:

.
.
Jerzy Giedymin
Sussex.

.

2
 :

(antipositivist view of physical

science):
. :
) ,
.
, ,
. , ,
, .
,
( (falsificationism) (hypotheticism)).
) .
.
(phenomenalist) (
) .
,
// /, .
)
, (
),

)
.
.

, , [Boyle], [Hooke],
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[Bohm], [Popper], [Chomsky] ..

[Meyerson], [Cassirer], .., , , [T.S. Kuhn].

., : , , , .

, (antipositivist
naturalism): (=
)
(=

, ). ,

.

3
 :

[Menger], , . [Nagel], [mans] , [Watkins],

..

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. , ,
,
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( ) , ,
. ,
,
.
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rationalismus/irrationalismus), ,
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(),
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, )
.

. ,
, .

,
. ,
.
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, [Boehme], [Fichte],
[Schelling], [Hegel], [Dilthey], [Nietzsche], [Heidegger],
[Bergson] ..
. : , , , .

4
 :

(antinaturalism), -
: .
(. ),
, , :
1.
/
.
2. .
3. , ,

.
4. ,
.
: , [. Spranger], , [Max Weber]
(
(Wertbeziehung),
), . [L. von Mises], [Fr. Hayek],
[P. Winch] .
, (1833-1912).

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.
:
, .
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, , ., -
.
,
,
( [Hermeneutik]). n -
- ( ).
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)
.
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, , (einfhlendes Verstehen, empathetic understanding),

5
 :

[Eriebnis, Nacherlebnis] (
, , ,
, .). ,
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.
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, The Idea of Social Science, ,

[John Stuart Mill] .
( , , )
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.

:
.
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, / .

(apriorism) (, )
:

6
 :

1) ,
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().
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, 20,
.

7
 :

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,


(, ). ,
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8
 :

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9
 :

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.
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[Locke], , , ..
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.

10
 :

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[Fr. Bacon]).
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.

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19 20 (.., [P. Duhem], [. LeRoy] .).

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,

11
 :

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Mach] , [P. BridgmanJ, [.
Schlick] .

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12
 :

. ,
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, .

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;

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,
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). , ..,

13
 :

, .
, ,

. , .
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.
,
.
,
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,
.
(..,
[May Brodbeck])

. ,

,
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(positivism), 19 : . [Auguste Comte]

[John Stuart Mill] 20 ,
( [. Schlick], [. Neurath], , [C.G.
Hempel], [H. Feigl], [Ph. Frank], ..).

:
1) ,
, .
. ,
.
2)
,
. (
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(, physicalism), , .
3)

( ) .

14
 :

4)
1), 2) 3), .
5)
(, )
.
1) 5)
. ,
(
) (normative) .

(), . , [. Hobbes], [D. Hume],
[D'Alembert], , .
(.., Hypotheses non fingo (
, Principia,
). ,
, (reductionism) ,
( ), ,
[Watson].

(positivistic naturalism), :
( )
( ).
(. 1
). : , , [Hippolyte Taine], [W. Pareto],
( ), , .., [Skinner].

. : , .

, , (Logical positivism, Logical Empiricism,

Neopositivism)
) (, , , [O. Hahn]
..).
) , .., ( [H. Reichenbach], [Carl
Hempel]) ( [A.J. Ayer], [Woodger]) ( [St.
Leniewski]. [J. Lukasiewicz], [A. Tarski], [. Kotarbiski])
, ,
( ).
, ,
, , [Wittgenstein].
:

15
 :

1) (,
, ) ( ):
.
2)
.
(deduction).
:
.
3)
, ,
() : (physicalism).
4) , .., , ,
, ,
: .
5)


: .

6) , , .
. .

, (=
) (
(, ) ).
., : , . , .

/ (nomological/idiographic disciplines):
() [W.
Windelband (1848-1915)]
, .
.
. ,

,
. , ,
, . ,
, . , ,
,
. ( , ,

16
 :

, . ,
, ).
, [. Rickert (1863-1936) ,
. ,
,
. -
[ Naturwissenschaft (=
) Kulturwissenschaft (= ) .,
, , (Geisteswissenschaften)
, ],
:
) . , ,
) () : ,
) : ,
) : .
, , ,
:
, --,
.

-
, .
[. Donagan] ,
() .

,
, ,

(., , , ). ,

. -

(, transcendental)
, Geisteswissenschaften].
, .

() .
(. ). -
( ),
:

17
 :

:
) ,
, , , .,
) ,
) , (deductive) ,
) .
,
, ,
( , ),
( , ),
, ,
(
).
,
( ,
,
). ,
( ,
, ), , , ,
, [S. Toulmin] . ,

, .

(Ockhams razor): 14
[William Ockham]
, [universalia].
Entia non sunt multiplicanda prter necessitatem (
).
(nominalism), ,
(.., ,
, , , ,
, , ). ,

[ad hoc],
.
:
) , : ,
.
) .

18
 :

) .
) ,
, / .
. : , , .

(rationalism):
. ,
,
.
,
:
1)
(
). , -
,
.
2) , ,
(
),
,
(= )
. ( )
, , .,


.

:

(). The Open Society
and Its Enemies,
.
3)
( ) (
, ),
.
( ,
)
( , ).

19
 :

, .. , , , , .,
3). , 3)
.

(conventionalism), :
1) , , ,
, ,
.
2) , ,
,
.

,
. ,
(.., ) .
, ( )
,
, ,
, , ,
, , .,
,
. ( ,
( ) (meaning postulates,
) ( ) ,
). La Science et l
Hypothse La Valeur de la Science,
.
, ,
. , ,
, .
. [. Eddington], [. Dingler] ..
, ,
,
,
. ,
, , ,
. , ,
, , .

,

20
 :

, (vague terms) (
[Przecki], The Logic of Empirical Theories
, [. Mehlberg], [P.Waisman], [St. Krner],
[Max Black]).
O , ,
, , , ,
. ,

,
, .
, ,
/ .

(crucial experiments)
, , . O
[Willard van Orman Quine]
,
, ,
,
.
- (Duhem-Quine Thesis).

,
,
. ,
, ,
( [LeRoy], [Ajdukiewicz], , ). -

(incommensurable) .
(incommensurability)
(
(Paradigms), )
.
, ,
.
,
: , ,
. , ,
.

21
 :

, . ,

, ,
.
,
. ,
,
, ,
, .
( , ) ,
.
.
, ,

. .
,
.

., , , .

(behaviourism), : ) [J.B. Watson]

, ) [. Tolman], [B.F. Skinner] ..,

. ,

.

, ,
. ,
, ,
.
, , (
) .
.
1) . ,
, , , , , , .,
.
2) ,
, ,
: , , .

22
 :

3) ,
: , .
4)
/ ( S[timulus]-R[esponse]).
().
.
,
19 , , .., [W. Wundt]
,
, .
, , ,


. ,
(
[J. Loeb] )
. ( 1914)
( 1905 1913).
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: ,
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,
, ( ). ,
(
) . ,
,
, .
, , ,
(., ).
,
. .
(= ,
)
, .
,
,

.

23
 :

., : , , . , ,
.

(operationalism): 1) [P.W. Bridgman] ,

(operational) () /
, 2)
, .
:
, (., , , ). ,
(operational definition)
(operation).
( )
.
, ( )
, , ,
. : ,
t, , t,
, t.
:

1)
.
, , ,
.
, (verificationist)
.
.
2)
(.., ,
), ( ,
).
3)

.

( )
.
[G. Berkeley] ,
, .

() . .

24
 :

,
.

, , . ,
, ,

,
. , ,
,

.
,
, .

, . ,
,
, , -
, , ,
. ,
, .

., : , , , , .

(naturalism), ,
. :
1.

.

2) , ,
( , )
.
3) , ,
.
4) , , , ( )
.
( ) ,
, ..:
5. ,
, ,

25
 :

6. , ,
,
1) 5) . ,


.
,
.
.,
.

,
.
, ,
,
.
,
,
.
, ,
.
,
.
., : , .

26
 :

Moser, P. K., Mulder, D.. H. & Trout, J.D., The Theory of Knowledge
A Thematic Introduction, Oxford U. P., 1998.

(analytic truth): .
, : .
(defeasibility):
.
(necessary truth): .

. ,
, .
(objectivity):
, ,
.
(abduction): , .

(, , )
.
(inference to the best explanation).
(certainty): . ,
. ,
, .., ( ) .
(knowledge): ,
. Gettier
.
a posteriori (knowledge a posteriori):
. , a
posteriori.
a priori (knowledge a priori):
. ,
a priori.
( ) (epistemology):
, , , .
(intuitive judgments): , ,
.
, .
(transparency of belief): ,

.
(dogmatism): ,
.
.
(doubt): .
(empiricism): .., , ,
, ,

27
 :
. ( :
.)
(innate knowledge): , ,
, .
(contingent truth): ,
. :
( )
.
(introspection):
.
(externalism):
,
.
(induction): , , .
, , .
, ,
.

.
,
.
() .
, (verification principle):
. .
(epistemic justification): ,
,
.
(epistemic foundationalism):
, ,
,
.
, (epistemic coherentism):
, .
, (epistemic contextualism):
,

.
, (fallibilism): ,
,
.
(internalism):
,
, . ,
.
(idealism):

. George Berkeley
esse est percipi, .
Berkeley .
(normative): , (norms)
:

28
 :
, , .
, (criterion, problem of):

.
, (logical empiricism, logical positivism):

( Frege Russell), (
),
. , , .
, , .., ,
. ,
.
(metaphysics): ( )
( ) , .
() (rationalism):
. ( :
).
, (holism, semantic):
. (
, )
(ontology): , ..,
.
(conditions of truth):
, , , .
, (deduction):
, . ( :

, .)
, , .
, (content, propositional): , ,
( ). ()
() () ,
.
(belief): .

( )
.
(pragmatism): , , ,
, . C. S. Peirce, William
James, John Dewey, C. I. Lewis, .
(infinite regress, problem of):
,
. (
,
, .)
Gettier:
(
, ),
Gettier .
(intentionality): , ,
, , , ,

29
 :
(
).
(proposition): ,
() (sentence) (sentences)
( ).
, ( ) (naive realism, common sense realism):
, ,
.
(realism):
,
. ,
.
(skepticism):
.
, .., ,
, ,
, .
(synthetic truth):
,
.
.
(coherence): , .., ,
.
.

.
(relativism): , ,
, , ,
.
, (triangulation):
.
, ,
. (
,
.)
, (reliabilism):
,
( ) .
(naturalism):
.
(naturalized epistemology):
.

30