TRNG I HC GTVT TP.

HCM
KHOA CONG TRNH

CNG TRNH TRN T YU

GV. NGUYEN THANH

NH AT
 M U

1. Mc ch v ngha mn hc
2. Ni dung mn hc: Gm 6 chng
3. Hnh thc nh gi mn hc: Thi trc nghim
4. Ti liu tham kho
 NI DUNG MN HC

Chng 1 : c im v tnh cht c bn ca t t yu

Chng 2 : Trng thi ti hn ca t st c kt thng
v t ri
Chng 3 : Cac bien phap x l ket cau tren NY
Chng 4 : Cc dng m hnh nn v ng dng
Chng 5 : Cc gii php x l v gia c nn t yu
Chng 6 : t c ct
Chng 7: Mng su
CHNG 1: C IM V TNH CHT C BN
CA T YU
1.1 Khi nim v t yu
Da vo cc ch tiu vt l:
Dung trng: 17 (kN / m 3 )
H s rng: e0 1
m: W 40(%)
Da vo cc ch tiu c hc:
Modun bin dng: E0 5000 ( kN / m 2 )
Gc ma st trong: 10 0
Lc dnh C: C 10 (kN / m 2 )
Da vo cng nn n qu t th nghim nn n.
t rt yu: qu 25 (kN / m 2 )
t yu: qu 50 ( kN / m 2 )
1.2 c im ca t yu

1.2.1 c im v s phn b t yu khu vc

thnh ph H Ch Minh

1.2.2. c im v s phn b t yu khu vc ng

bng sng Cu Long.

1.2.3 Cc loi t khc cng khng thun li cho xy

dng nh sau:
 T. TY NINH

B-I - Khu vc t tt, thun

H. C CHI li cho xy dng: mt
B-II
T. BNH DNG phn Q1, Q3, mt phn
H. HC MN Q9, Q10, mt phn Q12,
T. LONG AN
B-II
B-II
Q. TH C Q11, Tn Bnh, G Vp,
C-IV B-I
B-II C-I C Chi, Th c.
TP. HCMH. NHA
A BE
HUYN BNH
CHNH C-III C-III
C-III
- Khu vc t yu, khng
C-III
C-II T. NG NAI
thun li cho vic xy
dng: mt phn Q1, Q2,
H. CN GI
- Vng A: Cc loi gc J3-K1 Q4, Q5, Q6, Q7, Q8 , mt
- Vng B: St, st pha ct
Ct pha st
- Vng C: St nho, bn st,
T. LONG AN
C-V
phn Q9, Bnh Thnh,
Bn ct pha st,
Bn st pha ct Nh B, Bnh Chnh,
Cn Gi.
Hnh 1.1: Phn b t TP. HCM v khu vc ln cn
Phn b t yu
BSCL
1.2.3 Cc loi t khc cng khng thun li cho xy
dng nh sau:

- t ct mn bo ha nc, t ct ri
- t hu c v than bn
- t ln t (ln st)
- t trng n
1.3 Tnh cht ca t yu
1.3.1 Tnh bin dng ca t
- Th nghim nn c kt (oedometer):

My nn nn c kt
ng h o
Lc tc dng
chuyn v
thng qua cc qu

Mu t Dao vng

bt

Th nghim nn c kt (oedometer)
 e0
p ng cong nn ln

S a tan
M
e1
h M2
e2

p1 p2 p

M hnh nn mu t
Quan h gia h s rng v lc tc dng
 H s nn ln: m2/kN (cm2/kG).

de e2 e1 e1 e2
a= a tan = =
dp p2 p1 p2 p1

en 1 en 0,435 C c
a n 1, n = av =
Pn Pn 1 P
P = (Ptrc + Psau)/2

H s nn ln tng i ao (h s nn th tch mv) (m2/kN)

a
mv = a o =
1 + e1
Tnh h s rng ng vi mi cp p lc
1.00
hn1, n
e n1, n = (1 + e n1 ) 0.90
hn1
0.80

He so ron g e
en = en-1 en-1,n 0.70

0.60

0.50

0.40
h
e = (1 + e 0 ) 0.30

h0 0.20
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5

en = e0 e Ap lc nen P (kG/cm2)

Biu quan h e-P

 Ch s nn Cc
1.00

e 0.90
Cc = = e0.4
log p 0.80

He so rong e
Void Ratio
0.70

en en1 0.60
=
log pn log pn1 0.50

0.40

en1 en e4.0
0.30
=
log pn log pn1 0.20
0.4 4.0
0.1 1.0 2
10.0
Ap lc nen P (kG/cm )
Pressure

Biu quan h e-logP (nn v d ti)

e2,0 e4,0 e2,0 e4,0
Cc = =
log 4,0 log 2,0 4,0
log
2,0
 Ch s n Cs (Cr) 1.00

er 0.90
Cs = e0.4
0.80
log p

He so rong e
Void Ratio
0.70

er ( n ) er ( n1) 0.60
= 0.50
log pn log pn1
0.40
e4.0
0.30
er ( n1) er ( n )
= 0.20
log pn log pn1 0.1
0.4
1.0
4.0
2
10.0
Ap lc nen P (kG/cm )
Pressure

Biu quan h e-logP (nn v d ti)

er ( 2,0 ) er ( 4,0 )
er ( 2,0 ) er ( 4,0 )
Cs = =
log 4,0 log 2,0 4,0
log
2,0
e e
NG NEN

NG NEN

NG N
NG NEN LAI

NG NEN LAI
NG N

p' logp'

Biu quan h e-p: nn, d ti v nn li

p lc tin c kt Pc
1.00

0.90
4
H e so ro n g e
V o id R atio 0.80 1
0.70
A 3
2
0.60

0.50

0.40

0.30

0.20
0.1 Pc 1.0
2
10.0
Ap lc nen P (kG/cm )
Pressure

Phng php 1 xc nh Pc
 1.00

0.90
2
0.80
He so rong e
Void Ratio

0.70
1
0.60

0.50

0.40

0.30

0.20
0.1 Pc
p
c
1.0 10.0
2
Ap lc nen P (kG/cm )
Pressure

Phng php 2 xc nh Pc
-T s tin c kt OCR (overconsolidation ratio):

pc
OCR =
p
pc : p lc tin c kt
p : ng sut hu hiu hin ti theo phng ng (ng
sut bn thn)
OCR = 1 : t c kt thng (NC)
OCR < 1 : t km c kt
OCR > 1 : t c kt trc (OC)
 H s c kt cv
Phng php logt (Casagrandes method)
0.80
D e f o rm a t io n d ia l re a d ing ( m m )

D0
S o o c b ie n d a n g ( m m )

1.20
D50
1.60

2.00 D100

2.40
t50
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000

Thi gian (phut)

Time (min)

Xc nh h s c kt cv theo pp logt
 D0 + D100
D50 =
2

0,197 H 2
cv =
t 50

1 ( H n1 + H n )
H=
2 2

cv w a
k=
1 + e1
Phng php cn t (Taylors method)

14.8
D0 0,848 H 2
14.4 cv =
t 90
S c bin dng [mm]

14

13.6

13.2 D90
12.8

12.4 t90 1 2
0 2x 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
1,15x Cn t [ph]

Xc nh h s c kt cv theo pp cn t
 Modul tng bin dng ca t E (kN/m2)
- Xc nh modul bin dng t th nghim nn c kt
1 + en 1 2 2
E( n 1, n ) = =1
a n 1, n 1

- Theo kinh nghim th thng ly EBN = (2 6) ETN

Tr s m khi h s rng e bng

Loi t
0,45 0,55 0,65 0,75 0,85 0,95 1,05
Ct pha st 4 4 3,5 3 2
St pha ct 5 5 4,5 4 3 2,5 2
St 6 6 5,5 5,5 4,5
Xc nh ln n nh
n
e1i e2i
S=
i =1 1+ e1i
hi

n
S= i =1
aoi pi hi

n
i
S= i =1 Ei
pi hi
Ngoi ra cn c cc cng thc tnh ln da vo
ng nn ln e-logp.
e
S= h
1+ e0
Cho t c kt thng
e = C c [log( po + p ) log po ]
Cc h po + p
S= log
1 + e0 po
n
Cc hi poi + pi
S= log
i =1 1 + e0 i poi
 Cho t c kt trc nng (po + p pc)
e = C s [log( po + p ) log po ]
Cs h po + p
S= log
1 + eo po
Cho t c kt trc nh (po + p pc)
Cs h pc Cc h po + p
S= log + log
1 + eo po 1 + eo pc
Poi : ng sut hu hiu trung bnh ban u ca lp th i
(ng sut bn thn poi = tb= p1)
pi = i : Gia tng /s thng ng ca lp th i (/s gy ln)
e0 : h s rng ng vi thi im trc khi xy dng cng
trnh, tc ng vi ng sut bn thn poi
 1.3.3 Sc chng ct ca t
s = tan + c s = tan + c
Cc iu kin cn bng n nh:
< s : t trng thi n nh
= s : t trng thi cn bng gii hn
> s : khng xy ra trong t v t b ph
hoi trc khi t n ng sut .

s=c
s = tan + c s = tan
c
c

t dnh t ct t st thun ty

Cc dng ca ng sc chng ct theo cc loi t



s = tan + c o b

M

c
a

3
1

Vng trn ng sut Mohr


, 1

2
x=3 x=1 3 1 3
2
Bn knh (13)/2

(1+3)/2

Vng trn ng sut Mohr

1 + 3 1 3 1 3
= + cos 2 = sin 2
2 2 2
 1.3.4 Kh nng chu ti ca t yu
* Theo QPVN (TCXD 45-70, 45-78) : khu vc bin
dng do l b/4
c
Pgh = (0,25b + h + cot g ) + h
cot g + / 2
0,25 cot g
Pgh = b +
+ 1 h +
c
cot g + / 2 cot g + / 2 cot g + / 2

- Pgh = R (Rtc RII)

R = m ( A b + B h * + D c)
tc (45-70)

m1m2
RII = ( A b + B h * + D c) (45-78)
k tc
 4.3.2.2 Phng php tnh da trn gi thuyt cn bng
gii hn im

* Theo Prandtl , = 0
1 + sin tan
Pgh = ( h + c cot g ) e c cot g
1 sin

* Theo Terzaghi
- Mng bng: Pgh = 0,5 N b + Nq h + Nc c
- Mng trn, bk R: Pgh = 0,6 N R + Nq h + 1,3 Nc c
- Mng vung cnh b: Pgh = 0,4 N b + Nq h + 1,3 Nc c

N , Nq , Nc : cc h s ph thuc vo
4.2.3 Cc phng php th nghim xc nh sc chng
ct ca t

- Th nghim ct trc tip (Direct shear test)

- Th nghim nn 3 trc (Triaxial compression test:
Undrained Unconsolidated, Undrained
Consolidated, Drained Consolidated).
- Th nghim nn n (Unconfined compression test)
- Th nghim xuyn (ng) tiu chun (SPT)
- Th nghim xuyn tnh (CPT)
- Th nghim ct cnh (Vane test)
* Th nghim ct trc tip (Direct shear test)

My ct trc tip (my c)

* Th nghim ct trc tip (Direct shear test)

My ct trc tip


Tht di ng

T
Tht c nh

- Ct 3 mu t (dy 30 cm) cho 3 ln th nghim vi

3 cp ti trng khc nhau
- Cho my ct vi tc 1 mm/min n khi no mu
b ph hoi; ghi li gi tr () ng vi lc ng h o
ng lc ngang t gi tr max.
- V biu quan h gia (kG/cm2) v (kG/cm2)
(kN/m2)

s = tan + c

c
(kN/m2)

Quan h lc ct v p lc thng ng

- Xc nh gi tr c v bng phng php hnh hc

- Xc nh gi tr c v bng phng php bnh
phng cc tiu
n n n
n ( i i ) i i
tan = i =1 i =1 i =1
2
n
n
n i i
2

i =1 i =1

n n n n

i ( i)
2
i i i
c= i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1
2
n
n
n i i
2

i =1 i =1
- Xc nh gi tr c v bng hm LINEST trong
Excel

tan=LINEST(1:3,1:3,1)
=DEGREES(ATAN(tan))
c=IF ((1/3)*(( 1+2+3)-
tan(1+2+3))>0,(1/3)*((1+2+3)-
tan(1+2+3)),0)
Chuyn kt qu thp phn ca sang gi tr
Pht => =((-INT())*60
+ pht =>
=CONCATENATE(ROUND(,0),o,ROUND(pht,
0),)
 100

80

Lc cat (kPa) 60

40

20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Ap lc thang ng (kPa)

K E T Q U A tg = 0.3992
= 22 46'
C = 5.003 kPa

Kt qu tnh ton c v bng Excel

* Th nghim nn 3 trc (Triaxial Compression Test)

+ Ct (nn) nhanh khng c kt / Undrained

Unconsolidated (UU): Gi tr cuu v uu
+ Ct (nn) nhanh c kt / UndrainedConsolidated
(CU): Gi tr ccu & cu ; c v v p lc nc l rng u
+ Ct (nn) chm c kt / Drained Consolidated (CD):
Gi tr c v
My nn ba trc
Mu t trong bung nn
Thit b gt mu
 ng
du
6 7
10
8
5
1 2 3 4 9

d
b
4 c Bm to
1 p lc
34
2 3 bung
a

S th nghim nn ba trc
- Van 1: dng thot nc khi c kt v n c ni vi ng
y mu.
- Van 2: c cc tc dng sau:
+ Dng cp nc t bnh nc vo bung.
+ Dng to o lc bung v kha gi p lc bung khi thc
hin cng ngh bm nhi bng bm quay tay
+ Trong giai on c kt, th nc trong mu thot ra, lm mu
co li. T lng nc trong bung gim, v khi nc s t
ng du chy xung, qua ng b, ri ng a qua van 2 vo bung.
+ ng a c tc dng gn vo van 34 cp nc lm bo ha
nc trong cc van 3, van 4 v ng di y b mu, ng ni vi
cap (m ca mu)
- Van 3, van 4:
+ 2 van ny c ng li trong giai an c kt
+ Khi tin hnh giai an ct 3 trc, ta s m 2 van 3 v 4, ng
thi kha van s 3 li.
+ Van 3 : o p lc nc l rng pha trn mu
+ Van 4 : o c p lc nc l rng pha di mu.
+ Hai van ny gp chung thnh p lc nc l rng van 34. T
ni ra u dy in tr o p lc nc l rng (trung bnh)
ca mu trong qu trnh ct 3 trc khng cho thot nc
 * Th nghim UU
70
Th nghim UU thc hin
60
vi thi gian nhanh, khong
10-15 pht. lch ng sut

ng sut lch (1-3) kPa

50

= 1 3 tng nhanh v 40

mu t khng kp thot 30
nc, khng o p lc nc
20
l rng uf nn kt qu ch
biu th theo ng sut tng. 10

Th nghim UU thch hp 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
cho loi t st bo ha
nc v sc chng ct ca Bin dng %

t ph thuc vo cu cn u
Biu quan h ng sut
nh.
lch v bin dng
 60
ng sut ct ( 1- 3)/2 kPa

40

20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

ng sut chnh ( 1+ 3)/2 kPa

Biu cc vng Mohr

* Th nghim CU

Th nghim CU thc hin sau khi cho mu c

kt di p lc bung (ngang) ng hng nc
thot ra hon ton. Tin hnh tng p lc ng 1
ng thi o p lc nc l rng uf.
Kt qu xc nh c thng s sc chng ct
hu hiu (c, ) v thng s tng (ccu , cu ).
* Th nghim CU
200
ng su t lch (1-3) kPa

150

100

50

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Bin dng %

Biu quan h ng sut lch v bin dng

 35
30
p lc nc l rng

25
20
15
kPa

10
5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Bin dng %

Quan h gia p lc nc l rng v bin dng

 100
90
80
70
ng sut ct ( 1-3)/2 kPa

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

ng sut chnh (1+ 3)/2 kPa

Biu cc vng Mohr

 * Th nghim CD
Th nghim CD thc hin sau khi cho mu c kt di
p lc bung (ngang) ng hng nc thot ra hon
ton. Tin hnh tng p lc ng 1 vi tc chm m
bo p lc nc l rng khng thay i. Kt qu xc nh
c thng s sc chng ct hu hiu (c, ).
160
140
ng sut ct ( 1-3)/2 kPa

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480

ng sut chnh (1+3)/2 kPa

Biu cc vng Mohr

Phng php gii tch ton hc (pp bnh phng cc
tiu) xc nh c, trong th nghim 3 trc
1 3
= sin
1 + 3 + 2 c cot g

o o
1 = 3 tg 45 + + 2 c tg 45 +
2

2 2

1 = 3 a + b
o o
a = tg 45 +
2
b = 2 c tg 45 +
2 2
 b
= 2 artg a 90 o c=
2 a

n n n n n n n
n 1 3 1 3 3 1 3 1 3
2

a= 1 1 1
2
b= 1 1 1 1
2
n
n n
n

n 3
2
3
n 3
2
3
1 1 1 1
* Th nghim nn n (Unconfined Compression Test)

- Mu t c dng hnh trc, chiu cao bng 2 ln

ng knh, c nn thng ng khng c p lc
xung quanh. Sc chu nn n (1 trc) l p lc nn
ln mu lc b trt, qu.
- Sc chng ct khng thot nc hay lc dnh khng
thot nc cu = qu/2. Gc ma st trong u = 00 . Th
nghim ph hp vi t st bo ha hon ton
(u = 00).

u=0
max=cu

qu

Vng Mohr trong th nghim nn n

 * Th nghim xuyn tnh CPT
(Cone Penetration Test)
- Da vo sc khng xuyn qc , xc nh gc ma st
trong ca t ct
() su
qc (105 Pa) 5 m v su
2m
hn
10 28 26
20 30 28
40 32 30
70 34 32
120 36 34
200 38 36
300 40 38
- Da vo sc khng xuyn qc , xc nh lc dnh khng
thot nc ca t st

qc
cu =
A
: ng sut bn thn ca t nn ti im ang xt
A : din tch mi xuyn (10 cm2)
* Th nghim xuyn (ng) tiu chun SPT
(Standard Penetration Test)
t ri

Gc ma st
N (SPT) Trng thi
trong
<4 Rt ri < 300
4 10 Ri 300 350
11 30 Cht va 350 400
31 50 Cht 400 450
> 50 Rt cht > 450
t dnh

Sc chu nn n qu
N (SPT) Trng thi
(bar-kG/cm2)
<2 Rt mm (nho) < 0,2
24 Mm (do nho) 0,2 0,5
58 Rn va (do mm) 0,5 1
9 15 Rn (do cng) 12
16 30 Rt rn (na cng) 24
> 30 Cng >4
> 50 Rt cng
* Th nghim ct cnh ch thp (Shear Vane Test)

- o moment tc ng t trc xoay M, khi mu

t b trt th:

d d 2 2
M xoay = d h + d
2 4 3
- Sc chng ct khng thot nc:

2 M xoay
s u = cu =
d
d h 1 +
2

3h
Bi tp chng 1
 CHNG 2: TRNG THI TI HN
2.1 Cc tnh cht trong th nghim nn 3 trc

H 2.1 Ph hoi gin (t cng)

H 2.2 Ph hoi chy do
H 2.3 Ph hoi ca t qu yu
 S thay i din tch v th tch : P

- Din tch mt ct ngang ca mu t

L
thay i theo ti trng nn nh sau :
V
1
Vo
A = A0
h
1
h0

- Nu th nghim khng thot nc V = 0

A0
A=
h
1
h0
h gi l bin dng tng i.
=
h0
2.2 Phn tch ng sut da vo vng trn Mohr
o b

s = tan + c
M
a

c

3
1 Vng trn ng sut Mohr

'1 + '3 '1 '3

2 2

, 1

2
x=3 x=1 3 1 3
2
Bn knh (13)/2

(1+3)/2

Vng trn ng sut Mohr

1 + 3 1 3 1 3
= cos 2 = sin 2
2 2 2
- Khi vng trn tng ng c xy dng vi cc ng
sut hu hiu:
lch ng sut: q = 1 3
Bt bin ng sut: s = 1/2 (1 + 3 )
t = 1/2 (1 - 3 )
- Khi vng trn tng ng c xy dng vi cc ng
sut tng:
ng sut tng: 1 = 1 + u
3 = 3 + u
lch ng sut: q = q
Bt bin ng sut: s = s + u
t = t
 2.3 L trnh ng sut (ng ng sut) stress path
trong th nghim nn 3 trc
2.3.1 L trnh ng sut trong h trc (1/ 3 ), 1/3
1/ 1
1
ESP : ng
ng sut c hiu
1
(effective stress
path)
TSP : ng
ng sut tng
(total stress path)

3 3
3 / 3
2.3.2 L trnh ng sut trong h trc t/s( t/s)

CSL : Critical state line

L
CS

'

s = 1/2 (1 + 3) ng ng sut khi

tng ti c thot nc
t = 1/2 (1 3)
 SL
C

3 3 1 1

Cc ng ng sut tng v c hiu khi tng

ti khng thot nc
2.3.3 L trnh ng sut trong h trc q/ p (q/p)

SL
C

3
1
3

Cc ng ng sut trong trc ta q/p

- ng sut trung bnh : p = 1/3(1 + 2 + 3 )
= 1/3(1 + 23 )
- lch ng sut: q = (1 - 3 )
p = p + uf
q = q
- Khi tng 1 th ng tng ng sut (TSP) l C -> SD
c dc 1/3
- Khi mu t khng thot nc trong lc ch tng 1,
p lc nc l rng tng t 0 ln uf v ng ng sut
c hiu ESP l C -> SU.
- ng bao ph hoi hay ng ng sut cc hn c
th xc nh tng ng vi cc gi tr q v p ti lc
ph hoi: qf = M pf
- Quan h gia M v gc ma st trong tng ng xc
nh bi ng bao ph hoi Mohr-Coulomb hay
ng CSL; t vng trn Mohr, khi c = 0
1 ' q '
( '
'
( 1 3 ) 3 1 sin ' M = f = 3)
' '
1
sin ' = 2 = p '
1 '
1 ' '
1 1 + sin ' f ( + 2 '
3)
( 1 + 3 )
'
3
1

2
1 sin ' '
3 ( '
1)
1
1 + sin ' 3 (1 + sin '1 + sin ' ) 1' 6 sin '
M = = =
2(1 sin ' ) ' (1 + sin '+ 2 2 sin ' ) '
3 sin '
1 +
'
1 1
1 + sin '
3M
sin ' =
6+M
- Theo l trnh ko: 3 > 1 do gi nguyn 3 gim 1
3' 1'
sin ' = '
3 + 1'
q 2q
p ' p'+
3 3 q 6 sin '
sin ' = = q= p'
2q q q 3 + sin '
p '+ + p ' 2 p '+
3 3 3

6 sin ' q = M*p

M =*

3 + sin '
3M *
sin ' =
6M*
- Theo l trnh nn: 1 > 3 do gi nguyn 1 gim 3
iu kin cn bng Mohr-Coulomb l:
2 q
p '+ q p ' 1' 3'
sin ' =
3 3
sin ' = '
2 q
p '+ q + p ' + 2c' cot g ' 1 + 3' + 2c' cot g '
3 3

6 sin '
q= ( p'+2c' cot g ') = M (Mp'+2c cot g ')
3 sin '
PT ng ti hn CSL ca t dnh: q = M (p+ccotg)
- ngha ca ng CSL: Dng nh gi s n nh
ca 1 im trong t nn da vo ng l trnh ng sut
khi ly mu t em v phng xc nh cc ng sut 1 &
3 . Nu nhng im SU, SD nm di ng CSL th mu
t n nh trong nn, ngc li im s b ph hoi .
 2.4 L thuyt trng thi gii hn
2.4.1 t vn :
2.4.2 L thuyt trng thi gii hn
2.4.3 ng trng thi gii hn (CSL) v cc ng
ng sut khi cht ti trn nn t st c kt thng
(NC) trong cc h trc p/ q ; p/ v v Ln p/v
- Phng trnh ng ng sut ti hn ( CSL)
H 2.10a, h trc q/p: q = M p
H 2.10c, h trc v/Lnp: v = ln p 'f
: gi tr th tch ring v trn ng CSL ti p = 1kN/m2
 L
CS 3
1

Cc ng ng sut trong h ta p/ q ; p/ v v Ln p/v

 - Phng trnh ng c kt thng (NCL):
H 2.10c, h trc v/Lnp: v = N ln p '
- Hai ng NCL v CSL song song nhau nn bng nhau
v V
Lnp ='
p =e
'

f
f

- Vy pt ng c kt thng NCL trong h trc p/q :

v
q ' = Mp ' = M exp( )

(v = 1 + e), (vc = 1 + ec : do), (vf = 1 + ef : ph hoi)
v: th tch ring)
L trnh cc ng ng sut (TN CU) trong h ta p/ q/ v
L trnh cc ng ng sut (TN CD)
trong h ta p/ q/ v
2.4.4 Cc mt gii hn khng b ko, mt Hvoslev v
mt Roscoe

q/ qe
M
S 1

Mt Hvorslev
Mt Roscoe

T H
1
1 3 Mt khng chu ko
g
C p/ pe
O
3=0
v
N NCL ng nn: v = N-Lnp
1
CSL
1 ng n: v = vk
vk 1

SL

Ln p

Cc mt bin trng thi ti hn

= dc ng nn
= dc ng n (h ta Lnp/v) = cs/2,3
 - Mt gii hn khng b ko (OT): q = 3 p l mt
gii hn v t khng b ko
- Mt Hvoslev (TS): q = H p + (M H) exp[( -V)/]
l mt ng vi mu t c cng h s rng vi mt
Roscoe nhng h s OCR > 2,5 (t c kt trc)
- Phng trnh ng Hvorlev c dng:
V
N v
q' = g exp + hp '

e

- Ti S, im giao vi mt Roscoe, phng trnh mt

Hvorslev c dng :
v
q ' = (M h ) exp + hp '

q p
S

T
SS: ng trng thi ti hn
S NN: ng c kt thng
N VVTT: Mt gii hn khng
T b ko
TTSS: Mt Hvorslev
v SSNN: Mt Roscoe

v S
N
T

S ba chiu ca ton b mt bin trng thi ti hn

2.4.6 bn sc chng ct ca ct v c trng bin dng
Ct cht
Ct ri

ng sut nh

ng sut cc hn
O

+V

Ct cht
N (tng)

Co ngt
(gim) Ct ri

-V
 CHNG 3: CC DNG M HNH NN
3.1 M hnh nn bin dng cc b (cho t yu)
3.1.1 M hnh nn 1 thng s: Cz

N N

h = Df

h = Df
s

M hnh nn 1 thng s
 Cz = f (z,F,t)

2 (a + b ) P
C z = C 0 1 + P
F 0

Theo Vesic: Cz =
E0
(
b 1 02 )
Theo Terzaghi: 2
b + 0,3m
- i vi t ri C z = C z 0,3m
2b

- i vi t dnh 0,3m
Cz = Cz 0,3m
b
Vi Cz 0.3m l h s nn khi th nghim bn nn hin
trng (Cz = P/S, bn nn c ng knh = 0,3m)
P
k = Cz =
S

0 P P
S

Quan h P-S th nghim bn nn hin trng

3.1.2 M hnh nn 2 thng s: Cz v Cx
N

S
P(x) = Cx Cx =
H
Px = H/F F
- Nu F > 50 m2 2(a + b) P
Cx = 0,7 Cz C x = 0,7 C0 1 +
F P0
- Nu F 50 m2
3.1.3 M hnh nn 3 thng s: Cz ,Cx v C
N
M
C =
J
H M
J: moment qun
tnh ca mng

S
- Nu F > 50 m2
2(a + 3b ) P
Cx = 0,7 Cz C = C0 1 +
F P0
- Nu F 50 m2
 3.2 Cc m hnh lu bin
3.2.1 nh ngha: L cc m hnh din t s tng
quan gia ng sut (hoc lc Q) v bin dng
(hoc l)

(Q) (Q)
deo trt

an hoi an hoi

0 (l) 0 (l)
 (Q) (Q) (Q) ien
t a ng t
an - deo - deo
Vat the deo cng c an
Prandtl c
Saint - Vernant

0 (l) 0 (l) 0 c (l)

c
Vat lieu don at - nen mong Kim loai - Ket cau thep

Quan h gia ng sut v bin dng

3.2.2 Cc m hnh lu bin c bn
a) M hnh n hi (l xo = clastic spring)

(nen hay keo)

(l)
Q
hoac

E.

E,K E,K
=

M hnh n hi
Phng trnh trng thi:
=E
hay Q = E l
b) M hnh nht (ng nhn = Dash pot): L m hnh
xt n tnh nht ca vt liu, c xt n thi gian.

.

=

0 d/dt

M hnh nht
Phng trnh trng thi:
d
= =
dt
c) M hnh do (ngm trt): L m hnh xt n tnh
do ca vt liu

Q()

0 = K
M hnh nht

QK (trt, chy)
Q<K (l = 0)
3.2.3 Cc m hnh n - nht tuyn tnh
a) M hnh Kelvin: Da trn th nghim n hi, th
nghim nht xy ra ng thi (mc song song, i =
const; i = f(t) )

E
M hnh Kelvin

= E + = E
= E =
= = E +
b) M hnh Maxwell: Dng nghin cu s chng
ng sut (M hnh mc ni tip, i = const; i = f(t).)

= E =
= E + E

M hnh Maxwell
3.2.4 Cc m hnh n - do
a) Mc ni tip
Q() E
Lc: QK
QE
Q = QE = QK
Chuyn v: K
q = l = qE + q K

M hnh n-do; mc ni tip

b) Mc song song:
E
QE
Q( )
Lc:
Q = QE + QK QK
Chuyn v:
K
q = l = qE = q K
M hnh n-do; mc song song
3.2.5 Cc m hnh n - nht - do

E0
E1 E2

E K
K

M hnh n-nht-do
3.3 Cc dng m hnh lu bin khc tnh ton nn mng

E1

E E2

Terzaghi Biot Gibon

Schiffman

Taylor XDDD - CN C - TL

(t TP.HCM v BSCL)
Mt s m hnh lu bin
Bi tp chng 3
 CHNG 7: MNG SU
4.1 Khi nim v mng cc
- Mng cc: Mng su i cc
- i cc:
- H cc:
4.2 Phn loi mng cc
H cc
4.2.1 Theo vt liu cc

4.2.2 Theo kh nng chu ti

4.2.3 Theo chiu su t i

4.2.4 Theo c tnh chu lc Nn ca mng cc

4.3 Cu to cc b tng ct thp

1000 Mc cu, 16 Ct thp ai

6 a100
20,1m
150
1-1,5D 1000
D
Ct thp dc
6 a100
L

D
L
 on u cc

Mi thp
Hp ni cc Mi hn

NI CC
A-A
A A Hnh 3.6 Cu to chi
tit cc v ni cc
 230x130x10
hh =8mm 11
320 10

0 35
0
250x250x8
35
9
334x180x8
10
320
11
180

350x350x8
9
8x350x180

THEP HOP AU COC TL : 1/10 3-3 CHI TIET BAN THEP AU COC
(CHIEU CAO NG HAN h=10mm) TY LE 1/10

200x200x12
12
50 58 COC CBT-1 300x300x10 COC CBT-2
12
58

Li thep 6
50

LI THEP AU COC TL : 1/10 9

350x350x8

4-4 CHI TIET B NOI COC CBT-1 & CBT-2

TL :1/10
TY LE :1/10

HAN CHUM AU
418
1

20
3

MC 2-2
TL: 1/10
CHI TIET MUI COC
TL: 1/10
 6 18
2 218 4 3 li thep han 6a50 loai B
1
1 li thep han 6a50
loai A

Ban thep au coc

120 3 218
1

12 6a100 12 11 12
6a50 6a200 6a100 6a50

CHI TIET COC BETONG CBT1 TL : 1/20

3 li thep han 6a50 loai B

6
2 218 18 3 li thep han 6a50 loai B
6 4
1 li thep han 6a50
1 li thep han 6A50 loai A loai A

Ban thep au coc

Ban thep au coc

120 3 218
6

14 11 13 12 14
6a50 6a100 6a200 6a100 6a50

CHI TIET COC BETONG CBT2 TL : 1/20

4.4 Trnh t tnh ton mng cc:
1. D liu tnh ton

- D liu bi ton v cc c tnh ca mng cc

- S liu ti trng (tnh ton)
- Chn vt liu lm mng: mc BT, cng thp,
tit din v chiu di cc (cm vo t tt > 1,5 m),
on neo ngm trong i cc (on ngm + p u
cc 0,5 0,6m); chn ct thp dc trong cc: v
Ra .
 Ntt
Mtt
Htt

Qs

Qp

S tnh ton mng cc

2. Kim tra mng cc lm vic i thp

2H Df 0,7 hmin
hmin = tan 450
2 b

EH Kp = tan2 (450 + /2)

2H Ka = tan2 (450 - /2)
Df
Kp FS = 3 (p lc sau i
K a b
FS cha t trng thi b
ng)
1 Kp b : cnh ca y i theo
H K a b D 2f
2 FS phng vung gc vi H
3. Xc nh sc chu ti ca cc Pc
- Theo vt liu lm cc
Qa = (Rb Ab + Ra Aa)

v=2 v = 0,7 v = 0,5

u cc ngm trong u cc ngm trong u cc ngm trong
i v mi cc nm i v mi cc ta i v mi cc ngm
trong t mm trong t cng hoc trong
* Cc khoan nhi, cc barrette, cc ng nhi btng
Qa = (Ru Ab + Ran Aa)
Ru : cng tnh ton ca b tng
Ru = R/4,5; Ru 6 MPa: khi btng di nc, bn
Ru = R/4; Ru 7MPa: khi btng trong h khoan kh
R : mc thit k ca b tng
Ran : cng tnh ton cho php ca ct thp
< 28mm, Ran = Rc/1,5; Ran 220 MPa.
- Theo iu kin t nn:
+ Theo ch tiu c hc
Qs Qp As f s Ap q p
Qa = + = +
FSs FS p FSs FS p
 Qu Qs + Qp As f s + Ap q p
Qa = = =
FS FS FS
FSs : h s an ton cho thnh phn ma st bn; 1,5 2,0
FSp h s an ton cho sc chng di mi cc; 2,0 3,0
FS : h s an ton chung, chn 2 3
Thnh phn chu ti do ma st xung quanh cc Qs
fs = ca + h tana
= ca + Ks v tana
ca , a = c, : cc ng, p btng ct thp
ca , a = 0,7[c, ] : cc thp (bng 3.28/213).
Ks = K0 = 1 - sin (t)
Ks = 1,4 K0 (khi t nn b nn cht do ng cc)

Ks = = K s = (1 sin ) OCR
1
Thnh phn sc chu mi ca t di mi cc Qp
* Phng php Terzaghi:
qp = 1,3 c Nc + h Nq + 0,6 rp N (rp: b/knh cc trn)
qp = 1,3 c Nc + h Nq + 0,4 d N (d: cnh cc)
Nc , Nq , N : h s sc chu ti, xc nh theo Terzaghi,
bng 3.5/174. Df = v
* Phng php Meyerhof:
qp = c Nc + q Nq
Nc, Nq : xc nh t biu 3.28/178
* TCXD 205-1998:
qp = c Nc + v Nq + d N
 + Theo ch tiu vt l
Qa = km (Rp Ap + u fsi li) (21-86)
km = 0,7 : cc chu nn; km = 0,4 : cc chu nn
Qtc = mR qp Ap + u mf fsi li (205-1998)

Qtc k =1,4 1,75

Qa =
k
mR , mf : h s iu kin lm vic ca t mi cc
m bn hng cc, bng 3.18/201.
Rp : sc chu ti n v din tch ca t di mi cc,
bng 3.19/201.
fsi : lc ma st n v gia t v cc, bng 3.20/202
=> Chn Pc = min (Pvl ; Pn)
 * Cc khoan nhi, barrette:
Qtc = m (mR qp Ap + u mf fsi li) (205-1998)

. t dnh, qp tra bng 3.25/204

. t ri, qp c tnh

qp = 0,75 ( dp Ak0 + L Bk0): cc nhi, cc

barrette, cc ng ly nhn.
qp = ( dp Ak0 + L Bk0): cc ng gi nguyn nhn
: trng lng ring ca t di mi cc
: trng lng ring ca t nm trn mi cc
Cc h s , , Ak0, Bk0 tra bng 3.24/204.
 + Theo th nghim SPT (TCXD 195 )

N : S SPT
: S SPT trung bnh trong khong 1d di mi cc v
4d trn mi cc. Nu > 60, khi tnh ton ly = 60; nu
>50 th trong cng thc ly = 50.
N Nc : gi tr trung bnh SPT trong lp t ri.
Ns : gi tr trung bnh SPT trong lp t dnh.
Ap : din tch tit din mi cc
Lc : Chiu di cc nm trong lp t ri (m).
Ls : Chiu di cc nm trong lp t dnh (m).
: Chu vi tit din cc (m).
Wp : Hiu s gia trng lng cc v trng lng t b cc
thay th
 + Theo th nghim CPT
Qu = qp Ap + fs As
qp: cng chu mi cc hn ca t mi cc c xc nh

q p = k c qc
sc khng xuyn trung bnh ly trong khong 3d
qc
N
pha trn v 3d pha di mi cc
fs : Cng ma st gia t v cc c suy t sc
khng mi chiu su tng ng qci
f si =
i

=> Sc chu ti ca cc cui cng s ly theo kt qu th

nghim nn tnh hin trng.
4. Chn s lng cc v b tr cc

n=
N tt

=
N + Qtt
= 1,2 1,6
Pc Pc
=> b tr cc khong (3 6)d, cu to i c mp i
cch mp cc ngoi 100 150mm.
5. Kim tra sc chu ti ca cc (lc tc dng ln cc)

N tt
M tty x max M ttx y max
Pmax = + +
n i
x 2
i y 2
Pmax Pc (Qa)
M x tt Pmin Pn
P( x , y ) = N
+
tt
i
+
M tt
x yi
y
Pmin 0
n i
x 2
i y 2
- Kim tra sc chu ti ca cc lm vic trong nhm.
H s nhm :
(n1 1) n2 + (n2 1) n1
=1
90 n n
1 2

d
= arctg [deg]
s
n1 : s hng cc
n2 : s cc trong 1 hng
d : ng knh hoc cnh cc
s : khong cch gia cc cc
Pnh = nc Pc > Ntt + Q
6. Kim tra ng sut di mi cc (mng khi qui c)
Fqu = Lqu Bqu
= [(L - 2x) + 2 lc tan] [(B - 2y) + 2 lc tan]

max/ min =
qu
N tc

M

tc
x
M tcy
Fqu Wx Wy

max/ min =
N tc
qu

1
6 eBqu

6 eLqu

Fqu Bqu Lqu

e = M/N = (M0 + H h )/N
qu
N tc
m 1m 2
tb = tb R II = ( Ab qu + Bh * + Dc II )
Fqu k tc
max 1,2 RII min 0
7. Kim tra ln ca mng cc
p gl = tb h

= k p gl
z
gl

n n
e1i e2i
S= S =
i =1
i
i =1 1+ e1i
hi

n n
i
S=
i =1
aoi pi hi S= i =1 Eoi
pi hi

S Sgh = 8 cm
7. Kim tra chuyn v ngang ca cc
- Tnh ton cc chu ti trng ngang
- Kim tra chuyn v ngang cho php
H Png (Png : sc chu ti ngang ca cc

ng EJ [T]
Png = 3
1000 l 0

ng = 1 cm: chuyn v ngang ti u cho php

EJ : cng ca cc
= 0,65 : khi cc ng trong t st
= 1,2 : khi cc ng trong t ct
l 0,7 d ; d [cm]: cnh hay ng knh cc.
9. Kim tra iu kin xuyn thng ca i
Pxt Pcx
Pxt = phn lc ca nhng cc nm ngoi thp
xuyn pha nguy him nht
Pcx = 0,75 Rk Sthp xuyn

10. Xc nh ni lc v b tr ct thp
- Tnh moment: dm conxn, ngm ti mp ct, lc
tc dng ln dm l phn lc u cc.

Mg Mg
Fa =
Ra h0 0,9 Ra h0
11. Mt s vn thi cng cc
- Tnh mc cu vn chuyn v thi cng cc

0,207L 0,586L 0,207L

0,293L

Mmax = 0,0214 qL2

Mmax = 0,043 qL2
L

- Nu cc ng th chn ba ng E 25 Pc

Q+q
5
E
- Thc t chn my p ti trng gp 2 ln Ptt ca cc.
- Tnh chi thit k, etk 2 mm
k m n Ap Q h Q + 0,2q
e tk =
1 Q+q
PS PS + n Ap
k m
k: h/s ng nht vt liu = 0,7; m: h/s k lm vic =
0,91; PS : sc chu ti cc n theo k t nn; Ap:
din tch tit din ngang cc; q: trng lng cc; Q:
trng lng ba (thng chn = 11,25Q); h: chiu cao
ri ba; n: h s = 15 kG/cm2 cho cc BTCT, = 10
kG/cm2 cho cc g khng m.
- chi thc t l ln trung bnh ca 10 nht ba
cui cng.
4.5 Cc chu ti trng ngang
(Theo TCXDVN 205-1998)

H0 M0
y
y (kN/m2)

z z

S lm vic ca cc chu ti trng ngang

 N M
N n
H
H
H M M M
l0 0
y0 HH MH
M0=1

z H0=1 z z

l l
l

S tc ng ca moment v ti ngang ln cc
- p lc tnh ton z [T/m2]:
K 0 M0 H0
z = z e y 0 A1 B1 + 2 C1 + 3 D1
bd bd bd Eb I bd Eb I

- Moment un Mz [Tm]:
H0
M z = Eb Iy 0 A3 bd Eb I 0 B3 + M 0 C 3 +
2
D3
bd
bd

- Lc ct Qz [T]

Q z = Eb Iy 0 A4 Eb I 0 B4 + bd M 0 C 4 + H 0 D4
3
bd
2
bd
ze : chiu su tnh i, ze = bd z Kbc
bd = 5
le : chiu di cc trong t tnh i, le = bd l Eb I
bd : h s bin dng, bc : chiu rng qui c ca cc, d
0,8 m => bc = d + 1 m; d < 0,8 m => bc = 1,5d + 0,5 m
(TCXD 205-1998)
- Chuyn v ngang HH , HM , -MH , MM do cc
ng lc n v

1 1
HH = 3 A0 MM = C0
bd Eb I bd E b I
1
MH = HM = 2 B0
bd Eb I
 A0 , B0 , C0 , D0 tra bng 4.2/250
- Moment un v lc ct ca cc ti z = 0 (mt t)
H0 = H
M0 = M + H l0
- Chuyn v ngang y0 v gc xoay 0 ti z = 0 (mt t)
y0 = H0 HH +M0 HM
0 = H0 MH +M0 MM
- Chuyn v ngang ca cc cao trnh t lc hay y
i

Hl 03 Ml 02
n = y0 + 0 l0 + +
3E b I 2 E b I
- Gc xoay ca cc cao trnh t lc hay y i
Hl02 Ml0
=0 + +
2 Eb I Eb I

* n nh nn xung quanh cc

12
z
y
4
cos I
(
vtg I + cI
,
)
M p + Mv
2 =
nM p + M v
 v : ng sut hu hiu theo phng ng ti su z
I : trng lng ring tnh ton ca t
cI , I : lc dnh v gc ma st trong tnh ton ca t
: h s = 0,6 cho cc nhi v cc ng, = 0,3 cho cc cc
cn li
1 : h s = 1 cho mi trng hp; tr ct chn t,
chn nc = 0,7
2 : hs xt n t l nh hng ca phn ti trng
thng xuyn trong tng ti
Mp : moment do ti thng xuyn
Mv : moment do ti tm thi
n = 2,5, tr:
n = 4 cho mng bng
n = cng trnh quan trng, le < 2,5 ly n = 4; le > 2,5 ly
n = 2,5
 4.6 Ma st m
4.6.1 Hin tng ma st m
N

- Khi t nn ln
xung ko cc ln Vng t
theo s to ra lc gy ra ma z fs < 0
ma st m tc dng st m
ln cc.
- Lc ma st m fs > 0
ny c chiu i
xung lm tng lc fs > 0
tc dng ln cc v
lm gim kh nng Qp
chu ti ca cc.
Hin tng ma st m
4.6.2 Cc nguyn nhn gy ra hin tng ma st m

- p ph ti ln nn t sau khi ng cc
- Cht ph ti ln nn nh khi s dng mng cc
- Cc i qu lp t yu l than bn m t nn cn
trong giai on ln (tc ln ca nn t ln hn
tc ln ca cc)
- Khai thc hoc h mc nc ngm.
4.6.3 Tnh ton ma st m
- Tnh ton ln ca t nn
n n
e1i e2i n
i
S= S =
i =1
i
i =1 1+ e1i
hi S=
i =1 Ei
pi hi

- Xc nh chiu su nh hng z (gy ra ma st m)

Sp h: b dy lp t yu
z = h (1 ) S : ln ca cc
Ss p
Ss : ln ca nn
- Tnh lc ma st m (fs < 0)
QNSF = As fs = U z fs
4.6.4 Cc bin php ngn nga ma st m v chng ma
ma st m

- Khng cht ph ti ln nn c mng cc

- Khng san lp nn sau khi ng cc (Nu san lp
nn th phi tnh thi gian c kt ca t nn di
tc dng ca ti san lp ln ca t nn khng
gy nh hng ma st m ln cc)
- Khng khai thc, h mc nc ngm
- Dng h sn v cc b tng ct thp gim ti
chng ma st m