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Lumpur Kesalahan Lapindo PDF
Lumpur Kesalahan Lapindo PDF
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by changes in effective stress, that is, stress
clays and slits
13 38
explusion1,2,5. Indeed, large gas releases are
bluish gray clay
compaction (higher pore pressures causing fluids for the Lusi eruption was significantly References
increased fluid and gas flow into the BJP-1 deeper than the Kalibeng clays. 1. Mazzini, A. etal. Mar. Petrol. Geol. 26, 17511765 (2009).
2. Lupi, M., Saenger, E.H., Fuchs, F. & Miller, S.A. Nature Geosci.
well)2,8. Any liquefaction or remobilization A natural hydrothermal origin for the 6,642646 (2013).
of the Kalibeng clays is also expected to fluids emitted at Lusi has been suggested6. 3. Tingay, M., Heidbach, O., Davies, R. & Swarbrick, R. Geology
cause wellbore instability and clay cavings in In this scenario, prior to the eruption, 36,639642 (2008).
4. Davies, R.J. etal. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 272, 627638 (2008).
the drilling mud, yet neither was detected in fluids from a deep hydrothermal system are 5. Rydelek, P.A. & Tuttle, M. Nature 427, 115116 (2004).
the period between the earthquake and the proposed to have migrated upwards into 6. Mazzini, A., Etiope, G. & Svensen, H. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.
kick in well BJP-14,7,8. the Kalibeng clay layer, pre-charging the 317,305318 (2012).
7. Sawolo, N., Sutriono, E., Istadi, B.P. & Darmoyo, A.B.
Identifying the source of the initial clays and priming them for liquefaction Mar. Petrol. Geol. 26, 17661784 (2009).
emitted fluids is critical to determining and remobilization by the Yogyakarta 8. Tingay, M. Interpretation 3, SE33SE49 (2015).
the trigger for the mud eruption14,6,7,10. earthquake6. However, observations of 9. McPhater, D. & MacTiernan, B. Well-site Geologists Handbook
(PennWell Books, 1983).
Because each rock formation that the well H2S coming from the base of BJP-1 well 10. Davies, R.J., Swarbrick, R.E., Evans, R.J. & Huuse, M. GSAToday
passed through has a distinct range of gas and the absence of any measured H2S in 17, 49 (2007).
readings (Supplementary Table2), the gas the Kalibeng clays rule out pre-eruption
data from the BJP-1 well can be used to fluid communication between the clays
fingerprint the fluid source. Minor amounts and deeper rock formations. It is still M. R. P. Tingay1*, M. L. Rudolph2, M. Manga3,
of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) were measured possible that the eruption was influenced R. J. Davies4 and Chi-Yuen Wang3
20m above the base of the BJP-1 well by hydrothermal activity, but such a 1
Australian School of Petroleum, University
several hours before the earthquake8. H2S hydrothermal system must be located within of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
was then observed coming from the BJP-1 the Miocene carbonates or at deeper levels, 2
Department of Geology, Portland State
well during the kick and also from the Lusi and was sealed below the low permeability University, Portland, Oregon 97207, USA.
vent in the initial days of the eruption4,7,8,10. volcanic/volcaniclastic rocks8 until 3
Department of Earth and Planetary Science,
H2S was not observed at any time while immediately prior to the eruption. University of California, Berkeley, California
drilling through the Kalibeng clays, despite When taken together, our measurements 94720, USA. 4School of Civil Engineering and
direct gas measurements from about 60m3 of gas emission rates and composition Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle
of Kalibeng cuttings8. The only known provide key insights into the initial NE1 7RU, UK.
source of H2S in the East Java Basin is from plumbing system of the Lusi mudflow and *e-mail: mark.tingay@adelaide.edu.au
Tertiary carbonate rocks8,10, although a demonstrate that earthquake-induced
deeper hydrothermal origin has also been liquefaction of the Kalibeng clays did not Acknowledgements
proposed6. It is not certain whether the occur. The drilling trigger hypothesis3,4,7,10, We thank B. Istadi for providing data access, and
D.Dewhurst and W. Evans for comments. The US-based
BJP-1 well penetrated carbonate rocks, but however, posits a deep initial source of fluids
authors are supported by the National Science Foundation.
the bottom of the BJP-1 well is thought that flowed upwards into the Kalibeng clay
to lie within, or be in communication layer via the open BJP-1 well a scenario Additional information
with, the Miocene-aged Tuban Formation consistent with gas emission data. We Supplementary information is available in the online
carbonates3,4,7,8,10 (Fig.1). Detection of therefore conclude that the Lusi eruption version of the paper.
H2S prior to the earthquake thus provides was not triggered naturally but was instead
compelling evidence that an initial source of the consequence of drilling operations. Published online: 29 June 2015