383
«oo Rm
Loca air temperatre (°C) eal ir terperature °C) Loca air temperate C1
HMI FIGURE 6.6 Accepable mean air vlocty as a faction of local ar temperature and turbulence
incensity forthe tree categories of thermal eneronment
HMM TABLE 6.4 Vertical Air Temperature Difference between
Head and Ankles (I.| and 0.1 m, Respectively, above
the Floor) for the Three categories of Thermal Environment
Vertical air temperature
Category ditference °C)
MMMM TABLE 6.5. Range of Floor Temperature for Three
Categories of Thermal Environment
Range of surface
Category temperature ofthe floor (°C)
HMMM TABLE 6.6 Radiant Temperature Asymmetry for the Three Categories
of Thermal Environment
‘Radiant temperature asymmetry
co)
Category ‘Warm ceiting Coolwall Cool celing Warm walt
B 5 10 “4 a6 23 a 20
Note:The values given have been establnhed fora maximom rectal temperatice of 38°C for the person
concerned 5.3 TARGET VALUES FOR THERMAL FACTORS AN OVERVEW OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS 385
Ifthe WBGT of the hot environment exceeds the WBGT reference value,
then the heat stress at the workplace needs to be reduced or a more detailed
analysis made (ie., using ISO 7933). The standard also includes a method! to
plan a work/rest schedule that will provide a tolerable environment.
The value used in ISO 7933, required sweat rate, SW. based on the heat
balance equation (6.1). Assuming the heat storage is equal to 0, the necessary
caporation from the skin, Ej, 10 ensure a heat balance is calculated as follows:
Egy = M—W-C-R~ Eye Coe (6.6)
The maximum evaporation, Enays that ean be absorbed by the environ
ment is estimated from the equation
Emax ~ (Pst, ~ Pa Reys (6
where
bu, =saturated water vapor pressure at the skin
., = water vapor pressure in the environment
K._, = total evaporative resistance of clothing and boundary layer
Based on the required evaporation and the maximum evaporation it is
then possible to estimate the following factors:
+ Required skin wettedness,
040g = Ena/E
eq/ Emax, 6.8)
‘= Sweating efficiency,
r=1-05¢ (629)
+ Required sweat rate,
SWaag * Eng/ 6.10
These parameters are used to evaluate how stressful a given hot working envi-
ronment js. Depending on the physiological limitations for factors such as sweat
rate, total sweat loss, heat storage, and skin wettedness, which are listed in Ta-
ble 6.8, it is possible to evaluate whether a given environment is acceptable for
continuous work. The method also allows calculation of an acceptable working
time. Detailed equations for the calculations can be found in the standard (ISO
7933), The relation between the operative temperature and SW... for different
combinations of activity and clothing is shown in Table 6.9.
‘A computer program is provided for ease of calculation and efficient use of
the standard. This rational method of assessing hot enviconments allows identifi-
cation of the relative importance of different components of the thermal environ-
ment, and hence can be used in environmental design. The WBGT index is an
empirical index, and it cannot be used to analyze the influence of the individual
parameters. The required sweat rate (SW) has this capability, but lack of data
‘may make i difficult co estimate the benefits of protective clothing.
6.3.5 Cold Environments
Many industrial workplaces are located in cold environments, such as cold stor
age, meat packing areas, and outdoor sites. In cold environments, clothing is the 386
HMMM TAGLE 6.8 Reference Values for the Different Criteria of Thermal Stress
and Strain
Jamu skin werrednes, 1, 5
‘Maximum sweat rte
Rest: M = 65 Wim
SW gue Wi
ef
Work: M > 65 Win?
‘Masini heat storage,
Goan Whi
rou water los,
Daag s Whi
1000
26000
‘Acclimatized
subjects
200
300
1500
3900
300
1040
5200
'most important factor in obtaining an acceptable thermal environment. Based
‘on the heat balance equation (6.1), an analytical method has been proposed by
CEN and ISO: required clothing insulation, J... (ISO/TR ENV 11079). The
method calculates the insulation of the clothing necessary to keep a heat balance
HIME TABLE 6.9. Required Sweat Rate Index SW
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