:

3 *1

4 *2

5 *3

6 *4

655 *5

7 *6

755 *7

8 *8

8525 *9

855 *11

8575 *11

9 *12

11 *

11 * 2

13 *3

11 *4

17 *5

= 8+) 2(

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bacterial infection

Types of antibiotics:
**Cell wall inhibitor
Penicillin
1-penicillin:

Ab

A-ampicillin+dicloxacillin )(ampiflox

, ,

)2-amoxicillin: (Amoxil, E-mox, Ibiamox

, , ,
, gastroenteritis ,pneumonia,

251 155
511 255
1111 3
1 8
2:6 255 125 8 251 12

6 1: 5 251 8 251 12

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 1:6 5 251 6 511 12

6:12 5 411 8 1 12
N.B

)3-amoxicillin +clavulinic acid: (augmentin, curam, hibiotic, megamox

URTIs ,otitis media ,pharyngitis

( 111 12)
(228 12) 2:5
( 312 12) 11:5
( 1 12) 11

)4-amoxicillin +flucloxacillin: (flummox, floxamo

combination

attack B-lactam ring

ring
attack

(Flummox)
unasyn
* 511

)5- Ampicillin +sulbactam: (Unasyn, unictam, Sulbin

sulbactam and clavulinic acid penicillin b-

lactamase

13:(12*375 158 1)

35: (12*751 1.6 2)

4 6 3

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penicillin sulfur atom
Penicillin platelet aggregation
sulbactam and clavulinic acid
Long acting penicillin
()retarpen,pencitard ,depo-pen
ampicillin 500:1000 8
Penicillin act as cell wall synthesis inhibitor so called bactericidal

Cephalosporin A.b
* : , ,
,
*
generations
*First generation:
Ex: (Cefalaxine, cephradine, cefadroxil) "ceporex, velosef,
"duricef
penicillin G
*Second generation:
* activity
*
Ex: cefaclor (ceclor) , cefprozil (cefzil) , cefuroxime
* syrup and tab
*Third generation:
Ex: cefoperazone (cefazone) , cefotaxime (cefotax) ,ceftriaxone
)(trixone
against gram ve M.O
meningitis

BBB


* third generation

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 * The first choice drug for meningitis.
* Very effective against penicillinase enzyme.

*Fourth generation:
Ex: cefipime

restricted in
hospital

A.B
resistance

* Lippincott oral

* cephalosporin

N.B ceftriaxone,
cefoperazone 5

generation

*First generation:

a. Cephradine: velosef
7 14 7
*1:5 years 500 mg in 2cm *12 hrs

5 ml *12 hrs.

*5:12 years 2 12 1gm in 4 ml *12 hrs.

7.5 ml *12 hrs.

*12:18 years 1gm in 4 ml *24 hrs.

10 ml *12 hrs.
b. Cephalexin: ceporex

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 *1 month: 1year 5ml *125mg *12hrs

*1year: 2 year 5ml*250mg*8hrs

*2 years: 6years 5ml*250mg*6hrs
*6 years: 12 years 251 7.5 ml*250mg*8hrs
8

c. Cephadroxil :duricef
*1day: 1month 2.5 ml*125mg*12hrs
*2month: 1year 5ml *125mg*12hrs
*1 year: 5years 5ml*250*12hrs
*5years:12 years 5ml *500mg*12hrs

*Second generation:

d. Cefaclor: ceclor
*2months:1 year 2.5ml*125mg *8hrs
*1year: 5years 5ml*125mg *8hrs
*6years:12years 5ml*250mg*8hrs

*Third generation:

e. Cefotaxime :cefotax ,claforan

7
* 251 5 1 12
* 5 251 2 1 12
* 6 7 511 3 1 12
* 8 511 3 155 12
* 6 12 1 4 2 12
* 12 1 3 2 12

f. Ceftriaxone : oframax

24

* 0.25 159 155 158 1 355

*1day:6months 1 24 0.5gm *1.8ml

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 *6months:2years 1gm *3ml 24 155

*2years :6years 1gm*3.5ml 24 2

) cefixime,cefdinir(
C.f.s ) cefotaxime(
Ceftazidine is fourth generation and active against
pseudomonas
Adverse effects of cephalosporin: ( allergic
reaction,disulfiram like action,bleeding)

toxicity cephalosporin

Nephrotoxicity increased with diuretic and aminoglycoside

and NSAIDs.

vancomycine ,bacterocin ( cell wall inhibitors *

which used in topical skin infection ,cycloserin which used in T.B)

Vancomycin

Effective against +ve cocci like: (E.coli, MRSA ,colistridim difficile.

, , dental pt *:
MRSA ,colstridim ,

)vancolon and vancomix(

*Inhibitor of protein synthesis*

bacteriostatic

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 two subunits
80 subunits ()50s,30s

mamaline protein )60s,40s(100s

)*Act on 30s (aminoglycoside and tetracycline

bactericidal
lippincot

)*act on 50s (chloramphenicol ,macrolides,clindamycin

A. Tetracycline:
*

* amoebic dysentary
stool analysis cyste

* appropriat secretion of ADH

ADH

* )sexual transmitid disease (gonorrhea ,syphilis

*topical eye &skin infection

:tetracycline

1-teeth discoloration and bone abnormalitis and deposited in newly

formed teeth &bone

i. Teeth: permanet yellow bone discoloration

ii. Bone : deformity &inhibition of growth

iii.
8 12

2- vit B&K deficiency by intestinal flora

bacterial flora K&B

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inactive form to active form normal
flora broad spectrum normal flora

3- hepatotoxicity

4-phototoxicity

5-nephrotoxicity

6-fanconi syndrome

7- low to moderate lipid soluble

Tetracycline and oxytetracycline (

)(Ca ,Mg, Fe ,Al

8-high lipid soluble

Doxycycline ()Ca,AL,Mg,Fe

* : tetracycline protein
synthesis

50s 30s mRNA

tRNA amino acid

mRNA tetracycline

B. Chloramphenicol:

*bacterial meningitis
*typhoid fever
*topical eye /ear infection

*highly toxic
*bacteriostatic

* bone marrow depression
5hemolytic anemia

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 * gray baby syndrome

fully maturation glucoronic acid
chloramphenicol conjugation

*
5ocuphenicol-D dp
* 5

C. Aminoglycoside:

* nephrotoxicity

5 5

* aminoglycoside
creatinin
creatinin chance

-
-

:

neomycin
5
Hepatic coma
brain
hepatic coma neomycin
5
:aminoglycoside
* ototoxicity
:

Neomycin

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 ,amikacin

,tobramycin

,gentamycin

, streptomycin

D. Macrolids:

* 50s irreversibile
translation step of protein synthesis
5bacteriostatic
*Ex: azithromycin, calrithromycin,erythromycin.

|* :

,UTRI 5
*erythromycin
5
erythromycin *clarithromycin
5intracular pathogen such as chlamydia
staph&strept *azithromycin
erythromycin
azithromycin
urethritis 5 chlamydia trach
* 5 epigastric pain
* ototoxicity high
5dose
*
erythromycin 5accumalation in liver

* :
erythromycin and clarithromycin are enzyme inhibitor

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()warfarin,theophylline,cyclosporin,cabamazipine

metabolism of digoxin
intestinal flora which make inactivation of digoxin
lanoxin
accumalation

flora inactivation enterohepatic circulation
3
enzyme inhibitor 5

*azithromycine doesn't inhibit cytochrome p450 systeme so

it is safe for hepatic and cardiac pateint.

* 3 11
5
* macrolids
()spiramycin,clindamycin
-clindamycin is effective against staph of anaeorobic bacteria
so it is good for dental pateint.(dalacin-C).
-spiramycin is effective against toxoplasmosis and dental
procedure .
class
**DNA inhibitors

1-quinolone :

*they are the drug of choice for UTRIs.

5urine

i. )Ciprofloxacin : (cipro, ciproby ,ciprofar

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 Effective against pseudomonas,UTI,LRTI.

ii. )Levofloxacin : (levoxin , tavanic, tavacin

Using for GIT, LRTI,and against g+ve bacteria .

5 5

iii. )Norfloxacin: (noracin ,epinor

*
5

*
( )norfloxacin +tinidazole
conaze tinifloxacin
(5)ciprofloxacin +tinidazole

iv. )Ofloxacin: (ofloxin, tarvid

*
5

* effective against atypical bacteria e.g chlamydia

5

v. )Lomefloxacin: (lomex ,lomeflox

5 11

* 18 51

* they cause premature closure epiphysis and bone erosions

*
5

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 5

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