Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Cyclic Soil

    Uploaded by

    ahmad
    1 views6 pages
    important

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document
    important

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    1 views6 pages

    Cyclic Soil

    Uploaded by

    ahmad
    important

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 6
    Eamnquate Engineering, Tents Word Coneerce © 1992 Bakara, Rater SBNS0 54100605 Soil properties and seismic response MNucetic University of California at Los Angeles, Calif, USA ABSTRACT: Fundamental relations between basic sil properties and seismic response of soil deposits are dis- cussed. The results of eyelie stain-controlled tests are used in conjunction wit a cyclic soi characterization method which assumes thatthe cyclic shear strain, isthe goveming loading parameter and thatthe type of soll is characterized by the value of its Plasticity Index, PI. The tet results indicate that deposits of clay with high PL axe capable of strongly amplifying the incoming earthquake motion. Such amplification is less likely through clays which have small or medium PL. Through saturated sand deposits, for which PI = 0, such amplification is unlikely However, stiffness and strength of saturated sands may significantly degrade under cyclic earthquake loads, lead ing toa lengthening ofthe original predominant period of the deposit. The cyclic degradation is considerably smaller in clays having low to medium PI, and it isthe smallest in clays with high PL Consequently, a shifting of the predominant period of plastic clay deposits should not be expected. 1. INTRODUCTION ‘The response of sil deposits to earthquake loads is a complex three-dimensional phenomenon. Tt involves random three-diectional excitation, nonlinear, nonho- ‘ogeneous and anisotropic material, and usually a complicated geometry. However its fundamental aspects can be explained on a simple model ofa homo- ‘geneous horizontally layered sol profile excited at its base by one-diretional horizontal shaking, which involves only vertically propagating shear waves. An clement of soil, which, prior to an earthquake, is sub- jected to vertical and horizontal geostatic effective stresses (6, and 6 respectively), is during an ‘earthquake subjected under such ideal conditions to cyclic shear stresses, t, and strains, This is sketched in Fig. 1. In the geotechnical laboratory, the core- sponding cyclic loading response can be mos effec- tively studied by the eyelic stain-controlled undrained iret simple shear tests (CyUDSS), the results of, Which are sketched in Fig. 2. In Figs, 1 and 2,1V = number of cycles, Yu = cyclic shear strain amplitude in cycle M, toy = eyeic shear stress amplitude in eyele N, Gy = maximum shear modulus corresponding 1 cycle Guy = secant shear modulus in cycle N and uy residual (or permanent) cyclic pore pressure in cycle N. Cyclic laboratory studies have shown, that the Toad ing parameters which govern the cyclic response of, saturated soils are those that gover the distortion (deformation) of the sol skeleton. The main compo- nent of such distortion is relative displacement between soll particles, which can be expressed in terms ofthe shear stan, 7. Such displacements are directly respon- sible forthe breakage of panicle bonds, slippage atthe particle contacts, comesponding change of microstructural repulsion forces, and the tendency towards volume change which causes pore pressure vasiation. The most important cyclic loading parame- ters are therefore the cyclic shear sain amplitude, y, (measures the relative magnitude of displacements ‘between soil partcis ina single loading cycle), and the number of eycles NW (related tothe cumulative dis- tortion ofthe soil skeleton). Inthis paper, the cyclic shear strin-dependent sil behavior, which was measured and analyzed by differ ‘ent reseurchers under the conditions presented in Figs 1 and 2, is synthesized. The main objective ofthe synthesis isto explain ina simple form: (i) the funda mental aspects ofthe eyclic responses of diferent satu- ‘ated soils, and (i) how different types of soils may affect the seismic response of soil deposit. For this purpose, the in-situ soil propenies are characterized by (i) the Plasticity Index, PI, which is elated tothe size, 1199 Fig. 1. Idealized behavior of sol element during carth- quake Seni is cones Sh Sei Ste Sr ¥ Fig. 2. Sketch ofthe strain-controled CyUDSS test results shape and mineralogy of soil particles; i) the effective vertical and horizontal consolidation stress, 6; and, respectively, which characterize the in-situ initial load- ing conditions; and (i the overconsolidation ratio, (OCR, the magnitude of which reflects the loading story of soil deposit. 2. CYCLIC PARAMETERS AND DESIGN CURVES From Figs. 1 and 2, the eyclie response parameters which are commonly used in engineering practice can be derived. These are: (i) maximum inital shear modulus at small strains, Gy, comesponding to cycle ‘Ns (il) secant shear modulus at cycle NV Gy = i a (ia equivalent damping ratio at eycle N 1 ae =a Gon @ where AE is the area enclosed by the cyclic loop; (degradation parameter ee ® “tee” whic describes the rate of he degradation of Gy with ‘Nina eyeli trin-contolle test (in which 386 = const va the degradation index (lis tl. 1978) Su Tallon tw BG ite 7" “ and (the eyeli residual (permanent) pore pressure at eyeleN, ‘Since both Gy and, depend on the cyclic stain amplitude ¥, iis customary to represent the iil loading suess stain relationship (iia loading back bone curve shown in Fig. 1) by the 0, versus ty ad 2, vers Yy curves such a sketched in Fig. 3 Sach characterization i convenient for two reasons First, both G,/G and, are dimensionless parameters that re not significantly affected by efeciveconsoi- dion suesses and OCR (Dobry and Vueetic 1987) Second, Gu ca be obtained from he inst eile measurements of shear wave velocity, enabling the determination of fed values of G, and ty, BY combining the i-sinuGy with the laboratory Gy/Gay vers YEH, Gy = Ga (Gy) a y= Gyr Ta fact, curves in Fig. 3 are the most popular design curves in selamic ste response analyses, i ~ CVELIC SHEAR STRAIN, 06) 108. SALE Fig. 3, Secant modulus reduction and damping curves 3. CYCLIC PORE PRESSURES AND THRESHOLD SHEAR STRAIN Under different levels of eyeic shear strain, , soils behave differently. The approximate ranges of that corespond to distinctively different behavior are marked in Fig. 3. To fully appreciate the significance of different ranges of, it is necessary to understand that forall soils there is, below which soil sructure does nt change, and beyond which the sil skeleton (microstrcture) stars to change imeversibly (Vuceti, 1991). This evel of 7, is usually called the threshold shear sain, or as suggested more recenlly (Matasovie and Vucetic, 1992), the volumetic threshold shear stain, ‘If during eyelic loading caused by an earthquake 1%> Ya tendency toward volume change ofthe soil will develop, ie,, the tendency toward either compac- tion or dilation. In cases where soil deposit consists of dry cohesionless granular materials, the cyclic loading will cause compaction; while if such soils ae fully saturated the cyclic loading will esult inthe develop- ‘ment of excess pore water pressure, sometimes of sufi- (yee pore rue 0 (RC: 18: pee Daby) SHR STRAIN, Tagore Ratio uy /o cs 1.0 Steain Amplitude Yy(%) Fig. 4, Cyclic pore pressures in cyclic stain-controlled tess cient magnitude to cause liquefaction. Under the same ‘cyclic loading conditions, in fully saturated clayey soils ‘the residual pore water pressures will also develop, Which ean be followed by either serlement or expan sion afer the eyclic loading. Itis evident that eylic pore water pressure generation and volume change of cohesionless and cohesive soils ae conceptually inter- related ina similar manner. The above analogy between volume change and eyelic pore water pressure ‘generation, which applies to both cohesionless and clayey soils, led tothe name ofthe eyelic volumetic threshold shear strain, yy. In other words, 7 isthe smallest at which either setlement, expansion or cyclic pore pressures start to develop. Figure 4 shows difference between y, in sands and clays, For many different sands yy 2 0.01%, while for clays, can be one order of magnitude larger. Such Gifference suggests that 7, depends on soil microstue~ ture, and may possibly be correlated tothe soil’s PL. ‘The values of yp, evaluated directly or inireely from nine different studies, are ploued versus the come- sponding values of Pin Fig. $. A wend of increasing ‘ye 88 PL increases is evident. With exceptions for indireely obtained data poins and data pertaining to a panially saturated compacted clay, a relatively narrow band of y, can be established. On the same chart, the threshold shear stain which divides essentially linear behavior from the nonlinear, i also correlated to PL ‘This corelation is constructed from the corelation berween the modulus reduction curves and PI presented inFig. 6. 4. CYCLIC RESPONSE DESIGN CHARTS ‘The correlations between the PI ofthe soil and the Shear modulus reduction curve, Gy/Guy¥S. Yu, and the damping curve, Avs. i, for wide ranges of OCR are presented in Fig. 6. The approximate range of from Fig. 5is conveniently incorporated in both charts, In Fig. 7 the correlation between the degradation parame- ter curve, vs, and PL is presented for normally ‘consolidated clays. The corelation is refined at small strains by taking into account the corresponding values of Wii %> Ye Soil degrades and ¢> 0, while if %

    You might also like