.

1
x

x 0 1 x 2 x ... n x ...
n 2 n
n
n 0

: 0 , n 0
n x n x 0

n x x x 0 ,
n
n 0

n x 0
n
n 0
, S
.

S n 0 n x ,
n

f x n 0 n x , x S .
n

1 n 0
xn
x x 0 1 x 0 1,

1
x
n 0
0
n
1 x 0 x 0 2 ... x 0 n ...
1 x0
.

,

1
x n 1 x x 2 ... x n ..., 1 x 1 .
1 x n 0

Pn x 1 x x 2 ... x n , n 0

1 1 x 1,1

1
 5
y

-1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
x

1
:

P0 x 1 P2 x 1 x x 2
P1 x 1 x P6 x n 0 x n
6

f x 1 1 x

x 1,1 ,
f x 1 1 x
. :

f x P0 x P1 x P2 x P6 x P7 x P11 x
x 103 1.001 1 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001 1.001
x 0.5 2 1 1.5 1.75 1.9844 1.9922 1.995
x 0.8 5 1 1.8 2.44 3.9514 4.1611 4,6564

x 1 f x 1 1 x ( 1). ,
x 1 , .

, n 0
n x n :

n 0
n x n :
1. x r 0 , x r , r
2. x d , x x d .

2
 r, d 0 , () ()
2.

2 x r x d

, n 0
n x n , :

S 0 S , x d 0 .

, , x d . S

d , R 0 n 0
n x n
x R x R ( 2).

n x ,
n
n 0

x t , .

n x , .
n
n 0

(i) () x
(ii) () x
(iii) R 0 : () x R x R .

2
n x :
n
n 0

R (iii)

,
, .

:

(i) R 0
(ii) R ,

3
 (iii), x R R, R
. :

R, R , R, R , R, R , R, R .

2
1. x 1 x 1 .
, R 1 1,1 .
x 2 x3
2. 1 x ...
2 3
, 1,1 .
1 1
x 1 , 1 1 ...
2 3
1 1
x 1 , 1 1 ...
2 3
R 1 [1,1) .
x n! 1 x x 2 2! ...

3. n 0
n

x n 1 xn x
0 , x
n 1! n! n 1

() x ( R ).


4. n 0
n!x n 1 x 2!x 2 ...

n 1!x n 1 n!x n n 1 x , x 0 ,

, x 0 . ,
x 0 ( R 0 ).

f x n x , x R
n

n 0


n
f x n x n n x
n 1

n 0
n 0
x R
x
n 1

f x dx x dx n c
n

n 1
n
n 0 n 0

4
 :

3
:

1 1 1 1
1. 1 x 1 2 x 1 3 x 1 4 x 1 ...
2 3 4

2 2 2 2

1 2 3 4 5
2. 2 x 1 3 x 1 4 x 1 5 x 1 ...
2 3 4

2 2 2 2 2

1 1 1
3. 2ln 2 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 ...
2 3 4

4 12 32

1. 1 x 1 2 .
,

x 1 2 1 x 1 2 3 x 1

1 2
.
1 x 1 2 x 3
,
2 1 1 1
1 x 1 2 x 1 3 x 1 ..., 3 x 1 .
2 3

x 3 2 2 2

2. 1:

2 1 2 3 4
2 x 1 3 x 1 4 x 1 ..., 3 x 1 .
2 3

x 3
2
2 2 2 2

3. 1:

2 1 1
x 3 dx dx 2 x 1 dx 2 x 1 dx ...
2
2

1 1
2ln x 3 c x x 1 x 1 ..., 3 x 1.
2 3

4 12

x 1 , c 2ln 2 1

1 1
2ln x 3 2ln 2 x 1 x 1 x 1 ..., 3 x 1.
2 3

4 12

5
 Taylor

. ,
:

f x
, f x ;

. , x x 0 R, x 0 R :

f x n 0 n x 0 f x 0
n

f x 1 22 x x 0 33 x x 0 ... 1 f x 0
2

x x0 2!2 f x 0
f x 22 3 23 x x 0 4 34 x x 0 ...
2

..
f n x n!n n 1!n 1 x x 0 ... n!n f n x 0

,
f n x0
n , n 0,1, 2,...
n!

f x
I x 0 R, x 0 R . f x x x 0
,

f n x0
f x x x0 , x 0 R, x 0 R .
n

n 0 n!

1 Taylor
f x
x 0 I , Taylor f (x) x x0

f x0
n

x x0
n

n 0 n!

f n 0 n
x 0 0 ,
n 0 n!
x Maclaurin f (x) .

6
 Taylor A f x ,
Taylor f x . , ,
, ,
f x . ,

e1 x , x 0
2
1
f x f x
2 x2
e , x 0,

0, x0 x3

x 0

f h f 0 e1 h t 1 h
2
t
f 0 lim lim lim t 2 0 f n 0 0, n 2,3,...
h 0 h h 0 h t
e

Maclaurin, f x x 0 .
:

2 Taylor
f x
x 0 I Taylor f x

f n x0
n 0 n! x x 0 .
n

n-

f k x0
Tn x k 0 x x0 , n
n k

k!

Taylor n f (x) x x0

R n x f x Tn x , n

Taylor n f (x) x x0 .

f x Tn x R n x , n N ,
:

Taylor f x f x x 0 R, x 0 R
limn R n x 0 x x 0 R, x 0 R .

7
 R n x :

R n (x)
f n 1
x I x 0 R, x 0 R , x I
c x 0 , x
f c
n 1

Rn x x x0
n 1

n 1!

f x
x 0 R, x 0 R ,

M 0 : f
n
x M, x x 0 R, x 0 R , n

limn R n x 0 ,
n 1 n 1
x x0 x x0
0 Rn x M lim 0.
n 1! n n 1 !

Taylor
f x
x 0 R, x 0 R , f x
Taylor x x 0 .

Maclaurin o
1. e x
e x Maclaurin

x 2 x3 xn ec
1 x ... ... R n x x n 1 , 0 c x .
2! 3! n!
n 1 !

n 1
x
x 0, e 1,
c
Rn x
n 1! x n 1
0, x ,
lim
n n 1 !
x n 1
x 0, e e , c x
Rn x e x

n 1!

xn
lim R n x 0, x e , x
x
n
n 0 n!

8
2. sinx
:

sin 2n x 1 sin x , sin 2n 1 x 1 cos x , n 0,1, 2,...

n n

sin
2n
x 1, sin
2n 1
x 1, x , n 0,1, 2,...

sin 2n 0 0 , sin 2n 1 0 1 n 0,1, 2,...

n

,
x3 x5 x 2n 1
sin x x ... 1 ..., x
n

3! 5! 2n 1!

3. f x 1 x , m
m

f n x m m 1 ... m n 11 x
mn

n 1, 2,... ,
f n 0 m m 1 ... m n 1

Maclaurin
m m 1 ... m n 1 n
1 mx ... x ...
n!

, x 1 x 1 :

m m 1 ... m n 1 n
1 x 1 mx ... x ..., x 1.
m

n!

Taylor ,
, .
1.

1 1
xn , x 1 1 x n , x 1
n
x x
1 x n 0 1 x n 0

1 x 2
1

n

n

1
1 x 2
1 x n ,
n 0
x 1
n
x x 2
1 x n 0
1 x 2n , x 1
n

n 0

9

2x
n
xn
2n x n
ex , x x 2x e
2x
, x
n 0 n! n 0 n! n 0 n!
2.
e 2x sin x : x ,

2n x n
2n x n 2
x 2e2x x 2 ,
n 0 n! n 0 n!

22 2 1 1
e sin x 1 2x x ... x x 3 ... x 2x 2 2 x 3 ...
2x

2! 3! 3!

1 2 : 3 :
x3 1
1 x x 2x x 2x 2 2x x 1 2 x 3
2

3! 3!
3.
1
n

sin x
2n 1! x 2n 1

1
n

n 0
x 2n , x
x x n 0 2n 1!
4.
1 1 x :

n n

x x x
1
0 1 t 0
1 t n dt
n
dt 1 t dt
n 0 n 0 0

x n 1
n 1 x
n
ln 1 x 1 1 1 x 1
n
,
n 0 n 1 n 1 n

1 1 x 2 :

x 2n 1
arctan x 1 x 1.
n
,
n 0 2n 1

sin x 2
,

sin x dx
1
2
0

Maclaurin:

10


t3 t5 t7 x 6 x10 x14
sin t t ... , tx , 2
sin x x
2

2
...
3! 5! 7! 3! 5! 7!

x3 x7 x11 x15
sin x dx c ...
2

3 7 3! 11 5! 15 7!

1
n

0 sin x dx 3 7 3! 11 5! 15 7! ... 4n 3 2n 1! ...

1
2 1 1 1 1

sin x dx 0.31027 .
1
2
0

5.

1
x 2n ,
1 x 2 n 0
x 1,

1 2n
x
2x
2
2nx 2n 1 , x 1
1 x n 0 1 x 2
2
n 0

sin x :

1n 2n 1 1
n

cos x sin x n 0 x n 0 2n 1 x 2n

2n 1! 2n 1!
1 x 2n
n

n 0

2n !
6.
x -x m 2 ,

x
x 1 x x

2 3 ... n 1
x
2 n

1 x
2
n 0 n!

2 3 ... n 1 n
x x n 1 x n 1 nx n , x 1
n 0 n! n 0 n 1

11
 x x 2 m 1 2 ,

1 1 1
1 ... n 1

1 x 1
1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 n x 2n

1 x2 n 1 n!

3 5 7 ... 2n 1 2n
1 x
n 1 2n n!

3 5 7 ... 2n 1 2n
1 x
n 1 2 4 6 ... 2n

x
3 5 7 ... 2n 1 x 2n

arcsin x dt t dt
0 n 1 2 4 6 ... 2n 0

3 5 7 ... 2n 1 x 2n 1
x , x 1
n 1 2 4 6 ... 2n 2n 1

7.

x 1 2

x 3x 2
2
x 1 x 2
1 1

1 x 1 x
2
n
x
x , x 1 x 2 1
n

n 0 n 0 2

1
1 n x n , x 2 1
n 0 2

,
,
/ .

. ,

, .
, Taylor. ,
0.69314718056 ln2
, , ,
, .
,
.

12
 1 Taylor

x3 x5 x 2n 1
sin x x ... 1 ..., x
n

3! 5! 2n 1!
sin x Taylor

x3
T4 x x .
6

x sinx T4 x R4 x
0 0 0 0
0.2 0.198669 0.198667 0.000002
0.4 0.389418 0.389333 0.000085
0.6 0.564642 0.564000 0.000642
0.8 0.717356 0.714667 0.002689
1 0.841471 0.833333 0.008138

1.0
y

0.5

0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
x

1 : sin x () T4 x ()

, :
x 0,1 , R 4 x
x 1 , 0.008.
2, :
sin x T4 x 0,1 ,
, x 1 .
, sin x , T4 x
, 0, .

13
 2 Taylor

x3 x5
T6 x x
6 120

sin x T6 x

1.0
y

0.5

0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
x

2 : sin x () T6 x ()

, x 2 .
:
Taylor,
.

3 Taylor
sin x x 2.5
2. x 2 x 0 ,
x 2.5 . ,

sin 2 1 cos 2 0 .

Taylor

x 1 x
2 1
T 3
2 2

sinx x 2

2 4 6
1 1 1
sin x 1 x x x ... ,
2 2 24 2 720 2

x 2.5 ,
3.

14
 y 1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
-0.2 x
-0.4
-0.6

3 : sin x (), T6 x (), T3 2 x ()

,
sin 2.5 0.59847, T3 2 2.5 0.56829, R 3 2 2.5 0.03018
sin 2.5 0.59847 , T6 2.5 0.70964 , R 6 2.5 0.11117

4
, sinx

P x 0.41769x 2 1.31223x 0.05046 .

, , :

1.0
y

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2
x
-0.2

4 : sin x (), T6 x (), P x ()

15
 T6 x sin x
P x sin x 0, ,
.
; .

5 Taylor
sinx Taylor T4 x x x 3 6 ,
x,
0.0003.
( ),

sin 5 c 5
R4 x x , c 0, x .
5!
,
5
x
R4 x 0.0003 x 5 120 0.0003 0.51435 .
5!

1.

16