2013, Vol. 45, No.

7, 797810
Acta Psychologica Sinica DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2013.00797

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(n=38) 0.25(1.21) 0.26(0.90) 3.35(0.44) 3.42(0.50) 4.56(0.76) 0.11(1.12) 0.28(1.28) 2.33(0.59)

(n=76) 0.04(0.96) 0.09(0.92) 3.41(0.46) 3.52(0.53) 4.65(0.76) 0.10(0.85) 0.03(0.97) 2.24(0.64)

(n=51) 0.22(0.73) 0.20(1.37) 3.46(0.57) 3.49(0.56) 4.64(0.72) 0.27(0.44) 0.43(0.24) 2.07(0.61)

(n=82) 0.09(1.05) 0.06(0.88) 3.27(0.46) 3.30(0.46) 4.76(0.70) 0.16(1.04) 0.17(1.06) 2.22(0.67)

(n=133) 0.03(0.95) 0.11(1.09) 3.34(0.51) 3.37(0.51) 4.71(0.71) 0.00(0.88) 0.06(0.89) 2.16(0.65)

(n=96) 0.18(0.75) 0.16(1.15) 3.26(0.65) 3.53(0.56) 4.60(0.74) 0.15(0.68) 0.30(0.47) 2.14(0.60)

(n=119) 0.09(1.07) 0.05(0.84) 3.39(0.55) 3.41(0.54) 4.68(0.76) 0.15(1.13) 0.21(1.20) 2.21(0.60)
(n=215) 0.03(0.95) 0.04(0.99) 3.33(0.60) 3.46(0.55) 4.64(0.75) 0.01(0.96) 0.02(0.98) 2.18(0.60)
(n=185) 0.22(0.70) 0.15(1.17) 3.36(0.60) 3.54(0.56) 4.64(0.74) 0.22(0.57) 0.34(0.38) 2.12(0.61)
(n=239) 0.11(1.08) 0.05(0.86) 3.34(0.51) 3.38(0.51) 4.69(0.74) 0.15(1.09) 0.21(1.16) 2.23(0.62)
(n=424) 0.03(0.95) 0.04(1.01) 3.35(0.55) 3.45(0.54) 4.67(0.74) 0.01(0.92) 0.03(0.95) 2.18(0.62)

2 /

1
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 802 45

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 7 : 803

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0.20 (0.37) 0.20 (0.37) 0.20 (0.37) 0.29 (0.55) 0.29 (0.55) 0.29 ***(0.55)
0.05(0.03) 0.05(0.03) 0.05(0.03) 0.01(0.01) 0.01(0.01) 0.01(0.01)
*** *** *** *** ***
0.69 (0.67) 0.69 (0.67) 0.69 (0.67) 0.65 (0.65) 0.66 (0.66) 0.65 ***(0.65)
0.03(0.04) 0.01(0.02) 0.04(0.06) 0.006(0.01) 0.05(0.09) 0.02(0.02)
0.02(0.04) 0.02(0.04) 0.02(0.05) 0.03(0.07) 0.03(0.06) 0.03(0.06)
0.04(0.10) 0.04(0.10) 0.04(0.10) 0.002(0.006) 0.001(0.003) 0.002(0.006)
0.03(0.05) 0.03(0.06) 0.07(0.15) 0.07(0.15) 0.09 *(0.20)
0.01(0.02) 0.005(0.01) 0.06(0.14) 0.05(0.14) 0.03(0.09)
0.01(0.02) 0.01(0.04) 0.03(0.10) 0.03(0.1) 0.04(0.12)
0.01(0.05) 0.001(0.01) 0.01(0.05) 0.01(0.06) 0.004(0.01)
0.01(0.02) 0.06(0.09) 0.08 *(0.14) 0.12 **(0.19) 0.08 *(0.11)
0.04(0.17) 0.01(0.05) 0.01(0.05) 0.04(0.15)
0.12 *(0.55) 0.11 *(0.52) 0.26 ***(1.22) 0.22 ***(1.06)
2 2
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* ** ***
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 804 45

4
(B) (B) (B)

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0.11 (0.14) *
0.11 (0.14) 0.29 ***
(0.55) 0.29 ***
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0.19 ***
(0.12) 0.19 ***
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0.07(0.07) 0.07(0.06)
0.24 ***(0.27) 0.30 ***(0.35) 0.03(0.05) 0.04(0.08) 0.07(0.11) 0.11 *(0.18)
0.03(0.04) 0.05(0.07) 0.03(0.06) 0.03(0.07) 0.02(0.04) 0.03(0.06)
0.05(0.09) 0.05(0.08) 0.002(0.01) 0.002(0.005) 0.04(0.09) 0.04(0.09)
0.15 **(0.14) 0.09 *(0.11)
0.02(0.07) 0.02(0.07)
0.15 **(0.71) 0.12 *(0.58)
R2(
0.18(0.11) 0.19(0.12) 0.12(0.04) 0.11(0.03) 0.06(0.02) 0.05(0.02)
R2)

slope=0.18, t=-4.26, p<0.001), Wentzel, 2003), ,

0.11
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 7 : 807

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Peer Rejection, Peer Acceptance and Psychological Adjustment of Left-Behind Children:

The Roles of Parental Cohesion and Childrens Cultural Beliefs about Adversity

ZHAO Jingxin1; LIU Xia2; ZHANG Wenxin1

(1 School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China)
(2 Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China)

Abstract

The widening gap in societal and economic development between urban and rural communities and the
relaxation of migration restrictions in China since the 1980s have led large numbers of rural laborers to leave
their countryside homes in search of better job opportunities in urban areas. As a result of this wave of migration,
millions of children were left behind by their migrant parent in rural communities, in the care of the nonmigrant
parent, the childrens grandparents or other relatives, even some are left to care for themselves. Long-term and
long-distance family separation and lack of face-to-face communications characterize the interactions between
migrant parent(s) and their left-behind offspring, and this relative absence of parental affection puts left-behind
 810 45

children at a disadvantage compared with children from nonmigrant families. Although left-behind children
were reported to have a higher probability of risk for maladjustment than their peers from nonmigrant families,
literatures suggest that there are considerable variations in the adaptations of left-behind children; while some
children are at a high risk for delays in adaptive functioning, some do not experience adaptive problems, and still
some even show positive development. A key issue with important preventive and theoretical implications in the
study of left-behind children involves the identification of potentially protective processes that support positive
adaptation in children from migrant families. The present study was designed to examine the moderate effects of
parental cohesion and childrens cultural beliefs about adversity on the relationship between peer
rejection/acceptance and adaptive functioning by comparing left-behind children with children from nonmigrant
families.
A total of 424 rural children were recruited from a rural area in Henan province of China, including 76
children from two-parent-migrant families, 133 children from father-migrant families, and 215 children from
nonmigrant families. Peer rejection and acceptance, childrens aggression and school disengagement were
measured by peer rating. The participants also completed self-report measures of parental cohesion, Chinese
cultural beliefs about adversity and loneliness. The results showed that peer rejection was positively associated
with childrens aggression, loneliness and school disengagement, while peer acceptance was negatively
associated with childrens loneliness and school disengagement. Father-child cohesion, mother-child cohesion
and positive beliefs about adversity predicted lower levels of childrens loneliness. Moreover, father-child
cohesion and mother-child cohesion respectively moderated the relationship between peer acceptance and
childrens loneliness. Specifically, at lower levels of parental cohesion, peer acceptance was negatively
associated with childrens loneliness, but such association was not significant at higher levels of parental
cohesion. Additionally, the moderation effect of parental cohesion on the relationships between peer rejection
and childrens aggression and between peer rejection and school disengagement varied according to the status of
parental migration (two-parent migrant families and nonmigrant families). Compared with children from
nonmigrant families, higher levels of father-child cohesion and mother-child cohesion better attenuated the
relationship between peer rejection and the external problems among children from two-parent migrant families.
These findings did not support the hypothesis that migrant parent serves as the by-stander in left-behind
childrens development, and highlight the importance of parental cohesion and peer acceptance for the positive
adaptations of left-behind children. The implications of these findings for interventions directed at left-behind
children were also discussed.
Key words Left-behind children; peer; parental cohesion; Chinese cultural beliefs about adversity; psychological
adjustment