnih stupnjeva slobode za tapni element:

v T = [v 1 v 2 ]

1.1.1. Metoda direktne superpozicije

Globalni stupnjevi slobode 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

1 1 2

2 1 2

3 1 2
Lokalni stupnjevi slobode
4 1 2
elementa
5 1 2

6 1 2

7 1 2

8 1 2

9 1 2

10 1 2

Tablica 1 Globalni i lokalni stupnjevi slobode

1.2. Matrica krutosti

Matrica krutosti osnovnog tapnog elementa u odnosu na lokalne stupnjeve slobode
konanog elementa.

Openito:

AE 1 1
k= 1
L 1

FS B , K ated r a z a teh n ik u m eh an ik u
6
 P av i Petar , 0 0 3 5 1 9 2 3 45

1.2.1. Element 1
l=L/4=300 mm, A1=2500 mm2, E=210000 N/mm2

4 A1 E 1 1 4* 2500* 210000 1 1 1 1
k1 = = * = 1750000* N/mm
L 1 1 1200 1 1 1 1

Matrica krutosti elementa u odnosu na globalne stupnjeve slobode:

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 A E
K1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1750000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N/mm
L
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1.2.2. Element 2
l=L/4=300 mm, A1=2500 mm2, E=210000 N/mm2

4 A1 E 1 1 4* 2500* 210000 1 1 1 1
k 2
= = = 1750000 N/mm
L 1 1 1200 1 1 1 1

Matrica krutosti elementa u odnosu na globalne stupnjeve slobode:

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 A1
E
K2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1750000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N/mm
L
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

FS B , K ated r a z a teh n ik u m eh an ik u
7
 P av i Petar , 0 0 3 5 1 9 2 3 45

1.2.3. Element 3
l=L/4=300 mm, A1=2500 mm2, E=210000 N/mm2

4 A1 E 1 1 4* 2500* 210000 1 1 1 1
k = 3
= = 1750000 N/mm
L 1 1 1200 1 1 1 1

Matrica krutosti elementa u odnosu na globalne stupnjeve slobode:

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 A1
E
K2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1750000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N/mm
L
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1.2.4. Element 4
l=L/4=300 mm, A1=2500 mm2, E=210000 N/mm2

4 A1 E 1 1 4* 2500* 210000 1 1 1 1
k4 = = = 1750000 N/mm
L 1 1 1200 1 1 1 1

Matrica krutosti elementa u odnosu na globalne stupnjeve slobode:

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 A1E
K
4
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1750000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N/mm
L
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

FS B , K ated r a z a teh n ik u m eh an ik u
8
 P av i Petar , 0 0 3 5 1 9 2 3 45

1.2.5. Element 5
l=L/5=240 mm, A2=1600 mm2, E=210000 N/mm2

5 A2 E 1 1 5*1600* 210000 1 1 1 1
k5 = = = 1400000 N/mm
L 1 1 1200 1 1 1 1

Matrica krutosti elementa u odnosu na globalne stupnjeve slobode:

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
5 A2 E
K
5
0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1400000 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 N/mm
L
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1.2.6. Element 6
l=L/5=240 mm, A2=1600 mm2, E=210000 N/mm2

5 A2 E 1 1 5*1600* 210000 1 1 1 1
k6 = = = 1400000 N/mm
L 1 1 1200 1 1 1 1

Matrica krutosti elementa u odnosu na globalne stupnjeve slobode:

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 A2 E
K
6
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1400000 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 N/mm
L
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

FS B , K ated r a z a teh n ik u m eh an ik u
9
 P av i Petar , 0 0 3 5 1 9 2 3 45

1.2.7. Element 7
l=L/5=240 mm, A2=1600 mm2, E=210000 N/mm2

5 A2 E 1 1 5*1600* 210000 1 1 1 1
k7 = = = 1400000 N/mm
L 1 1 1200 1 1 1 1

Matrica krutosti elementa u odnosu na globalne stupnjeve slobode:

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 A2 E
K
7
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1400000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N/mm
L
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1.2.8. Element 8
l=L/5=240 mm, A2=1600 mm2, E=210000 N/mm2

5 A2 E 1 1 5*1600* 210000 1 1 1 1
k8 = = = 1400000 N/mm
L 1 1 1200 1 1 1 1

Matrica krutosti elementa u odnosu na globalne stupnjeve slobode:

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 A2 E
K
8
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1400000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N/mm
L
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

FS B , K ated r a z a teh n ik u m eh an ik u
10
 P av i Petar , 0 0 3 5 1 9 2 3 45

1.2.9. Element 9
l=L/5=240 mm, A2=1600 mm2, E=210000 N/mm2

5 A2 E 1 1 5*1600* 210000 1 1 1 1
k = 9
= = 1400000 N/mm
L 1 1 1200 1 1 1 1

Matrica krutosti elementa u odnosu na globalne stupnjeve slobode:

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 A2
E
K9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1400000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N/mm
L
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1.2.10. Element 10
l=L=1200 mm, A1=2500 mm2, E=210000 N/mm2

A1 E 1 1 2500* 210000 1 1 1 1
k 10
= = = 437500 N/mm
L 1 1 1200 1 1 1 1

Matrica krutosti elementa u odnosu na globalne stupnjeve slobode:

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
A1
E
K10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 437500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N/mm
L
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

FS B , K ated r a z a teh n ik u m eh an ik u
11
 P av i Petar , 0 0 3 5 1 9 2 3 45

1.2.8. Matrica krutosti proraunskog modela

10
K = K i = K 1 + K 2 + K 3 + K 4 + K 5 + K 6 + K 7 + K 8 + K 9 + K 10
i1
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1750000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1750000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

1750000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1750000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1400000 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1400000 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1400000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1400000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1400000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 437500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

FS B , K ated r a z a teh n ik u m eh an ik u
12
 P av i Petar , 0 0 3 5 1 9 2 3 45

1.3. Vektor sila

Vektori vornih sila u odnosu na lokalne stupnjeve slobode:

r = FV + F S + F + F0

Openiti vektor sila u vorovima uslijed promjene temperature za osnovni tapni element:

1 1
B D 0 ds
T
D = [AE], B = , 0 = [ T T], F 0 =
l l l

Openito, vektor sila u vorovima uslijed djelovanja povrinskih sila za osnovni tapni element
se izraunava prema:

s
1
dS = ds, N s = N s (s), N s (s) T = l
s ,Fs=
N
l
s ( s ) T q ( s ) ds

l

FS B , K ated r a z a teh n ik u m eh an ik u
13
 P av i Petar , 0 0 3 5 1 9 2 3 45

1.3.1. Element 1

Slika 2 Optereenje elementa 1

4 4
l = L/4, D = [A1E], B = , 0 = [ T T], F V = 0, F = 0
L L

4

L A1 E Tds A E T T 2500 * 210000 * 45 * 0.0000125 295313
1

F0 =
1
T = 1 = = N
L
4 A E T T 2500 * 210000 * 45 * 0.0000125 295313
L

4 s Lq0
1
L q ds 8 8250
Fs= 0 = =
1
N
L 4s Lq0 8250
4
L 8

1 1 8250 295313 303563

r1 = Fs+ F0 = + 295313 = 287063 N
8250

Vektor vornih sila u odnosu na globalne stupnjeve slobode:

R 1T = 303563 287063 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N

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14
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1.3.2. Element 2

Slika 3 Optereenje elementa 2

4 4 4 4
l = L/4, D = [A1E], B = L = L , 0 = [ T T], F V = 0, F = 0
L L

4

L A1 E Tds A E T T 2500 * 210000 * 45 * 0.0000125 295313
1

F 2 0 = T = 1 = = N
L
4 A E T T 2500 * 210000 * 45 * 0.0000125 295313
L

4 s Lq0
1
L q ds 8 8250
F 2s = 0 = = N
L 4s Lq0 8250
4
L 8

8250 295313 303563

r 2 = F 2 0 + F 2s = + = N
8250 295313 287063

Vektor vornih sila u odnosu na globalne stupnjeve slobode:

R 2T = 0 303563 287063 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N

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1.3.3. Element 3

Slika 4 Optereenje elementa 3

4 4
l = L/4, D = [A1E], B = , 0 = [ T T], F V = 0, F = 0
L L

4

L A1 E Tds A E T T
1
2500 * 210000 * 45 * 0.0000125 295313
F0 =
3
T = 1 = = N
L
4 A E T T 2500 * 210000 * 45 * 0.0000125 295313
L

4 s Lq0
1
L q ds 8 8250
Fs= 0 = =
3
N
L 4s Lq0 8250
4
L 8

3 3 8250 295313 303563

r3 = F0 + F s = + = N
8250 295313 287063

Vektor vornih sila u odnosu na globalne stupnjeve slobode:

R 3T = 0 0 303563 287063 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N

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1.3.4. Element 4

Slika 5 Optereenje elementa 4

4 4
l = L/4, D = [A1E], B = , 0 = [ T T], F V = 0, F = 0
L L

4

L A1 E Tds A1 E T T 2500 * 210000 * 45 * 0.0000125 295313
F0 =
4
T = 1 = = 295313 N
L
4 A E T T 2500 * 210000 * 45 * 0.0000125
L

4 s Lq0
1
L q ds 8 8250
Fs = 0 = =
4
N
L 4s Lq0 8250
4
L 8

4 4 8250 295313 303563

r 4 = F0 + F s = + = N
8250 295313 287063

Vektor vornih sila u odnosu na globalne stupnjeve slobode:

R 3T = 0 0 0 303563 287063 0 0 0 0 0 0 N

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1.3.5. Element 5

Slika 6 Optereenje elementa 5

5 5
l = L/5, D = [A2E], B = , 0 = [ T T], F V = 0, F = 0
L L

5

L A2 E Tds A E T T
2
1600 * 210000 * 45 * 0.0000125 189000
F0 =
5
T = 2 = = N
L 5 A E T T 1600 * 210000 * 45 * 0.0000125 189000
5
L

5s 7 Lq0
1
L q s ds 75 6160
F s =
5
= = N
L 5s 13Lq0 5720
5
L 150

5 5 189000 6160 182840

r 5 = F0 + F s = + = N
189000 5720 194720

Vektor vornih sila u odnosu na globalne stupnjeve slobode:

R 5T = 0 0 0 0 182840 194720 0 0 0 0 0 N

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1.3.6. Element 6

Slika 7 Optereenje elementa 6

5 5
l = L/5, D = [A2E], B = , 0 = [ T T], F V = 0, F = 0
L L

5

L A2 E Tds A E T T
2
1600 * 210000 * 45 * 0.0000125 189000
F0 =
6
T = 2 = = N
L 5 A E T T 1600 * 210000 * 45 * 0.0000125 189000
5
L

5s Lq0
1
L q s ds 4400
Fs=
6
= 15 = N
L 5s 31Lq0 13640
5
L 150

5 5 189000 4400 193400

r 5 = F0 + F s = + = N
189000 13640 202640

Vektor vornih sila u odnosu na globalne stupnjeve slobode:

R 6T = 0 0 0 0 0 193400 202640 0 0 0 0 N

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1.3.7. Element 7

Slika 8 Optereenje elementa 7

5 5
l = L/5, D = [A2E], B = , 0 = [ T T], F V = 0, F = 0
L L

5

L A2 E Tds A E T T
2
1600 * 210000 * 45 * 0.0000125 189000
F0 =
7
T = 2 = = N
L 5 A E T T 1600 * 210000 * 45 * 0.0000125 189000
5
L

5s 11Lq0
1
L q s ds 9680
Fs =
7
= 75 = N
L 5s 37 Lq0 16280
5
L 150

189000 9680 198680

r 5 = F 5 0 + F 5s = + = N
189000 16280 205280

Vektor vornih sila u odnosu na globalne stupnjeve slobode:

R 7T = 0 0 0 0 0 0 198680 205280 0 0 0 N

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1.3.8. Element 8

5 5
l = L/5, D = [A2E], B = , 0 = [ T T], F V = 0, F = 0
L L

5

L 2 A2 E T T 1600 * 210000 * 45 * 0.0000125 189000
F0 = A ET Tds = 2
8
= = N
L 5 A E T T 1600 * 210000 * 45 * 0.0000125 189000
5
L

5s 11Lq0
1
L q s ds 9680
Fs=
8
= 75 = N
L 5s 31Lq0 13640
5
L 150

5 5 189000 9680 198680

r 5 = F0 + F s = + = N
189000 13640 202640

Vektor vornih sila u odnosu na globalne stupnjeve slobode:

R 8T = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 198680 202640 0 0 N

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1.3.9. Element 9

5 5
l = L/5, D = [A2E], B = , 0 = [ T T], F V = 0, F = 0
L L

5

L 2 A2 E T T 1600 * 210000 * 45 * 0.0000125 189000
F0 = A ET Tds = 2
9
= = N
L 5 A E T T 1600 * 210000 * 45 * 0.0000125 189000
5
L

5s Lq0
1
L q s ds 4400
Fs=
9
= 15 = N
L 5s 13Lq0 5720
5
L 150

5 5 189000 4400 193400

r 5 = F0 + F s = + = N
189000 5720 194720

Vektor vornih sila u odnosu na globalne stupnjeve slobode:

R 9T = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 193400 194720 0 N

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1.3.10 Element 10

1 1
l = L, D = [A1E], B = , 0 = [ T T], F V = 0, Fs = 0
L L

1

L A1 E Tds A E T T 2500 * 210000 * 45 * 0.0000125 295313
1

F0 =
10
T = 1 = = N
L
1 A E T T 2500 * 210000 * 45 * 0.0000125 295313
L

F 45000
F10= = N
0 0

10 295313 45000 250313

r 10 = F 0 + F 10 = + = N
295313 0 295313

Vektor vornih sila u odnosu na globalne stupnjeve slobode:

R 10T = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 250313 295313 N

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 P av i Petar , 0 0 3 5 1 9 2 3 45

1.3.8. Vektor sila za proraunski model

7
R = R i = R 1 + R 2 +R 3 + R 4 + R 5 + R 6 + R 7 + R 8 + R 9 + R 10 =
i 1

303563 0 0
287063 303563
0 287063
0 0
0 0
= 0 + 0 +
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
303563 0 0 0 0
287063 303563 0 0 0
0 287063 182840 0 0
0 + 0 + 194720 + 193400 + 0 +
0 0 0 202640 198680
0 0 0 0 205280
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 303563
0 0 0 16500

0 0 0 16500

0 0 0 16500
0 0 0 104223

0 + 0 + 0 = 1320 N
0 0 0 3960

198680 0 0 403960
202640 193400 0 9240

0 194720 250313 55593

0 0 295313 295313

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1.2. Odreivanje pomaka u vorovima

KV=R

V1 303563
V 16500
2
V3 16500

V4 16500
V5 104223

V6 = 1320
V 3960
7
V8 403960
V 9240
9
V10 55593

V11 295313

Rubni uvjeti pomaka:

V 1 = V 11 = 0 u uklijetenim dijelovima konzolnog nosaa svi pomaci su jednaki nuli.

3500000 1750000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 V2 16500

1750000 3500000 1750000 0 0 0 0 0 0 V 16500
3
0 1750000 3500000 1750000 0 0 0 0 0 V4 16500

0 0 1750000 3150000 1400000 0 0 0 0 V5 104223
0 0 0 1400000 2800000 1400000 0 0 0 V6 1320

0 0 0 0 1400000 2800000 1400000 0 0 V7 3960
0 0 0 0 0 1400000 2800000 1400000 0 V 403960
8
0 0 0 0 0 0 1400000 2800000 1400000 V9 9240
V
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1400000 1837500 10
55593

Rjeavanjem gornjeg sustava jednabi dobivamo slijedee iznose za pomake u odreenim

vorovima:

V 2 = -0.09203 mm, V 3 = -0.17464 mm, V 4 = -0.24782 mm, V 5 = -0.31157 mm, V 6 = -0.4657

mm, V 7 = -0.62077 mm, V 8 = -0,77868 mm, V 9 = -0,64804 mm, V 10 =-0,524

V T = [V 1 V 2 V 3 V 4 V 5 V 6 V 7 V 8 V 9 V 10 V 11 ] =

= 0 0,09203 0,17464 0, 24782 0,31157 0, 4657 0,62077 0,77868 0,64804 0,524 0 mm

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1.3. Raspodjela uzdunih sila u tapovima

Povratno identificiranje

1.5.1. Element 1

V1 0
v1 = = mm
V2 0.09203

4 4 V1 1 1 0 1 1
1 = B1 v1 = L V = 300 =- 0 + (-0,09203) =
L 2 300 0.09203 300 300

= 0,00307

N = D 1 ( 1 - 0 ) = A1E ( 1 - T T) = 2500*210 000*(0,00307- 0.0000125*45) =

= 16 833.6 N

1.5.2. Element 2

V2 0.0309
v2 = = mm
V3 0.0137

4 4 V2 4 4 0.0309 4 4
2 = B2 v2 = * = * =- *0.0309 + *0.0137 =
L L V3 500 500 0 .0137 500 500

= - 1.376*10 4

N = D 2 ( 2 - 0 ) = AE( 2 - T T) = 800*210 000*(- 1.376*10 4 - 0.0000117*25) =

= - 72 256.8 N

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1.5.3. Element 3

V3 0.0137
v3= = mm
V4 0.0044

4 4 V3 4 4 0.0137 4 4
3 =B 3 v 3 = * = * =- *0.0137 - *0.0044 =
L L V4 500 500 0.0044 500 500

= -1.448*10 4

N = D 3 ( 3 - 0 ) = AE( 3 - T T) = 800*210 000*(-1.448*10 4 - 0.0000117*25) = - 49 140 N

1.5.4. Element 4

V4 0.0044
v4 = = mm
V5 0.0235

4 4 V4 4 4 0.0044 4 4
4 =B 4 v 4 = * = * = *0.0044 - *0.0235 =
L L V5 500 500 0.0235 500 500

= - 1.528*10 4

N = D 4 ( 4 - 0 ) = AE( 4 - T T) = 800*210 000*(-1.528*10 4 - 0.0000117*25) =

= - 74 810.4N

1.5.5. Element 5

V5 0.0235
v5= = mm
V6 0.0152

4 4 V5 4 4 0.0235 4 4
5 =B 5 v 5 = * = * = *0.0235 - *0.0152 =
L L V6 500 500 0.0152 500 500

= 6.64*10 5

N = D 5 ( 5 - 0 ) = 2AE( 5 - T T) = 2*800*210 000*(6.64*10 5 - 0.0000117*28) =

= - 75 969.6 N

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1.5.6. Element 6

V6 0.0152
v6 = = mm
V7 0.0074

4 4 V6 4 4 0.0152 4 4
6 = B 6 v 6 = * = * = *0.0152 - *0.0074 =
L L V7 500 500 0.0074 500 500

= 6.64*10 5

N = D 6 ( 6 - 0 ) = 2AE( 6 - T T) = 2*800*210 000*(6.64*10 5 - 0.0000117*25) =

= - 75 969.6 N

1.5.7. Element 7

V7 0.0074
v7 = = mm
V8 0

4 4 V7 4 4 0.0074 4 4
7 = B7 v7 = * = * = *0.0074 + *0 =
L L V8 500 500 0 500 500

= 5.62*10 5

N = D 7 ( 7 - 0 ) = 2AE( 7 - T T) = 2*800*210 000*(5.62*10 5 - 0.0000117*25) =

= - 98 280 N

N T = N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 =

= 16833.6 72256.8 49140 74810.4 75969.6 75969.6 98280 N

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Slika 9 Dijagram uzdunog pomaka

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2. Drugi zadatak
2.1. Definiranje numerikog modela

Zadana konstrukcija bit e analizirana pomou raunalnog paketa Nastran, koji je

baziran na metodi konanih elemenata (FEM). Konstrukcija e se diskretizirati s osnovnim
membranskim etverokutnim elementima koji imaju etiri vora po elementu. Tokom cijelog
prorauna koritene jedinice su bile N/mm2 i mm.
Zbog specifinog sluaja zadanog optereenja i ploe za daljnji proraun kao model
koristit e se etvrtina ploe uz pravilno primjenjene rubne uvjete simetrije u cilju ubrzavanja
samog prorauna i utede ogranienih raunalnih resursa.

Slika 10 Geometrija modela (cetvrtina ploce)

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2.2. Postavljanje prve mree

Slijedei korak je postavljanje vorova na konstrukciju prema kojima se nakon toga

stvara mrea. U prvom sluaju se postavlja mrea koja se sastoji od 80 elemenata.

Slika 11 Kreiranje mree konanog elementa

Tako postavljenu mreu potrebno je verificirati.

Slika 12 Verifikacija mree

Iz ovoga se vidi da su distordirani elementi jo uvijek unutar doputenih granica tako da
se moe nastaviti dalje s proraunom.

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2.3. Zadavanje rubnih uvjeta i dodavanje optereenja

Kako bi se mogla izvriti analiza potrebno je zadati materijal i njegove karakteristike (u

ovom sluaju modul elastinosti i Poissonov koeficijent). Nakon toga se definiraju rubni uvjeti i
optereenje te se rjeava sustav algebarskih jednadbi.

Slika 13 Rubni uvjeti

Pri izradi modela i postavljanju geometrije svojstvo simetrije u svrhu utede raunalnih
resursa. Uz pravilno zadane rubne uvjete na taj nain se vri proraun samo etvrtine
optereene ploe. U ovom sluaju zadani rubni uvjeti simetrije su slijedei:
- na osi x: uy=0, uz=0, x=0, z=0;
- na osi y: ux=0, uz=0, y=0, z=0.

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2.4. Dobiveni rezultati prve mree

Raspodjela normalne komponente naprezanja u smjeru osi Y u prejeku A-A se mogu

vidjeti na slici 5.

Slika 14 Normalne komponente naprezanje smjeru osi Y u presjeku A-A

Deformirani oblik ploe se moe vidjeti na slici 15 gdje je plavom bojom nacrtan
nedeformirani oblik, a crnom bojom deformirani oblik ploe.

Slika 15 Deformirani oblik ploe

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2.5. Postavljanje druge mree

U drugom sluaju se postavlja mrea koja se sastoji od 320 elemenata.

Slika 16 Kreiranje mree konanog elementa

Tako postavljenu mreu potrebno je verificirati.

Slika 17 Verifikacija mree

Iz ovoga se vidi da su distordirani elementi jo uvijek unutar doputenih granica tako da
se moe nastaviti dalje s proraunom.

2.6. Zadavanje rubnih uvjeta i dodavanje optereenja

Rubni uvjeti kao i optereenja i materijal ploe za sve mree ostaju isti.

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2.7. Dobiveni rezultati druge mree

Raspodjela normalne komponente naprezanja u smjeru osi Y u prejeku A-A se mogu

vidjeti na slici 18.

Slika 18 Normalne komponente naprezanje smjeru osi Y u presjeku A-A

Deformirani oblik ploe se moe vidjeti na slici 19 gdje je plavom bojom nacrtan
nedeformirani oblik, a crnom bojom deformirani oblik ploe.

Slika 19 Deformirani oblik ploe

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 P av i Petar , 0 0 3 5 1 9 2 3 45

2.8. Postavljanje tree mree

U treem sluaju se postavlja mrea koja se sastoji od 1 280 elemenata.

Slika 20 Kreiranje mree konanog elementa

Tako postavljenu mreu potrebno je verificirati.

Slika 21 Verifikacija mree

Iz ovoga se vidi da su distordirani elementi jo uvijek unutar doputenih granica tako da
se moe nastaviti dalje s proraunom.

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2.9. Dobiveni rezultati tree mree

Raspodjela normalne komponente naprezanja u smjeru osi Y u prejeku A-A se mogu

vidjeti na slici 22.

Slika 22 Normalne komponente naprezanje smjeru osi Y u presjeku A-A

Deformirani oblik ploe se moe vidjeti na slici 23 gdje je plavom bojom nacrtan
nedeformirani oblik, a crnom bojom deformirani oblik ploe.

Slika 23 Deformirani oblik ploe

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2.10. Postavljanje etvrte mree

U etvrtom sluaju se postavlja mrea koja se sastoji od 5 120 elemenata.

Slika 24 Kreiranje mree konanog elementa

Tako postavljenu mreu potrebno je verificirati.

Slika 25 Verifikacija mree

Iz ovoga se vidi da su distordirani elementi jo uvijek unutar doputenih granica tako da
se moe nastaviti dalje s proraunom.

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2.11. Dobiveni rezultati etvrte mree

Raspodjela normalne komponente naprezanja u smjeru osi Y u prejeku A-A se mogu

vidjeti na slici 26.

Slika 26 Normalne komponente naprezanje smjeru osi Y u presjeku A-A

Deformirani oblik ploe se moe vidjeti na slici 27 gdje je plavom bojom nacrtan
nedeformirani oblik, a crnom bojom deformirani oblik ploe.

Slika 27 Deformirani oblik ploe

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2.12.Prikaz konvergencije rjeenja

Nakon provedenog prorauna za razliiti broj stupnjeva slobode proraunskog modela na

dijagramu 1 prikazana je konvergencija pomaka u toki B, a na dijagramu 2 konvergencija
ekvivalentnog naprezanja prema von Missesu.

Dijagram 1 Konvergencija pomaka u toki B

Dijagram 2 Konvergencija ekvivalentnog naprezanja prema von Missesu u oki B

Iz navedenih dijagrama se moe zakluiti da se s veim brojem stupnjeva slobode vie

pribliavamo tonom analitikom rjeenju.

FS B , K ated r a z a teh n ik u m eh an ik u
41