'

,19 -
.
,
, .
.

, .

) (P )(F1
,
) (F2 ) (277
) (787

.

,1:3
)


( .
, ) (
.

,
)(
)( .
L - l - .
ll .LL ) Genotype (
) Phynotype ( .
.Allele
P ll X LL

l L

F1 Ll
L l
F2
L l
L LL Ll
l Ll ll

1:3 1:2:1 - .

) ( . )
(.

Rh , Rh+ Rh-
, Rh+ Rh-
Rh+
.

' Rh
Rh- Rh+
.Rh- 31 0 - rr - rr
8 18 + Rr - rr
Rh+ 83 73 + Rr + Rr
" 122 91

Rh+
+ ,


. 15% Rh- - 85% Rh+
) 25% ( .

,

:
P
X
YY rr yy RR
rY Ry
F1

RrYy
rY ry RY Ry
F2


9 3 3 1

F2 -
RY Ry rY ry
RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy
RY

RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy
Ry

RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy
rY

RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy
ry

 16 ,
.1:3

.9:3:3:1 .

F1
RrYy ,rrryy
RrYy ; Rryy ; rrYy ; rryy 1:1:1:1
.
Test Cross .

,
) ' (
.

X -
, (Homogametic Sex XX) X
X Y ) .(Hetrogametic Sex XY X Y -
,
.

X ,(X-Linked) X -
- ,Y XY-
XXY .

44 .
,
?
:
P
X

F1


F2

1 1 2

, w+ - w -
X Y .
 P
X

+/+ w

+ + w

F1

+ +
w
+ w +

F2


+ + + w
w +
1 1 1 1

50% 50% -
.

.
.
P
X

w +
w
w w +

F1

+ w
w
+ w w

F2


+ w + w
w w
1 1 1 1

F2 - .
X .

) (.

X Y - -
 XX XY -
Z W - ZW .ZZ

,
) ( ,
. .
,
, )=( .
) (
) ( .
.

4 :

.X

,
.
,Obliratori Hatrozigot
.

.
.

,
,
.
,

.
)( 1:500 1 -
.
1/500 P: Aa X Aa
F1: aa : Aa : AA
25% 50% 25%

AA -
.1/2 * 1/500 * 1/2 * 1/500 = 1/1,000,000

) (.

,
X
,
X - . ,
)
( X - X
 X - .
.

Y
.

,
DNA ,

.
.
,
.

X-Inactivation X

X - G6PD
) 6 ( ,

.

, X
, Mary Lyon
X - ,
X , X /
.100% - .Lyonization

100 -
, ,
, , X - X -
.

) (XXY ) Barr Body ( .
X , XXX
X .

X - ,
, ,"
. X -
.

XO .
 X - Fragile X ,
,X X
X - 50%
X .

X )
( ,
X
. X -
.

,
. ,

.

p XwXw X Xw+Y

1/2000
F1 XwXw+ XwY XwXw Xw+Y


Primary Exceptional Progeny

1 2000 - ,Primary Exceptional Progeny

)( ,
) (.
F1 XwXw X Xw+Y


4%
F2 XwXw+ XwY XwXw Xw+Y


Secondary Exceptional Progeny

Secondary Exceptional Progeny

.

.

X - , .Non-Disjunction

)F1 (1/2000 Bridges

Xw+ Y
XwXwY
XwXwX w+
XwXw


Xw+O
OY
O


)F2 (4%
Xw+ Y
XwXwY
XwXwX w+
XwXw


Xw+Y
YY
Y

X -
,Y Y .
)F2 (96%
Xw+ Y
X Xw+
w
XwY

Xw


Xw+XwY
XwYY
XwY

) ( 96%
.
.

F2 - XXY - XX
.
95%
, .1:1000


4 AB,B,A O -
A AB ,B O - .

AB B A O
- - - + OXO 1
O A - A - - - + + AXO 2
B O - - + - + BXO 3
AB A - B -
- + + - AB X O 4

O A -
- - + + AXA 5
O
+ + + + BXA 6
+ + + - AB X A 7
O B - - + - + BXB 8
O
+ + + - AB X B 9
O AB - + + + - AB X AB 10

-
.Co-Dominant O - A - .B -
2 A - B - . OA -
B - ,A B - A - ,B
A - B - AB A - B -
.O .

AB AB O
, .
3 IB,IA i - :

AB IAIB
A IAi IAIA
B IBi IB IB
O ii

O A B
.

DNA , IA i -

.

, ) (

 .
.

)
(.

Four Oclock
P X
C+C+ CC

Incomplete Dominance
F1

C+C

F2
C+C+ C+C CC
1 2 1

HAHA
,HSHS HAHS ,
,HA -

-.

,

.

5
:
+ M ,
5 4 3 2 1
+ M + + M 1
M + M M + 2
M + M M + 3
+ M + + M 4
M + M M + 5

.
. 5 - 1 - 4 -
2,3 5 - ,
:
 1 2
4 3
5

,
His
,
, ,Heterokaryon
.

5
, :

5 4 3 2 1
- - - - - 1
+ + + - - 2
+ + - + - 3
- - + + - 4
- - + + - 5

1 ,
2 4 ,3 ,5 - 3 4 5 - 4 5 -
, :

1
4 2 3
5

,F1 - ,
F1 - 2/3 1/3 -
,
.

1:3 ,1:2
) ( 25% -
, 25%,
,

.
Yy Yy
P X

yy Yy YY
F1

 ,
,Pleiotropy
.
) ( ,
,
5 ,
. .

, -
:

9 / _O_B 1
3 O_bb 2
3 _ooB 3
1 )( oobb 4

.
P X

F1 )(

F2 X
7 : 9
1:3:3 : 9 :

,
.
:
W1/W1 ; W2+/W2+ W1+/W1+ ; W2/W2
P: X

W1+/W1 ; W2+/W2
F1:

_W1+/_ ; W2+/ _W1/W1 ; W2+/ W1+/_ ; W2/W2 W1/W1 ; W2/W2

F2:

9 3 3 1
9 7

, W1 W2
 / W2 -
,
.

P X

F1

F2
9 3 4

,
. d D , a , A - .

P
X

aaDD AAdd

F1

AaDd

F2

_A_D A_dd aaD_ + aadd
9 3 3 1

Epistasis
,
.

Suppressors

,
Nonsense Suppressor , tRNA
, .
,
.

Pd : Pd+ -
Su ,
Su+ - .
 Pd/Pd ; Su+/Su+ Pd+/Pd+ ; Su/Su
P: X

Pd+/Pd ; Su+/Su
F1:

_Pd+/_ ; Su+/ Pd+/_ ; Su/Su Pd/Pd ; Su/Su _Pd/Pd ; Su+/

F2:

9 3 1 3
) 13( ) 3(

,
P X

F1

F2
15 1

:
A1/A1 ; A2/A2 a1/a1 ; a2/a2
P: X

A1/a1 ; A2/a2
F1:

_A1/_ ; A2 _a1/a1 ; A2/ A1/_ ; a2/a2 a1/a1 ; a2/a2

F2:

9 3 3 1
) 15( ) 1(

Penetrance

.
100% - ,100% 85%
85% - 15% -
 .
.

Pd -
Pd+ , Vg Vg+ - .
P: Pd/Pd ; Vg/Vg Pd+/Pd+ ; Vg+/Vg+
X

F1: Pd+/Pd ; Vg+/Vg

F1 - Pd/Pd ; Vg/Vg:
Pd+/Pd ; Vg+/Vg X Pd/Pd ; Vg/Vg
F1:

F2:
Pd+ Vg+ Pd Vg Pd+ Vg Pd Vg+
1339 1159 151 154
Perantel Tayp Non-Perantel Tayp

1:1:1:1
,1:1

:
P: Pd+/Pd+ ; Vg/Vg Pd/Pd ; Vg+/Vg+
X

F1: Pd+/Pd ; Vg+/Vg

F1 - Pd/Pd ; Vg/Vg:
Pd+/Pd ; Vg+/Vg X Pd/Pd ; Vg/Vg
F1:

F2:
Pd+ Vg+ Pd Vg Pd+ Vg Pd Vg+
157 146 965 1067
Non-Perantel Tayp Perantel Tayp
 1:1
, .

.

Crossing Over
)
( , ,
,
. ,
.

)( CM 1% ,
1%
.1CM
.

3 ) ,(Three Point Test Cross :

,e ro .Sbd
P: ro e Sbd ro+ e+ Sbd+
X
ro e Sbd ro+ e+ Sbd+

F1: ro+ e+ Sbd+

ro e Sbd

F1 :F2
F1: ro e Sbd ro+ e+ Sbd+
X
ro e Sbd ro e Sbd

F2:
ro+ e+ Sbd+ 269

ro e Sbd 280
ro+ e Sbd 65
ro e+ Sbd+ 76 1
ro+ e+ Sbd 42 1 Crossing Over
ro e Sbd+ 36
ro+ e Sbd+ 8
ro e+ Sbd 12 2 Crossing Over

) (R.F .
R.F ro.e -
)*100=20.4%" (R.F = (65+76+8+18)/
R.F Sbd) .e - (
R.F = 12.4%
Sbd) .ro - (
R.F = 27.8%
 20.4+12.4 27.8 -

.

, .Interference

. Interference -
1
, 1 .

,

Hot Spots
.
.

,

) 4( . ,
.

,
.Ascospoeres , 4
8 , 4
. 2
A a - :
A
A
A

A
A
A A
A
A

A

a
a

a
a a
a
a
a

2 a
a

A .a
Meiosis 1 Segregation Pattern .MI
:
 A
A
A

A
a
A a
a
a

A

a
A

A
a A
A
a
a

2 a
a

,
Miosis 2 Segregation
Pattern ,MII
.

4
:

A a A a
A A A A

a a a a
a A a A

A a a A
A A A A

a a a a
a A A a

.
A a A a A a
A a A a A a
A a a A a A
A a a A a A
a A A a a A
a A A a a A
a A a A A a
a A a A A a
126 132 9 11 10 12
MI MII
 MII
, 1/2 :
R.F =1/2*(MII)/Total=14%/2=7%

,100% - MII ,67% -
R.F .35.5%
.MI

,
,
.

a+b+
1 a+b+
)Parental Di Type (PD
ab
ab

ab+
2 ab+
a+b+ X ab )Non-Parental Di Type (NPD
a+b
a+b

ab+
ab
)Tetra Type (T
a+b+
3 a+b

NPD - T - )( . = SCO ,Non Crossing Over = NCO

Single Crossing Over .Double Crossing Over = DCO -

NCO DCO DCO

a b a b a b
a b a b a b
a+ b+ a+ b+ a+ b+
a+ b+ a+ b+ a+ b+

PD T T

a DCO b SCO DCO

a b a b
a b a b a b
a+ b+ a+ b+ a+ b+
a+ b+ a+ b+ a+ b+
PD T NPD

NPD - 4 T ,
3 PD -
.
.
NPD = 1/4DCO DCO = 4 NPD
SCO = T 1/2DCO = T 2NPD
 SCO - 1/3T , :
Total Crossing Over = Total SCO + 2DCO = T + 6NPD
)R.F = 1/2*(T + 6NPD

) NPD ,PD (T -
,
.

,
)
( , .
,
.

Insitu-Itybridisation
,

)
( . ) DNA - (
.
.

,

.
.

)
( 22
1 - 22 ,
X .Y - .
DNA -
.

,Somatic Cell Hybrids

,
.
,

.

.
.
,
, DNA -
. 80 - Restriction Fragment ) RFLP
.(Length Polymorphisem
 RFLP DNA ,
'
. ,


.

ECOR1

,

.

DNA '
) ,(Smear Blotting
) (
,
.
.
.

, RFLP
.Insitu-Itybridisation -


.

,(Variable Number Of Tandep Repeat) VNTR

.

:

:1
:2
:3
:4
 :1
:2
:3
:4

VNTR -
VNTR 3 ,4 2 - ,
CA Repeats Micro Stalite
.

PCR - DNA
, .
' ,
' 3 -
Slippage ,
.

,
.,

.

.

.

A , A1 A2 - B - B1-
B2 :

A2 A2 A2A1 A1 A1 A2A1
B2B2 B2B1 B2B1 B1B1

A2 A1 A1 A1
B2B1 B1B1

A2 A1 A1 A1 A1A1 A2 A1 A1 A1 A2 A1 A2 A1
B2 B1 B1B1 B2B1 B2B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B2B1
NR NR R NR NR R NR
 A1B1
, 2 7
.

D
A a A A N
A a -
D N N N

a A A A a A a A a A A A A A

N N D N N N D N N N D N D N

NR NR NR R NR NR NR

Phase .

dd Dd
11 12

Dd dd Dd
12 11 12

:Phase
If D-1/d-2 : R R R
If D-2/d-1 : NR NR NR

Dd dd
22

dd Dd
11 12

Dd dd Dd
11 12 11
 Phase: D-1/d-2 : R R R

D - .1

:

)Lod Score (Z = Log

- 0.0.5 -

:
Lod Score (Z) = Log
1/8
1/64
8 1 - .

Lod Score - ,
3 - .
.

. .
 '

)( .

4 , , )(
.

,DNA

.
.

. .

.
-

P 1

+
F1
1 + 1 +

a W.T. W.T.

a .A

, w.t

a b c d e
1 m + m m +
2 m m + + +
3 + m + + m
4 m + m + +

m + -
:
 e b a c d

1
2
3
4
, :
e b a c d

1
2
3
4

DNA
Tented Repeat ,Inverted Repeat
.
,

.

)( .
Unequal Crossing Over 3
.1

779
358 ,
68 3
45 . 3
.

DNA
,
.
,Position Effect
,
Silencing .

:
E
F E D
A B C F D G

A B C G

. ,
.
Paracentric Inversion _
: Pericentric Inversion .

) D E( 4
E F:
E
F E D
A B C F D G

A B C G

ABCD EFG ABCFE DG

GFE ABCFE DCBA AB G DG
AB .G

) B C( 4
E F:
E
F E D
A B C F D G

A B C G
AB AB CFEDG CDEFG
AB CDEFC BA AB G
- GFEDG AB G
. ,
- Bridge
, .

-
"" ,
.

.
.

Reciprocal Translocation

:
A B C D E F G H

A B C D E F G H

A B H E F G C D

A B C D E F G H
 ,
.
DNA
.

. 4
.
A A
B B
1 1
H C D

H C D
G G
2 2
F F
E E

1 2
' 1 ' 2 1 '2
' 1 2 .

A B H E F G C D

E F G H A B C D
,Adjacent
.
A B C D E F G C D

E F G H A B H

Alternate .
1:1
50%
).(50% Viability

Robertson

) (.
(X^X) Attached X
.

,
14 , 21 14
21 , 4

Monosom 2n-1
Trisomy 2n+1
 14;21 14 14/21 ;21 14/21

46 45 47 45

Monosom Trisomy
)(

,
.1:1:1:1

,
. C11 9 22
.
DNA .

Fragile X Syndrome ,
X , .

1250 ,
CGG 52 52 200
,200 .FMR1

2n , 2n1-
Monosome 2n1+ ,Trizome
n n1 + .Disome
3n Triploid 4n
Tetraploid .

Non-Disjunction
, Non-Disjunction - :

I II

I II


21 ) (.
 )
( , 20 1/2000 45 ,1/46
.

DMD
,
.
X P21 .X
.

,
X
.

2n-1 , Turner Syndrom

X O
)( 1 5000 .

.

.

2n+1 ,
X X Y X,
1 1000 - ,
. Y
X Y Y 1 1000
Y ,
.

, .

6n ,

4n
2n .3n

Autopolyploid
, Allopolyploid ,
3
.Allopolyploid

.
 Autotetraploid 4
:

.

,
" .

n 2n
4 4,5,6,7 8:

4
8
.

2 4 .
Canavanine .
Canavanine .
. 50%

.
1 canr
canr
2
3 CANS
4 CANS

1,3 2,4 - 1,4 2,3 - :

 2,3 1,4 2,4 1,3
CANS canr CANS canr

canr CANS CANS canr

,

3 Yellow Spot ,
Singed Spot Twin Spot
.

X
Yellow Spot Singed Spot Twin Spot - .

.
.

,
. RAS
G RAS2
90% .

,Forward Mutation
,Backward (reversion) mutation
.Conditional Mutation Temperature Sensitive
,Mutation
.

,Fluctuation Test E. coli T1 103
1ml , ,
370
1ml 0.2*108 , '
,
'.

10ml
2*108 ' .
.

.


,
.

- n
n :
n
= e

,
.

1928 Muller
ClB
, ) (l
) (B

X F1
)
,ClB F2
)
.(ClB

0.15*10-4
X 1.7*10-4
2.9*10-4
.

Nonsense ,Missense .Frame Shift

Missense ,
.
Nonsense
. Frame Shift
.

TAA GAA
.
,
)
(.
 Frame Shift
,
,
.
Nonsense tRNA
.
100% .

Nonsense

.
.

,

.

.
One Gene One Enzyme Theory

,
,
,
.Inborn Error

,
:

A B C D E F

1 - - - + - +
2 - + - + - +
3 - - - - - +
4 - + + + - +
5 + + + + - +

,
.
EACBDF
5 4 2 1 3
 ,
3
:

arg 1 + + +
arg 2 + - +
arg 3 + - -

: )
( 1 2 3 :

,
ade- 2
,ade-
mut1/+ mut2/+ 3 :
mut1 mut2 mut1 + mut1 mut2
mut1 mut2 mut1 + + mut2
+ + + mut2 mut1 +
+ + + mut2 + +
PD NPD T

. 2 PD
NPD 4 3 T ,
PD 2 NPD T
.
. .

Conjugation

, A
B
,
.

A B
A B ,
.

U
,
.


.
A B
. A B
.

A B
, A
B B
.

A
B
,
. B
.

F+ F Fertility
.F- Pili
, ,F+
DNA ,Rolling Circle DNA
,
, F+
.

High
,(HFR) Frequency Recombination DNA
. ,
.

.

F

.
,
.
.

, DNA DNA
.
DNA
DNA .

B ,A C b ,a c
B A :

C b a
c

C A B
.
DNA
, .

B
C B
C B

D b A A
c a A A
d

DNA .

' ,'
) RNA (DNA
Core End Plate ,'
.ATP
End Plate ,'
.Ghost

DNA' DNA

, ' .
DNA 200'
. '
' , '.

' Plaque Assay

107 Lawn
10' 10
.Plaque
) Lytic ' ( '
' Virulent ' , P1 .T4
 ' ' Temperate
' .' DNA
DNA DNA
, DNA Attachment ,Att
DNA
' .
' , '
' ,
UV .

'
Site Specific .General ' '

'
'
, .Site Specific

' 1:1
(MOI) Multiplicity Of Infection 10'
' 10 '
. '
' ' .

General ' T4 ,P1

' DNA ,
' '
'
. MOI
'
, Ca+
, Mg+2 .

DNA '
DNA ' DNA
.

'


 ) ( .
.

. B ,A C
BAC ,ABC , ACB A :
A B C B A C A C B

A+B+C+ A+B+C+ A+B+C+

A+B+c- A+B+c- A+b-C+
A+b-c- A+b-C+ A+b-c-
A+b-C+ A+b- c- A+B+c-

C . B ,A
DNA ' . DNA
' ' (Package) Pac DNA
Pac DNA
:

A DNA -

B H A H
G DNA
C F
D
E

C
C A .

DNA
,
B . K E. Coli K '
rII .

3 B K :
B K
Mut1 109
Mut2 109
Mut3 109 10

3 ,10-8
3
. :Mut4
 B K
Mut4 109 100

' ,
10'
' . B
DNA 4 :

Mut3

Mut4
I II III IV

) ' ( ,K II ,I
III IV ,
0.01% . 10-5
.

4
:
1 2 3 4
1 -
2 + -
3 - - -
4 + - + -

1 2 3 4 3 1 2 4
,2 ) : (
1
2
3
4

:
1 2 3 4
a + - - +
b + - + +
c + - + -
d - + - +
e - + + +
f + + + -
 :

1
2
3
4

e d a b c f

:
a b c d e f
a -
b + -
c + + -
d + + + -
e + + + + -
f + + + + + -

' B
K B
, K
B .Titer
:

1 2 3 4 5 6
1 0
2 0.1 0
3 0 0.1 0
4 0.3 0.2 0.3 0
5 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.4 0
6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.7 0

0.7

0.2 0.5

0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3

3
5 1 2 4 6

0.3

0.4

0.6
 0.01%
DNA .
.Recon B
K K
, Cis Trans
Cis
Cistron .Cis Trans
.Hot Spots

:
MOF 10 MOF 1
rII B K BB BK KB KK
1 109 1 109 1 109 109
2 109 1 109 1 109 109
3 109 1 109 1 109 109
1X2 109 109 109 4*10 5
109 4*105
1X3 109 109 109 6*10 5
109 6*105
9
2X3 10 2 109 2*10 5
109 109

' , 1 3
, 1 10
' K
1
.

MOF 1
2X1 3X1 MOF 10
,
.
3X2 MOF 10 K
, MOF 1 B K 2*105
.

Hot Spots


.
.

,
,10-4

, ,
.

.
 ADE2
MIN .M+ADE ade-

ADE2-2 ,ADE2-1 ADE2-3
ADE2-1 / ADE2-2 4
,

106 107 MIN

10-4 100 1000
.

:
Wild Type ,
,
.

7 ,
Hfr F-
5 :
7 6 4 3 2 1

F F
F- 1 7
1 6 7 .
7 ,
:

1 2 3 4 5 6
A
1 -
2 - -
B
3 + + -
4 + + - -
5 - - - - -
6 - - - - - -

1 2 A
3 4 .B
6 ,
6

,A .Cis Recessive

6
,
A B Poly-Cistronic Message

6 .

5 B ,A
Nonsense ,

, .
,
Rho
) .(5 B
A .

7 :Cis Trans
7- A- B+ X 7+ A+ B-

.

House Keeping Genes

RNA .Northern RNA
RNA A B .7

.

A Y
B - Galactosidase - Gal
Z .

Cell Extract
- Gal -
, Assay ,
.

- Gal X Gal
,
,
.IPTG

,

C1 6 4
C2 .7

C2
1 6 7 ,
7
.

 ) .(IPTG
,
DNA .

C1
,
FC1-Z+Y- / F-C1+Z-Y+ Z Y ,
FC1-Z-Y- / F-C1+Z+ Y+ C1
Cis Trans
.

C1 ,
DNA RNA

, Operator
.O

,
,Catabolic Reprasia
. CAP
CAP cAMP
DNA RNA ,DNA
.

CAP cAMP cAMP ,

cAMP
cAMP . cAMP
.

Consensus Sequence - 35
Bribnow Box
-5 -8 .

,


RNA DNA

.

Galactose ,
. 6
,
,
,
.

.
:

W.T. gal 1 gal 10 gal 7 gal 4

gal 1 + -
gal 10 + + -
gal 7 + + + -
gal 4 + + + + -

: Gal 1 Gal 7 Gal 10 Gal 4

\
Gal 1 - - 1 1000 1 1000 1 10
Gal 7 1 1000 - - 1 1000 1 10
Gal 10 1 1000 1 1000 - - 1 10
Gal 4 - - - - - - - -
W.T. 1 1000 1 1000 1 1000 1 10
Gal 80 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1 10

4
, .
Gal 4
. Gal 80 Gal 4 -
,Gal 4
Gal 80
.

3 , Gal 4
Gal 80 ,Gal 4 Gal 80 -
Gal 4 Gal 80 ,
Gal 4 Gal 80 .
,Gal 4 Gal 80 .Apistasis Test
1 , 2 3
.

2 ,
1 3 ,

gal 80s
, gal 81
, Gal 4 .3

Gal 80
Gal 4 - . gal 80s Gal 80
Gal 4 -
, gal 81 Gal 4 -
Gal 80 .
 Gal 7 ,Gal 1' mRNA
TATA Box ,TATA Box Binding Protein
Enhancers (UAS) Upstream Activating Squence
, Gal 4
Gal 4 .

Gal 4 Gal 80 -
, Gal 4
, SDS
' Western Gal 80 -
.Gal 4
,
.

5 ,

. R
.

,

,
, Attnuator
Leader Attnuator.

Leader 11 ,
,
. Leader
4 ,Stem And Loop
DNA
.

Leader 1 2
3 4 Stem And
Loop 7 ,U ,
1 2 3 4
, .

:
.Extrachrmosomal Inheritence
.
.Parntal (Genomic) Imprinting
Prions ) (.


4Oclock 3 ,
,
:

: :






,
,
,

,

,
, DNA
.

,
,


.

DNA DNA - 3 B ,A
.C C
,Poky
W.T.
.

,
Grand
.Petit

Petit 3
W.T. Grand
Grand Petit
. Petit
W.T. Grand ,
) (Uniparental

.
 W.T. Grand
Grand Petit Grand
.Petit ,
DNA
.

,
:
P X X

F1

F1 ) (
:

,
F3 .

D .d :
P X X
dd DD DD dd

F1
Dd Dd

F2 DD Dd Dd dd DD Dd Dd dd

F3 F2
.
 Prions

,Nonsense
.Nonsense

, 4
,
,

.

[psi]+ ,

.

:
MAT a Sup35-Ndel ade2-1- X MAT [psi]+ ade2-1-
],[psi
SUP35 psi
, psi SUP35
psi Sup35
psi
. Sup35 psi
.

(BSE) Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

,Creutzfelde Jacob Disease BSE
,
20 30 .
Kuru
.

PRP ,
Helix
, Sheet Sheet -
, Sheet ) ( Helix Sheet -
. Sheet -
-
.

..