THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL

AMMONI A REFRI GERATI ON .

A W OR K OF R E FE R E N C E FO R E N G I N EE R S

An d e r
o th s E mp l o y ed ln th e M a ag e me
M a ch i n e y
n

r n t o f I c e an d R
.
r
e f r i g e a t i on

BY

I LT Y D I . R EDW O O D .

AS S OC . M . SOC . 0 1 M . M . S OC C H EM I C A L I N DU STRY ,

EN GLA N D .

FI FTH TH O U S AN D

N EW YOR K :

SPON CH A M B ER L A IN ,
1 2 3 L I B E R TY S T R EET .

L O N DO N :

E . a: F
. N . S PON ,
L I M ITED, 1 2 5 S TR A ND .

1 904
C o p y r ig h t d b y
e E P
. . W a t so n 8: S o n , 1 894 .

C op y ri g h t d b y S pon
e C h a m b rl a i n
e , 1 89 5 .

m ass or N C a m m , 2 2 n am es N . Y .
 P R E FA C E .

-
O

T H ER E m any en gin e e rs an d o the rs

a re

i n tere sted i n re fr ig er at i ng m ac h i n e r y who

f
h av e e l t th e w an t o f a b o o k o f re fere n c e
l
t h at w i ll e n ab e the m to determ i n e w i th
l
,

s u f c i e n t ac c u r ac y f o r all p r ac t i c a pur
p ose s wh at w o r k the i r m ac h i n e s are d o i ng
,

w i th o u t re so rt i ng to l ab o r i o u s c al c u l at i o n s ;
there fo re a n u mbe r o f t ab l e s h av e bee n p re
p ared to meet t h i s w an t an d a sh o rt tre at i se
o n the T he o r y a n d P r ac t i c e o f R e fr ig er at i o n
,

i n c o r p o rated therew i th .

T he t ab l e s wh i c h h av e bee n c al c u l ated
,

as ac c u r ate l y as p o ss i b l e an d h av e bee n ,

c he c k ed b y a g e n t l em an o f c o n si der ab l e

e x p e rt e x p er i e n c e c o v er a s u f c i e n t l y

w i de r ang e o f tem p er at u re s an d p re ssu re s

to meet all o rd in ar y an d a g o o d ,
m any
e x tr ao rd i n a ry req u i reme n t s
, .

I LTY D I . R ED W O O D .

B R O O KL Y N , Febr umy , 1 89 5 .
 C O N TEN TS .

P A GE

I N T RODU C TOR Y R E M AR K S

C H APT E R I .

B RI T IS H TH ER M A L U NI T
M EC H ANI C A L EQU I V A L EN T O F A U NI T O F H EA T
S P EC I F I C H EA T
EFF EC T O F T EM P E RA T U R E AND PR ESSU R E ON S PE
C I FI C H EA T

EFF EC T O F PR ESSU R E ON S P EC I F I C H EA T O F AM
M ONI A G AS
S P EC I F I C H EA T O F A I R W I T H CONS T AN T PR ESSU R E
S P EC I F I C H EAT O F A I R W I T H CONS T AN T VO L U M E
LA T EN T H EA T
L AT EN T H EA T O F L I QU EF A C T ION
L A T EN T H EA T O F VA P ORI Z A T ION
LA T E N T H EA T O F W A T E R
A B SO L U TE PR ESSUR E
A B SO L U T E T EM P ERA T U R E
A B SO L U TE Z ERO
EFF EC T O F PR ESSUR ES ON V O L U M E O F G AS ES .
11 . Con ten ts .

C H A PTER I I .

T HORY O F R EF RIG ERA TI ON

E

F R EEZ I NG B Y CO M P R ESS ED A I R
F R EEZ I NG B Y A MM ONIA
C H ARA C TER IS T I C S O F A M M ONIA .

EX P L OSI V EN ESS
TEND E N C Y O F T H E G AS T O R IS E
S O L U B I L I TY I N W AT ER
A C T IO N O N CO PP E R
26 B EAU M EA MM ONI A

A N HY DROUS A M M ONIA

C H A PTE R III .

G EN E RAL A RRAN G EM EN T
D E S C RI P T ION O F T H E PL AN T
CONS T RU C T ION D ETAI LS TH E CO M P R E SSOR

ST U FF I NG B O X ES
-

S P EC IAL L U B RI C A T I O N
O I L F O R L U B RI C A T ION
C LEARAN C E S P A C E ET C
S U C TION A N D D IS C H ARG E VA LV ES
, .

EFF EC T O F EX C ESSI V E VA LV E L I F T -

R EGU LAT ION O F VA LV E L I F T -

C H A PT ER IV .

TH E S E P ARATO R
TH E COND ENS ER
C O N D EN S ER W O RM
R EC EI V ER
 Con ten ts
. 0 .

P A GE

R EF RIG ERAT O R O R B RI N E TAN K 44

S I Z E O F PI P E AND A R EA O F COO L I NG S U R F A C E 45
EX P ANSI ON VA LV ES 46
W ORKI NG D ETAI L S .
-
C H ARGI NG TH E PL AN T W ITH
A MM ONIA 47

C H A PTER V .

A M M ONIA T o B E G RADUA LLY C H ARG ED

A K T W A T E R F O R CO M P R ESSOR
J C E -

A K W A F O R S EP ARA T O R
J C ET-
T E R

COND ENSI NG W AT ER
L ESS E NI NG T H E COS T F O R COND ENSI NG W A T ER

QUAN TI TY O F COND ENSI NG W AT E R N EC ESSARY

L O SS D U E T o H EAT I NG O F CON D E NS E D A M M ONIA ,

L oss D U E
S U P ER H EAT I NG A M M ONIA G AS

C H A PTE R VI .

EXC ESS COND ENSI NG PR ESSU R E 59

CAUS E O F VARIA T IO N I N EX C ESS PR ESSU R ES 60
O TH ER CONDI T IONS T H A T A FF EC T EX C ESS PR ESSU R E ,
62
U S E O F COND ENSI NG PR ESSU R E I N D ET E R M I NI NG
L o ss O F A M M ONI A B Y L EAKAG E
COO L ING D I R EC TLY B Y A MM ONIA
B RI N E
F R EEZ ING POI N T O F B RI N E
EFF EC T O F CO M P OSI T ION ON F R EEZ I N POI N T G

EFF EC T O F S T R ENG T H O N F R EEZ IN POI N T G

S UI TA B L EN ESS O F T H E B RI N E
M AKI NG B RI N E
iv. Contents .

C H A PTER VI I .

A
P GE

S P EC I F I C H EA T O F B RI N E 73
R EGU LAT IO N O F B RI N E TEM P E RATU R E 73
I N D I REC T EFF EC T O F CON D ENSI NG W A TE R ON B RI N E
TEM P ER A T U R E 77

C H A PTE R V I I I .

D I R EC T IONS F OR D ET E R M I N ING R EF RIG E RAT ING EF

FI C I EN C Y 78
EQU I V AL EN T O F A TO N O F I C E 79
C O M P R ESSO R M EASUR EM EN T O F A M M O NIA C I RC U
L A T ED m
L oss I N W ELL JA C K ETED C O M P R ESSORS
-
w
o

L oss 1 N D OU B L E A C T I NG CO M P R ESS O R S
-
w
o

D IS T RI B U T I O N O F M ER C U RY W ELL S m
o

EXA M I NA T I O N O F W ORKI NG PAR T S w

N UM B ER O F R EADI NGS T o B E TAK EN w

C H A PT ER IX .

D U RA TI O N O F TES T 87
I NDI C A TO R D IAGRA M S 87
AM M ONI A F I G U R Es EFF EC T UAL D IS P LA C EM EN T
.

97
VO L U M E O F G AS 97
A M M O NIA CI R C U LAT ED PER TW EN TY F O U R H OURS -
, 98
R EF RIG ERA T I NG EFF I C I EN C Y 98
B RI N E Fl G U R ES G A L LO NS CI R C U LA TED
.

99
PO U NDS CI R C U LA TED 1 00

D EG R EES COO L ED 1 00

TO TAL D EG REES EXT RA C T ED Too

 CZMN EE LL V

C H A PTER X .

A
P GE

Loss D UE To HE A T I NG O F L I QUI D A MM O NI A 1 0:

L oss H EA T I NG O F A M M ONI A G AS
'

DU E To TO3

C H A PT ER XI .

CA LC ULA TION O F T H E M A X I M U M CA P A C I T Y O F
MA C H I N E 1 06

PR EP A RA T ION O F A N H Y DR O US A M M O NIA 1 07

C O NS TRU C T ION O F A PP A RA T U S
C O ND ENS ER W OR M
-
1 09

W H Y S T I LL I s W O RK ED U ND E R PR ESSUR E 1 10

B ES T TES T F O R A M M ONIA 1 1!

W A TER F RO M S EP ARA T ORS 1 01

L I M E F OR D EH YDRA T OR I "
Y I EL D O F A N H YDROUS F RO M 2 6 A M M ONIA

"2

I ND EX 1 39
 L I ST OF I L L U S TR A T I O N S .

Pg
a e

1. S p c i c H ea t wi t h C n s t a n t P r ssu r
e o e e D e te r mi
n at i on

Abs o l u t e Z r o D t rm i n a t i
e e e on

3 . A mm oni a Pl an t
H CC
4 .

5 . D i s c h ar g e Val v e

6 . Su ct i on
7 . S pa r a t or
e

8 . Ex p a n s i on V a l v e

9 . M erc u r y W ll e
H H
10 .

1 1 . I n di c a t o r D i a g r am
H
12 .

H l
3 .

H H
4 .

15 . A nh y d r us A mm i a D i s t i ll i g A pp a r a t us
o on n

TA B L ES
T l
a b e Pg
.

a e

I V l u m of A mm on i a G a a t H igh T m p r a t u r s 51
. o e s e e e ,

II Y i l d t of A n h y d r us A mm n i a fr m Am
. e , e c .
, o o o

m nia S l u ti ns o o 1 13
o

I I I B oi l i n g P i n t L a t n t H a t t
. f A n h y d r o us
o , e e , e c .
,
o

Am m n i a o

I V T m p r a t u r e t wh i c h A mm n i a G a i s r a i s d
. e e o o s e

b y C m p r ss i on o 1 18 t
e 1 22 o

V Vol u m o f O n P o u n d f A mm on i a G a a t
. e e O s
Va r i ous P r ssu r s an d T m p r a t u r s 1 2 2 t 1 30
e e e e e ,
o

VI V ol u m of O n e P ou n d f A mm n i a G a a t
. e o o s

Va r i ous P r ssu r s an d T m p ra t u r s 1 3 1 to 1 38
e e e e e ,
 AMM ON IA

R E FR I G E R A T I O N .

I N T R O D U C T O R Y R EM A R K S .

TH E of

a mm o ni a co m p re ssi o n t yp e s
free z i ng m ac h i n e s are n o w com i n g so g e n er
al ly i n to us e in l rg e
a f t ri es
ac o an d man uf ac
t u r i n g e st ab l i sh me n t s where n at u r a l ic e was
l
fo rmer y e m p l o y ed th at the y ,
are o f n e c e ssi t y
l
p l ac ed d i re c t l y Or i n d i re c t y u n de r th e s u per
vi si o n Of me n wh o ,
o wing to the co m p ar at i v e
n ew n e ss of
the s u bj e c t o f am m o n i a re fr i g er a
ti o n i n re l at i o n to the m an u fac t u re s c an n o t ,

be e x p e c ted to be th o r o ug h y l co nv er san t w i th
the i r the o ret i c al an d l
p r ac t i c a w o r ki ng .

In a g re at m any i n st an c e s e ngi n eer s who

h av e c h ar g e Of the se m ac h i n e s o l
n y run
th em b y r u l e -
of - th u mb meth o d s ,
an d kn o w
2 I n troductory R emar ks .

i ng n o th i ng ab o u t the wh y an d the where fo re

are, i n the e v e n t of th e co n d i t i o n s be ing
c h ang ed u n ab l e
,
to re aso n o ut wh at w i l l re

s u l t fr o m the c h an g ed co n d i t i on s ,
an d W h at

o ther c h ang e s o ug ht to be m ade to co un ter

b al an c e the m

I t is there fo re w i th a V i ew to gi vi ng th o se
co n n e c ted w i th the r u n nin g of a m mon ia re

f rig eratin g p l an t s a m o re in te ll ig e n t i de a Of

wh at the y are d oi ng t hereb y te n d in g to

m ak e the i r w o r k i n tere s t i ng i n ste ad of l ab o

ri o us th at th i s B o o k has bee n wr i tte n .
 C H A PTE R I .

B EF O R E de al i n g w i th am m o ni a re r ig e r a f
t i o n i t is n e c e ssar y th at th e d i ff ere n t he at
term s e tc th at are u sed i n re g ard to th i s
,
.
,

s u bj e c t sh o u l d be t h o r o ug h l y u n der st o o d ,

an d the y w i ll there fo re be e x p l ai n ed fo rth

w i th.

T he term s w i th wh i c h we h av e p r i n c ip all y
to de al are :

(1) B r i t i s h T h rm a l U n i t
e .

(2 ) M c h a n i c a l Eq u iv a l n t
e e of a U ni t of H ea t .

( 3) S p ci c H at
e e .

(4 ) La t n t H a t
e e .

( 5) A b s ol u t P r ssu r
e e e .

(6) A b s ol u t T mp r a t u r
e e e e .

B R I T I S H T H ER M A L U N I T .

A B r i t i s h therm al u ni t is th e st an d ard u n i t
o f h e at i n th i s c o un tr y an d re p re s e n t s the ,

am o u n t o f he at n e c e ssar y t o r ai se the te m

p e ratu re o f o n e p o u n d we i g ht o f w ate r o n e
 T/zcoretz cal
'

4 a nd P ractica l

de g ree F ahre n he i t the temper at u re o f the

.

w ater be i n g o n the o ther h an d i t is ,

th e a m o un t o f h e at giv e n up b y o n e p o un d
o f w ater i n c o o l i ng o n e de g ree F ah re n he i t

fr o m 3 3 d o w n to

M EC H A N I C A L E QU I V A L EN T OF A UN IT OF

H EA T .

Jo u l e fo u n d b y m e,
an s O f a s u i t ab l y c o n

s tr u c ted agi t at o r p l ac ed i n w ater an d ac t u ated

f
b y a al l i n g we ig ht th at th e am o un t o f fr i c
,

t i o n c au sed b y a we ig ht o f I l b fal l ing a dis

f
.

t an c e o f 7 7 2 eet o r a we ig h t o f 7 7 2 lb s
f
.
,

all i ng a d i st an c e o f I foo t was s u fc i e n t to

l
,

h e at I b o f w ater 1 F ah r T here fo re the

l
.
.
,

p r o d u c t i o n o f o ne B r i t i s h therm a u ni t of
he at is eq ui v al e n t to r ai sing a we i g ht o f 1 l b
f f
.

77 2 eet o r 77 2 lb s 1 o o t a n d c o n s eq u e n t l y
l
,
.
,

the m e c h an i c a eq u iv al e n t o f a un i t o f he at is
77 2 fo o t p o u n-
d s b u t 7 7 8 is n o w c o n si de red
,

m o re c o rre c t .

S PEC I F I C H EA T .

S p e c i c he at the n u mber O f B r i t i s h the r

is
mal u ni t s req u i red to r ai se the tem p e rat u re
 A mmoma
'

of o ne p o un d we ig ht o f any p art i c u l ar s ub
s t an c e 1

F ah r o r i t may be e xp re ssed
.
,

as the c ap ac i t y O f d i ff e re n t s u b st an c e s f o r
he at
S c i e n t i st s h av e p r o v ed th at a p o u n d O f
w ate r has a g re ater c ap ac i t y f o r h e at th an a
p o u n d o f any o the r kn o w n s u b st an c e an d ,

there fo re w ater is t ak e n as the st an d ard o f

c o m p ar i so n an d its sp e c i c he at at 3 2
,

F ahr .

is u ni t y .

Tu r p e n t i n e has a sp e c i c he at o f an d

the sp e c i c he at o f mer c u r y is fr o m
the se gu re s i t is u n der st o o d th at to r ai se the
tem p er at u re o f 1 l b o f t u rpe n t i n e 1 F ahr

l
. .

B T U w i l l be req u i red wh i e the

.

. .
,

same we i g ht o f me rc u r y w i ll req u i re o n l y
B T U to r ai se its tem per at u re o n e
. . .

de g ree .

I f 2 lb s o f w ater at 3 2 F ahr are he ated

.

.

to 4 2 F a h r

o r thr o ug h
.
,
the y w i l l ab so rb
( 2 lb s x 1 0
.

x S p H t 2 0 B T . . . .

U s b u t i f 2 lb s O f t u r p e n t i n e are he ated

.
,

thr o ug h the same n u mber O f de g ree s the y

B ri ti h Th rm l
s e a Un it
s .
6 T/z eorotz ca t
'

a nd Practical

w i ll a b so rb o n l y (2 lb s . x 10

X Sp .

Ht B T U

. . . s .

E F F EC T OF TEM PE R A T U R E A N D PR ES SU R E
ON S PEC I F I C H EA T .

T he sp e c i c he at o f su b st an c e s v ar i e s w i th
v ary in g c o n d i t i o n s o f tem p er at u re an d p re s
s u re an d i nv ar i ab l y i n c re ase s w i th i n c reas e
,

o f tem p er at u re o r p re ss u re T he v ar i ati o n i n .

th e sp e c i c h e at o f w ater at d i ffere n t tem p er

at u re s i s so s m al l
th at i t may be p assed un
n o t i c ed b u t i n the c ase s o f c e rt ai n O i l s an d
,

g ase s i t is c o n si de rab l e : f o r i n st an c e a m i n
l
,

e ra O il th at h as a sp e c i c h e at o f at

8 5 F ahr w i ll h av e a sp e c i c he at o f

.

at 1 2 0

F ahr A n o ther p o i n t i n re gard to
.

th e sp e c i c he at O f m in er al o i l s is the fac t
t h at as th e we ig ht (sp e c i c g ravi t y ) o f the O i l
.

i n c re as e s the sp e c i c he at

de c re ase s
.

A l so i n th e c ase o f p ar af n w ax e s t he
, ,

h ig he r the m e l t i ng p o i n t the l o wer th e sp e

c i c h e at .
 A mmoma Rtf g
' ' '

rz c r a tz oz z .
7

EFF EC T OF PR ESS U R E ON S PEC I F I C H EA T

OF A M M O N I A G AS .

T h e e fTe c t o f p re ssu re o n the sp e c i c he at

o f a mm o n i a g as is v er y m ar k ed f o r wh ere as ,

the sp ec ic h e at is o n l y whe n the gas
is u n de r a p re ss u re o f 2 8 lb s o r l e ss o n the .

sq u are i n c h i t is r ai s ed to
,
whe n the
p re ss u re re ac he s 80 lb s o r up w ard s
. .

T he sp e c i c h e at o f a g as whe n e x p an si o n
is all o wed an d whe n m e c h an i c a w o r k is p er l
fo rme d is g re ater th an the sp e c i c he at O f a
g l
as th at is n o t a l o wed to e x p an d ; i n o ther

w o rd s sp e c i c he at O f a g as w i th c o n st an t
,

p re ss u re is g re ate r th an the sp e c i c h e at o f a
g a s w i th c o n st an t v o l u m e I n o rde r to u n
.

de rstan d th i s m o re c l e ar l y the fo ll ow i ng ,
.

e x p l an at i o n m u st be gi v e n :

S PEC I F I C H EA T OF AIR W I T H C O N S TA N T
PR ES S U R E .

L et F i gu re I re p re se n t a c y l i n de r w i th a
c r o ss s e c t i o n al are a o f 1 4 4 sq u are i n c he s (o ne
8 Theoretica l a nd Pr actica l

sq u are fo o t ) t i g ht l y C l o sed at b o th e n d s an d
tted w i th a pi st o n B th at w i l l m o v e w i th o u t
, ,

fr i c t i o n an d l et th e p i st o n we ig h
,

lb s N o w i f a p er fe c t v ac u u m
.
,

is m ai n t ai n ed i n th e sp ac e A an d i f ,

C c o n t ai n s I l b o f air . c u bi c

feet ) at a tem p er at u re o f 3 2 F ahr

l
,
.

the air w i l be u n der a p re ssu re O f

lb s p e r sq u a re i n c h an d w i ll
.
,

m ai n t ai n th e pi st o n at a he ig ht O f
feet I f th i s air is n o w he ated
.

to 3 3 F ahr

th u s r ai si n g its te m
.

p e ratu re 1

F ah r i ts v o l
. u me w i l l
be i n c re as ed b u t th e p re ssu re w i l l be
,

e x ac t l y th e same as be fo re be c au se ,

the pi s t o n h as r i se n to m ak e r o o m
f o r the i n c re as ed v o l u m e o f the air .

A c c o rd i ng to R e gn au l t s determ i n a

t i o n s the am o u n t O f he at th at w o u l d
,

be n e c e ssar y to r ai se the tem p er at u re

o f th e ai r 1

F ah r u n der th e ab o v e
.

c o n d i t i o n s w o u l d be
,
B T U . . .

T here fo re the sp e c i c h e at o f ai r w i th
Fig 1
c o n st an t p re ss u re is
.
 Amwania Ref rig eration .
9

S PEC I F I C H EA T OF AIR W I TH C O N S TA N T
VO L U M E .

I n the e x p er i m e n t j u st c i ted n l y was ,

not o

the tem p er at u re O f th e air r ai sed 1 F ahr

.
,

b u t o w i ng to its e x p an si o n a c ert ai n am o u n t
l
, ,

o f me c h an i c a w o r k was p er fo rmed whe n the

pi st o n was r ai sed N o w b y he at i n g th e air

.
,

1

F ah r its v o l u me was i n c re ased (see p age
.
,

8
45 4 -
33
1 6 ) to X

4 58 4 4 3 2

c u b i c feet there fo re the pi st o n was r ai sed

,

fr o m feet up to feet o r ,

thr o ug h O f a fo o t A s al re ad y m e n
.

tio n e d the pi st o n we ig hed

,
lb s there .
,

fo re the am o u n t O f w o r k d o n e b y t he e x p an
s i o n o f the a ir was lb s x .

he ig ht r ai sed fo o t p o u n d s A s i t -
.

is k n o w n th at the me c h an i c al eq u i v al e n t O f
a un i t o f he a t is 7 7 2 fo o t p o un d s i t is see n
-
,

th at the am o u n t o f he at th at was req u i red to

p er fo rm the me c h an i c al w o r k O f r ai si n g the
pi st o n was 77 2 B T U
f
. . .

T here o re i f the air had bee n he ated fr o m

,

3 2 u p to 3 3 F ah r w i th o u t be i ng all o wed

.
10 T/z cor ctica l c wa Pr ac tica l

to e x p an d an d p er fo rm me c h an i c al w o r k th e ,

a m o u n t o f he at th at w o u l d h av e bee n n ec es

s ar y w o u l d h av e bee n 37 9
B T U he n c e the sp e c i c he at o f
. . .

ai r w i th c o n st an t v o l u me is

L A T EN T H EA T .

L a te n t he at is he at th at is h i dde n o r is ab
so rbe d
( w i th out m aki ng i t s e l f app are n t to

th e therm o meter ) w he n a so l i d p asse s to th e

l
l i q u i d st ate o r a i q u i d to the g as e o u s st ate
l
, .

T here are there fo re two ki n d s o f ate n t

, ,

he at o n e be i n g t he l ate n t he at o f liq ue f ac
,

t i o n an d the o ther t he l ate n t he at o f v ap o r

i z atio n .

L A T EN T H E A T OF L I QU EF A C T I O N .

If 1 lb . of h r an d 1 l b o f
ic e at 3 2

F a . .

w ater at 3 3 F ahr are p l ac ed i n se p ar ate

.

v e sse l s o f e x ac t l y the sam e s i z e an d sh ap e ,

a n d the s e v e sse l s a re p u t i n a p l ac e th at I s

p er fe c t l y free fr o m dr aug ht s an d where the

tem p er at u re is st at i o n ar y a t s ay 50 F ah r

, ,
.
,
 Amwan ia R ef ri
g era ti on . 1 1

i t w i l l be fo u n d th at the ic e w i l t ak e ab o u t l
l
2 1 t i me s as o ng to me l t an d he at up to say

l
, ,

4 0

F ahr as the w ater w i l t ak e to he at u p t o

l
.

the sam e tem p er at u re N o w i t is q u i te p ai n

f l
.

th at i b o th v e sse l s are e x p o sed to e x ac t y

the sam e te m p e r at u re the i r c o n te n t s m u st
,

e ac h be ab so rb i ng he at at the sam e r ate an d ,

as th e te m p er at u re o f th e w ate r i n r i sing

fr o m 3 3 to o r th r o u g h s e v e n d e g ree s ,

o n l y req ui red 1 2 I st o f th e t i m e t h at the i c e

-

t oo k th e ic e m u st h av e ab so rb ed ( 7 X 2 1 )
,

1 47

F ah r b u t o n l y 8 ( 3 2 to
.
,

o f th i s

had bee n re gi ste red b y the therm o me ter an d ,

there fo re 1 39 Fhr had be c o me l ate n t o r h i d

.

de n O f c o u r s e th i s is b u t a c r u de me th o d
l
.

o f determ i ni ng ate n t he at an d ac c u r ate de

l
,

te rm i n at i o n s h av e x ed as the ate n t

he at o f ic e .

L A T EN T H EA T OF V A PO R I Z A T I O N .

I f w ater he ated i n an o p e n v e sse i t w i l

is l l
be fo u n d th at the tem p er at u re c an n o t be
r ai sed ab o v e 2 1 2 F ah r

N o m atte r ho w .

l o ng th e he at may be app l i e d the tempe r a

1 2 l eoreti ca l a nd P ractica l

t u re w i ll
rem ai n st at i o n ary al th o ug h the ,

w ater is c o n st an t l y re c e ivi ng add i t i o n al he at .

T he h e at th u s h i dde n i n th e w ater is c all ed

l
the ate n t he at o f v ap o r i z at i o n an d i f 1 l b ,
.

o f ste am at 2 1 2

F ahr were p assed thro ug h .

a c o n de n s e r an d c o nv erted i n to 1 l b of .

w ate r at 2 1 2 F ahr i t w o u l d be fo u n d th at

.
,

al th o ug h the c o n de n sat i o n o f th e s te am to

wate r h ad n o t aff e c ted th e te m p er at u re suf

c i e n tly to b e n o t i c e ab l e b y th e therm o meter ,

th e c o n de n se r w o u l d h av e ab so rbed 9 6 6 B .

T U S o r s u f c i e n t he at to h av e r ai sed the

f
.
,

tem p er at u re o f o v e r 6 % lb s o f w ate r r o m .

6 0 F ah r up to 2 1 2 F ahr

.

.

T he l ate n t he at o f v ap o r i z at i o n o f w ate r is
th e re fo re 9 6 6 .

L A T EN T H EA T OF W A TER .

It th u s s ee n t h at to c o n v e rt I l b O f ic e
is .

at 3 2

F ah r i n t o 1 l b o f ste am at 2 1 2
.

.

F ahr req ui re s :
.

Ice a t 3 2 to wa t r a t 32 ( l a t t ) e

en

\Va t r a t
e wa t r a t 2 1 e 2

\Va t r a t 2 2 t
e t am a t 2 2 ( l at e t)
1
o s e 1
n

B . T U
.

s ;
 '

f
A mwama R e rig eration . I3

or the am o u n t o f h eat t h at w o u d recltic e l

ab o u t 2 % lb s of cast i r o n o r ab o ut 9 lbs o f
-

l
. .

s i v er t o the m o lte n state

I
.

n mak i ng a great m any calcu latio ns i n

regard to heat i t is necessary t o make u se
of absol ute pressu res an d t empe ratu res .

A BSOLUTE PR E SS U R E .

A bsol u t e p ressu re is p o u nds pe r square

i nc h above a vacu u m and as steam gauges
, ,

are adj usted so that the O o r z ero m ark , ,

represents t he atm ospheric p ress u re i t is ,

necessa ry to add lb s to the guage p res

.

su re i n o rder to convert i t i nto abs o l ute

,

p ressu re .

A B S O L U T E T E M P E RAT U R E .

I n regard to absol ute te mpe ratu re ex p e ri

m ents have p roved that al l p u re d ry gases ,

e xpan d v ery n early to the same exten t fo r

equal in crem ents o f heat and i t the refo re,

matte rs l ittl e what gas is take n fo r the p u r

pose o f explai ning the prin ci ple on wh ich
the basis fo r absol ute tempe ratu res has bee n
dete rm in ed .
I4 Theoretical a nd Practical
'

L et Fig .be a cyli nder closed

2 at bot h
e nds an d havi ng a cross sectional
, are a o f
square i n ches ( I sq u are foot ) ,
a dept h
of abou t 1 8 i nches an d a p iston B
, , ,
capabl e

Fig . 2

o f mo v i ng witho u t friction I t m ust now b e.

s uppose d that th e space C contains 1 c u bic

foot of ai r at a temperatu re of 3 2 Fah r and .
,

that the piston B is weighted so as to exe rt

, ,
 A mwan ia R ef rz
gcm ti on . I5

a p ressu re o f lbs o n the square i nch .

,

while a pe rfect vacu u m is maintai ned i n A .

R egnau lt s experi ments have p roved that i f

the c ontents of C are n ow heated to 2 1 0

Fah r o r through 1 80 Fah r
.
,
c 2 1 . .
,
3

the pisto n and its load wil l be raised

foot o r to D and th e c ubic foot o f ai r
, ,

wil l be i nc rease d in vol u me to cubi c

feet.

I f we start agai n wi th the te m pe ratu re at

3 2 Fahr an d the p iston at E and extract in
.
,

stead o f add 1 80 Fah r of heat c cool down

0
. .
,

the contents o f C to I 4S
O
the piston
wil l desce n d th e sam e d istance that i t rose
when the ai r was h eated n amely foot , , ,

o r to F The extraction o f an other 1 80

Fah r by cool i ng dow n the con te nts o f C to

.

3 2 8 Fahr wou ld cause the pisto n to again

,
.

des c end another foot o r to G an d to , ,

cau se the piston to d escen d to H (an d th u s

cont ract the ai r i n C to theo retieally speak ,

ing n othing ) wou l d ne c essitate the ai r being

, ,

1 80
c ooled down Fah r belo w .
32

36 7
Fahr o r to
. Fah r below z e ro
. .
16 Theoretical a nd Pr actical

A B S O L U TE Z ER O .

A bs o l ute z e ro is Fah r a n d an
4 58 4 .
o
.
,

absol u te temperatu re i s the abs o l ute z ero

tempe ratu re pl u s the ordin ary thermom ete r
,

readi ng Th e absol u te tempe ratu re o f a gas

.

at 3 2 Fah r i s . an d if th e

temperatu re were 0 Fahr the absol u te tem .

e rature wou ld be w hile i f the temper

p
0
atu re were 3 2 the absol ute temperatu re
wo u ld be
With the ai d of thi s knowle dge it is now
easy to u nderstand how the vol u me of gases
at d i ff e ren t te mpe ratu res i s comp u ted by the
t
fo rm u la v V X i n whi c h
T

V 2 V ol u me of the gas at the original

tempe ratu re T ,
.

v vol u m e of the gas at the n ew tem

rature t
p e ,
.

EF F EC T OF PR S S U R ES O N V O L U M E
E OF

G A S ES .

Th e vol um e o f gases is als o alte red by

p ressu re and ac c ord ing to Marrio tte the
, . ,
 A mmon i a R ef l
'

ra tz on
rz
gc l 7

v ol u me o f any gas varies i n ve rse ly as the

p ress ure the te mpe ratu re re mai ni ng c on

stant Th u s : one cu bic foot of ai r at 1 0 lbs

. .

absol ute pressu re o n the square i nch if s u b ,

j ec te d to an absol ute p ress u re of 1 00 lbs wil l .

,

be red u ced i n v olu me to ( 1 cub ic foot x 1 0

lbs. 1 00 lbs c ub ic fo o t provided t h e
.
,

work o f c omp ressin g is d on e witho u t gen er

ating heat B u t it is known that whe n work
.

i s don e heat i s n ecessarily ge ne rate d and

, ,

if the c ubic foot o f ai r at 1 0 lb s absol ute .

p ress u re i s comp ressed to I I oth i ts vol u me -

by being subj ected to an absol u te p ressu re

of 1 00 1b s i ts te mperat u re will be raised t o
.
,

abo ut 8 1 0 Fah r Therefore i n calcu latin g
.
,

the v olu me o f a gas that h as been subj ected

to p ress u re it is necessary to take i nto con
,

sideratio n the chan ges i n vol u me caused by

b o th temperat u re and p ress u re togethe r and ,

t h e g e n eral form ula becomes :

i n which V P an d T and v p and t are the

, , , ,

respective v ol u mes pressu re s and tempe ra

,
 7V
z corc tz cal a nd P rac ti ca l
'

1 8

tu res ofthe gas b efo re and after comp re s

sion . Th u s if ,

c u b i c foot o f air V
A P P
1

at 2 0 l b s b s o l ute re ss ure
.

an d 60
F ahr te mp er ature T
is he te d to
.

600 F hr te mp er ature
b y b e i n g s u bj e c te d to
a . l

A
l b s b s o l ute re ss ure P p
i t will b e re d u c e d i n v o l u m e to
2 00 .

c u b i c foot
20 600
I x X
2 00 60

C H A PT ER II .

T H EO R Y OF R EFRI GE R TIO N A .

A C A R EF U L study of the foregoin g pages

o ught to have made the two fo ll owi n g facts
q u ite plai n :
I . I n o rde r to e ff ect the expansion of a
 A mwama R ef r a tion
'

rz
g c . 19

gas it is necessary that the gas sh o u ld abso rb

hea t
2 The act o f compressing a gas gen e rates
.

h eat .

F R EEZ I N G BY C O M P R ES S ED A I R .

I f a com p ressed gas is re expande d i t -

p ractically abso rbs the same amo u nt of heat

that was gene rated by compressi on an d the ,

re e x p anded
-
gas w il l the refore be c ooled
d own to its o rigi nal c before co mp ression )
.
,

tem p eratu re Th e gas i n th is case wil l sim

.

ply absorb the heat necessary f o r its re e x -

a n si o n from i tself ; b u t if o n the othe r h and

p , ,

the co mp ressed gas is cooled down before it

i s allowed to re expan d i t is ve ry evident
-
,

that i t wil l n ot contai n su fc ient heat i n itsel f

to eff ect its own expansion an d the refore i t ,

w ill have to extract the n ecessary heat from

i ts s u rro u ndi ngs and by so doing it wil l p ro
,

d u ce th e s ensation of cold altho ugh st rictly , ,

s peaki ng col d can n ot be p rod uced

,
as it is a ,

n egative con ditio n .

 T/zcorctica l

20 an a P r acti ca l

Th e
fo l lowi ng ex ampl e wil l make the fo r e
going ex p lanation p lai ne r :
1 lb . of ai r at lbs P re s
. Ab s . .

an d 60 F hr
if c o mp re ss e d to l b s Ab s P re s
a .

will h v e i t s te mp er ture r i s e d
1 10 . . .

to F ahr
T h i s c o mp re ss e d i i s w c oo l e d
a a a . .
4 75 .

a r no to . 6 5 F ahr

.

or throu gh ( 75

4 1 0 F ahr

A s the s p eci c he t o f i i s 4 .

a a r

the n u m b er o f ther m l u n i t s th t
h e b ee n e tr c te d fro m the c o m
a a

av x

d
a

p re ss e air x

I f th is coo l co mp ressed ai r i s n o w re ex -

p an d ed to i ts o riginal absol u te pressu re of

lb s i t wi l l have to abso rb
.
,
B T . .

U s A s the e xtraction o f I 7 O the rmal u nits

.

fro m 1 1b of wate r whose tempe ratu re is 6 0
.

Fah r wil l conve rt the p o u nd of wate r i n to a

.

p o u nd of i ce i t i s evi den t that i f the I lb

, .

of above compressed ai r at a temperatu re

of 6 5 Fah r i s expande d i n a suitable appa
.

ratu s su rro u nded by I 1 70 -

lb of wate r at 6 0 Fahr tempe ratu re t h e
. .
,

water will be c o n v erte d i nto lb o f i c e .

of 3 2 F ah r te m p eratu re

. .

The ab ov e gu r e s are o nly ap p roxi mately

 A mwama Ref r igcration
'

2 1
'

co rre c t and are si mply give n as an ill u stra

,

tion o f the the o ry o f free zing by c ompressing

an d re expanding a gas (s u c h as ai r ) that is
-

n o t l iqu e ed by c o mp ressi o n .

F R EEZ I N G BY A M M ON I A .

I n co nsideri ng the theo ry of re frige ratio n

by means o f the liq ue ab le g as am mon ia i t
will be see n that the great ad van tage o f am
m onia ove r ai r lies al most e nti rely i n the
laten t heat of vapori zation .

S u pp o se I lb of am moni a gas at 2 0 lbs

. .

absol ute p ressu re an d 3 2 Fahr is comp ressed.

to 1 1 0 lbs absol ute pressu re i ts te mpe ratu re

.
,

wi ll the reby b e raised to Fah r If .

the co mpressed gas is cooled to 6 5 Fahr .

its tem p e ratu re wil l be lowe red and

t h is n u mbe r of degrees m u ltipl ied by the
s p eci c heat of am monia gas (which i n this
c ase i s shows that the rmal
u nits ha v e bee n extra c ted fro m the gas B u t .

if instead of cooling the co mp ressed gas to

o n ly 6 5 Fa h r it is c oo led to 6 0 Fah r i t
. .
,

wil l be co nverted i nto a l iq u id and as the ,

22 T/z corctica l a nd P ractical

lat e nt heat of vap o ri z ation of am m o nia at

1 1 0 lbs abs o l ute p ressu re i s
. the fol
l o wing wil l n ow be the n u mbe r of the rmal
u n its extracted Temperat u re o f compresse d
.

gas was Fah r and i f cooled to 6 0

.

,

Fahr its temperatu re w ill b e lowered

.

D e gree s c oo l e d x s p e c i c he at T U

L ate n t he at f v ap or i at i o n
. s .

M
0 z

T here fore tot a l ther m al u n i t s e xtr ac te d 2

T hese gu res S how how the advantage d e

rived by the u se o f am m onia i n the place o f
a i r lies i n the comparative ease with whic h

am m o n ia gas c an b e liq u e ed the reby allow ,

in g o f u se being made of its l atent heat of

v a po ri z ation .

C H A RA C T ER I ST I C S OF A M M ON I A .

A m m on ia is a colo rl essi rrespi rabl e gas , ,

w ith the odo r o f hartsh o rn I t is feebly .

c omb ustible if mi xed with a large p ropor

tion of ai r and b u rns with a greenish yel low
,
-

am e ; i f mi xed w ith abou t twice i ts v ol u me

of ai r it explodes with s o me viol en c e t . I
 A mwama R cf cratzbu

rz
g . 23

i s o n ly a little m o re than h al f the weight

o f ai r i s exceedingly sol ubl e i n water and
, ,

has a ve ry strong action o n C o p p er an d its

al l o ys The characte ristics o f ammonia re n
.

d e r i t n ecessary that the following p rec au

tions S ho u l d be observed i n regard to the
h andl in g of i t and i n constru c ting an am
m o n i a refrigerating plant .

EX P OSI
L VE NE SS .

O wing to the expl o siven ess of the gas it

i s i mportant that any p art of an apparatus
s h o u ld be thoro u ghl y ai red befo re a naked
l ight is b ro u ght near i t Th is p re c autio n is
.

som eti mes ridic u le d by those who th ro ugh ,

good l u ck rather than g o od management ,

h ave ne ve r exploded an y large vol u m e of

the gas ; b u t th e a u th o r has pe rsonal knowl
edge of a case whe re a man was thrown fr o m
a scaff o ld by the violence of an explosi o n
w hich took place w h en the man l owe red a
lighted candle into a tal l cyli nde r u sed i n
con nection with am m o n ia refrige rat i o n by
t h e abs o rp ti o n p r o c e ss
.
24 T/z corcti ca l a nd P rac tica l

T EN D EN C Y O F TH E G AS T o RI SE
.

When a pipe that conveys am mon ia b u rsts ,

anybo dy w ho happens to be near it sho u ld

keep his h ead as low as p ossible whi le e f ect
f

ing h is escape becau se the gas b eing onl y

,

half as heavy as air natu ral ly rises as soon

as it is l iberated i nto the ai r ; i f a man stood
erect he m ight possibly be overcome by the
gas whil e if he stooped he wo u ld in a great
, ,

many cases escape witho ut e x p e ri e n cing a n y

,

bad e ff ects .

S O L U B I L I TY IN WA T ER .

AS am m onia is e xceedingly s o lubl e in

wate r (so m u ch s o t hat 1 part of water will

at 6 0 Fahr absorb abo u t 8 00 parts of the
.

gas ) the latte r shou ld be used to k ill the

gas i n the even t o f any considerabl e quan

tity o f strong ammon ia sol u tion be i ng spi lt .

A lso in the case o f a man going to the res

,

c u e o f anybody who is ove rcome by the gas ,

he sho u l d rst take the p recaution of placin g

a piece o f waste o r rag soaked with wate r
 A mmc mia R cf rt cr atlbu
g . 25

ove r h is n o se an d m o u t h befo re e n terin g the

atmos p h e re that is i m p regnated w it h a m
mon ia .

A CT I O N O N C O PP E R .

No part of a n ammon ia apparatu s with

w h i c h the am m o n ia is l iabl e t o com e di rectly
in c ontact m u st be c onstru cted of c oppe r or
a n y o f its al loys su ch as brass b r o n z e et c
, , ,
.
,

as the parts c o ntai n ing that m etal will be

rapidly eate n away .

26 A M M ON IA .

C o m me r c ial l iqu i d amm o n ia c o m mon ly ,

kn o wn as spi rits of hartshorn i s a s o l ution

,

of am mon i a gas i n wate r I n the wholesale

.

trade i t is sold i n large i ro n d ru ms and as ,

i ts usual strength is 2 6 B eau m e i t is kn own

,

"

as 26 amm on ia .

AN H Y D R O U S A M M ON IA .

The o ther co m me rcial preparatio n of am

m o nia is l iqu id anhyd rous ammon ia an d it ,
26 T/z corctical a nd Practica l

m u st n ot b e confo u n ded with the ordi nary

l iqu i d 2 6 am monia Th e d i ff e rence between
.

the two is that the liqu i d anhydrou s (fro m

th e G reek v d6 r m eaning withou t wate r )
amm on ia i s the p u re d ry am mon ia gas
, ,

co mpresse d to a liqu id whi le the 2 6 am

,

m o nia as we have al ready seen i s a sol u ti o n

, ,

o f the gas i n water .

C H A PT E R I I I .

G EN ER A L A R R A N G E M EN T .

U S ER S of am mo nia refrige rati ng machines

arrange thei r plant i n a m an ner that best
su its the ir sp ecial req ui rem ents or ac c o mmo
dation s ; b u t w he reve r it is p racticabl e the
whole of the p lant sh o u l d be as compact
as possible so that the possib ility of l o ss
,

of refrige rati ng e ff ect du e to the absorptio n

of heat by l on g con nec t i o ns fro m t he su r
rou ndi ng atm osphere may be red uced to a
mini m u m .
 Amwania R cf n g cra ti ou . 27

Figs 3 and 4 show the pri n c ipal p arts of

.

an am m onia plant arranged so that the fol ,

lowing explanation can be easily fo llowed an d

u ndersto o d :

D ES C R I P T I O N O F TH E PLA N T .

When the plant is i n working orde r t h e

liqu id an hyd ro us am mon ia is contai ned i n the
receive r E and t h e botto m two or three coi ls
, ,

o f the condenser ; and be ing u nde r a gauge

p ress u re of say 1 2 0 lbs i t flows th rough
, ,
.
,

the pipe F an d t h e m an ifold G to the e xp an

sion valves H Passi ng thro u gh the e x p an

.
,

sion valves the am m o n ia traverses a se ries

,

o f pipes o r c o ils which are su rro u n ded by

bri ne i n the refrigerato r I and term i nate i n , ,

the man ifold K that leads to the su c tion o f

,

the comp ress o r A The s u ctio n o f th e c o m

,
.

p ressor mai ntai ns a gau ge p ressu re of s ay , ,

2 8 lbs i n these se ries of pipes and thereby

.
,

reli eves th e ammoni a o f its hig h pressu re

as S o on as it passes the expansion valves .

D i rectly the l iqu i d an hyd ro us am mon ia ex

p e ri e n c es th is rel ief of p ressu re i t commen c e s
30 T/zeoretical a nd Pr actica l

t o b o il o r vapo ri z e and i n so d o ing it ex

, ,

tracts heat fro m the b rin e which latte r cou l d ,

b e cool ed down to the boiling point of the

am m oni a d u e to a su ction pressu re of 2 8 lbs .
,

n amely to 1 4 Fahr B y the t im e the am

,

.

m o nia reaches the manifold K it has bee n

e nti rely vapo ri zed an d the refore passes o ff
,

i n the gaseo u s state an d e nte ring the com ,

p ressor by the pipe L i t is compressed an d

the n discharged thro u gh the pipe B i nt o the
separator C where any of the oi l ( used fo r
, ,

l ub ricati ng the comp ressor ) o r other fo reign

matte rs that are mechanically carried for
ward by th e gas are separated and the gas ,

t h en enters t he conden se r D where it is , ,

again l iqu e ed and ru n nin g down i nto th e

,

receive r E reco m m en c es the above dc

, ,
-

s c ribed moveme nts .

C ON STR U C TI O N D ETA I L S TH E
C O M P R ES S O R .

O wing to the heat that is gen erated d u rin g

the compressio n o f am mon ia gas it i s n ec es
sary that the comp resso r shal l be s u rro u nded ,
 Ammon i a Re r ig eration f .
3 1

o r ja c k e ted with water so as to prevent th e

, ,

ov e rheatin g of the cyl inde r etc and u nd u e , .

,

abrasio n of the ru bbin g s u rfa c es The hori .

z o n tal ty p e o f c omp ress o r is u su ally j a c kete d

fro m end to e n d b ut t h e heads ar e n o t arti

,

c ially co o led .

A Fig 3 is a half s e cti o nal e n d view of a

,
.
,
-

h ori z on tal compresso r The cyl i nde r ( 1 an d .

, ,

j acket b togethe r w ith the gas passages f

, , ,

an d g i n Fig 4 are cast i n o n e p iece w hi ch

, .
, ,

is b olted to the e ngin e frame G The pas , .

sage g supplies the two s uctio n v al v es a and ,

6 whi le the d ischarge val v es e and I co nne c t

.
, , ,

w ith the passage f The j acket is s uppli ed .

with wate r by the pipe the wate r ll ing u p

th e space It and ove r flowing th ro u gh The
cyl i nde r heads i i w hi c h co ntai n the val ves
, , ,

ports an d p assages leadi ng to f and g ar e ,

held i n place by the bolts 5 , .

I n the vertical type o f co m p ressor th e

wate r j acket i s b u ilt S o t h at the wate r not
-

o n ly s u rro u nds th e co m p resso r cyli nde r b u t

also enti rely s u bme rges the cy li nde r head
an d its valve s The re lative e fciency o f
.

the t w o ty p es o f c o m p resso rs wi l l be c o m
3 2 T/z eoretical a nd Prac ti ca l

pared u nde r t h e head ing

I n di c at o r Di a

grams .

ST U F FI N G -
BOXE S .

O ne o f the p rin c ipal s o u rces of l o ss o f

am monia i n a refrige ratin g plan t is i n the
stu f ng bo xes o f th e co mpresso r
-
Th e stuf .

n g boxes i n so me of the ve rtical types of

-

comp ressors are pack ed wi th l ead o r babbitt

metal ri ngs c u t w ith a be v el so that when ,

they are s u bj ected to pre ssu re eve ry alte r

nate o ne h ugs the pist e n rod whi le the -
,

others are p ressed tightly against the i n ne r

s u rface of the stufn g box th u s formi n g a
-
,

tight yet s mooth working pack i ng I n the .

vertical co mp ress o r whi ch is o nly s ingle act

,
-

i ng the p ressu re o n the packing does n ot

,

exceed 2 8 lbs on the squ are i nch while wi th

.
,

the h o ri z ontal C o mpressor which is do uble ,

acting t h e p ressu re may reach and eve n

,

e x c eed 1 6 5 lb s acc o rd ing to the tempe ra

.
,

t u re of th e cond ensing wate r For this .

reason i t is n ecessary that the packi ng fo r

s tu f n g boxes -
i n a h o ri z o ntal c o mpress o r
 A mwan ia R e r ig era tionf .
33

stuf n g - b o xshal l be deep The depth is .

u s u ally 1 2 inches an d th e ann ular space b e

,

tween th e piston rod and the i nside of the

-

b o x is abo ut S / o f a n i nch I t requ i res .a

conside rabl e amou nt of attentio n w hich is
m ore o r l ess p rop o rtio nal to the cond ensing
press u re b u t more esp eci al ly t o t h e ki n d of
,

packi ng t hat i s u sed an d i t i s w it h a sense

,

of th e be ne t that the u se r w ill de rive that

C o mmon S ense ,

an d S el
de n s packi ngs are recom m ended as bei ng

specially s u itabl e (i f u se d conj oi ntly ) fo r hori

z o n tal comp ressor stu ff i ng boxes The most
-
.

satisfacto ry way to e mp loy th is co mbi nation

packing i s to rst o f all pack the st u fng
, ,

box to a depth of 5 to 5 % i n c hes with C o m

mon S ense pack ing ; then having p la c e d t h e ,

perfo rated rin g i n position h alf ll the rest ,

of the box with O arlock s p a c ki ng an d nish

off w ith S elden s packing

.

Th e packing s ho u ld be d ri ven tigh tly

h o me piece by p ie ce an d then the gland
, ,

sh o u ld be s crewed o n only han d tig h t so as -

,

to allo w th e packi ng roo m to expan d and ll

the spaces w ith o ut u nd u e pressu re I f the .
34 Theoreti ca l a nd Pr acti cal

packi ng is forced into the stu fn g box by -

m eans of the gland an d is not al lowe d ,

roo m to expand i t wi ll last b u t a ve ry

,

sho rt ti me an d give tr o ubl e as long as it

,

d oes l ast .

S P EC I A L LU B R I CA TI O N .

Th e hot am moni a gas u nder high press u re

will c u t thro u gh th e best packi n g i n a ve ry
S ho rt ti m e i f a l iberal s uppl y of oi l is not
f orced i nt o the stufn g box at i nte rvals of an
-

hou r o r so To eff ect the thoro ugh l u brica

.

tion of th e pack in g it is necessary that a hol e

S hal l b e tapped i n the centre (longitud inal ly )
o f th e stuf n box which is the n con nect ed
g
-

by a -
i nch p ip e with a small hand forc e .

p u mp . Th e p a c ki ng i s d i v ided i n to two
portions by a pe rfo rated i r o n rin g whi c h ,

ring is di rectly o pposite t h e a b ove me n -

tio n e d hole so that when the oi l is deliv

,

ered by the p u m p i t i s distrib uted thro u gh

the perforation s to t h e p a c king o n eithe r
S ide of t h e ri ng .
 Ammonia R efrigeration .
35

OIL FO R LUBRICATION .

O n n o acco u n t m u st any an i m al o r vege

t able oils b e u sed for l ubri c ating th e c om

p ressor ,
be c au se as soon as any of these oi ls
com e i n contact with the am mon ia they wil l
form soaps that wil l give e ndl ess tro u bl e and
a n n o yan c e N othi ng b u t a mi ne ral o il o f
.

high vis co sity an d guaranteed p u rity s h o u ld

b e u sed .

C L EA RA N C E S P A C E, ET C .

I t is very essential t h at ther e S h al l be n o

u n necessary spa c es su c h as screw slots deep
,
-
,

ports et c o n the i nsid e o f t he compressor

,
.
,

cyl inder and the clearance spa c e betwee n th e

,

pist o n an d cyli nde r h ead S ho ul d n ot e xceed

1 3 2 d to 3 6 4 ths of an i nch
- -
I f attention is
.

n ot p ai d to these partic u lars to o m u ch gas

w il l re m ai n i n the cyl inde r after the p iston
has co mpleted its stroke and th e re e xp an ,
-

sion of this clearan ce space gas as the piston

-

recedes wi ll greatly di mi nis h the w orking

c apaci ty o f the c yli nde r .
3 6 Theoretical and Practical

S U CT I ON AN D D I SC H A R GE V A L V ES .

Thes u ction an d di scharge po rts are c l o sed

by poppet val ves The d ischarge val v e Fig
.
, .

5,
screws i nto the o utsi de o f th e c yl inde r

h ead an d th e sp rin g a presses the v al v e

, , ,

Flg . 5 Fla 6 .

agai nst the seat o n t h e i n s i de of the hea d .

Th e su cti on val v e Fig 6 s c rews i nto bot h

-
,
.
,

the o utsid e an d i n side o f th e cyl inde r head .

an d the gas i n G F igs 3 and 4 p ass e s i n

,
.
,
 A mmoma Ref jg era tioi z
'

n .
37

th r o u gh the holes a i n i ts passage to the , ,

c y l i nde r The spri ng 6 is held i n i ts p la c e

.
, ,

by the n ut c ,
.

E FF EC T OF EX C ES S I V E V A L V E LI FT .

Th e l i ft o f the v alves i s o f very great i m

po rtance as i t m ate rial ly a f fects the refrige r
,

ating e ec t o f a machi n e I f th e l ift i s too

'

gr eat the v alve wil l not act with s u f cie n t

q u ick ness an d esp ecially is this so i n the
,

c ase o f high speed co mpresso rs i n which

-
,

an add itional v al ve l ift of y o f an i nc h w ill

-

cau se a di min utio n of one to n refrige rating

e ff e c t i n 2 4 h o u rs .

R EG U L AT I O N OF VA LV E -
LI FT .

The l ift o f th e discharge valve is regu late d

by the p l u g b against w h ich t he valve ste m
, ,
-

strikes the d istance betwee n the strik ing

,

s u rfaces bei ng regul ate d by the thickn ess o f

gasket c I n the case of the sucti o n val ve
,
.
-
,
38 Theoreti ca l (Hid Pr ac tic a l

the l ift is regu lated by mean s of an i ron

sleeve aro u n d the val ve ste m agai nst which
-

the n ut c s t rikes when the valve O pens

. . .

C H A PT E R I V .

TH E S EP A R A T O R .

OW IN G to the large vol u m e of o il that is ,

o r s ho u ld b e used fo r l u bri cati n g t he stu f

,

n g bo x o f the co mpressor i t i s eviden t that

-
,

a considerable qu an tity o f i t m u st pass i nto

th e cylind er an d be carried thro ugh the dis
charge valves by the am mo ni a gas I f th is .

o i l we re allowed to pass into the condense r i t

wo ul d soo n n d its way i n to the rest o f the
apparatus an d wo u ld cau se t ro uble by chok
,

i n g u p the e xpansio n valves etc the re fo re

,
.
,

with a vi ew to ob viati ng t his an noyance a ,

separato r is i nterposed betwee n the com

p ressor an d conde nser The u su al fo rm of
.
,

separato r is an i ron cyl inde r abo u t 1 8 i nches

 A mmoma R e

f ri geration .
39

i n diam ete r and fro m 1 8 to 36 i n c hes h igh .

The am m on i a gas e nte rs by a conn ection o n

one sid e and l eaves by a con nection o n the
O pposite S ide The con nection s are u s u ally
.

3 o r 4 i nches fro m th e top an d the gas co m ,

ing i n con tact with the S ide o f the cyl inde r is

freed of th e most o f i ts o il an d passes o n to
the conde nse r while th e o il falls to the bot
,

to m o f th e separato r Th is an d m ost othe r .

forms o f separato rs are ve ry i m pe rfect fo r ,

the reason that they are n ot s u ppl ied w ith

su fc ien t contact su rface and are n o t kept
-

su f cien tly cool The gas w he n i t passes

.

th ro u gh th e separato r i s at a h igh temper

at u re say 2 00 Fahr an d consequ ently t he
,
.
,

o il held i n s u spen sion is exceed ingly l imped

an d l ight i n weight and has n o t any great ,

tendency t o separate fro m th e gas The .

author wo u ld therefo re ad vise the c o nstruc

, ,

tio n of a separator on the p ri ncipl e S hown

i n Fi g 7. The cast i ro n cy li nd er A with
.
-
, ,

its i nlet E and ou tlet F O pposite on e an

, , , ,

othe r has its cove r B and contact p lates C

, , , , .

cast i n one p iece an d these are arranged so

,

that whe n the gas i mpinges o n them i t i s

40 Theoretica l a nd P ractical

Fig .

S EO N O N

T HRO X
. . Y
.
 A mmoma R e
'

f ri gerati on .
41

d istrib uted ove r a large s u rface and i s for c ed

against the sid e o f the cyl ind e r i n its zig z ag
p assage fro m E t o F The oi l i n strik i ng
.

against these d ivisio n plates w il l se p arate

from the gas far more rea d ily than i f it
meets w it h n o obstru ction b u t eve n wi t h the
,

aid o f the c onta c t p lates th e separato r wil l

not e ff ect a pe rfect separatio n u n less th e oil
is rende red m ore viscou s s o as to i ncrease
its tenden c y to ad he re t o th e p lates etc ,
.

This can b e easi ly accomplished by making

use of the wate r jacke t D which wil l keep
-
, ,

the separator cold e n o ugh to make the oil

separate an d fall to the bottom Th e bot .

tom of the separat o r may b e conn ected with

the comp ressor so that the separated oil may
be u sed ove r again ; b u t th is con nectio n is
o f l ittle or n o u se with double a c tin g co m -

p resso rs becau se pieces o f packi ng etc that

, ,
.
,

nd thei r way from th e stufn g bo x i nto the -

comp ressor and then c e i nto the separato r

will soon choke i t u p The separa t o r sho u ld
.

be p e riodically cl eaned the cove r B and , , ,

plates C bei n g raised by the ri ng G afte r

, , , ,

the water h as bee n ru n off fr o m the j acket

4 2 Theoretica l a nd Practical

by the cock I O n n o acco u n t m u st the

,
.

i nlet to th e separator l ook down becau se the ,

gas wi ll the n i mp i nge o n the oi l lyi ng i n the

bottom an d wil l b e likel y to become more
,

contam i nated with rathe r than freed o f the

, ,

oil .

TH E CO N D EN S ER .

The shape o f the cond e nser tank affects

th e e f fi cien cy o f the co ndense r to som e ex
ten t : i t sho u l d b e deep an d narrow rathe r
than long an d shallow so that there may be
,

as great a d istan ce as possible betwee n the

more o r l ess warm wate r o n the s u rface and
the col d wate r that i s ad mitted at the bot
tom .A nothe r i mpo rtan t poi n t i s t o see that
the wate r is p roperly d istrib u ted when i t
enters th e botto m o f the condenser and not ,

all owed to al l ru n i n at o n e point as in ,

the case of a discharge th rou gh an open end -

pip e .

C O N D EN S ER -
WO R M .

Th e
c ondense r wo rm o r pipi ng thro u gh
-

whi ch the am monia passes sho u ld c o nsist of

 A mmo) : ia R e zgeratzou '

.
43

abo u t on e thi rd o f 2 inch one th ir d o f 1 %

- -
,
-

inc h an d one th i rd o f I i n c h p i p e
,
-
Th is -
.

grad ual d ecrease i n the si ze o f the p ipe wi ll

give far l ess e xcessive condensing p ress u re

than w he n the gas p asses fro m a mani fold

i nto a se ries o f three o r fo u r separate one
i n c h worms The friction o f the gas i n p ass
.

i ng thro ugh a 2 i nch p ipe is l ess than when

-

t h e gas passes thro ugh a n u mbe r o f p ipes

whose aggregate areas are equ al t o a 2 i nch -

p ipe A nothe r poi nt is it is q u ite un n ec es

.
,

sary t o have the sam e c ross se c tional area fo r -

the e x it as for t h e i nlet pipe b e c au se the ,

v ol u me of the liqu id an hyd ro u s am m o n ia

passin g thro ugh the exi t is only ab o u t 1 7 sth -

o f the vol u me of the gas t h at passes t h r o ug h

t h e inlet pipe .

R EC EI V E R .

Th e receive r sh o u ld be capable o f h o ld i n g
4 lbs o f liq u id an hyd ro u s am m o n ia fo r eve ry
.

2 4 ho u r to n m axi m u m capacity o f the ma

- -

chi ne That is to say i f the machin e has a

.
,

m ax i m u m capacity o f 6 5 ton s o f i ce i n 2 4
44 Theoretical a nd Practical

ho u rs the receiver sho u l d be capabl e of

,

ho ldi ng 6 5 x 4 2 60 lbs of l iquid an hy

.

dro us am mo nia .

R E F R I G ER AT O R O R B R I N E TA N K .

Th e arrange me nt of the p ipi ng i n the re

f rig erato r i s differe nt fro m that i n th e con
de nse r . B y re f erring to Fig 3 i t wil l be
.

s ee n that the liq u id am mo ni a enteri ng th e

seri es of pipin g at the m anifol d G descends
by the ve rtical pipes T and then passes
, ,

u pward th ro u gh the coils U before i t is, ,

take n i nto the s u ction manifold K The .

obj ect o f arrangin g the piping i n th is way

i to i nsu re the tho ro u gh vapori zation o f the
e

l iqui d am mon ia when the b ri ne has be co me

c ooled d own to a poi nt near to the boi li ng
poi nt of the am mon ia d u e to any given suc
ti on p ressu re an d the vapori z ation is tho r
,

o ughly effected becau se any liqu id am monia

that does not v aporize wil l not pass u pwards ,

an d the refo re the gase o us o r vap o rized am

m on ia has to b ubble th rou gh it and the ,

l i q u id the reby abso rbs su fcie nt heat from .

 A mmoma Ref n g eration
' '

.
45

the gaseo us amm on ia to d i e d the vap o ri z a

ti on o f the w hole I
f t h e l iqu id am mon ia
.

pas se d i n at the h ighe r an d o u t at t h e lowe r

e xtre mity as i n the c as e o f an o rdi nary c on
,

d enser wo rm a large q u an tity of th e am

-
,

monia w oul d p ass thro ugh i n t h e l iqu i d form ,

as the w arme r o r gas eo us portion wo u l d not

, ,

be b rought so i ntimately i n conta c t w it h it .

The re frige rato r sho u l d be tho ro ughly i nsu

late d an d fo r this p u rp ose i t shoul d b e s ur
,

rou nded by a w oode n j acket so that t h e re is

a space o f abo u t 3 to 6 inches b etwee n the
refrige rato r an d t he insid e o f th e j acket and ,

th is space sho u ld b e lle d w it h mi neral wool -

,

c harcoal sawdust o r a ny o the r goo d non

, ,

co nd uctor .

SI Z E OF PI P E AN D A R EA OF C OO LI N G
S U R FA C E .

Th e s ize of p ipe a n d total c oo li ng s u rface

expose d to th e b ri n e v e ry mate rially a f fect
the e conomical ru n n in g o f a refrige rating
p lant and p ractical results h ave demon
,

strate d w itho u t d o ubt that c oils o r worms , ,

made of 2 inch pipe are far mo re e c o no m

-
46 Theoretical a nd P ractical

ical i n regard t o the use of steam etc tha n , .

,

1 i nch p ipe
-
. Th e total l engt h o f p ipi ng in
co ntact w i t h the b rin e S ho u l d b e s u f cient
t o give a mean cool i ng s u rface o f 50 to 55
squ are feet pe r 2 4 hou r ton maxi m u m ca
- -

ac it
p y.

EX P A N S I O N V A L V ES .

Th e
e xpansi on v alves are of the spin dl e
typ e as S hown i n F ig 8 an d sh o u l d b e
.
,

made o f the best qual ity of cast i ron -

.

Fig . V III
 A mmoma R e r ig er ation

f .
47

ifol d whe n n u m b er o f l v e s c nn e c ted

M an va ar e o

by n ge s B B
a
I n l et d O ut l et P ss ge s
.
, ,

C d D
F l g e c o nn e c t i n g v l v e wi th c o il i n re fr i ger tor
an an a a .

E
dl V l v e
an a a .

F N
P l u g to s i mplif l e n i n g p ss ge s i n c s e of
ee e- a .

G :
y C a a a a

s to pp age .

W O R K I N G D ETA I L S CHARGIN G
TH E

PLA N T W I TH A M M ON IA .

In o rde r to charge a new o r at any rate

an e mpty plan t with am mon ia i t is rst of
al l n ecessary to expe l the ai r Thi s is don e .
48 Theoretical a nd Practical

by o p eni n g al l th e valves an d cocks wit h th e

exceptio n o f O P and S which latte r are
, , ,

tightly closed an d allowi ng the comp resso r

,

to e xhaust th e ai r fro m D E F G I K and

, , , , , ,

L an d discharge i t th ro u gh the O pen cock

,

N ,
u ntil the co mb inati on vac u u m pressu re -

gau ge con necte d to the suction o f the co m .

p ressor S hows that the e ngi ne is n ot capable

o f e xhausting the apparatu s any fu rth er ; t he
cock N an d valve H are then closed and
the valve O ope ned The d ru m of au b y
.

dro us ammo n ia (i f an an hydro us amm on ia

'

generati n g apparatu s is not i ncl u ded i n the

pl ant ) i s now con nected with th e cock S ,

which l atte r is the n opene d to allo w the

co mp ressor to t ransfe r the am mon i a fro m
the dru m . Whe n the plan t is charged the
cock S i s C lose d and the val ves H are then
open ed s u f ciently to allow the com pressor
to mai ntai n the s u cti o n p ress u re co rrespond
i ng to the requ i red b ri ne tempe ratu re w h ich ,

wi ll b e al l u ded to late r
.
.
 A mwama R tf g er a tion

rz .
49

C H A P T ER V .

A M M ON I A TO BE G R A D UA LL Y C H A R G ED .

TH E plan t sho ul d not be charged with

more than 6 0 p e r cent of i ts ful l comple
.

ment o f a mm onia at its rst ch argi n g b e

cau se it i s i mpossible to exha ust the whol e
o f th e ai r fro m th e plan t by means o f the

compressor and the only way t o get enti re ly

,

ri d of the ai r is by d isplace ment Thi s is .

effected by very cau ti ously open ing the cock

P o nce o r twice a day an d allowing the ai r
t o escape at the sam e tim e taki n g every pre
,

cau tion to p reven t u nd u e l oss o f am mon ia .

A fte r the ai r has been disp lace d a fresh

quantity o f am moni a is p u mped i nto the
plant i n the man ne r above described and ,

the n ext day the sam e ope ration i s gone

t h rou gh again u ntil at the en d o f say six
, , ,

days the ful l co mplem en t o f amm on ia has

,

been charged . I n this man ne r the whole

o f the ai r i s e ff ectually expelled with bu t a

slight loss o f ammonia A n experienced

man can easily tel l fro m the general condi
50 Theoreti ca l a nd P ractica l

tions and workin g of the p lant w he n suf

cient am mon i a has b ee n charged ; b ut as the
u nin iti ated m igh t expe ri ence som e di fcu lty
i n ascertai n ing whethe r the plan t was su ff i
c ie n tl charged the fol lowin g m ethod h as
y ,

bee n fo rm ulated f o r calcu lating the quanti ty

o f am mo ni a that constitutes a fu l l charge .

S uppose th e m ax i m u m capacity o f plan t i s

6 5 tons of ice p e r 2 4 hou rs an d that t he si z es ,

of the d ifferen t parts are as fol lows

DI A L G
M EN
C APAC
32;
TH 1
C n n ct i n fr m
S
. .

o e o o

in ft
C
C o mp re ss or to e p a 2 . 10 .

r tor
S
a .

e p r tor
a a C 2

C o n tai n i n g
.

A
mm o n i a D I
% 2 800

d
- 1

C o n e n s er as g as .

ro mk C o n t ai n i n g
A
mm o n i a D n U?
a
70
li qu i d
-

R e c e i v er
as .

3
C o nn e c ti o n fro m R e c e i v er
to R e fr i g er tor F H H
I 30

M n ifo l d for E p n s i o n
a j

V l ves
a x a

i G . . 2 6
a

R e fr i g er t i n g
a U I
},
C o nn e c t i o n fro m
R e fr i ger tor to a K 10 l l oa 3
C o mp re ss or l
 A mz oma R af r ig erati ou 5I

The parts B C an d D will contai n am

, ,
I

m o n i a i n t he gase o us state at a ga uge pres

s u re o f say 1 2 0 lbs an d a v erage tempe ratu re
, ,
.

o f 80 Fah r .

Th e part s D 2 E F an d G wi l l contain
, , ,

l iqu id anhyd ro u s am monia .

Th e parts T U K an d L wi ll con tain gas

, , ,

c o u s am monia at a gauge p ressu re o f 2 8 lbs .

an d an average temperat u re of 1 5 Fahr .

TA B L E I .

T EM P ER A T U R E O F G AS .

GAUG E
66 0
1 74

l 80 0
I 90 0
I 9A

V ol u m e o f 1 lb . of G as in C u b i c F eet .

80
85
90
95
1 00
1 05
1 IO
1 1 5
1 20
1 25
I 30
1 35
1 40
1 45 2 '34
1 50 2 088
1 55
5 2 Theoretical and Pr ac tica l

Fr o m Tables I an d V it wi ll be see n . .

that the v ol u m es o f the am monia gases at

the above p ressures and tempera tures of 1 2 0

lbs an d 8 0 Fah r and 2 8 l bs and 1 5 Fah r
.

. . .

are resp e c tively and c u bic feet

pe r po u n d o f am m on ia ; th erefore the amo u nt
of am mo n ia req uired to charge the plan t is :
B , C , an d D

16
% lb s ,

D
. E, F . an d G x 70 7 %
T9 U : K: an d L I O. 6
7 3)
H

T ot al , 733% lbs .

J A C K ET WAT E R -
FO R C O M P R ESS O R .

Th e
amo u nt o f j acket wate r ne c essary f o r -

the comp resso r varies a cco rd in g to the con

de n sin g pressu re With a low con densi ng .

p ressu re say 9 0 t o 1 0 5 lbs gau ge pressu re

.

1 0 to 1 5 gal l o ns of wate r per hou r p e r 2 4

h o u r to n refrigeratin g e f f ect wi ll us ually be

fo u n d ampl e b ut wh en the conde nsi n g pres
,

s u re reaches say 1 40 to 1 50 lbs the amo u nt

, ,
.
,

o f wate r wil l have to be i n c reased to ab o u t

W ei g h t of c c oo t of l
a ub i f iq uid an hydro s u am mo nia
.
 A mmonia Re f ri geration .
53

4 5 t o 50 gall o n s pe r h o u r p e r 2 4- h o u r to n
re frige rating eff e c t .

J A C K ET WAT ER FO R S EP A R AT O R .

The amo unt o f wate r used i n the se p ara

t o r j acket shou ld be as large as possible an d ,

so that the water may n o t be wasted or be

com e expensive the ove r flow pipe H shou ld

,
-
, ,

be conti n u ed d own midway into the c on

de nse r whe re the water shoul d be distribu ted
,

and u sed alon g w it h the condensing water

that is adm itted at t h e b o ttom o f th e co n
d e n se r
.

C O N D EN S I N G WA T ER .

As the p ressu re aga inst whi c h t h e co m

p ressor has to wo rk is regulated almost en
ti rely by the te mpe ratu re o f the condense d
ammonia i t is o b v io us t h at t h e lowe r the
,

tem p erature of th e co ndensed am mon ia the ,

greate r the savi ng i n the wear and tear of

t h e engine i n the u se of steam and co n
,

seq u ently t he co nsu m p tion o f coal wi ll be ,

.

The quantity a n d the tem p e ratu re o f the

54 Theoreti cal a nd Prac tical

co nde nsi ng wate r are the refo re p o ints t h a t

, ,

need carefu l c o nsi de rati on The man uf ac .

t u re r who has to u se the city water s upply

for c ond ensing p u rposes can n o t u nde r or ,

di n ary ci rc u mstan c es ec o nomi c a lly cool th e

,

am monia to a lowe r tempe ratu re than 55

t o 6 0 Fah r du ri ng the wi nte r months an d
.
,

6 5 to 7 5 Fah r d u ri ng the s u m mer months
.
,

beca use sho u l d h e i ncrease his su pply of

,

wate r s u fciently t o red u ce the te mpe ratu re

of the amm o nia say 1 0 below th e above
,

gu res he wo u ld at o nce i n c u r an e xtra e x

,

p ense that w o u l d not be wa rranted by the

resu lti ng i n c reas e in the refrige rating e f
c ie n c y o f the plant This i nc reased e x p e n
.

diture can h o we v e r be o ve rcom e if the

, ,

fo llo wing plan is ad o pted :

L ES S EN I N G TH E C O ST FO R C O N D EN S I N G
\VAT ER .

I nst e ad o f supplyi ng the steam b o i le rs i n -

t he establ ish me nt with th e whole of th e ir

water d i rect fr o m the m ain the auth o r ad ,

e

V ises arrang e ments bei ng mad e to draw the

 A mmon ia Refr ig eration .
55

b oi ler water supply fr o m t h e o ve r o w of the

-

am m o n ia conden se r th en maki n g up the

,

de c iency fro m t h at so u rce by d rawi ng fro m

the mai n . T his met h o d o f workin g wo u l d
be ben e cial i n every respect b eca u se i n the ,

rst place the wate r i n p assing thro u gh the

,

conden ser wi ll recei v e a c ertain am o u n t of

heat whi c h i s distin c tly an advantage as ,

boi le r wate r is o r sho u l d b e heated before

-
, ,

enteri ng the b o ile r S ec o n dly if the whole

.
,

o r a part of the wate r requ i red fo r th e boi l ers

is take n fro m the am mon i a co n denser over -

o w t he c ost o f c o n densing the am mon ia is

,

p ractically red uce d to n il becau se the boil ers

,

have to be s u pp l ie d wit h wate r an d th e fact ,

that that n ecessary s u pply has been p re

v i o us ly use d f o r condensi ng p u rposes i n no

way i ncreases the cost afte r the rst cost of

p u tti ng u p the syste m of p ip ing for con vey
ing the wate r h as bee n pai d fo r T hi rdly .
,

the eff ect of the u se of a superab u ndance o f

condensing water will b e a red uctio n of at ,

least 30 to 4 0 lbs pe r sq uare i n ch i n the

, .

c o ndensi ng p ressu re and a c o rres po n d ing

sa vi ng i n steam .
56 Theoretical and Prac tical

QU A N T I TY OF CON D EN S I N G WA T ER
N EC ES SA R Y .

I f the tem p eratu re of t h e water su pp lied

to the condense r is 55 t o 6 0 Fah r an d the .
,

tempe ratu re o f the over ow o r o u tlet wate r

i s 8 5 to 90 Fahr th e qu antity o f w ate r that
.
,

will be requi red wil l be abo ut gall o ns per

m in u te p er 2 4 ho u r ton of ice ; b ut i f the
-

temperatu re of the ove ro w w e re o nly 7 0

t o 7 5 Fah r (the i nlet temperat u re being

.

55 to the quantity of wate r that wo u ld
be necessary wo ul d be abo u t 2 % gallons pe r
m in u te per 2 4 ho u r t o n o f i ce This red u e
-
.

tion of fteen d egrees i n the temperatu re o f

th e ov er ow means a red u ction of 30 to 4 0
lbs i n t h e co ndensing p ressu re an d i f th e
.
,

am m o nia leaves the condense r at the tem

e rature of the in let wate r a m ini m u m con
p ,

de nsin g p ressure an d large sa v i ng i n steam

wi l l result .

L o ss D UE T o H EAT I N G OF C O N D EN S ED
A M M ON I A .

O n e v ery weak poi nt an d ve ry s u rprisi ng

ov ersight i n t he management o f a great n u m
 f
A mmon ia R e rig eration .
57

her o f refrigerating plants i s t h e fact that ,

alt h ou g h man ufacture rs ofte n go to a deal

o f expense i n o rder to condense and cool
the ammoni a to the l owest possible tempera
tu re they entirely ignore the i mportance of
,

making arrangements to maintai n that l o w

tempe ratu re u nti l th e am monia reaches t h e
refrige rator The re c eive r an d a conside r
.
,

ab le l ength if not th e whol e of the pipi ng

, ,

t h r o ugh which the an hyd rou s am m on ia has

t o p ass o n its way to the refrige rato r are as ,

a ru le situ ate d i n th e e ngi ne room which

,
-

is not u sually the coolest of p laces and the

temperat u re of the amm oni a i s co nseque ntly

often raised 5 1 0 1 5 o r eve n 2 0 degrees
, , ,

( above th e temperatu re at w hich i t left the

conde nse r ) before i t reaches the refrigerator ;
an d as these 5 to 2 0 degrees gai n i n tem

p e rature m ean a loss o f fro m

K to 1
% ton
refrigerating eff ect per 2 4 ho u rs on a 6 5 to n,
-

m a c hin e it see ms as thou gh i t would be ad

,

v an ta eo us to have the recei ve r and p ip ing

g
c o v e red with a cheap n on cond u cti ng mate
-

rial so as to take fu ll ad vantage of the bene

,

ts resu lting from a l ibe ral wate r supply to -

58 Theoretica l a nd Practical

the c ondense r and th us p re v en t an

, un nec es

sary waste .

L o ss DUE .

I t might be advisabl e to here refe r to an

other so u rce o f n eed l ess loss which has even
a greate r eff ect o n t h e refrigerating e f ciency
o f a ma c hin e than the case j ust c onsidered .

S U P E R H EAT I N G A M M ON I A GAS .

I t is the loss i nc u rred by the am mon ia gas

absorbi ng h eat i n the transit fro m the t e
f rigerato r to the c ompress o r S om e people
.

argu e that i t is absu rd to go to any expense

for t he p u rpose o f preve nti ng that gas from
abso rbing heat as i t is heated up any way
, , ,

as soon as it enters the c o mp ressor O the rs .

,

again consid e r t h at an y heat absorbe d by

,

the gas si mply m eans that a few more the r

mal u n its wi l l have to b e extracted fr o m the
gas w h e n i t passes i nt o the conde nse r I f .

these peo p le wou l d j ust take ti m e to think ,

they w o uld at o nce see t h at the hig h e r the

temperatu re o f the gas is b e fo re it enters
 Am ia R c '

g
z er a tiou .
59

the comp ressor the greate r the volu m e o f a

give n weight m ust be and the refore the ,

comp resso r altho ugh ci rc u lating o r p u mping

,

the sam e vol u me w il l not circulate so great

,

a weight ; an d as the refrigerating e f cienc y

o f a machin e i s proportional to the weight

o f am monia ci rc u late d i t is ob viou s that the

,

higher the temperatu re of the gas before it

en te rs the comp ressor th e smal le r the re
,

f rig eratin g e f cie ncy o f the machi ne will be ,

t h e su ction p ressu re bein g the sam e i n both

cases The e ff ect o f c ove ring the am mo nia
.

pipes is m o re partic ularl y dealt with u nde r

the headi ng D i rections for D etermin ing

R efrige rating E fcie n c y

.

C H A P T ER VI .

EX C ES S C O N D EN S I N G P R ES S U R E .

TH E condensi ng pressu re w h e n the appa ,

ratu s is working is always greater than the

,

This excess p ressu re i s d ue

theo retical .

alm o st enti rely to the co n ni n g o f th e hig h ly

60 Theoreti cal a nd Prac tical

heat ed gase o u s am mon ia i n the m o re o r l e ss

l i m ited sp ace of the coils o f the c o ndenser ,

an d v ari es greatly acco rding t o c i rc u m

stan ces . Whe n ru nn ing at a lo w su ction
p ressu re say atmosp he ric p ressu re the e x
, ,

c ess c o ndensi ng p ressu re sho u l d n o t be over

5 to 1 0 1b s b u
. t w
,
h en ru n n ing with a sucti o n
gauge p ressu re o f 2 0 to 2 8 lb s the ex c ess .

p r e ssu re will v ary fro m 4 0 to 6 0 lb s .

CA U S E OF V A R I AT I O N IN EX C ES S
P
R ES S U R ES .

Th e reason why the re is su ch a large vari

ation i n the excess press u re is obvio us : wit h
28 lbs su cti on gau ge p ressu re the com
.
-
,

p ress o r is p u mpi ng a th ree ti m es greate r

we ight of gas than it wo u ld p u mp i f the gas
w e re u nde r onl y an atmospheri c press u re ,

and therefore th e condenser is c rowded to

a greate r extent i n the fo rme r than i n the
latte r case I t may be argu ed that i f the
.

comp ress o r i s forcin g i nto the cond enser a

t h r e e times greate r weight of am m o nia in


f
A mmoma R e rig eration . 61

one c ase than i n another the conde nse r at

,

the sam e ti m e wil l be rel ie v ed by the e x

a n s io n val ves of a th ree ti m es greate r
p
weight of liqu id am mon ia an d one wi l l th u s
,

co u nterbalan c e the othe r . I t is o f co u rse

, ,

tru e t h at th e w eight of liqu id amm onia p ass

ing the expansion valves w il l b e the same
as th e weight of am monia gas enterin g the
con de nse r from th e compresso r ; b u t as the
vo lu me of a give n weight of th e gas at co n
den sin g tem p eratu re an d p ressu re i s ab o ut
75 ti mes greater than th e vol u m e of the
same weight o f l iqu id am monia i t i s plai n
,

t h at i f i nstead of p u mpi ng i n 7 5 vo l u m es
o f gas into th e con d ense r we i ncrease the
amou n t th ree times o r to 2 2 5 v o lu mes the
, ,

i n c rease d d el ive ry fro m the c o nde nse r (by

m eans o f th e expansion valves ) o f only two
v o l u m es is i nsigni cant i n comparis o n with
the i ncreased receipt fro m the co mpresso r ,

and therefore the i ncrease o f excess con

de n sing p ressu re is w hat m ight natu rally b e
expected to accompany increase d s u cti o n
p ressu re .
62 Theoretical a nd Practical

O T H ER C I T I O N S T H AT A FF EC T
ON D

EX C ES S P
R ESS U R E .

No table of th e e xcess co ndensin g p r e s

su res fo r various s u ction p ressu res wou l d b e
of an y p ractical u se be c ause di f f erent makes
,

o f refrigerating plants give diff e rent res u lts .

Th e high speed ( 1 4 0 revol u tions pe r min

ute ) hori z o ntal co mpress o r invariably gives
a greate r ex c ess p ressu re than the ve rti c al
compressor which only has a speed of
,

fro m 4 0 to 6 0 revol u tions per m i nute The .

method o f con nectin g the co nden ser piping

also a f f e cts the e xcess p ressu re considera
bly an d i f fo u r separate one i nch pipes or
,
-
,

wo rms c o n nected by man ifolds are u sed the

, ,

excess p ress u re wi ll b e greate r than i f o n e

conti n u o u s worm (sta rti ng at the top wit h
two inch pip ing and redu cing to one i n c h
- -
,

as reco mm ended i n previo u s pages) i s used .

A lso th e higher the c on densi ng p ress u re

,

d u e t o the tempe ratu re of the c o ndensing

wate r t h e greater the excess p ressu re w il l
be .
 A m[1 1 07! i a R tf rz
ger a tio/I . 63

U SE OF C O N D EN SI N G PR SU RE IN
ES DE
T ER M I N I N O L o s s O F A M M ON I A
B Y L EA K A G E .

As the condensing p ressu re i s one the of

p ri ncipal means by which th e enginee r can

tel l whe n the l oss o f ammon ia by l eakage has
amo u nted to s u ch a qu antity as to rende r the
replenishin g o f the plant advisabl e i t is v ery ,

n ecessary that t h e man i n cha rge i f i n e xp e ,

rie n c e d S hou ld re c or d n a book the te mpe r

,
i

atu re o f t he co ndensed am mo nia at its poi nt

of e xi t f ro m th e con denser an d the s u ction
,

and con den sin g p ressu res e v ery two o r th ree

,

h o u rs I f these gu res a re thoro ughly m em

.

o riz ed an d the engi n ee r starte d with a plant

that was fu l ly charge d it h am mon ia he w

o ught to b e able at the en d o f a month o r
,

two to tel l by lookin g at the su ctio n p res

,
-

su re gauge an d the te mpe ratu re o f th e c on

,

densed am mon ia w hethe r the c ondensi ng

p ressu re was what i t sho ul d be F o r ex .

am p le suppose the plan t has bee n ru n ni ng

,

for tw o o r three months with an average

c on d ensing te mp eratu re o f 6 0 Fah r co n .
,
64 Theor etica l a nd P r actical

de n sin g p ressu re of 1 2 0 lbs an d s uction .

p ressu re of 2 5 lbs an d that d u ring the

.
,

next th ree mo nths th e co n densing p ressu re

graduall y fel l to 1 1 5 lbs w hile th e c ondens
.
,

in g temp e ratu re an d s u c tion p ressu re were

still 6 0 Fah r an d 2 5 lbs respectively ; i t
. .

wo u l d b e p lain that n either the c on densing

temperatu re n or th e su ction p ressu re co u ld
a c co u n t for this fall in g o ff i n the c ondensi ng
p ressu re becau se they have n ot altered and ,

the refore i t i s obvio u s that the quantity o f

amm on ia can alon e a cco u n t fo r th is altera
tion . Th e d i m i n ution i n t h e condensi ng
p ress u re cau sed by l oss o r l eakage o f am
monia i s d u e to the i ncrease d condense r
s p ace resu lting from th e l eakage the reby ,

allowing the gas a greate r l ength of worm

i n w hich to condense and assu me th e l iqu i d

form thus l essen i ng the c rowdin g of t h e
,

hot compressed gas .

Whe n the condensing p ressu re falls o 5

'

o r 1 0 lbs . th e pl an t S hou ld be re c harged -

with s u f cie nt amm onia to resto re the n o r

mal c o ndensing pressu re .
 A mmon ia R e f ri gera tion . 65

COO LI N G D I R EC T L Y BY A M M ON IA

I t is ve ry seldom that am monia can be

used d irectly f o r free z ing p u rposes an d in ,

n early all cases it i s u sed i ndi rectly with

b rine as a m edi u m The greatest d rawback
.

to u sing am mo n ia di rectly i s the liab il ity of

ammon ia to leak th ro ugh the ttings j oin ts , ,

etc an d as meats or other p rovisi ons wo uld

.
,

be rendered val u eless as fa r as the market is

concerned by such a leakage i t wo u l d b e ,

exceedi ngly risky and i nj u d icio u s to c ool a

ware ho u se d irectly by am m oni a i f the only
obj ect for so doing was to save the cost o f
the b rine po rtio n of the p lan t B u t i n b u il d
.

ings w here a sl ight smell o f am m o n ia wo u ld

n o t resu lt i n any p ec u n ia ry loss othe r than

the val u e of the esca p i ng ammon ia wh ich ,

latte r i f p rope rly looked afte r w ill be ex

c e edin g ly s mal l i t wo ul d ce rtain ly be advis

abl e to coo l d irectly by am monia I n this .

case the expansion valves wo uld be i n the

bu ild ing to b e cooled an d the a mmoni a
,

wo ul d be expanded i n a syste m o f p ipi ng

h u ng u p o n the walls or othe rw ise c onve
66 Theoretica l a nd Practical

n ien tly arranged This meth o d o f w o rking

.

i s decidedly the most econom ical as i t does ,

away with the n ec essity of a refrige rato r and

i ts l ong series of pipi ng th e b rine p u mps and
,

the steam requ i red to ru n them the b ri ne ,

p ipin g (4 to 5 i nches i n diameter ) conveying

the b r i n e b etween the p u mps b u ildin g to be ,

c ooled an d the refrigerator and all t h e

, ,

n u merou s tti ngs and v alves i n con nection

th e rewith .

B R IN E .

B ri ne is a sol ution of e ithe r com m o n sal t

( chlo ride of sodi u m ) chlorid e of cal
,
ci u m or ,

chlo ride o f magnesi u m i n wate r B rine m ade .

of chloride o f magn esi u m i s u ndesirabl e as ,

it is liabl e to contai n free acid w hi c h above ,

all othe r things is most obj ectionabl e owing ,

to i ts actio n o n metals ; whereas comm o n salt ,

or th e co m mercial fused chl oride o f cal

c ium are both free fro m acid

,
S alt i s u sual ly .

sold by t h e bag each bag contain ing abo ut

,

2 00 lbs and costing abou t 7 0 c

. or per .
,

ton C om mercial fu sed ch lorid e of c al c i u m

.
 A mmoa ia R ef ri era tzl
g , 67

is s o ld in iron dru ms h olding ab o u t 6 00 lbs

,
.

e ach and costs abo ut

,
pe r to n C heap .

c ommon salt s u ch as may b e obtai ne d for 4 0

,

to 50 cents p e r bag sho u l d n o t b e u sed as it

, ,

wi ll be ex p ensive i n the l ong ru n an d n oth ,

ing b ut the p u rest an d best sal t s h o ul d be

bought C o mmon salt fo r b ri ne making
.

shou l d n ot contain m o re than pe r ce nt .

o f insol uble matter (calc u lated on the d ry

salt )
. Th e per c entage o f moistu re is o nly
of acc o u n t w he n the sal t is bo u ght by weight
i nstead o f by the bag b ut the pe rcentage o f
,

i nsol uble matter i s always of great i mpor

tance becau se u nless there are special facil
, ,

ities f o r lteri ng the b ri n e before it e nte rs

the refrigerator o r syste m of pipi ng f o r cool
i ng room s etc i t is obvi o u s that i f the pe r
,
.
,

ce ntage of i nsol uble matte r i s b u l ky i t wi ll ,

acc u m u late and event u ally settl e down i n

the bottom o f the refrige rato r an d thereby
red u c e the e f cie ncy o f the apparatu s by
coveri ng the pipi ng o r i t i s liabl e to pass
,

into the b ri n e p u mps an d fro m then ce to ,

the b rine pipi ng f o r cool in g the room s w here ,

it is l ikely to lodge i n tti ngs (ret u rn bends ,

68 Yheor etica l and Practical

elbows etc ) an d cause se ri ou s obstruction

,
. .

Th e u se o f chlori d e of calci u m does n ot d o

away w ith the in co nve ni ence l iable to be
c a used by th e p resence o f i nsol uble matter ,

bu t fo r temperat u res below 7 Fahr i t is .

absol utel y n ecessary that i t sho u ld be used

f o r the reaso n explai ned i n paragraph on

E f fect of C omposition o n Freez ing Point .

F R EEZ I N G P O I N T OF BRIN E .

B ri nes wil l only stan d a ce rtain degre e of

c ol d witho u t freezin g an d the temperat u re
,

to w hic h b ri n e c an b e cooled befo re i t wi ll

begi n to freeze depends rstly o n the com , ,

p osition of th e brin e an d secon dly on t h e

, ,

st ren gth of the solutic n .

E F F EC T OF C O M PO SI TION ON F R EEZ I N G
PO I N T .

In il l u stration of the eff ect that a change

i n the c omposition of the b ri n e will have on
the free zi n g p oin t i t is o n lv n e c essary to state
that whereas a sol u tion of c o m m o n sal t c an
 A mmon ia R e f
ri gerati on . 69

of

o nly be cooled to 7 Fah r a sol u tion .
,

chlo ride o f calci u m can be cooled to 40
Fa h r .

EF F EC T O F S TR EN G T H O N F R EE Z I N G
P I T
O N .

I n explainin g t he way i n which the

strength a ff ects the freezi n g po in t of the
sol u tio n a bri n e m ade o f com m on salt wil l
be considered I f a weak sol u
. tion o f c o m
mon salt i n wate r is grad ual ly cooled ice ,

will begi n to separate o u t at abo u t 2 8 Fahr .
,

an d th is separation of i ce with a p roporti onal

c oncentratio n o f the bri ne wi l l co ntin ue till
the temperatu re o f Fah r is reached . .

A t this poi n t the b rin e wi l l con tai n pe r

cent of salt an d i f fu rthe r cool ed w il l solidify
.
,

as a whol e . I f o n the othe r hand a sat u

, ,

rated sol u tion (at 6 0 Fah r ) o f salt is cooled

.
,

sal t will separate o ut and the b ri n e wi ll

,

weake n u nti l the sam e tempe rat u re and d e

gree of c once ntratio n given above is reached ,

whe n t h e s o l uti o n wi ll beco me wholly solidi

e d.
 Theoretica l

70 a na Practi cal

S U I TA B L EN ES S O F TH E B RI N F
.

For all o rdi nary p u rposes su c h as ice ,

man ufactu re etc w here i t i s highly i mp ro b

,
.
,

able that a te mperatu re below

7 Fahr .

wi ll be n eeded the author wo u l d st ro n gly

,

advise the u se o f a b ri n e m ad e of com mon

salt Th e cost i s l ess than o n e half of that
.
-

of chlo ride of c al ci u m and i t i s far easier

,

and m ore cl eanl y to han d le because chlorid e ,

of calci u m i s highly deliqu esce nt and the re ,

fore a d ru m of i t m u st b e use d as soo n as

open ed o t he rwise i t will absorb so m uc h
,

"
moi stu re fro m th e ai r that i t wil l ru n and
c au se m u ch an noyance not to mention loss

.

A S we h av e al ready seen i f the brin e is ,

e ithe r to o weak o r too strong a separatio n ,

w il l take place in t he fo rme r case of ice

,

a n d i n t he latter case o f the chemical con

s titue n t
. N o w i f eithe r of these separations
,

o ccu rs i t wi l l se rio u sly a ff ect the refriger

ating e f ciency o f a plant owi ng to the coat ,

in g of the refrigerator coils o r piping wit h

a bad con d uctin g m aterial s u c h as i ce salt , ,

o r chl o ride of calciu m I t is t he refore o f

.
 A mmol z ia R ef ri
g era ti ol z .
7 1

the greatest i mportance that the gra v ity o r

strength o f the bri n e sho u ld be carefu lly tried
every day an d any v ariation d ue to e vap o
,

ration o r other causes sho u l d b e corrected at

once .

MA K I N G B R I N E .

Th e b ri ne sho u l d be made i n a separate

vesse l and not b e transferred t o the refriger
at o r u nti l its strength has b ee n carefully
adj usted and the dirt etc allowe d s u f cient
'

,
.
,

ti me to settl e to th e bottom I f the b ri ne i s .

to be mad e fro m sal t t he wate r is rst pl aced ,

i n the Vessel an d carefu lly m easu red an d then ,

the req u isite qu antity o f salt n am ely

,

"
lb s pe r 1 00 gallons o f wate r is th rown i n -h

and the whole sti rred eith e r me chan ical ly o r

man ually u nti l the salt is di sso lved T he

strength of the bri ne sho ul d the n b e 2 2
B e a um I n the case o f chloride o f calci u m
.

the stre ngth can n o t be regu lated to s uch a

nicety as i n the case o f salt becau se the ,

hs grs fo r p r s l t t h r o r p rc tg
t
.

T dry a nd e ef the

sol l m tt r o t d
u e u e,

d m st
e e are a , e e en a e

mms rure an d in ub e s n a in e in the al be

d t rm d l o w d fo r
01 a e c us e u

e e in e a n d al e .
7 2 Theoretical a nd Pr actica l

m ate rial has to be place d i n the vessel in

more o r less l arge l u mps an d as these l u mps
,

dissolve c omparatively S l owly at the o rdinary

te mpe ratu re i t is necessary to boi l the wate r
with O pe n steam This O peration o f co u rse
.
, ,

in creases t h e v ol u me o f the wate r rst place d

i n the vesse l an d as this i ncrease is an un
,

certai n qu antity (accordi ng to the size of the

l u mps an d the refore the l ength o f time they
tak e to dissolve ) the strength has to be regu
late d enti rely by the u se o f the hy d rometer .

I t i s wise r to make the sol ution to o strong

ra t her than too weak as i t takes l ess ti me to
,

red u ce the strength by adding wate r than it

does to i ncrease the strengt h by dissol vi ng
more of the chlori de o f calci u m .

C H A P T ER VII .

I T is advisabl e to p lace on ly 6 gal lons of

wate r fo r eve ry 1 00 lbs of c hloride o f cal
.

c i um i n the vessel to start with and as s oo n

,

as the sol uti on is e ff ecte d cold wate r shou ld

 A mmon ia R e rig era tion f .
73

be added small qu antities at a ti m e u nti l the

, ,

strength i s red u c ed to 2 0 B eau m e

.

S P EC I F I C H EAT OF BRIN E .

A ccord ing to Pr o fesso r the spe

c ic heat o f brine made from com mon salt is
as fo llows
S tr e ng th Sp ecic H ea t .

Be
.

a ume
o .
786

The author nds that the speci c heat of

b ri ne o f 2 2 B eau m e strength an d made from

A m eri can sal t is

R EG U L ATI O N OF B RIN E T E M P ER A T U R E .

I n pla c es where the refrige rating wo rk is .

regu lar and the tempe ratu re o f the b ri ne re

tu rning to th e refrige rator is n ot l iabl e to
vary many degrees the regu lation o f the ,

temperatu re o f the o utgoing b ri n e is an easy

matter ; bu t whe re the retu rn b ri ne is s ub

T
Vol X I I
r
an ac s tp og s of
i n th e A m e rc
i an So c ie t of M
y ec h an i a c l g rs
En i nee ,

. .
, a e 384 .
74 Theoretica l a nd Prac tica l

j
ec te d to large variations i n te mpe ratu r e the

regu lation of the o utgoi ng b rin e tempe ratu re

requ i res a great deal of attenti on I n the .

fo rme r case the expansion val ves are regu

lated s o that the engine mai ntains a sucti o n
p ressu re equ ivalent to a boili ng po int (of the -

an hydro us am m on ia ) o f about 1 5 Fah r lowe r

.

than the b rin e temp eratu re requi red For .

i nstance i n ice m aking a b rine temperatu re

,
-

of 2 5 Fah r wo u l d be the most econom ical
.
,

and 1 5 lowe r than that namely 1 0 Fah r , ,
.
,

wou ld be the tempe ratu re at which the am

m onia shou ld boil B y refe rring to Table
.

I I I (page 1 1 6 ) it wil l be see n that a s uction

.

gau ge p ressu re o f 2 3 8 5 lbs is equ ival ent to .

an am monia boi ling poi nt of 1 0 Fahr and
-
.
,

therefore the expansion valves wo uld need

to be regu lated so that the engine ran with
a suction gauge p ressu re o f say 2 3 % lbs
-
, ,
.

I f a b u il ding has to be cooled and m aintai ned

at a tempe ratu re o f z ero a b ri n e tempe ratu re
,

o f ab o u t 10 Fahr will be n ecessary and
.
,

2 5 Fahr
) will be

1 5 lowe r than that .

the requi red boi li ng point of the ammonia

-
,

and Table I I I shows t h at a s u c tion gauge

.
-
 Anz mon i a R e f
ri ger a tion .
75

p ressu re o f lb s co rrespon ds to that

.

boili ng poi nt -
I n both these cas es the e x
.

an s io n valves wi ll n eed little o r n o atte ntio n

p
afte r they have once been p rope rly regu
lated ; b u t it will now be S h o wn that if we
have a quantity o f hot oi l that has to be
cooled a ce rtai n n u mbe r o f degrees Fahren
heit i n a gi ven length o f tim e it is necessary ,

that th e expansion valves shal l b e frequ ently

attended to i n orde r to obtai n t h e desi re d
resu lts . F o r example
l b s o f o il at a te mp erature 0 '

F ahr h av e to b e c oo l e d to
.

1 00 .

F ahr or throu gh

80 F ahre n he i t d e g ree s i n
20 .

2 4 hour s an d the s p e c i c he at o f the o il i s

,

I n th is case the n u mbe r of the rmal u n its t o

be extracted fro m the oil are X 80 X
N o w i f the compresso r
,

is capabl e of ci rcu lating c ubic feet

of ammonia gas pe r 2 4 ho u rs and the e x ,

p an sio n valves are regu late d to give at the ,

com men ce me nt a bri ne te mperat u re of 1 5

,

Fah r the refrigerating e f ciency will b e only

.
,

ther mal u n its p e r 2 4 h o u rs an d i t ,

 Theoretical

7 6 a na Practical

will the refo re take ab o ut 2 9 % hou rs to cool

the oil to 2 0 Fahr B u t i f the expansion
.

val v es are regu lated so that for the rst si x

ho u rs the b rine te m p eratu re will be 3 2 Fah r .

and d u ri ng the next 1 2 ho u rs 2 5 Fahr and

.
,

the rem ain ing six ho u rs 1 5 Fah r the re .
,

f rig eratin g e f c ien c y will be approx imately ,

Fi rs t 6 hour s T her m al u n i t s .

N e xt 12

Las t 6

T ot al , T her m al u n i t s ,

or thermal u n its more than are theo

re tic ally requ i red and the rmal u nit s
,

m ore than co u ld be extracted by sta rting

with and m ai ntain ing f o r 2 4 h o u rs the re
, ,

q u i red nal bri n e temperatu re o f 1 5 Fah r

.

This great di ffe rence i n the res u l ts is d u e to

the S imple fact that the refrigerating e f cien c y
o f a plant is p roporti o nal to the weight of
anhydro u s ammon ia ci rc u lated and the refore ,

if a large weight of am moni a is ci rcu lated at

the c om mencement whe n the te mpe rat u re of
,

the oi l is h igh an d that weight is grad uall y

,

red uced as the o il bec o m es cool ed i t is evi ,

 Ammon ia Ref /a era tion
g .
77

dent t h at the o il will be cooled q u i c ke r t h an

if the small e r we ight o r that necessary f o r
,

the nal temperatu re i s ci rc u lated th ro u gh

,

o ut the whole of the operation O f co u rse

.
,

i t wo u ld not be advisab le to regu late the ex

a n io n valves so as to cause the three s ud
p s

d en d rops i n te mperatu re as i n the above

example whe re it was don e fo r S impli city s

sake bu t the valves s ho u l d rather be grad u

ally closed so that the min im u m brin e te m

,

rature requ i red wil l be reached abou t six

p e

h ou rs before the material that is being cooled

wil l be requ i red .

I N D I R EC T EF F EC T OF C S I N G WA T E R
O N D EN

ON BRIN E T E M P ER AT U R E .

I f the supply and temperatu re of the water

used i n the conde nse r is i rregu lar the e xp an
sion valves wi ll nee d constant atte ntio n (no
matte r what the natu re of the refri gerati ng
-

work may be ) because any i rregu lariti es i n

,

the c o n de nsi ng wate r will cause changes i n

the condensi ng p ressu re I f the su pply les
.

sens i n quantity t h e te mpe ratu re of t h e co n

7 8 Theoretical a nd Practical

dense r will of co u rse rise an d c au se a n

, ,

i n crease of p ress u re The natu ral result o f

.

in creased p ressu re wi ll be a l arge r deli ve ry

of am m on ia fo rce d th ro u gh the expansio n
valves an d the s u ctio n p ressure wil l i n turn
,

also be i ncreased I t i s therefore n ecessary

.

to co u n te rbalance i n crease of condensi ng

pressu re by a p roportional closing down o f
the expansi on valves an d d ecrease i n the
,

c onden sing p ressu re by o p e ni ng t h e exp an

si o n v al ves
.

C H A P T ER VIII .

D I RECTI ON S FO R DE T ER M I N I N G R E FR I G
E R AT I N G E F FI C I EN C Y .

B EF O R E goi ng in to the details o f d eter

m ini ng the e c ien c y of a refrigerating plan t
i t i s necessary that one o r two poi nts i n co n
n e c tio n the rewith sh o u ld be e xplai ned .
 A mmon i a [\ ef rz
g e ra ti on . 79

EQU I V A L EN T OF A TO N OF IC E .

The equ ivalent of a to n of ice is

B ritish the rmal u n its o r the amou nt of heat ,

that wou ld be n ecessary to co nve rt a ton

lbs ) o f ice at 3 2 Fahr i nto a to n
.

.
,

o f w ate r at 3 2

Fahr o r conversely i t i s the .
, , ,

amou nt o f h eat that m ust b e e xtracted from

a ton o f wate r at 3 2 Fah r i n orde r to con

.

ve rt i t i nto a to n of ice at 3 2 Fah r .

C O M P R ES S O R M EA S U R EM EN T OF A M MON IA
C I R C U L AT ED .

"
Professo r D enton s determinations S how

that whe n the am mon ia gas ente rs the com

p resso r i t i s heate d by the walls of th e l atte r
an d s o rare e d as to cause the c omp resso r
f ul l of gas to weigh u pwards o f 2 5 pe r cent .

less t han i t wo u l d i f th e gas rem ai ne d at the

tempe ratu re of the entrance whil e the c o m
p ressor lled .

T r s
a n ac t o s of
i n the A m e r ic an S oc ie t of M ch
y e an ic al En in eeg rs ,

Vol X I I
. .
80 Theoretica l and P r ac tical

L O SS 1N W EL L J A C K ET ED
-
C O M P R ES S O R S .

The mak e of m achine wit h w hi c h D e nton

experime nte d w as the C onsol idate d I ce M a

chi ne C omp any s an d th e actu al l oss i n the
,

p u mpi ng e i c ien c y o f the comp ressors d ue

f

t o the abov e cause was pe r cent The .

comp resso rs (i ncl u din g gas p assages v alves , ,

etc ) i n this m ake o f machi n e are e xcep tion

.

ally wel l arrange d fo r receivin g th e fu llest

possibl e bene t fro m th e j acket wate r and -
,

therefo re t he l oss o f p u mpin g e i c ien c y is

redu ced to a m i nim u m Whe re comp ressors
.

are n o t so e i c ien tly j acke ted th e l oss by ,

su pe rheati n g wi ll vary from 2 1 % to 2 5 p e r

cent .

L O SS IN DO U B LE -
A CT I N G C O M P R ES S O RS .

A n al lowan ce O f 30 per cent fo r l oss by .

su pe rheating i s n ecessary i n the case of

do uble acti ng comp ressors whe n the gas e n
-

ters th e comp resso r th ro ugh th e h eads and

th e h eads a re n ot j acketed .

B efore th e e f ciency o f a plant can be de

te rmine d i t i s n e c essary that the co mp ressor
 A nz mon i a R e fri geration . 81

shoul d be tted with an ind icator th e e ngin e ,

an d b rin e p um ps with stroke cou nters and ,

that m erc u ry wells sho ul d b e p lace d at the

following poi nts vi z : ,
.

D I STR I B U T I O N OF M E R C U R Y W ELL S .

( )
I O n the discharge pipe n ear
,
its point
of o utle t fro m th e comp resso r .

( 2 ) O n th e amm on i a discharge pipe fro m

the c ondense r im m ediate ly at i ts poi nt o f

exit .

(3) I n the amm onia s u pply m an ifol d o f the

refrige rato r .

(4 ) I n the am mon i a s u ction o r

discharge
man ifol d o f the refrige rator
I
.

( 5) n the am mon ia su ct i o n p ip e im me

diate ly at its poi nt of e nt ry t o the co m

pressor .

( )
6 I n the retu rn b rin e pip e j u st whe
,
re i t
discharges i nto the refrigerato r .

(7 ) I n the brin e discharge b rin e pipe from

the refrige rator .

I n cases where the pipes are hori zontal

and o f s u fcien t diamete r the m ercu ry w e ll
82 Theoretica l a nd Pr acti cal

S houl d b e constru cted as i n F ig 9 i n w hic h

.
,

A is th e p ip e the tempe ratu re of the con

,

tents o f which is req u i red ; B is t h e me rc urv

w e ll made of i ro n tubin g an d tted i n the
,
 f
A mmon i a R e r ig era tion . 83
U

pipe by means o f a b ushi ng The m e rc u ry .

,

C lls the well abo u t th ree q uarte rs full

,
-
,

and i n i t the thermomete r D i s hel d by , ,

the cork E ,
.

Whe n the pipes are vertical o r o f too ,

small a diamete r the me rcu ry well shou ld

,

be mad e as follows ( Fig .

Thewooden block B having a cavity C

, , , ,

is carefu lly tted to the pipe A an d se , ,

cu rely fas tened i n its place by the iro n bands

D D
,
. C is ll e d three qu arte rs fu l l with
-

mercu ry an d the the rm om ete r E havi ng

, , ,

been i ntrod u ced an d se c u red i n its place by

the cork F the whole i s S O wrapped i n hai r
, ,

felt as to enti rel y p reven t an y p ossibi l ity o f

the atmosp he re having any e ff ec t upon the

tempe rat u re of the merc u ry .

The p o rt ion of the p ipe wit h wh i ch the

m e rc u ry comes i n contact shou l d be tho r
o ughly scraped s o as to presen t a perfectly
,

bright and clear su rface b efore the w ooden

,

block is faste ned i n i ts place .

T he
j udicious appl ication o f a li ttle soft
putty to to u ch in g s u rface o f the wood will
84 Theoretica l a nd Prac tica l

make th e j oi n t betwee n the wood and p i p e

p erfectly tight an d e f cient .

Themost conven ient form of thermo m

eter is one w ith a cyli nd rical b ulb Z to 1
 A mmon i a R e fri geration . 85

inch l ong ; the d iamete r of the the rmomete r

sho u ld b e abo ut 5 1 6 to ; 6 of an i n c h The
-
.

grad uations sho u ld s tart at a poi nt 3 in c hes

ab ov e th e to p o f the b u lb an d sho ul d b e

P la n T h ro
X Y

of an inch apart an d eac h grad uation

,

sho u ld represen t on e degree With the u se

.

of s uch a thermo meter a readi ng of o n e

tenth o f a degree may be easily an d acc u
rate ly made .
86 Theoretical a nd Practical

EX A M I N AT I O N OF WO R K I N G P A RTS .

H avi n g carefu lly exam ine d the pistons an d

valves o f the bri n e p u mps an d comp ressor ,

an d ve ri e d th e accu racy o f th e press u re

gauges a n u mber o f tab u lated forms sho u ld
,

be d rawn up ready to receive the readi ngs

o f the diff ere n t i nstru m ents as they are
taken .

N U M B ER OF R EA D I N G S TO BE T A K EN .

Where a pl ant i s doing steady tempera

tu re work su ch as cooli ng ware ho u ses or

mak in g arti cial i ce readings o f all the dif

,

f ere n t i nstru ments n eed n o t b e taken more

than once every h alf hou r ; bu t where the
-

range i n tempe ratu re of the mate rial to be

c ooled i s large readi ngs shoul d be taken
,

eve ry quarte r o f an ho u r D iagrams of the

.

s team cylinde r and the compresso r s h ould

be take n eve ry t hree hou rs .
 A mmon i a R e fri gera tion . 87

C H A P T ER IX .

DUR ATION OF TEST

FO R stea d y work the test S hou l d last for

,

twelve h o u rs an d i n l arge range of tem p era

,

tu re w ork the test sho u l d last fo r twenty f o u r

h o u rs o r at any rate u nti l th e nal temper

, , ,

atu res agre e as closely as possib le with th o se

at the start .

I N D I C AT O R D IAGRA M S .

In orde r to check the b rine gu res a very

c arefu l examinatio n o f th e i ndi cator diagrams
of the co mpresso r m ust be mad e as i t is only ,

by th e ai d o f thes e diagrams that an accu rate

c omp utatio n o f the v ol u me o f am mon ia C i r
c ulate d can be made .

Fig 1 1 rep resents th e workin g o f a do uble

.

acting h ori zontal comp resso r ru n nin g at 1 4 0

revol utions pe r min ute The gauge press u re
.

in the s u ction discharge pipes o f the c o m

88 Theoretical a na

Practical

p resso r whe n the diagram was taken were ,

respecti vely 1 0 lbs an d 1 4 0 lbs

, A s the
. .

diagram S hows that t he suction p ressu re i n

t h e co mp ressor was only 5 lbs and the con .

den sin g p ressure was 1 50 lb s i t is very evi .

,

de nt ia the rst p lace that bot h t he s u ction

, ,

an d discharge val ves were to o s mall an d di d

GA UG P U !
E
C
RES S RES
O N DEN N SI G 0

R UI S
EVO L T O N PER M N IU
S UC TIO N
TE
u

140
,0

ATMOS P RI C
HE LI N E

FI G X I . .

n ot admi t o f the free p assage o f the amm o

nia gas S econ dly as th e s uctio n p ressu re
.
,

i n the com p resso r was o nly 5 l bs the c om .

p ressor was n o t p u mpi n g o r ci rcu lating as

m uch am mon ia as the gau ge p ressu re rep re
sented This diagram als o shows that the
.

engi ne ha d p e rf o rm ed 30 pe r cen t o f its for .

 A mmon ia R e f
ri geration . 89

w ard stroke an d 2 5 p e r cent of its retu rn .

str o ke before the p ressu re d u e to t h e re

ex p ansion o f the clearance S pace gas was
red uced to the s u ctio n p ressu re the p res

su re at whic h the v alves woul d open In .

t h is case the p u m p i ng capacity of the

co m p resso r was t h e refore only 7 2 % p e r
, ,

C
O NDENS N IG w 1 a7

R U
EVO L T O N I S IU
PER M N TE

A S P RIC
TMO HE U NE

c ent o f t h e pist o n d ispla c em en t pe r rev o lu

.

tion.

Fig 1 2 represe nts the working of the same

.

engin e after th e d ischarge v al ves had b een

enlarged A l tho ug h the engi n e was ru n ni ng
.

at the sam e sp ee d as before 1 4 0 rev o l utions

p e r mi n ute the con densi n g p ressu re i n th e

90 Theoretica l a nd Practical

compresso r was this ti me the sam e as i n d i

c ated by the gauge o n the discharge p ipe ,

showin g that the e ngin e had n o excess

p ressu re to work agai nst an d th erefore a ,

sa v ing i n steam was eff ected The diagram .

agai n shows however that t he suctio n valves

, ,

were too small for a sp eed o f 1 4 0 revolu

w e. messunsa
REVO LUT IO j
8 PER M N TE IU '
1 20

ATMOS H E P RIC us e

FI G X I I I
. .

.i o ns p e r m i n ute a n d als o t h at t h e pu mping

, , ,

capacity o f the comp ressor was o nly 7 2

p e r c ent of the pisto n dis p lacement
.
.

Fig 1 3 is the diagram take n from the sam e

.

en gi ne whe n ru n n ing at t h e rate o f only 1 2 0

revol ution s p er mi n u te From i t we see that

.

th e s u cti o n v alv es o f t h e c om p resso r are d e .

 A ni ni on ia Re f rigera ti on .
9 1

signed fo r that rate of speed an d that t he ,

previ o u s rates o f 1 4 0 revol utio ns p er m in u te

we re beyon d the c a p acity o f the v alves .

Fig 1 4 was a diagram take n fr o m a co m

.

po u n d single a c ti n g ve rti c al c omp resso r ru n

ni ng at 4 0 re vol uti o ns per min u te with a ,

su c tion and co ndensing gau ge p ress u re of ,

GA UGE Pa saunas
t
- Cj I
ONDENS NG
S UC TIO N
~ 1 37

U I S IU ,0
REVO L T O N PER M N TE 0

ATMO S P RC I
HE I L NE

F1 G . X I V.

respe c tively 1 0 lbs a n d 1 3 7 lbs Th is d i a

,
. .

gram e xh ibits a n al most perfe c tly square h e el ,

the l o ss be in g o nly I p e r c e nt o f t h e p i sto n .

displa c e m e nt an d S h o w s t h at t h e s u c ti o n an d
,

dis c h arge v al v e s w e r e o f req u isit e si z e .

We wi ll no w see w h at these d iagrams ac

t ually re p res e n t i n po u nds of am m on ia c i r
9 2 Theoretical a nd Practical

c ulate d per 2 4 ho u rs and from th o se gu re s ,

we will be bette r able to reali z e the i mp o r

tance of this po rtion o f the s u bj ect .

For si mpl icity s sake we will suppose the
tempe ratu re of th e gas entering the c om
p ressor was 0 Fah r i n all fo ur cases The

. .

c ubical displacement o f th e piston i n the c as e

of the hori z ontal compressor was cu bic
feet per revol ution and i n the case of ver ,

tical c o mp resso r c ub ic feet pe r rev o lu

ti o n .

1 4 0 revol u tion s per mi n ute X 1 82

c ub i c feet pe r mi n u te c ubic feet

p e r,
2 4 ho u rs .

The i ndicato r diagram S hows that

p e r cen t of thi s was lost owi ng to re ex
.
-

a n s io n of th e as an d we have seen u nder

p g ,

su b head in g
-
L oss i n D o uble acti ng C om -

press o rs that 30 per c ent also h as in this

,

.
,

case to be ded u cted and the refore the e f

, ,

f ec tual d isplaceme nt i s per

cent ) 3 0. pe r cen t ) cubic feet .

p e r 2 4 ho u rs .

The s uctio n p ressu re i n the compress o r

w as 5 lbs (i e . say 1 9 % l bs abso lute
. .
, ,
.
 A ni ni on ia R e f ri gera ti on .
93

p re ssu re )
. B y Tabl e V (page 1 2 5) we see
.

that 1 lb o f am mon ia gas at 0 Fa h r an d
. .

19
% lbs
. absol u te p ressu re c ubic
feet ; therefore the e ff ectu al d isplace m en t of
c ubic feet lbs o f am m o nia .

c i rc ulate d p e r 2 4 h o u rs .

1 2 0 revol u tions pe r m i n u te X 1 56

c ub i c feet per mi n ute cu b ic feet

p e r 2 4 ho u rs .

Takin g pe r ce nt of this a mo u n t and

.
,

t h en ded u c ting 30 pe r cent o f th e re mai nde r

.
,

w e h ave an e f ciency of cubi c fee t

p er 2 4 hou rs .

The su ction p ressu re i n th e comp resso r

was 1 0 lbs . 24
% lb s abso l u te p ress u re
.

) .

B y Tabl e V (page 1 2 7 ) we see that I lb

. .

o f am moni a gas at 0 Fahr and 2 4 % lbs

. .

absol ute p ressu re cub ic feet ; there

fo re the e ff ectu al displace me nt of
c ubic feet lb s o f am mon ia c i rc u late d
.

pe r 2 4 hours .

I n th e cases of diagrams I I and 1 2 w h ere ,

t h e engin e was ru n nin g at a speed of 1 4 0

revol uti o ns pe r m in u te the po u nds of am
,

m o nia ci r c u late d we re o nly as against

 Theoretica l P ractical

94 a na

w hen the e ngin e s p eed was o nly 1 2 0

revol u tions pe r m in u te T his i ncrease of
.

6 9 6 lb s i n the ci rc ul ation o f ammon ia pe r 2 4

.

hou rs togethe r wit h the smal le r c o n s ump

,

ti o n o f steam (owi ng to the di mi n utio n i n the

speed o f the e ngi ne ) is d u e en ti rely to s uf
ci ent ti me b ein g al lowed th e am mon ia gas
i n its passage th rough the s uctio n valves t o
m ai ntai n i ts s u ction p ressu re o f 1 0 lbs at .
,

w hich pressu re I 1b of am mon ia gas only

.

occupies c u b i c feet I f t h e p isto n

.

travel ed q u icke r than th e above speed i t

su cked the gas instead o f al lowing it to
follow by i ts own pressu re an d thereby ,

red u ced the p ressu re to (i n the cases of dia

g ram s 1 1 an d 1 2
) 5 lbs at whi
. c,
h p ressu re
1 lb . of am mo n ia gas o c c up ies c ubi c
feet an d the p u mpin g c apacity of the com
,

p ressor as far as the weight o f am moni a ci r

,

c ulate d is co nce rn ed is t h ereby red uced

,
.

4 0 revol utions pe r m i n u te X 4 1 6 0 c ub ic

feet pe r m i n ute c ubi c feet p er 2 4

ho u rs
9 9 pe r ce nt of this am o u nt equals
.

cubic fe et and as in the case o f a th o ro ughly

, ,
 A mmon i a R ef rigera ti on .
95

j a c keted S i ngle acting comp resso r

-
p
,
er

cent instead of 30 p e r cent has to be d e

. .

d ucted Th e effectu al d isplace men t i n th l

.

case i s cu bi c fe et pe r 2 4 ho u rs .

We have al ready see n that 1 l b o f am mo .

%

nia gas at 0 Fah r an d 1 0 lbs . . 24 lbs .

absolute p ressu re ) cu bi c feet and ,

therefore the avai lable c ub ic feet

lbs o f am mon ia ci rc u lated p er 2 4
.

ho u rs .

Th e actual capacity o f this ve rtical c o m

p resso r is c ubic feet pe r 2 4 ho u rs as
agai nst i n the case o f the ho ri zontal
comp ressor whe n d iagram 1 3 was taken o r ,

an excess of only c ubi c feet pe r 2 4

ho u rs . Y et the increase in the amo u nt o f
am mon ia ci rc u lated am o u nte d to
lb s o f am monia pe r 2 4 ho u rs
.
,

which gu res i f al lowance is made f o r th e

,

c u bic feet excess capacity are re ,

duc ed to lbs This enormo u s i ncrease

.

of lb s i n the weight of amm on ia C i r

.

c ulate d is al most entirely d u e to the fact

that th e wate r j acke t on the compressor
-

h ead o f t h e ve rtical comp ressor causes a

96 Theoreti ca l an d P ractical

complete collapse o f the clearance space

gas and the reby allows the suction valves
,
-

to open i m mediately the piston com mences

its retu rn stroke .

H avi ng ascertain ed the ci rculatin g capaci ty

of o ur comp resso r we wil l n ow see what the
freezin g capacity o f the plant is and how it
c o u ld b e improved .

We wil l suppose that the mean res u lts of a

2 4 ho u r test we re as fol lows
-

g r ss r t o S i
s h rg o d s g
uc n 10 lb s
G au P
.

e e u e

c
Di (C in )
o 40 lb s
r
c a e n en . 1 .

c om p r sso r I s h rgS u ti n 8 Fah

mm o
.

A
at e
Di a F ah
s h rg fro m o d s r r
c e 51 r
n ia
2 .

m T emp e Di C F ah
r
ture 62
S pp l M fol
at c a e n en e ,
.

F ah
sc h rg
R e f ri g an i d, 69
'

at ator u y .

Di F hr
t
a e 0 a

fr g r o r r
.

m p r t r s l t r to
Te
L eav in g R e i e a Fah
F ah r
.

t
e a u e
Re u n

o to s
.

En n e
R ev lu imp M of Pu
S t r gt h
n p er in u e 4o
me
t
en 22 B ea u
ol t o s om pr ssor g
.

R ev u i n of C Me En in e p e r in u e 1 20

D iagram 1 3 rep rese nted the working o f the

co mp ressor whil e the test was be ing made .

The c omp ressor piston displacement was

c u bic feet pe r revol ution .

The displacement o f the b ri ne p ump pisto n

was gal lon pe r revol u tion .
 A mmon i a R i f ri g cr a ti on .
97

A M M ON I A F I G U R ES . EF F EC T U A L D I S .

P L A C E M EN T .

C ompresso r : 1 2 0 revol u tions pe r mi n ute X

1 56 cubic feet pe r m i n ute

c ubi c feet per 2 4 ho u rs This amo u nt less .

pe r cent cub ic feet an d 30

.
,

p er cent ded u cte d fro m that l eaves

.

cubi c feet eff ectual d isplace ment pe r 2 4

h o u rs .

VO L U M E OF G AS .

Th e gas as i t entered the co mp resso r was

at a temperatu re o f 8 Fah r and u n de r a .

gauge p ressu re o f 1 0 lbs 2 4 7 lbs ab so . . .

l u te press u re ) B y refe rri ng to Tabl e V we

. .

see that 1 lb o f am moni a gas at 2 4 %

.

lbs absol ute p ress u re an d 8 Fah r
. .

c ubi c feet and at lbs pressu re and 8 .

Fah r . cubic feet O u r p ressu re was .

lbs o r. lbs l ess than 2 4 34 so as

,
.
, ,

there are 5 5 1 00 d iffe ren ce between 2 4 %

,
-

and we d ivi de the diff erence i n the

v ol u me o f the gas at th o se two p ressu res by
98 Theoreti ca l and Pr ac ti cal

5 and ad d the quotie nt to the gu res d ue to

the p ressu re lbs Th us : .

1 2 I 37 0 1 24
5
c u b i c feet the o l u m e o f 1 l b o f
. .

v m
a

m o n i a gas at 8 l b s b s o l ute p re ss ure

.

Fahr . an d . a .

AM MON IA C I RC U LAT ED PE R T W EN TY
FO U R H O U R S .

Th e eff ectu al displace men t o f the com

p resso r was c ubi c feet an d as the ,

vol u me o f o n e po un d of the gas was

c u bic feet the amo u nt o f am mon ia c irc u
,

lated pe r 2 4 ho u rs was 2 -

lbs .

R E F R I G E R A T I N G E F F I C I EN C Y .

We see by referrin g to Table I I I (page .

1 1 6 ) that the late nt h eat o f amm onia at

l bs gau ge p ressu re is 56 1 t h e refore

.
,

X 56 1 the rmal u n its were

absorbed by the am mon ia i n passing fro m
the liq u id to the gaseous state (i e i n ex . .
,

F or all pr c ti a ca l p rp o s s t h s
u e e e grs
u e are n ea r o gh t o en u

:0 lb s .
 A mmon in R e f ri geration .
99

p and ing ) b u t the a v erage resul ts of t h e test

,

show that th e amm onia en tered th e refriger

ato r at a tem p e ratu re o f 6 9 Fah r an d that .

t h e gas left at a temperat u re o f 0 Fahr ; it .

was t h erefore co o l e d d o wn fro m 6 9 t o or
t h r o ugh 6 9 d egrees an d as the speci c heat
,

o f am monia at s u ction p ressu res is as

al ready shown i t i s eviden t,
X 69 X
.
5 )
0 8 thermal u nits were th u s uti l
i z e d i n cooling down th e am moni a i tself ,

and the refore not be i ng availabl e f o r cool

,

i ng down t he b rin e they m ust be dedu cted ,

from the the rmal u nits credited t o

th e ammonia t h u s leaving
, 33 1 ,

942 effective the rmal u n its o r ,

-
2 tons o f ic e p e r
2 4 hou rs .

BRIN E F I G U R ES .

GA LLO N S C I R C U L AT ED .

Th e capacity o f the b ri ne p u mp p e r revo

lutio n was gal lons an d as i t mad e 4 0 ,

revol utions p er mi n u te the vol u m e o f brine ,

ci rc u lated was X 40 X 1 440

gallons pe r 2 4 ho u rs

.

A m e r g ll o s
ic an a n lb s . of t r
wa e ) .
1 00 Theoretical a nd Pr acti cal

P O UN D S CI RCULAT ED .

Th e gravity of the brine was 2 2 B eau m e

,

an d as b ri ne at that strength weighs lbs .

per gallon the n u mbe r o f po u nds of b rine

,

ci rcu lated i n the 2 4 ho u rs was (4 2 57 8 X ,

D EG R EES C OO L ED .

Th e average temperatu res of the b ri ne

we re :

R etur n F ahr
O ut go i n g There fore the b r i n e was c oo l e d
.

F ahr .

F ahr .

T O TA L D EG R EE S EX TR A C T ED .

total n u mbe r o f d egrees Fah renheit

The
that were ext racted fro m the bri ne were
X 5 %
 A ni ni on : a R i f ri
g era ti on . 101

C H A P T ER X .

W E have show n previo usl y that the sp e

c ic heat o f 2 2 B eau m e bri ne is

therefore th e n u mbe r of the rmal u n its ex

tracte d we re X
or tons o f i ce
p er 2 4 h ou rs Th ese gu res give
. to n

of i c e per 2 4 hou rs l ess than we obtain ed

from th e am monia gu res This i s a resu lt .

that m ust always be looked for as n o i ns ula ,

tio n is pe rfectly non cond u cti ng and the ai r

-
,

s u rrou nding the refrigerato r etc is always ,

.
,

cooled m ore o r less a c co rd in g to ci rc u m

stances . The heat i mparted to the refrig
c rator etc i n this way i s a varyi ng amo u nt
,
.
,

and ca n not u nde r o rdi nary ci rcum stances

, ,

be accu rately esti mated I t wil l have bee n

.

notice d i n the ave rage ammoni a te mpera

tu res that the l iqu i d anhydro u s am monia was

heated fro m 6 2 Fah r u p to 6 9 Fahr i n its
. .

passa ge fro m the co ndense r to the refrige r

at o r supply manifold We wil l n ow s ee what
.
I 02 Theoretical a nd Pr actical

e ff ect thi s rise i n temperatu re had on the

c apa c ity of the plant .

Lo s s DUE T o H E AT I N G OF L I QU I D
A M M ON I A .

We have j ust gu red that the r

m al u n its were absorb ed by the amm on ia
i n p assin g from the l iqu id to the gaseous
state an d that
,
thermal u n its of that
amo u nt had to be ded u cted fo r loss d u e to

cool i ng the am monia i tsel f from 6 9 Fahr t o .

0 Fah r .

L et it n ow be assu med that the tempera

tu re o f the li qu id am mon ia remained at its

condensing temperatu re o f 6 2 Fah r and o ur .

gu res wil l be : ( lb s of ammon . ia ) X

62 X the rmal u ni ts requ i red

t o cool the ammon ia itself fro m 6 2 Fahr to .

0 Fah r and the refo re the n u mber of the r
.
,

mal u nits available for cool ing the b rine

wo u ld be
or tons o f I c e pe r 2 4 ho u rs These .

gu res S how that the seven d egrees Fahre n

 Ammon ia Refrigeration . 1 03

heit that the amm on ia was heated in its pas

sage from the co n denser to the refrige rator
represented a l o ss i n the refrige rating e f
c ie n c y of the p lant of

or o ne eighth o f a t o n of i c e p e r 2 4 h o u rs
-
.

Lo ss DUE TO H EA T I N G OF AM MON IA
GA S .

A glan c e at the ave rage gu res again will

also show that th e am moni a gas i n its pas
sage from the refrige rato r t o the comp ressor
was heated e ight d egrees Fah re n heit the

gas enterin g the c o mpresso r at a t empera

tu re of 8 i nstead of To d ete rmine what
was the lost refrigeratin g eff ect i n this case
it will be necessary to cal cu late ho w many
po u nds of am moni a wou l d have bee n c irc u
lated by the comp resso r had the te mpe ratu re
o f the amm on ia gas re m ai ned at 0

u ntil i t
e ntered the compressor R eference to Table
.

V (page 1 2 7 ) shows that 1 lb o f am mo nia

. .

gas at lb s absol ute pressu re and 0 Fahr

.

.

has a vol u m e o f c ub ic feet and at

,

lbs an d 0 Fahr
. . c ubic feet ;
1 04 Theoretica l a nd Prac tical

the refore at the absol u te p ressu re of 2 4 7

,

lb s
.
,
the v ol u m e o f I lb of am m onia gas .

wo u ld be cu bic feet The eff e c tual .

displace ment o f the co m p resso r was

c ubic feet pe r 2 4 hou rs so the n u mber of ,

lbs of am mon ia ci rcu lated wo u ld be

.

pe r 2 4 ho u rs The .

latent heat of vapori zation we have already

seen was 56 1 the refo re ,
X 56 1

the rmal u n its wou ld be abs o rbed

by the am mon ia B u t the temperatu res of
.

the am mon ia at the s upply an d discharge

man i folds o f the refrige rato r we re resp ec

tiv e ly 6 9 and 0 Fah r and consequently .
, , ,

as the am mon ia itself had to be cooled

sixty ni n e degrees th e available nu mber of
-
,

the rmal u n its wo u ld be red u ced to

4 0 6 X 6 9 x o r
Z -
tons o f ice pe r
2 4 hou rs showing that the l oss d u e to the
,

s uperheating of the gas only eight de grees

i n i ts passage from the refrige rato r to the
comp resso r amo u nted to
ton o r ab o u t o ne thi rd o f a ton of i c e
,
-

pe r 2 4 ho u rs .
 A ni i non i a Re f ri geration . 1 05

If th e l iqu i d an hydro u s am m o n ia p i p i n g
betwee n the c o nde nse r an d the re frige rato r
and the am monia gas pipi ng betwee n the re
f ri g erato r an d compresso r had bee n cove red
with a tho ro u ghly non c on d ucting mate rial
-
,

t h e refrige rati ng ei c ienc y of the plant wo u l d

h ave be en
e n ter i n g C o mp re ss or t
G as a lb s
T her m al u n i t s
.

F ahr

Amm o n i c oo l e d fro m 6 2 to
0 .

0 F ahr
. x 62 x

E ffe c ti ve T her m al U n i t s

or to n s o f i b e i n g an
c e

i n c re s e o f
a or n e ar l y h lf to n
a a

o f i c e p er 24 hour s .

A s the qu estio n o f co nde nsing wate r has

been fu l ly dis c ussed p revio u sly i t is c o nsid ,

e red u n ne c essary t o g o fu rthe r i nt o gu res

in relati o n t o t h is part of t h e s ubj e c t .
1 06 Theoretical and Practical

C H A P T ER XI

C A L C U L AT I O N O F TH E M A X I M U M C A P A C I TY
OF A MA C H IN E .

A S the capaci ty o f a mac h in e is p r opo r

tio n al to the quan tity of an hydrous am mon i a
c i rcu lated i t i s e v iden t that if the am moni a
,

val ves are regu lated so as to give a brine

te mperatu re o f 0 Fah r the refrigerating .
,

e fci ency exp ressed i n tons of i ce wil l no t be

nearly so great as whe n th e valves are ad

j u sted fo r a 2 8 Fah r brine temperatu re
. .

Th e amo u n t of an hydro u s am monia c irc u

lated at th e fo rme r te mperatu re wo u ld o nly
be one half the weight c i rcu lated at the lat
-

te r te mpe ratu re .

I f the b ri ne tempe ratu re we re abo v e 2 8
Fahr i t woul d b e in c ap ab le o f d oing p rac
.
'

ti c al re f rige rating wo rk that i s the tem

,

e rature w o ul d be too h igh to freeze wate r

p
su f cie ntly q ui c k t o be o f an y pra c ti cal
v al u e .
 A i n ni on i a Re f ri geration . 1 07

Twe nty eight degrees Fah ren heit is the re

-

fo re the h ighest practical brin e te m peratu re ,

and i n orde r to mai ntai n that th e ammon i a

m ust boi l at 1 4 Fahr w h ic h latte r te mpe ra
.
,

tu re is obtai n ed by regu lati ng th e am mon ia

valves so that a suctio n gauge p ressu re of -

28
% lbs is
. mai ntain ed .

Th erefore i n c alc ul atin g the maxi m u m c a

,

a c ity o f a machi ne we m ust gu re u po n the

p
s u cti on gau ge pre ssu re be ing 2 8 % lb s an d
-
.

t he s uctio n te mpe ratu re say 2 0 Fah r at the
, ,
.

po int w he re the gas e nters th e compresso r .

PR EP A R A TI O N O F A N H Y D R O U S
A M MON IA .

Th e p rin cip al parts o f the apparatu s n ec es

sary fo r the p rod u ctio n o f an hydro us am mo

nia fro m 2 6 am mon ia are
( )
I A n i ro n cyli n de r
( still ) abo u t 2 feet i n

diameter b y 3 feet deep .

( )
2 A n i ro n cyli nde r (col u m n ) abo u t 1 0

i n ches i n diamete r by 2 fee t high .

( )
3 A tan k ( co ndense r ) abou t 3 feet i n di
a me te r by 4
% feet dee p .
1 08 Theoreti cal a nd P racti cal

( )
4 Two i ron cyli nde rs (separato rs ) abou t
1 0 inches i n diame t e r by 5
% feet high .

( )
5 A n i ron vessel
( dehydrator ) about 3%
feet l ong by 2 feet broad and 2 feet d eep .

C ON ST R U C T I O N OF A P P A R AT U S .

T he apparatu s sho u l d b e of su f ci ent

stre ngth to wi thstan d a press u re o f 6 0 lbs .

o n the squ are i nch I ts gen eral arrange

.

men t i s shown i n sectio n i n Fig 1 5 i n which .

,

A i s the still the contents of which is heated

,

by the steam coi l a The am mon i a gas to

,
.
,

gethe r w ith a li ttl e wate r vapor pass o ff ,

thro ugh h i nto the col u m n B an d coming i n ,

contact with th e p lates c t he large r portion

,

of th e wate r separates an d ows back into A

by the p i p e cl whil e t h e am monia gas p asses
,

upwa rds through the h ol es e and ove r to the ,

cond enser C A fte r l eavin g th e con dense r

, ,

the gas passes th ro ugh the two separators D ,

D (w here t he water co n den sed i n C sepa

rates ) i nto the drye r E whe re coming in
, , ,

contact with l i m e p laced o n the perforated

p lates f i t is rid o f its last traces o f m o istu re
,
.
 A mmon ia R e fi g
r er a ti on . 1 09

I t is then drawn th ro ugh the pipe I i nto the

s u c tion of th e am moni a en gine .

Th e p lates i n B a re separated by and rest ,

o n the i ron rings i

,
The h ead o f the still
.

an d bottom e nd plate O f B togethe r with the

-
,

c onnecti on s h and a m ay b e co n ve n iently
,

c as t i n one piece .

C O N D EN S ER W O R M
-
.

A n e f cie nt wo rm fo r the condense r , C,

may be cheaply an d easily made of heavy
lead pipe .

I t i s advisab le to p lace a cock o r valve on

t h e con nectio n b etwe en B an d C so that ,

w hen the spen t wate r i s d rawn from the still ,

t he gas contai n ed i n the rest o f the apparatus

wil l not escape . H oweve r it is not ab so ,

lutely necessary t o have a cock o r v alve at

t hat poi nt because i f the wate r i s carefu lly
,

ru n off n o gas wil l escape .

A fte r the sti ll A has bee n charged it is

, ,

s lowly heated by the co il a to a te mpe ra , ,

t u re o f ab o u t 2 1 2 Fah r Whe n the gau ge .
,

h regi sters 2 5 to 30 lbs p ressu re t h e v al v e

,
.
1 10 Theoretica l a nd Practical

co nnecting l with the s ucti o n of the co m

presso r (of th e am moni a engi ne ) is opene d
and the engin e ru n so as to mai ntai n the
p ressu re of 2 5 to 30 lbs .

W H Y S TI L L IsW O R K ED U N D ER
P R ES S U R E .

The reaso n fo r ru n ni ng the stil l u nder a

p ress u re i s to e nabl e the contents o f the stil l
being heate d up to o r sl ightly above the
, ,

normal b oil i ng poin t o f water without a1

-

lowi ng the wate r to boi l th us d riving o ff

the whole o f the am mon ia while only a ,

min im u m q uantity o f the wate r is vapo r .

iz e d .

A fter the sti ll has bee n heated for abo u t

an ho u r a s mall qu antity (abou t a teaspoon
,

ful ) sho u l d be drawn o ff and tested with

acid l itm us pape r an d as soon as i t cease s
,

to tu rn t h e pap er bl u e i t m ay be u ndersto o d
that the contents of th e sti ll have been e x
hauste d of am mon ia and that the charge is
'

spent 3
 A ni ni on ia R e f
ri ger ation . 1 1 1

B EST T EST FO R A M MON IA .

A bette r m ethod fo r tel li n g whe n th e

charge i s spen t i s to have a smal l cock i n
,

th e head o f th e still and open in g i t sl ightly

, , ,

test th e escaping vapors with a p iece o f tu r

me ric p ape r I f the pape r is tu rned b rown
.
,

th e whole o f the am monia has not been

d ri ve n o f f b ut i f i t stil l retain s its yel lo w
,

c o lo r the charge i s tho ro u ghly ex hau sted .

The s p ent wate r is ru n o ff fro m the stil l

by the cock g an d after the stil l has coole d
,

down i t i s ready for re charging -

.

WA T E R F R O M S E P A R AT O R S .

V e ry little wate r accu m u lates i n the sepa

rato rs D D i f the p ress u re i n the still is
, ,

carefu l ly watched b u t the cocks h h S ho ul d

, ,

be cautiously open ed (care bei ng take n that

no gas escapes ) afte r abo u t the fth o r sixth
distillation and i f any water ru ns out it
,

sho u ld be saved as it will be sat u rated with

,

ammonia gas and the refore o ught n ot to be

,

throw n away b ut S ho u ld b e placed i n the

,

d rum contai n ing th e 2 6 am m o nia .
1 1 2 Theoretica l a nd Practical

L I M E FO R D E H Y D R AT O R .

Th e l im e i n E shou ld be exami ned oc c a '

s io n ally by re moving the hand hol e plate F -

, ,

a n d if i t has slaked to any great e xtent the

c ove r o n E sho u ld b e rem oved and the p lates

f ta k e n o ut an d replenished with newly b u rnt

l ime broken i n pieces abo u t the size o f a
hen s egg Th e l i me sh o uld not b e laid more

.

t h an on e l aye r deep o n each plate .

The amo u nt o f 2 6 am monia that has to be
d istil led i n orde r to obtai n a give n quantity
o f anhydro us ammon ia can be determined by

t h e u se of Table I I .

Y I EL D OF AN H YDRO U S FRO M 26

A M M ON IA .

L et i t be su p p o se d that gall o ns of an
50

hyd rou s am mon ia are req u i red B y refe rring .

t o the tabl e i t i s s een u nd er the head ing

.

Pe r C ent by V ol um e
. that 2 6 ammon ia
,

c ontains pe r cent of an hyd rous ammo

.

ni a the refore as 50 gal l ons o f an h yd rou s

, ,

a m mon ia are requ i red it wil l be ne c essary to

 A ni ni on ia R e f ri geration . 1 1 3

distill 1 00
) 1 30 gallons of 2 6

ammonia .

I t i s o f co u rse always advisable to try the

, ,

stren gth of the 2 6 am mon ia as i t i s l iabl e ,

TA B L E I I .

SOL U I
T ON . A N H YD R US A
O M M ON I A .

W ei gh t Of In .

5
S
m
t
a
;n
I
0
c:

?
(6
'

n O w e
0
. . 0

a
c

.3

o
0
E
'
0
C
0 an
b
0

L

o
0
. 2- 0
U
c:
o
E
o
:1
U
I:
a)
w
U

UJ

o o
0 I: :1
a
Es a }? 0
g . 2
s
4

=
0
0 0 0

0 0 0
c 94
0,
M e "
S i

2 6
34 7 .
494
38

4 56

50 41 9

7 34 . 62 382 .
2 -3 79

2 7 -2 74 2 74 34 6
83
32 0 I 9 93
7 50 . 86
3I 1 I 9 37

98

23 7 7 59 - 2 77

1 10 2 44

t o vary so m ewhat ; and sho u ld it b e fo u nd

str o nge r o r weaker (i e li ghte r o r heavier i n . .
,

gravity ) than the su pposed strength an al ,

lowan ce c an b e made by m eans o f Tab le I I ,

.
,
1 1 4 Theoretical a nd Practical

when cal cu lating th e quantity necessary t o

be disti ll ed to y iel d a given qu antity of an
hyd ro u s am mon ia .

Th e cost of p repari ng an hydro us am mo

n ia fro m 2 6 am mon ia is very smal l an d the ,

diff erence i n the p rice betwee n the hom e

prepared an d the com me rcial an hyd ro us

will very s o on pay for the cost o f the ap

paratus .

I n most w o rks were free z in g plants are in

.

u se the re are ampl e large si ze d pi p ing small -

,

tanks o r o dd pi eces of apparat u s lying i n

disuse w hich co u ld be easily tted togethe r
o n th e pri nciple o f Fig 1 5 and at a total .
,

c ost o f say $ 1 50
, ,
.

The price of com merci al anhydro u s am

monia i s 4 4 8 8 c per 1b and the p rice o f
. . .
,

co mme rcial 2 6 ammon ia i s 6 c p er l b . .

Twen ty si x degree am mon ia contains

-

pe r cen t by weight of an hydro u s am m o nia

.
,

i
therefore lbs o f 2 6 ammon ia g ve 1 lb
. .

o f anhyd ro us at a cost ( i rrespecti v e of l abor )

o f 2 2 56 c
. .
 .
PR E s s U R E .

t
.
.

t t
n
h

o
a i

e c

H .
P H
e
t t e g t

n u g n n
e l
u i e

o
l t
t
a
a
i

o
s
a
L b G B L
A

-
70

2- 39

57

o .

I .
47

3 75-

9 07

3-39
1 3 94 -

1 4 47 -

1 7 0

22 o
23 gS
24 .
30
 Ammon i a Ref
'

n g era ti oi i . 1 1 7

TA B L E III .
Con ti n ued .

PR E SS U R E .

i
PR E SS U R E .
.

e
t

n a

o
i a
e
.
P
r
h H .
H
e a e .
t
t e g
F t t e
-

e
u g n n u g
u
o e u
i
t
o
l
t o
s a i

a s a a
b G B L b G L
A A

15
.
93
. 00 16 1 66 70
1 7 1 6 7 86

1 54 .

79 5 33 - 25 20

35 9 7
- 23

49 1 5
3 3o 24 2 09 .
70 4 89 4 -

3 43
-
3 73 2S 2 42 .
50 4 83 4 -

25 . 2 78 50 .
4 76 4
471 .

4 6 5-4
28
 e g
n c
TE M PER AT U R E O F S U C T IO N 2 0
FAH R .

m
i
r

ti o n
s
u

so t e es e
l n

so eo
s

b
d e Ab lu Suc Pr s ur .
n r
A P
C
20 22 25 40 I 24 45

0
\
0 1 99 1 84 1 65 1 53 1 38 1 29 1 16 1 09 98 92 83
3 2 08 1 93 1 73 1 61 1 46 1 37 1 24 1 18 1 05 99 9
8 216 2 01 1 81 1 69 1 06 97
1 53 1 44 1 31 1 23 1 13
a
2 24 2 08 1 88 1 77 161 1 51 1 37 1 1 19 1 13 1 03
t
30
1 10 2 32 21 5 1 96 1 83 1 66 1 55 1 45 1 37 1 26 1 19 1 09
1 64

HU 2 39 2 23 2 03 191 1 74 1 51 1 43 1 32 125 1 1 5
1 20 245 2 30 21 1 1 97 1 81 1 71 1 58 1 49 1 38 1 31 121
-N 1 2 53 6 1 87 1 64 1 56
c
u
U 2 37 21 2 04 1 77 44 37 27
1 30 261 2 44 222 2 10 1 93 1 83 1 69 161 1 50 1 42 1 32

m 2 66 2 50 229 21 6 1 99 1 89 1 75 1 67 55 1 48 1 38
0 273 2 56 2 35 222 2 05 1 94 1 81 1 72 161 5 43

m 2 9 2 62 2 40 228 2 10 1 97 1 86 1 78 1 66 S 47

3%
0 2 5 2 68 2 46 2 33 2 16 2 06 1 91 1 1 71 1 64 1

Um 1 76 1 69
!
291 2 73 2 52 2 39 22 1 21 1 1 97 1 1
8 2 96 2 79 2 57 2 44 226 2 16 2 02 1 93 1 81 1 7 1

3 30 2 2 85 2 62 2 49 2 32 22 1 2 06 1 98 1 85 1 7 1 67

g
n e
TE M PER AT U R E OF S U C T ION 5
FAH R .

ti o n Pr e sur e
t i

s te
u s
u
l n

b
A eo oe rs
s
d e

C
n
P
Ab olu S uc s .

20 22 25 27 30 4o
| 42 45

8 2 06 1 91 1 72 1 60 45 35 1 23 1 1 5 1 04 93 89
8 21 5 2 00 1 80 1 68 53 43 1 30 1 22 1 1 1 ms 96
H8 223 2 08 1 86 1 76 1 60 1 5 1 1 38 1 30 1 19 1 12 1 03

3 231 2 16 1 95 1 83 1 67 1 58 45 37 1 25 1 19 1 09

1 10 2 39 2 23 2 03 1 90 1 74 1 65 5 43 1 32 1 25 1 15

M m !
I
C N
I
\ 231
2 38
2 10
2 18
1 98
2 04
1 81
1 88
1 71
1 78
1 59
1 63
1 50
1 56
39
45
1 32
37
1 22
2 7
1 20 54 2
u mM 1 84 1 70 16 1 50 43 33
1
o
t Nb U .
22 2 2 1 1 1 94

1 68 0 2 2 51 2 30 2 17 2 00 1 90 1 76 16 1 56 49 39
3
1 35 273 2 58 2 36 223 2 06 1 96 1 82 i 1 74 1 62 55 45

1 40 281 2 64 2 42 2 29 2 12 2 02 1 88 1 79 167 1 60 1 50
287 2 48 2 35 2 18 2 07 19 1 85 1 72 65 55
1 45 2 70
1 78 1 60
1 50 2 93 2 76 2 54 24 1 223 2 1 19 1 90 1 7
1 55 2 99 2 82 2 59 2 46 229 2 1 2 04 95 I 75 I 65

1 60 2 87 2 65 2 52 2 34 2 23 2 09 2 00 1 8 1 80 1 70
305
2 2 57 2 39 229 2 14 2 05 1 92 1 85
2 93 7
 e n e
TE M P ERA T U R E O F S U C T IO N 10
FAH R .

Absol r r
t i

e Sucti o n P e ssu e
s
n u

sr
o e
d s
e
ut .

b n
A oP
C NO 22 27 30 4o
| 42 45

213 1 98 1 67 141 1 29 12 1 1 04
1 51
2 22 2 07 75 59 1 50 1 36 1 29 1 1 1
231 2 15 1 83 1 67 57 44 1 36 1 18
1 05 2
39 223 74 1 64 1 51 43 12 5
1 10 247 229 1 81 1 72 1 58 1 50 1 32
1 1 5 2 54 2 38 1 88 1 78 1 64 1 56 1 38
120 26 1 2 45 95 1 85 1 71 1 63 44
125 2 69 2 52 1 77 1 69
2 01 1 91 1 50
1 30 2 75 2 S9 2 07 23 75
55
35 2 82 2 66 2 14 2 03 1 89 1 81 161
1 40 2 89 2 72 2 19 2 09 95 1 86 167
I 4S 2 95 2 78 225 2 1 1 2 00 1 92 1 72
1 50 0
3 1 2 84 2 31 220 2 05 97 77
55
30 7 2 90 2 36 225 2 1 1 2 02 1 82
1 60 2 95 24 1 231 2 16 2 07 1 87
1 65 2 36
30 1 247 22 1 2 12 99 1 92

e
g
n
TE M P ERA T U R E O F S U C T IO N 15
FA H R .

Abso l r r
t i
r

e Su t i o n P e ssu e
u u
l n s
e

o so
s
s
d u ut c .

b n r
A P
C
22 25 27 30 32 35 37 40 42 45

2 05 1 85 73 1 58 1 48 1 35 12 7 1 1 7 1 10 101
2 14 I 94 1 82 1 66 1 56 43 35 1 24 1 1 7 .
1 08
:
8 222 2 02 1 89 73 1 64 1 51 1 42 131 1 24 1 15
1 05 2 30 2 09 97 1 81 1 71 1 58 1 50 1 38 1 31 12 1
1 10 2 38 2 1 7 2 04 1 88 1 78 1 64 1 56 45 1 38 1 28
1 1 5 2 46 2 24 212 95 1 82 1 71 1 63 1 52 44 34
1 20 2 53 23 2 18 2 02 1 92 1 78 I 69 1 58 1 50 1 40
1 25 23 225 l 2 08 1 98 1 84 1 76 1 63 1 56 1 46
1 30 267 2 45 2 32 2 14 2 04 1 91 1 81 1 70 1 62 1 52
35 2 73 2 51 2 38 22 1 2 10 1 96 1 87 75 1 68 1 58
1 40 2 79 2 57 2 26 2 16 2 02 1 81 73 16
3
2 44 93
45 2 86 2 63 2 50 2 32 22 1 2 07 99 1 86 79 .6
1 50 09
3 2 92 2 56 2 38 22 7 21 2 04 1 92 1 84 7
55 2 98 2 75 26 1 2 44 2 32 2 1 2 09 97 1 89 7
1 60 304 281 267 2 49 2 38 22 2 14 2 02 I 94 18
1 65 2 86 2 43 22 2 19 2 06 I 99 18
 T A B L E IV Con tz n md
'

.
.

v
TE M P ERA T U R E O F S U C T IO N 20 FA H R .

3
5
31 ; Ab so l ut e Su cti o P e ssun r r e .

QU
20 22 25 27 30
I 32 35 37 40
I 42
j
212 1 92 1 80 1 64 1 54 141 1 33 1 23 1 16

95 22 1 201 1 89 1 72 1 63 1 49 141 1 30 123

1 00 2 30 2 09 1 96 1 80 1 71 1 57 1 49 1 37 1 31
1 05 2 37 21 7 2 03 1 88 1 78 1 64 1 56 1 44 1 38
1 10 2 45 2 24 21 1 1 95 1 85 1 71 1 62 1 50 1 44
1 15 2 53 2 31 2 19 2 02 1 92 1 78 1 69 1 58 1 51
1 20 2 77 2 60 2 40 226 2 09 1 98 1 85 1 76 1 64 1 57
1 25 2 84 267 2 45 2 05 18 1 70 1 63
2 33 21 5 1 91
1 30 2 52 1 97 18 1 76 1 69
g
2 4 2 39 222 21 1
1 35 2 1 2 60 2 45 228 219 2 03 1 94 1 82 1 74
1 40 2 87 2 65 2 51 2 34 2 23 2 09 2 00 1 88 1 81
1 45 2 94 2 71 2 58 2 40 2 26 2 14 2 05 19 1 85
1 50 300 277 2 63 2 45 2 35 2 20 21 1 19 1 91
1 55 306 28 2 69 2 51 2 40 225 2 16 2 03 1 96
1 60 31 2 28 2 75 2 56 2 45 2 30 22 1 2 09 201
1 65 2 80 2 62 2 35 2 26 2 06
31 7 2 94 2 51 2 13

e
g
1
1 e
TE M P ERA T U R E O F S U C T IO N 25
FA1 1 R .

Abso l r r
t 1

e Suct i o n P e ssu e
u 5
u
l n

so sr
e
d e ut .

b
n
A o P
C
20 22 25 3 27 30 l 32 35 37 4o

90 2 35 21 1 99 1 86 1 71 1 61 1 48 1 40 1 29 1 22 l

95 2 44 22 2 07 1 95 1 79 1 69 1 55 1 48 1 36 1 29 l
1 00 2 52 2 37 2 16 2 03 1 87 1 63 1 55 1 44 1 37 ]
1 05 26 1 245 2 24 2 1 1 1 94 1 3 1 71 1 62 1 50 1 44 !
2 69 2 18 1 91 8 1 69 55 1 50 l
84
1 10 2 51 2 30 2 00 1 1
1 15 2 7 2 60 2 39 2 26 2 09 1 98 1 76 1 64 1 l
84
1
1 20 2 2 68 24 7 2 32 2 16 2 05 1 91 1 82 1 71 1 l
125
1 30
2 92
2 99
06
2 75
2 82
2 89
2 53 ; 2 40
2 59
267
} 246
222
2 29
212
2 18
1 97
2 04
1 89
1 95
177
18
1
1 5 "
1 35 3
2 95 2 71
2 53
2 59
2 35
24 1
2 24
2 30
2 10
16
201
} 1 1
1 87
1 i
l
1 40 31 3 '2 2 07 1 94
2 8 2 65 247 2 36 22 1 2 00 1 92 x
84
145 319 30 1 2 12
1 50 32 5 308 2 271 25 2 42 22 7 :
'
2 18 2 05 1 97 i
1 55 332 31 4 i2 2 90 2
57 25 24 7 2 32
2 3
22 2 10
2 16
20 l

1 60 338 3 2 0 .
96 2 2 2 64 25 2 37 2 2 l
25
 TA B L E IV .

Con ti n ut d .

e
g
n e
TE M P ERA T U R E O F S U C T IO N 30
FA I I R .

Ab o l t e S ctio n P re ss re
i
t

u
l n u

so os sr
e
d
s u u u .
e
b n r
A P
C NO 25 27 30 I 32 35 37 40 45

8 2 42 2 06 93 77 167 54 1 46 1 34 1 18

8 2 51 2 14 2 02 I 85 I 76 I 62 1 54 1 42 125
8 2 60 223 2 10 93 1 84 I 70 161 1 50
8 2 69 231 2 18 20 1 191 77 1 69 I S7 I 4O
2 26 2 08 1 84 76 1 64
77
I 7I
1 10 2 2 39 99 1
n n 2 85 2 46 2 33 2 16 2 05 191 1 83 5
i
L 3
1 20 2 92 2 55 2 40 2 23 2 12 1 98 1 89 I 77 59
s n 2 60 1 96 1 83 1 65
!
- 247
n

U 300 2 30 2 1 9 2 04
267 2 54 2 36 225
o a
h 0 30 7 2 1 1 2 02 1 90 1 71

m
c
H 2 74 2 60 2 42 2 32 7
2 1 2 08 1 95 77
o 2 80 2 66 2 48 2 37
I
I
3 21 0
3 3 223 214 2 01
u w 3
t

27 309 2 86 2 7 2 54 2 40 228 2 19 207 99 1 8

H o 334 3 1 6 2 92 27 2 60 2 49 2 34 225 212 2 04 93
55 340 32 2 2 98 2 84 2 66 2 SS 2 40 2 30 2 17 2 10 99

32 8
?
E
34 6 3 04 2 90 2 71 2 60 245 2 34 2 23 2 1 5 20
?
6 3 52 334 31 0 2 96 2 77 2 66 2 5 0 24 1 2 30 2 20 20

e
g
n
TE M P ERA T U R E O F S U C T IO N 32 0 FAH R .

Absol t e S c io Pre ss r e
t i

u
l n

so so
e
d u u t n u .

b n
A
C
25 27 30 32 35 37 40 42 45

1 96 I S I 3O
I I 3S
2 4s 2 29 2 09 79 1 70 57 4 I 37 121
2 54 2 38 21 7 2 05 1 88 7S 1 65 57 1 45 1 28
2 63 1 96 1 86 1 64
"
247 225 21 3 73 53 45 3 )

2 72 2 57 2 34 22 1 2 04 94 1 80 I 72 I 59 I 52 1 42
2 80 2 63 24 1 228 21 1 201 1 87 1 73 I 67 1 59 49
2 88 2 71 2 49 2 36 2 18 2 08 94 1 85 1 74 1 66 55
2 78 2 56 2 26 1 80 1 62
5 5
I 72
I
29 2 43 2 1 201 1 92 I

3 03 2 86 2 63 2 50 2 32 2 22 207 99 1 86 7 S 6 S
3 1 0 2 93 2 70 2 56 2 39 2 28 2 13 2 04 1 92 1 84 74
300 2 77 2 63 245 2 34 2 20 21 1 1 98 1 90 1 80
2
3 4 306 2 83 2 69 2 51 2 40 226 2 16 2 04 1 96 1 85

3 30 2 89 2 76 2 S7 2 43 231 222 2 09 2 03 1 91

33 7 2 95 281 2 63 2 52 2 37 22 7 2 1 5 207 1 96

34 3 32 5 3 0 1 2 87 2 69 2 57 24 23 220 2 12 2 01

3 50 33 30 7 2 93 2 74 2 63 23 226 2 18 2 06

3 55 33 7 2 99 2 68 2 44 2 33 22 3
 T/z corc tz ca l a nd Pr actical
'

I22

TA B LE I V .
Cm ( i n ucd .

u
1*
TEM P ERA T U R E O F S U C T ION 35 FAR R .

8%
3 z:
Abs lu e S ct o n P re u e
o t u i ss r .

u 42
'
90 2 49 2 33 213 l 2 00 1 82 1 74 I 60 1 52 141 1 34

95 2 59 2 43 22 1 I 2 09 1 92 1 82 1 68 1 60 1 48 I 42
1 00 2 68 2 51 2 29 21 7 2 00 1 90 1 6 I 6S 1 56 1 49
1 05 2 76 2 59 2 38 225 2 08 1 98 1 4 1 75 1 63 1 56
1 10 2 86 2 67 2 46 i 2 33 215 2 05 1 91 1 82 1 70 1 63
4
1 15 2 92 2 75 2 53 i 2 40 2 23 2 12 1 98 1 89 1 78 1 70
2 85 2 60 1 96 1 84 1 76
1 20 300 ! 247 2 30 2 19 2 05
1 82
1 25 308 2 90 2 68 2 54 2 37 2 26 2 1 1 20 1 90
297 2 74 261 2 32 21 7 1 96 1 88
1 30 31 5 2 43 2
281 2 2 68
1 35 32 2 0
3 4 2 49 2 39 222 21 5 2 02 1 94
1 40 32 9 31 1 2 88 2 74 2 55 2 44 2 30 22 1 2 08 2 00
1 45 33 5 31 7 2 94 2 80 2 62 247 2 35 226 2 13 2 05
1 50 34 1 2
3 4 300 2 86 2 68 2 57 241 2 32 2 19 21 1

s4 8 306 2 62
i
1 55 73 247 2 37 2 24 2 1 7
s3o 2 92 2
1 60 354 336 31 2 2 98 2 79 2 68 2 52 24 2 30 2 22
I 6S 3 8
x 3 3
0 2 84 2 73 2 57 24 2 35 22 7

TAB LE V .

P OU NDS PER S QUA RE I N C H A SO LUT E

B P R ESS UR E .

V ol ume i n ubi c
C Fe et of On e P o un d W e igh t of G as .

l
l
0
1 H 12
1 1 20
20
.

.
505
54 5
Il 2 1
22
2 0-9 54
20 .
994
2 13 20 .
58 9 23

3 1
E
14 f '
24

4 1 5 i 1 25 o 21 .

16 26
5 72 2
20 3 21
I
. .

5
1 [ 20 '
777 l
27
81 8 28
g
20
1!
.

19 29 g 1 2 1 .
I

9 I 20 30 21 .

to l l I
 TA BLE V . Can ti n uca

.

c
r
u
t r
.
OUNDS P E R S QUAR E
P I N C II A B S O L U T E PR ESSU R E .

ah

I I I I I I
r
e 8
f
.
15 15 % 15 % 15 % 15 15 % 15 % 15 %
m
i

e
T
0

V o lume in C u bi c Feet of On e P o un d W e ight o f G as .

o 1 8 956

h 1 8 99 5 6
u 18 73 7
w 1 8 7 75
-

k

O 18 31 7
V 1 8 3 54
M 1 8 40
3
O
\
18 732
1 8 769
1 8 52 6
1 8 856 I8 6
5 3
19 8 35 1 8 894 1 8 6 00 18 31 5 1 3
1 9 885 1 8 944 18
36 3 1 8 0 85
1
18
4 36
18
4 84
1 8 52 1
18
557
1 8 60
5
1 8 932
1 8 96 9

19 794
19 8 23
18 6 34
19 8 38 1 8 682

19
3 8 18 754
19 3 8 1 8 80 2

19 671
20 O I 1 12
e
u
P OUN DS PER SQUAR E I N C II A B SO L U TE PR E SS UR E .

ra
.

t f

m
17
I 17 % I I 17 %
o
T V olume bc
in Cu i Fe et of On e P ound We igh o f G
t as .

6 -52 4 S 84
8
I
1 5 87

5
7 3
7 3 15 .

16 4 6 15
3
.

16 4 1 16 .

16 749
7 49
- .

16
1 7 534 5 47

1 7 357
.
n
i

7-4 7 3

7 5 4 16 3
16
16 2
16 52 6
1 6 570
16 60 2

7 -42 5
7 4 59 16 .
74 3

1 7 3
4 6

18 1
3 9 7 79 7 7 o 0
3 4
18 36 6 7 -34 7 1

1 7 . 1 7
7 4 57
18 7 5 1 7 o
9h9 _1 7 490 1
1 3 55 1 1 8 00 2 7 769
.
I . 1 7 .
3
 TA B L E . V . Con ti n ucd .

e
r
u
P OUNDS PER S QU A R E I N C H AB S O L U T E P R ESSU R E .

a
t

h
r

m
e
T
0

V o lume i n bc Cu i Fe et of 0

4 4 5
5-4 54 1 4 - 859 I 4 487
14 899 4 34 7
4 55

5- 559 5- 3 5 I 4 584
55
4 44 4
ll 5- 6 33 1 4 - 6 55 4 4 74
-

5- 2 57

4 754
5 7 70
1 5 812 1 4 - 6 39
5 635
1

I 5 8 75
.

5 94 9
-
5 739
- 5- 534 7 950
1 4 98 1

1 5 84 3 1 6
5 37

5 8 74
-

5 94 7
- 5- 7 39 5
4 -99
1 5 8 1 1
1 5 84 2
5- 2 77

5 9 75

1 6 -4 7 5 6
30 1 5 4 2 5 2 54
31 1 5 67 1 1 5 2 83
I S 4 7S
.

32 1 6 54 9
-

5- 544 5 3 52
5 9 73
- 5 77 1
55 7 3 1 5 38 1
1 5 81 1

5 44 9
5 4 79
16 759 .

16 91 I 6 -3 55 I 5
. o
552
1 6 2 A 5
.1 2 % l 1 6 1

1 r
e
r
u
P OUNDS P E R SQ UAR E I NC 11 A B SO L U T E PR ESSU R E .

mra
.
t
i
l

e
g

2 1
I 21 % I 21 %
I 21 4
1
22
I 22 % 22 % I 2
n
u
T V o lume i n u bi c
C Fe et of On e Pou nd
'

W eigh t of Ga s .

l s9 s4
ll3 96 3
.

3 6
5
1 4 00 1 13 3
3 3 3 3
3-2 5 7
8 3 763
1 3 9
. 2
I 1 . 3 44 7 3-2 93
3 4 74
3 34 7
13 8 56
1 3 884
10 4-2 49 1 3 594 3-4 3 7
1 1 3 94 9 1 3 62 9 34 73
12 3 977 - 13 6 6
4 344 3 3
3
4
5 3 - 74 7 3 590
16 4 439 3 13 61 7
7 4 -4 7 7 3 13 6 3
18 3 13 6 0
4 - 534 3

74
3
3 -

13 790
1 3 8 32
13 8
59
1 3 88 6
4 -04 7

4 039
0

6
1 4 -3 35 13
13

14 . 4 309
I 4 5
336
 TA B L E V . O w n) : ( m l .

c
r
u
t
.
P OUN DS P E R S QUAR E I N C H A B SO L U T E PR ESSU R E .

r
ah

I I I
r

I I I
e Vn
g 23 23 % 23 14 23 % 24 24 % 24 %
mo
e
T V o lum e i n bi c
Cu ee t
F of On e P o und W e i ght o f G as .

O
~ 2 - 4 57
N 2 357
12 383
J
O
#-
i
U
N
O 2 - 7 39

V
O
O 2 - 7 99

D
\

2 -34 3

3 95

2 -4 53
I 2 - 74 5

56
1 0 2
3
13 13

3 2 - 99 7

3 4 53

1 3 2 50 129 74
3 - 57 3 1 3 2 84

3 334 5
8
5 3 -39 3
e
r
u
t r
.
P OU NDS P E R SQUAR E I N C I I A B SO LU T E P E R SSU R E .

ah

I I I I
r

I I
a
e
g

25 25 % 25 % 25 25 % 25 14
m
e

T V o l ume in C ub i c F eet of On e P o und W e igh t 01

G as .

o
1 1 1 1 34
.
l
N 1 1 . 84 7
M
D

U
O 2

V 6
M
O

4
4

1 1 58 1
1 1 604
l
1 1 . 62 7

7
12 1 .
79 I
1 1 . 6 44 I 1 1 533
1 21 0 1 5 1

7
8

2
12 .
3
1 2 -4 7 3
1 0 2
I2 53 1 2 1 1 2 O4 2
.

I I .

I
1 2 06

I
.

1 2 o8.

1 2 2 39 1 2 1 19
1
1
l
1 2 1 42
.

f 1 1 .

1 1 .

12 .
716 I 1 1 .
 TA B LE V . n
Co n) : M d .

P O U N D S PER S QU A R E A B S O L U T E PR E SS U R E
e
r
u
.
.

t r
ah

I I
r

m
27 27%
I 27 % 27 % 28 28 % l 28 %
c
T
0

o
V lum e in C b ic u Fe et of o
O n e P un d W ei gh t of G as .

o 10 . 10 2
0 2
1 IO .

u I 08 34 10 .

o
t

w
b-

m
x
a
o 10 .
744 I O -4 54

u 10 .
76 6 I O -4 7 5
o
o 10 79 5
o
\

I O - 939 0 .
7 39

9 9 90

1 1 04 2

10 934
. 10 73 7
1 0- 1 0 ~ 759
9 55

10 733

8 45

1 1 c.
 T/z corctz cal Pr ac tical
'

1 30 a nd

TA B L E V . n nm
Co /i 7] .

P O U N D S P E R S QU A R E I N C H A B S O L U T E P R E SS U R E .

1
0

o
V lum e i n C ub ic eet o f On
F e Poun d W ei gh t of G as .

O 9 955 9 869
-
97 85 2 1 10 .

- 980 5 22 4 10 .

832
9 10 . 10 . 1
} 1o .

9852 1 593 16 .

99 7 98 72 1 10 .

9 1 0-549 1 0- 4 59 10 .

9 9 10 .
570 1 0 -4 79 10 .

10 .

10 .

10 .
73 1 1 0- 54 7 1o
1 0 10
1 1 10 .
79 10 .

12
'
10 . 10 .
70 7 10
1 1 0 2 49 1 o 1 60 10 72 7 10
3 . . .

14 10
15 10 .

16 0 . 890 to .
796 10 .
703 10 .

1 10 .

1 10 .

19 4 10 .

20

cg - 9
0
 TA B L E V I .

P O UN DS PE R SQ UA R E 1 x0 1 1 A B S O LU T E P R E SS U R E .

30
I 3 0%
I 31
I 31 % I 31 % I 31 %

o
V lu m e in C bi c u Fe et of On e Po u n d W ei gh t of G as.

9 70 1
.
9 62 0
.
9 540
.
9 30 7 9 1 59
9 56 0
.

9 .
74 8 9 586
.
9 50 7
.
9 352
-

9 .
768 9 6 86
.
9 6 06
.
9 52 7
.
9 37 1
-

788 9 706 9 62 5 9 546 9 39 1 9 3I S

'

9 . . . .

9 81 3 9 -6 5 I 9 -34 0
9 835 9 7 52
-
9 -59 1 9 4 36 9 359
9 855 9 4 5 9 3 78 9 304
9 882 9 79 9 9 71 7 6
9 37 9 4 0 9 32 9 -

9 818 9 73 7 9 6 57 9 4 99 9 34 8
838 7 6
5 9 51 9
9 9 -

9 86 5 9 8 3 9 540 9 46 7 9 392
9 564
9 988
.
9 82 2
.
9 74 1
.
9 583 9 50 5 9 430
9 53 I

9 4 55
9 550-
9 4 74
-

9 569-
9 4 93
9 83 2 6 5 94
9 8 52 9 53 7
9 555
9 7 36
.
9 .
58 1
9 7 56 9 599
9 7 75
9 72 1
.
9 6 44
9 74 0
5 9 7 9
2 9 70 7
9 .
72 6
9 74 5
9 769
9 94 8
-
9 .
7 89
9 99 7
9 992

10 4 5
10 4 2 9 899
9 -
91 5
9 -
934
9 9 59

1 0 5 88 10 10 12 10 ~2 7 10 1 0 0 7 7 1
 OUN S
P D P E R SQ U A R E 1 x0 11 A B S O LU T E P R ESS U R E .

32
I 32 % I 32 %
I 32 % 33
I 33 %I 33
I% 3:

1
'
8
0

o
V l ume in u
C bi c Fe t o f e On e P o u n d W e i gh t o f G as .

O $ 9 4 &B 9 8 6 72
.

8 893
- 8 7 7 8.

N 9 05 8 98 7
. 8 84 8
. 8 7 1 9
8 86 8 8 9 8 9
m
9 005
' .

9 02 4
O0
O 0 Ln 8 81 7 9
u
.

v 9
o 8 99 7
-
N \
1
8 3 59 9
9 8 87 7 9
\

9 - 1 7 0
\
50
.

0
9 9
m
0

c 9 0
0 9
u c 9 9
9 2 44 9 0 9
9
0
0 89 9 9
9 1 1 39 9 &9 7 9
9 . 1 62 9 9
9 9 039 9
9 9
9 9
9 9
9 -2 9 9 9
3 9
9
9
o8 9
.

9 9 3 9
p 1 9
9 9
9 9
9 9
9 b ! 9
9 9
9 m 9
9 m 9
9 m 9
9 m 9
9 m 9
9 9
9 N 9

9 U 9
9 9
9
 TA B L E V I . Co ti nn ued .

P O U N D S P E R S Q U A R E I N C H A B S O LU T E P R ESS U R E .

m
34
I 34 % I 34 %
I 34 % 35
I 35 % I 35 % I 35 %
e
T o
V l ume i n Cubic e e t o fF On e Po un d W e i t o f gh G as .

544
56 1 8 434 . 2 52

584 8 52 0 8 4 58 . 2 75
. 602 8 53 8 . 2 92
619 8 555 8 4 30
. 644 8 5 79 8 51 6 8 4 53
66 1 8 59 6 8 533
. 6 76 8 614 8 550 36 5
.
702 8 63 7 8 574 8 51 1 388
.
719 8 6 54 8 59 1 8 52 8 .
4 05
.
73 8 8 6 08 8 54 8 36 1
.
76 1 8 695 8 6 32 8 56 8 384
8 71 3 8 64 9 8 586

8 1 8 84 7 8 71 8 8 592 8 530 8 4 70
8 93 8 8 74 1

8 9 55 8 7 58 8 6 94

09
8 9 6
89 0
8 93 1
8 94 8

8 795
8 8 76 8 81 2
8 8
9 1 77 9- 1 1 3 9 04 6 8 989
-

9 1 98

9 . 2 90 9 . 22 1

9 0
37 8 84 s
.

26 8 86
- 1
 P O U N D S PER S Q U A R E A B S O LU T E
36
I 36 % I 3 0%
I 36 % 37
I 37 % I 37 % I
3
O

o
V l u e in C b c eet o f
m u i F On e P oun d W e t of
ig h G as .

0
1 7 . 1
2

3
4
5 .
9 85 7 82 3
6 2 . 00 1 7
8 . 1 963 7
985
9 . 00 1 g
1o 78

984 7 ONO
1 1 . 039 '
\ \

12 . 0 55 . 000 79
13 8 .
7 12 . 07 1 7 9 .

14 8 . 20 8 1 48
. 03 7 78
1 5 053 8
16
m
:
0 70 3
2

1 7 88 e
82
19 8 2 35 8 @
20 8 3 73 8 2 51
8 390 8
22 8 348
. 8 . 121
23
24 8 44 5 1
25 8 46 1 231 8 . 1 72
26 8 366
. 8 309
. 2 52
2 8 500 2 68
2 8 51 6
29 8 599 8 306
30 8 616 437 8 3 2 2

31 8 6 33 4 53 8 338
32 8 6 55 4 75 8 417
- 8 360 8 303
33 8 6 72 8 3 7 6 8 319
34 8 688 8 39 2 ,
8 33 7
3
3
8
8
5 9
2

54 6 I 8 413 8 356
8 3 72
3 8 56 2 8 388
3 8 584
8 60 0 8 542
I
39 .
42 2
40 8 558 .
44 1
 TA B L E V I Co ti nn u ed
.

e
r
u
t
P O U N D S PE R S Q U A R E I Nc 11 A B S O LU T E P R ESS U R
ab
r

I I I I I
a
e
p F 38 38 % 38 % 38 % 39 39 % 39 %
o
V l u e i n Cubic e e t o f
m F On e P oun
7 4 30
-

7 4 94 78 49
7 51 5
-
7 399
-

7 539 7 8 85
7 54 6
-
74 9 7
7~7 1 9 7 566
7 582 74 35
7 54 7 4 50
-

02

53

M
M
M
M
W
n

m
x

n
\
 TAB LE V I .
Co ti nn ued .

e
t
i

n r
.
P O U N D S PER S Q U A R E I N C H A B S O LU T E P R ESS U R E .

a h

I I I I I I
r
a
g 4o 4 0% 4 0% 4 0% 41 41 % 41 % 41

u eet d W e i ht o f G
n

C b ic
r
e
T o
V lum o in F of On e P o un g as .

6
.
9 0
7 . 1 84 7 9
7 - 245 7 - 1 99 7 79 2 3 0
7 03 7 9
7 1 2 34 7 l 44 0

7 9 94 7 x59
' 1 0

7 3 9
- 0 7 1 74 9

7 l9 9

7-344 7 - 29 O

-
7 -3 59 Q

7 8 79 7 1 53

7 394 7 2 57
7 -4 9 9 7 36 2
.

74 2 9 7 3 8
. 2 7 . 201

7-44 7 39 7
-
7 -305
7.
32 0

7 4 78
-
7 3
4 l
-
7 339
7 354
-

7 50

7 -49 5 7 4 " 7 31 2
.

7 4I
-
7 32 6
.

74 37
7 360
.

7 8 74
7 8 94
U0A
1

74 2 3

m

e 7 -44 2
g
g a
7 -4 7 1
sc
g 7 505
w
vN N

wM
w
M 0
wK
I 1

\
O

\
J 3 n
 TAB LE V 1 . Co ti nn ued .

e
r
u
P O U N DS P E R SQ U A R E I N C 11 A B S O LU T E P R ESS UR E .

t r
ah
r

I I I
a
c
p F 42 42 % 42 % 4
m
c
o
V l ume in u
C bic ee t o f
F On e Po u n d ei t o f
W gh G as .

6 76 7
. 6 6 88
. 6 6 49
.

6 78 1
. 6 74 1
. 6 70 1
. 6 662
.

6 7 59
. 6 .
72 0
6 855 6 7 74 6 .
734 6 6 94
.

6 86 9 6 .
74 8 6 708
.

6 .
76 6
6.
7 80
834 6.
794
6 93 5
- 8 53
86 7 6 82 6
.

6 84 2
.

6 996
.

6 9 74
-
1 38 a nd Pr actical

TA B L E V I Con ti mtt d
'

. .

e
r
u
PO U N D S PER S Q U A R E I xc u A B SO LU TE PR ES S U R F

m
t 1
1
1
1
c 44 44 % 44 % 44 %
1

p
3 45
m
1

e
0

o
V lum e in u
C b ic ee t o f
F One Po un d e i t o f
W gh G as .

O
534 6 9
1 6 585
. O
54 8 O O 6 9
2 O
5 O O 6 8
3 O
579 O
5 O 6 9
4 O
59 2 O
55 O 6 9
5 O 61 1. O
57 O
5 6 9
6 O 6M O
58 O
9 9 6 9
6
7 630 92 6 9
m
O O O

8 O 6 56 O O
9 6 9
9 O O
Q O
9 6 9
10 6 M 7 6 9
w
O O O

1 1 O O O 9 5 6 3
12 O
7 O e7 O
93 6
13 O
7 O
W O
9 2 6 9
14 O
7 O
M O 49 6
1 5 6 - 7 99 O
7 O
n1 O 9 3 6
16 O
77 O
y35 O
9 7 6
17 O
79 O
r5 3 O
9 4 6
18 O O
y O
9 6

0
19 0 O
u1 6 9
m
O O

20 6 O 8 O O
8 9 6 9
21 O
0
0 O s1 O
n2 6 9
22 O O s2 O
9 6
23 O O O
4 6
24 6 933
- O O 85 O 9 7 6
25 O O 87 O
9 1 6 9
26 O
92 O O
9 3 6 9
2 O O
9 O 9 2 6 9
2 O
95 O
91 O
95 6
29 O
93 O
93 0
30 O
9 O
7 6
31 O
9 59 O
9 0 6 9
32 O
9 78 O
9 7 6 9
O
9 1 O
9 1 6 9
O
W O
5 6 9
O 02 2 O 2
O 036 O
W
O
9 9 O
M
O % 7 O m
 A mmoma [\ ef rz
g er a tz mz . 1 5 0

IN D EX .

AG E

A B S O LU T E p r ssu r
e e 13

t m p rat u r
e e e 13

z ro
e 1 6
A i r s p c i c h a t f b y R g n au l t s d et erm i n a t i o s
, e e o , e

n ,
8
u nd r c n s t a n t p r ssu r
e o e e 7
wi t h c n s t a n t v l u m o o e 9
t h or y f fr z i n g b y
e o ee 19

Am m on i a a ct i on f
, o n c pp r
, o t o e , e c . 25

am u t t b c h a rg d
o n o e e 50
an h y d r o us a pp a r a t us f p r p a r i g
, or e n 1 1 5
wat r fr m e o 1 1 1

c s t f p r par i g o o e n 1 14

f f ct f p r ssu r o n s p c i c
e e o e e e

h a t of e

p r para t i n f e o o

y i l d of e

c h a r a ct r i s t i c s o f
e

c i rc u l a t d e

c o m p r ss o r cl a r a n c s p a c etc
e , e e e, .

h o r i z on t a l
l u br i c a t i n o

m asu r m n t s of gas e e e

s tu fn g b o x es -
1 40 I ndex .

PAC K

A m m ni a c omp r ess or v al v es
o
36
v ert i c a l 3!
c on d en s er 42
c n d n s ed l o ss du t h a t i n g 56 1 02 1 05
o e ,
e o e , , ,

c o l i n g di r ectl y b y
o 65
di ff er n c e b et w n a nh y d r o us and 2 6
e 25
ee

gas l oss du to su p er h a t i n g
, e
58 1 03 1 0 5 e , ,

v o l u m e o f a t h igh t m p r a t u r s , e e e

( Tabl e I ) .
51
v o l u m e of a t h i gh t m p r a t u r s , e e e

( Ta bl s V a n d V I ) 1e2 2 to 1 3.8 .

p l a n t a rr a n g m en t o f
, e 26

c ha r gi n g wi t h a mm on i a 4 7 4 9 50 , ,

wor ki n g d t ai l s 47 e

t st f e or 1 1 1

t h eo r y f fr z i n g b y o ee 21

B OI L I N G PO I N T
-
of a m m on i a t abl s , e of, 1 1 3 , 1 1 6, 1 1 7
B rin e 66
c h oi c e o f 70
gu r s f o c alc u l a t i n g c a p a c i t y o f p l a n t
e r 99
fr z i n g p oi n t o f
ee -
63 , 69
m aki n g 7 1 , 72
sp ci c h at f
e e o 73
s tr n g t h o f
e 69
t a nk o r fr ig r a t o r
r e e 44
a r a f pipi n g i n
e o 45
t m p er a t u r aff ct d b y c n d ns i n g wa t r
e e, e e o e e , 77
r egul a t i n f o o 73 , 7 5
B r i t i s h th rm a l u n i t
e 3

CA LC U LAT I N G r su lt s e of t s ts
e of r fr ig r a t i ng p l a n t
e e ,

92 to 1 05

m a x im u m ca pa ci t y 1 06
 I ndex I 4 1
PA G
.

C h a r act r i s t i c s f a mm n i a
e o o 22

C h a r gi n g an a mm ni a p l a n t o 4 7 4 9 to 51 ,

C h l r id o f c a lc i u m br i n
o e 6 6 to 72
e

C h l r id of m a gn s i u m br i n
o e e 66 e

s odi u m 66
C om p r s s d a i r t h or y o f fr z i n g b y
e e , e 19 ee

C m p r ss r
o e o
31
cl a r a n c s p a c
e e 35
e.

ff ct f w ll j a c k t i n g
e e o e 95 e

ff ct ua l di s p l a c m n t
e e f 97 e e o

i n di c a t r di a g r am s o 88 t 9 1 o

j ac k t wa t r e -
e 52
l ss i n w ll ja c k t d
o e -
80 e e

d u bl a ct i n g o e- 80
m asu r m n t s o f a mm on i a c i rc u l a t d
e e e 79 e ,

C on d n s d a mm on i a l ss du t h a t i n g
e e , 5 6
o 1 0 2 1 05 e o e , , ,

C on d n s r wa t r
e e e
53
t n br i n t m p rat u r

e ec o 77 e e e e

q ua n t i t y n c ssa r y 56
e e

l ss n i n g c os t o f
e e
54
w rm o 42
C n d n s i n g p r ssu r
o e e e
59
c aus f v a r i a t i on i n xc ss e 60
o e e ,

f i n d t mi n g l ss f a mm n i a 63
u se o , e er o o o ,

C on s t a n t p r ssu r s p c i c h a t o f a i r u n d r
e e, e 7 e e

v l u m sp c i c h a t o f a i r wi t h
o e, e
9
e

C n s tr u cti on d t ai l s o f a mm on i a p l a n t
o e
30
f a n h y d r o us a m m n i a g n r a t i n g ap
o o e e

p a r a t us 1 08 1 1 5 ,

C ol i n g di r ctl y b y a mm on i a
o e 65
fr m a h igh to a low t m p r a t u r
o 75 e e e

C pp r a ct i n f a mm n i a on
o e ,
o o o 25

C s t o f p r p a r i n g a nh y d r us a mm on i a
o e o1 14
 1 42 I ndex .

PA GE
D EH Y D R A TO R , l i m e !o r 1 12

D t a i l s f a m m n i a p l a n t c on s tr u ct i on
e o o , 30
w r ki ng o
47
Det r mi n i n g r fr ig r a t i n g f c i n c y o f p l a n t
e e e e e
78
b y a mm o n i a g u r s e , 96
b y br i n e g u r s e , 99
D i a gr a m s i n di c a t o r o f c omp r ss o r
, , 88 t e o 91
D i s ch a r g e v a l v e 36
D i s p l a c m n t o f c omp r ess o r eff ct ua l
e e , e 97
D i s tr i b u t i on o f m rc u r y w ll s e e . 81
D u r a t i on o f t es t s o f a m m on i a p l a n t s 87

EFFEC T c omp o s i ti on on fr eez i n g p oi n t of br i n

of -
e, 68
c ond n s i n g wa t er on br i n t mp r a t u r
e e e e e, 77
xc ess iv e v a l v li ft
e e-
37
p r essu r e on s p c i c h ea t o f a m m oni a e , 7
and t mp r a t u r e o n v o l u m of
e e e

a mm on i a gas 51 1 2 2 t , o 1 2
3
1 t em p r a t u r e on v o l u m o f
( e e

gas es
s tr en g t h on f ing p o in t o f br i n reez ~
e,

w ll jack e ted c o mp r ss or s
e -
e

EfT tual di s p l a c m n t o f c om p r s sor s

ec e e e

Efci n c y r fr ig r a t i n g
e , e e

Eq u iv a l n t f a to n o f ice
e o

u n i t of h ea t
Ex a mi na t i o n f wo r ki n g p a rt s
o

Exc ss c ond n s i n g p r ssu r e

e e e

9 H
c aus e o f v a ri a t i on s in
9 ,

Ex p an s i on v a l v e s

FO R M U L A-3 f or c a lc u l a t i ng v o l u m e of gas e s
F r eez i ng poi n t f br i ne
- o
 I ndex 1 43
PA G
.

F r ez i n g p o i n t
e -
of br i n e a ff ct d b y c m p os i t i o n
e e o 68
s tr n g t h e 69

G ASamm on i a h ea t d b y c m p r ss i on t a bl
, ,
e o e , e of 1 18

p ec i c h a t of
S e

v ol u m of e 97
t abl s o f v ol u m f e e o

l oss du t su p er h a t i n g e o e 1 03

Ga s fo r m u l ae f o c a lc u l a t i n g v o l u m
se , r f e o

HE A T t rm se
3
lat nt e a mm on i a t a bl o f
, of , e 1 1 6, 1 1 7
l i q u fact i n e o 10

v a p r i za t i on o 1 1

wa t r e 12

m c h a n i ca l q u iv a l en t f
e e o 4
sp ci c e 4
t d b y t em p r a t u r p r essu r e
'

a ec e e e an d ,
6
o f ai r 7
am m o n i a gas 7
br i n e 73
m rc u r y e 5
t u rp n ti n e e
5
n n w at rn e
5
H o r i z on t a l c om p r ss o r e
31

I C E, q u iv al n t o f a ton f
e e o 79
I ndi ca t or di a gr am s 87
us d in ca lc u l a t i n g ca p ac i t y
e of

p l an t 92 to 95

J A C K ET -
WA E T R f or c om p r ess or 5 ,
2 53
s ep a a t o r r
53
 I 44 I ndex .

PAG E

J o ule s

law 4

L ATEN T h a t e to

h at e a mm oni a ta bl e of
of ,

l i q u fact i on e 10

v a p o r i za t i on n

wa t er 11

Lim e f or d h y d r a t or
e m
L oss due to h a t i n g c on d en s d a m m on i a
e e 1 02 , 1 05

su p r h a t i n g a mm oni a gas
e e 1 03 , 1 05

M A G N ES I U M c h l o r id e br i ne
M a ki n g br i n e

Ma x i m u m c a p a c i t y o f p l a n t
M asu r em n t of a mm n i a c i rc u l a t d
e e o e

M c h a n i c a l q u iv a l n t o f a u n i t o f h a t
e e e e

M rc u r y s p c i c h ea t o f
e , e

well s di s tr i b u t i on f
,
o

h ow m a d e

O I L f or l u br i cati on 3S

P A C K I N G f or stufng b ox es -
33
Pipi n g ( or wo r m ) f o c o nd en s er r

f o r e fr ige r a t o r
r

Pr e p a r a t i on o f a n h y d r o us a m m o n i a 1 07

P r essu r e, a b so l u t e '3

e ec t o f , on s p ec i c h a t e 6, 7 , 16

R sc mv aa
R e fr iger a t i ng f ci nc ye e of a p l a nt . to d e t r mi ne
e

9 H
 I ndex . 145

R r ig r a ti ng ef c i n c y m axi m u m
ef e e ,

R fr ig r a t or
e e

pipi n g s i z an d a r a , e e

R egn au l t s d t rm i n a t i n s o f s p c i c h ea t

e e o e

R gu l a t i n o f br i n t m p er a t u r
e o e e e

su ct i o n and di s c h a r g va l v l i ft e e -

SA LT and br i n fr o m
,
e 66 to 7 1
S ep a r a to r 38 t 40 o

f o a n h y d r o us a mm on i a di s t i ll i n g a pp a r a t us
r 1 12 ,

j ac k e t wa t r f o -
e r
53
S p ec i c h ea t 4
of ai r 7
a mm on i a 7
br i n e 73
ff ect o f t m p r a t u r an d p r essu r o n
e e e 6
e e ,

o f t u r p en t i n m e rc u r y an d wa t e,
5 , er

S t i ll f o a nh y d r o us a mm on i a
r 1 08

wo r k ed u n d er p r e ssu r 1 10 e,

S tr en g t h o f br i n e 69
Stufn g b o x s -
e
32
p ac ki n g f o r
33
l u br i c a t i n o f o
34
Su ct i o n an d di s c h a r g v a l v es e
3
Su p er h a t i n g a mm on i a gas l o ss due to
e , 58

T EM P ER AT U R E ab s l u t , o e

T s t s c alc u l a t i on r su lt s o f 2 4 h o u r s
e , e

f a mm on i a
or

T s ti n g an amm n i a p l a n t ( p r l i m i n a r i s )
e o e e

( d u ra ti n f t s t ) o o e

Th o r y o f r efr ig r a t i on
e e

b y c omp r ss d ai r e e
 1 46 I ndex .

PA GE
T h e r y of r fr ig r a t i n b y a m m on i a
o e e o 2 1

T ur p n t i n s p c i c h a t o f
e e, e e
5

U NI T , B r i t i s h t h rm a l e
3
o f h a t m c h a n i c a l q u iv al n t
e , e e e of
4

V A L V ES , e x pans i on

r g u l a t i on
e of 7 3 0 7 5
l i ft 37
su ct i on and di s c h a r g e

V rt i c a l c om p r ss o r
e e
31
Vol u m o f a m m on i a g as c a lc u l a t d b y c m p r ss r
e e o e o

di s p l a c m n t e e
97
t a bl s o f 51 1 2 2 t e , o 1 38

gas s for m u l a f o c a lc u l a t i n g
e , e r 16

W A TER c mp r ss o r ja c k t
f or o e e

c on d n s r e e

l ss n i n g c os t f e e o

q ua n t i t y n c ssa r y e e

ffect o f n br i n t m p r a t u r
e , o e e e e,

s para t r e o

W a t er fr o m s p a r a t r f a n h y d r o us a m m o ni a di s t i l
e o o

l i n g app a r a t us
l a t n t h ea t of
e

s p c i c h ea t o f
e

\W r ki n g d t a i l s o f a m m n i a p l a n t
o e o

\Vor m f o c on d n s r r e e

I D
Y EL of a nh y d r ous a mm on i a 1 12, 1 1 3

Z ER O ab s l u t
,
o e 16
 A B c

TH E S TEAM EN G I N E
W ith s cr i p t i a de on of th e

AUTO M AT IC G O V ERNO R .

By

J . P . LIS K, M E . . .

An d S i x Lar g e Foldi n g Pl t a es of Det a i ls .

LI S T O F P L AT ES .

I .
Lo n gi t u d i na l S ec t i o t h r o u g h C yl i n d e r an d T o p
n ,

V i e w o f H o r i z o n t a l H i g h S p ee d S t e a m E n g i n e .

11 .

S i d e E l ev a t i o n o f H i g h S p e d H r i z o n t a l S t a m
e o e

E n g i ne .

[1 1 .

D t a i l D r a wi n g o f C o n n e c t i n g R o d an d P i s t o n
e ,

o f H i g h S p ee d H o r i z n t a l S t e a m E n gi n e
o .

IV .
D t a i l of P i s t n V a l v e E c c en t r i c S t r ap and
e o ,

R o d V a l v e S t m B r ac k e t
,
e and E c c e n t r i f , c O

H i g h S p ee d H o r i z o n t a l S t eam E n g i n e .

V .

D e tai 1 o f C r o ss H ea d C r o ss H ead S l i p p e r
-

,
-
,

C r o ss H ea d P i n \V r i s t P i n C r a n k P i n S t u i n g
-
, , ,

B o x e tc
, of H i g h S p e d H r i z n t a l S t am
.
,
e o o e

Engi n e .

VI .

D tai l
e f C e n t r i f u g a l A u t ma t i c G v r n o r f
o o o e or

H i g h S p d I l i o n t al S t a m E n g i n e
ee or z e .

W i t h Fu l l De s c r i p t i v e Fl att e r . Pr i c e , 5 0 C e n ts .
 TH E

A Handbook on the Care of B oilers

B Y K A RL p . DAH L S TR OM , M E . .

C ON T EN T S O F C H A PT ERS

l . Fi ri n g and Ec o nom y of FueI .

P rec a u t i o n s
b fo r e and a ft e r s t a rt i n g th e c a r e o f th e e
e e r r

p r o p r r i n g d r a ft s m o k e p r o g r e ss f r i n g f u l o n
, ,

e , , , o , e

th e g r a t e c l a n i n g ,
u t c l e a n i n g g r a t e b a r s an d a h
e o , s

p a n d a m p e r s r i n g i n t o two o m o r e f u r n a c s d y
, , r e ,
r

f u e l l o ss o f h a t
, e .

l l Fee d an d W at er Li ne
. F e d i n g th e wa t r .
e , e

l i n e fa l s e wa t r l i n e d ef c t i v f ed i n g a pp a r a t us
e e e e

f o r m a ti o n o f s c a l e g a u g e c o c k s
, , ,

g l ass g a u g th e ,
e,

o a t sa fe t y p l u g a l a r m wh i s tl e
,

Il l Low W at e r a n d Foami n g or Pr i mi n g
, , .

. .

P r c a u t i o n s wh n wa t r i s lo w f oa mi n g p r i m i n g
e e e , ,
.

I V S team Pre s s ure S t ea m g a u g e saf tv v a l v s e e

V C lean i ng an d B lowi n g O ut C l ea n n g th
. .
, .

. .
i e

b i l e r to e x a m i n th s t a t e o f th e b o i l e r bl o wi n g
o , e e ,

o u t r e l l i n g th e b i l r
, o e .

VI G en e ral Di rec t i ons

. H o w to p r v e n t ac c i .
e

d n t s r p a i r s t h c a r e o f th e b o i l r wh e n n o t i n u e
e ,
e ,
e e s ,

t e s t i n g b o i l r s t r i m m i n g an d c l a n i n g u ts id e
e ,
e o .

S u m m a r y o f r u l s I nd x e . e .

8 vc c lo t h 5 0 c e n ts , , .
THE CORLI S S ENGI NE .

BY JO H N T . I I EN T H O R N .

- AN D

MANAGEMENT OF THE CORLISS ENGINE .

BY C H A RL ES D . T H URB ER .

Unif or m m On e Volume . C 10% Cov er ; Pr i ce,

Tab l e of C on t e n t s .

C H A PTER I I n tr d uc to r y and H i s to ri c a l ; S t a m Ja c k
.
o e

e ti n g . C H A PT ER 1 1 I n di c a to r C a r d s C H A PT E R I II
.

. .

I n di c a to r C a r ds c o n ti n u e d ; the G o v r n o r C H A PT ER 1 V e . .

V a l v G a r a n d Ec c e n tr i c ; Va l v S tti n g C H A PT ER V
e e e e .

V a l v e S tti n g c o n ti n u ed wi th d a gra m s f sa m ; Ta bl e
e , i o e

f o r l a p s o f S t a m Va l v e C H A PTER V I V a l v e S tti n g
e . .

e

c on ti n u d C H A PTER V IL L u br i c a ti o n w th di a g ra m s
e .

i

f or sa m C H A PTE R VI I I D i s c us s i n o f th A i r P u m p
e. .

o e

an d i t s M a n a g m n t C HA PT ER IX C a r o f M a i n D ri v
e e . .

e

i n g G a r s ; b t L u b ri c a t r f r sa m
e es C H A PT ER X
o o e. .

H at n g f M l l s b y Ex h a us t S t a m C H A PTE R X I Eu
e i o i e . .
-

gi n F u ndatio n ; di agra ms an d t m p l t f or s a m C H A P
e o s e e s e

TER X I I F u nda ti ns c o n ti n u d ; M a t r i a l s f o r a m
o o tc e e s e. e .

T h ird Ed i tio n , W ith an A p p en dix .

 H O ! TO R U N

lies an Q

lS
Pract ical I n st r uc tio n f or You ng Eng i n ee rs and
S team Us ers .

B Y E GB ERT P OM ER O Y WA TS ON

I
R EV S E D A N D E N L A RG ED

S y n op s i s of C on t e nts
C l e a n i n g th e b o i l e r r e m o v i n g sc a l e s c a l e p e, ,
r

v en t e r s o i l i n b o i l e r s b r a c e s an d s t ay s m u d d r u m s
, , ,

a n d f ee d p i p e s b o i l e r t t i n g s g r a t e b a r s a n d t u b e s
, , ,

b r i d g wa ll s th e s l i d e v a l v t h r o t tl i n g e n g i n e th e
e , e, ,

p i s t o n te s t i n g th e s l i d e v a l v wi t h r el a t i o n to th
, e e

p o rt s d e fe c t s o f th e s l i d e v a l v e l a p an d l a d th e
, , e ,

p r ss u r e o n a s l i d e v a l v e s t e m c o n n ec t i o n s to th e
e

ff t h e i r s e a t s v a l v e s t e m g u i d e s g o v
,

v al e v a l v e s
v ,
o , ,

e n o s r u n n i n g wi t h th e su n ec c e n t r i c s an d c o n n ec
r r , ,
o

t i o n s th e c r a n k p i n br ass b o x es h a i n g s o n p i n s
, , , e r ,

a d j u s t m n t o f b a r i n g s th v a l v e and g ea r i n g se t
e e , e ,

t i n g e c c n t r i c s th ac tual O p e r a t i o n r e t u r n c r a n k
e , e ,

m o t i n p o u n d i n g th e c o n n e ti o n l i n i n g u p n gi nes
o , , c s, e ,

m a k i n g j o i n t s c o n d e n s i n g e n gi n es T o r r i c e ll i s
, ,

v a c u u m p r f o f a t m o s p h e r i c p r essu r p u m p s n
,
oo e, ,
o

p we r i n a v a c u u m s u p p o rt i n g a wa t e r c o l u m n Ly
o

s t a r t i n g a n ew p l a n t th h i gh s t
,

th e a t m s p h r o e e, , e e

q uai i t i es d m a n d ed e .

\V a t r t u b e b i l e r s
e t u b b i l r s wh y wa t
o , re e o e ,
er

t u b e b o i l e r s s t a m r a pi d l y t r p d o b a t b o i l e r s
e , o e o ,

m a na g e m e n t o f wa t e r t u b b i l e r s ec o no m y and e o ,

m a i n t ena n c e f wa t e r t u b b o i l r s
o e e .

1 50 pg a es , i llust rated, 1 6 mo , c lo th ,
 AN

EL EM EN TA R Y T EX T B O O K
. _0 N _

AM E N G IN ES

O I L ERS
AN D

B
By J . H . K I N EA L Y , ME .

A r st c l ass Amer ican B ook f or y oun g En g i neers

a n d a ll th o se wi s h i n g to ta k e a h ig h e r p os i ti on .

C ON T EN T S O F C H AP T ERS .

1 El e m e n tar y Th er y
T h eory of th e
mod mi c s
na 2

S te a m E n g i n e
.

3 T y p e s an d d e tai l s of E n gi n es
. .

4
A d m i ss i on of Stea m b y V alve 5 V a1ve d i ag r am s
. . . .

-
.

7 C o m p o u n d En
. .

o I n d i c ator an d i n di c ator c a r d s
. . .

g i ne s an d c o n d en sers 8 H e at an d c o m b u s t i on of
f u l 9 B oi l ers t yp es t ti n g s e tc 1 0 C h i m n e y s
. .

e .
, .
,
.
, , .

A PP EN D I X C a r e of B oi l e r s T abl es N u m e r ous Pr ob , ,

l e m s wi t h ans we r s .

T h i rd e d i ti on t h oroug h l y r ev i se d to d ate
a n d c on si d e r ab l y e n l a r g e d
,

2 59 p ag e s 1 08 i ll us t r at i on s s i z e 91 x

h
, ,

C lo t ,
T H E S L I D E VA L V E
S I M PLY EX PLA I N E D
By W .
J T E
.N N AN T , Asso .

R EV I S ED AN D M UCH EN L A R G ED
BY J . H . K I N EALY , D E . .

T E N T S O F C H A P T ER S
II
I Th S m p l S l i
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.
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tr i c a C r a k S p c i a l M l t
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n e
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dd
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. .

e n e e

t r O r r f C r a k s C ush i n
A v a c f t h Ecc tr i c
d
.

II I n e o e en

i g a d L a dd
.

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.

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n n e
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.

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.

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f A l t ra t i s t Va l v a d
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L i nk M t i s
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en
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o e on o on
N t V r y Ea r l y C u t O f f d R v r s
. .

IX . o e on e -
an on e e
i g G a r s i G n ra l
,

n e n e e .

4 1 I ll us t r a ti on s . I g mo, C lo t/1 ,

QU I C K AN D EASY M ET H O DS
OF

C AL C U L AT I N G
W I TH T H E S L I D E R U L E
A SI M P LE EX P L A N A T I O N or T H E T H EO R Y AN D
Use or T H E SL I DE RU L E, LO G A R I TH M S ETC , .

W i tb n u merous exa mples worked o ut .

BY R . G . BLAI N E, M E . .

A most e b
r li a l p r a ct i c a l a
e, nd v a l ua l b e wo r k f or th e en gi neer .

1 44 P ag es . [ li tes / r a ted . C lot /r,

 LIS K S DIAG RAM S

J . P .

THE CORLISS ENGINE

S h o wi n g t he

RELA TI V E POS I TI O N O F REC I PRO C A TI N G

A N D RO TA TI N G PA RTS FO R EA C H
1 5 D EG REES O F T E C I RC LE .

W it h Fu l l Exp la na t i o n o f i g ures F .

W r i st Plat e s an d Ecc e n tr ic s .

C i rc le Exp lai ned

T h e C r an k .

T h i s i s a n e e n g r a v i n g r d u c e d f r o m a l ar g sc a l
e e e

d r a w i ng o f th e mo st u p to d a t e t yp es f A me r i c a n
- -
o

C r l i ss E n gi n es a n d sh o w i n g r e l a t i v e p o s i t i n s f
o , o o

the P i st n S t a m V al v es E x h a u s t V a l v es a n d W r i st
o , e , ,

H a t es tc
, etc
e .
, . F u l l si z 4 x 9 i nch s e, 1 1 e .

Pr ic e 2 5 C e n ts , .

TH E S L I D E VALVE .

A d i a g r a m o f the S l i d e V a l v e sh o wi n g p o s i t i o n ,

o f t h c r a n k p i n c c n t r i c a n d p i s t o n a t th p i n t o f
e , e e , , e o

ad mi ss i n l e ad f u l l f ee d p o r t O p ni n g c u t o ff
o , , e ,
-
,
re

l a s f u II x ha u s t p o r t p ni n g a n d co mpr ss i o n
e e, e o e e .

S i z e f d i a g r a m I I x 4} i n ch s
o , 1 e .

c e 2 5 C e n ts
Pr i , .

C o p i es o f e i the r d r a wi n g ma i le d p os t p a i d o n r ece i p t -

o f 2 5c i n p os t a g e s t a mp s
. .

S PEC I AL PR IC ES 0N QU A N TI TY .
 M o de ls and

D i ag ra ms .

A Po s i ti on D i a g r a m o f C y l i n d e r wi t h ( M e y e r) C u t .

o ff at l a aan d l S t r o k e o f Pi s ton
.

, B y W I L LIAM H .
.

W EIG H T M AN W i th m o v a b le v al v e s
. Pri nte d on .

ca r d . Pri ce 2 50 , .

S l i d e V alve I n s t r uct i on C h a r t B y J P L ISK

A d i a g r a m o f the S l i d e V al v e sh o wi n g p osi
. . .
,

M E
t i on o f the c r an k p i n eccent r i c an d p i ston at the
. .
,

, ,

p o i n t o f a d m i s s i on lea d f u l l s p ee d p or t o p en i n g c u t
o ff r elea s e f u l l e x ha u st p o r t o p en i n g an d co m p r e s
, , ,

W i t h f u l l d i r ect i on s f o r m a k i n g calc u l at i on s
, ,

s i on . .

A l a r g e b l u e p r i nt I 4 % X I O % s u i ta b le f o r fr a m in g . , .

S i n g le co p i e s 5 ) 0 Sp ec i al p r i ce on a q u anti ty
,
. .

W o r k i n g V al v e M o d el s f o r M a r i ne En g i nee r s B y
A R L EASK A se t o f f our ca r d s : I Pi st o n V al ve
.

W i t h S t ea m I n s i d e Pi ston Valv e wi t h S tea m

. . . .

2 . .

O u t si d e D o ub le p o r te d S l i d e V al v e Com
m on S l i de V al v e Eac h ca r d i s i n colo r s an d h as
3 4
-
. . . .

m o v a b le p o r t s A l so f u l l d e sc r i p t i v e m atte r C o m
.

p le te i n clot h ca se
.

, 7 se
. .

W o r ki n g M odels o f E n gi ne S l i d e Val v e s C o m
p r i si n g a co mp le t e S t o f E ig h t D i ag ra m s i n colo rs
wi t h M o v a b le Po r t s : 1 S ho r t 1) S l i d e V al v e 2 S i n g l e
e ,

. . .

act i n g Pi s ton V al v e ( f o r S te a m H ammer l 3 M e y

4 L on g D S l i d e V al v e
. .

e r s Va r i a b le C u t o ff V al v e s

h d
-
. . .

S o r t D S l i e V al v e ( B alance d ) 6 M a r i ne E u
gi ne Pi s ton V al v e 7 D o ub le p o r te d S l i d e V al v e
5 . . . .

-
. . .

8 S i m p l e T ri c k V al v e
. W i th s m al l b oo k let gi v i n g .

f u l l i n st r u ct i o n s an d e xp l anat i on s C o mp lete in
ca r d b oa r d b o x
.
,

B oo k s on th e S l i d e V al v e K i nealy

l en n an t
W elc h Z e u ne r S en d f o r C atalo g u e
.
,

. .
.

Any of t h ese Mo d el s mai led . Post- p ai d .

on R ecei p t of Pr i ce .
OILS a: AN D a: GREASES
r t d h r t ic ll y
T ea e ivi n g ra c t ic l I f r m
T eo e a an d G P a n o a

t o i n R ga rd i g Th ir e n e

CO MPO S ITIO N, US ES AND MANUFACTURE

B Y I LT Y D l . RED W OO D

C ON TENTS
I N T RODU C T I O N L ub r i c a n ts .

.

T H EO R ET I C A L C h a p te r I M i n r a l O i ls : A m ri c a n
.

. e e

a n d R u ss i a n ; H y d r o c a r b o n s C h a p t r I I F a t t y . e .

Oi ls : G l yc r i d s ; V e g t a b l e O i l s ; F i sh O i l s
e e e .

C h a p te r I I I M i n e al L ub r i c a n ts : G r a ph i t ;
. r e

Pl u m b a g o C h a p t r I V G r e a s s : C m p o u n d d ;
. e . e o e

S t
e o

A x l ; B o i l d o r C up C h a p t r V
r e

e

. e .

T ests f O i ls : M i n e r al O i l s
o F a t t y O i ls . .

M A N U F A C T U RE C h a p t r V I M i n e r al O i l L u b i
.

e . r

ca n ts : C m p o u n d ed O i l s ; D b lo o m d O i l s
o e e .

C h a p t r V I I G r a s e s : C o mp o u n d d G r eas s ;
e e e e

S et o r A x l e G r a ses ; B o i l d G r eas s ; E n

e e e

gi n e G r e a ses A pp e n d ix T h A ct i o n o f O i l s o n
. . e

V a r i o u s M ta l s I n d x e . e .

TA B L E S . I V i s c o s i t y a n d Sp c i c G r a v i t y

. lI e . .

A t o mi c \V i gh t I I I O r i gi n T es t s E t
e s f. .
, , c .
,
o

O i l s I V A c t i o n f O i l s o n M et a ls
. . o .

L I S T O F P L AT E S I I I R d w o d s I mpr o v d
.

.

. . e o

e

S e t M eas u r i n g A pp a r a t u s II S c t i n G r a se . . e o e

K t tl e
e I I I D i a g r a m o f th A c t i o n o f O i ls o n
. . e

D i f f e r e n t K i n d s o f M et a ls .

8 vo c lo t h , ,
 O
TH E RETIC AL AN D PR CT IC A AL
Ammon i a Ref ri ger ati on
A Wor k of R ef er en ce f or E ng i nee r : a n d at}: er : E mp loyed i n I A!
h n mg eme n t of i ce a n d R ef r ig er a ti on M a c/ n e r]

.

B y I L I YD 1 R EDW OOD

.

O NTENTS C
B T U M echa ni c a l E q u i v a l ent o f a U ni t o f H eat
. . . .

S p ec i c H e a t L a t e n t H eat T heo ry o f R f r i ge ra t i o n
. . e .

F r ee z i n g b y C o mpr esse d A i r A mm o ni a C ha rac

, . .

te i s ti c s o f A m mo n i a
r T h e C o mpr ess o r S tu i n g . .

B o x es L u br i c a t i o n Suc t i o n a n d D i sc ha r g e V al v es
. . .

S e p a r a t o r C o n d e n se r \Vo r m R e c e i v e r R e f ri g e r a
.
-
, .

to r o B r i n e T a n k
r S i z e o f P i p e a n d A r ea o f C o o l i n g
.

S u r f a ce C ha r gi n g the P lan t wi th A mm o ni a Jac k et

. .

W a te r f o C o mp r e ss o r f o S e p a r a to r ( Luan ti ty o f
, r ,
r .

C o n d e n s i n g W a t e r N e c essa ry L o ss d u e to H ea t i n g .

o f C o n d e n se d A m m o n i a C a u se o f V a r i a t i o n i n E x .

cess P r ess ur e U se o f C o n d e n s i n g P r e ss u r e i n D ete r

.

m i nin g L o ss o f A m m o ni a b y L e a k a g e C oo l i n g D i .

r ec tly b y A mm o n i a F r eez i n g Po i n t o f B r i n e M ak . .

i ng B r i n e Sp ec i c H e a t o f B r i n e R e g u l at i o n o f
. .

B r i ne T e mp e r a t u r e I n d i r ec t E f f e c t o f C o n d e n s i ng .

W ate r o n B r i n e T m p e r a t u r e D i r e c t i n s f o D e t e r e . o r

m i ni ng R e f r i g r a t i ng E i c i n c y E q u i v a l n t o f a To n
e e . e

o f I c e C o mpr ss o r M e a s u r e me n t o f A mmo n i a C i re n
. e ~

l a t e d L o ss o f \V l l Jac k e te d C o m pr esso r s L o ss i n
. e -
.

D o u b l e Ac t i n g C o mpr e sso r s
-
D i s t ri bu t i o n o f M e . r

C Ur
y \V e l l s E x a m i n a t i o n o f W o r k i n g Pa r t s
. I n d i c a .

t r D i a g r a m s A mm o ni a F i g u r e s E ec tual D i s p l a c e


o .

m e n t V ol u me o f G as A mmo n i a C i r c u l a t e d p e r
. .

T w n t y F o u r H o u r s R e f r i g e r a t i ng E f c i e n c y B r in e
e -
. .

F i g u r e s G al l o n s C i r cu l a t e d P o u n d s C i rc u l a t e d D e

. .

g r ees C ool e d T t a l D e g r e e s E x t rac t e d L os s d u e to

. o .

H eat i n g o f A mm on i a Gas L o s s d u e to H a t i n g o f . e

L i q u i d A mm o ni a C a l c u l a t i o n o f the M a xi m um C a
.
~

p ac i ty o f a M a ch i n e P r e p a r a t i o n o f A n h y d ro u s A m .

mon i a C o n st ru c t i o n o f A pp a r at u s e t c e t c ,

1 5 0 pa g es 1 5 i l lus tratio n s c lot h

.
, . .

. . .
 PRAC T I C A L H A N D B O O K ON

With Instructions for Care and Working 01 the Same .

B Y 0 L I EC K FEL D,
.

T r ans l at d wi t h p r mi i n
e e ss o of the A t u h r by
o

GEORGE RI CH M ON D , M E . .

WITH A CHAPTER 0N OI L ENGINES

C ON TEN TS
C h o os i n g a n d i n s t a l l i n g a gas ngi n e T h e co n e .

s t ru c t i o n o f g o d g a s e ngi n s E x a mi n at i o n as to
o e .

wo r k ma n sh i p ru nn i n g c o n o my R e l i a b i l i t y a n d
, , e .

d ur a b i l i t y f g a s e n gi n es o Pro p r r ec t i n o f a . e e o

g a s e n gi n e F o u n da t i o n A rra n g m n t f o g a s p i p es
. . e e r .

R u bb e r b a g L o c k i n g d v i c e x E x h a u s t p i p es A i r
. e s .

p i p s S e tt in g u p ga s e n gi n es B r a k s a n d the i r
e . . e

us ei n as c e r t a i n i ng t he p o we r o f g a s e ngi n s A r e .

r a n g me n t f a b r a k e t s t D i s t r i b u t i n o f he a t i n a
e o e . o

gas e ngi n e A t t n da n ce o n g a s e n gi n es G n ra l
. e . e e

r e ma r k s G as e n gi n e o i l
. C y l i n d r l u b r i ca t o r s . e .

R u l s as to s t a r t i n g a n d s to p p i n g a g a s n gi n e T h
e e . e

c l ea ni n g o f a g a s e ngi n e Ge n e r a l o b se rv a t i o n s a n d .

s p ec i c x a mi n a t i o n f o d f c t s T h e e ngi n e r f u s s
e r e e . e e

to w o r k N o n st a r t i ng f the e ngi n e T o o m u ch
.
-
o .

pr ess u r n the g a s
e o W a t r i n t he e x h a u s t p ot . e .

D i f c u l t y i n st a r t i n g th n gi n e I rr e g u l a r r u nni n g e e . .

L o ss f pow r o W ea k g a s m i x t u r e s
e . L a t e i gni t i n . o .

C ra c k s i n a i r i n l t B ac k ri n g K n c k i n g a n d
e . . o

p o u n d i n g i n s i d e o f e n gi n e D a n g e r s a n d pr c a u t i n . e o

a
y me a s ur e i n h a n d l i n g g a s e n gi n s
r P rec a u t i n s e . o

wh n o p ni n g g a s v a l v s r e mo v i n g p i s t o n f r o m
e e e ,

cyl i nd r e x a mi ni n g wi t h l i g h t o p e ni n g s o f g a s
e ,

e n gi n s D a n g r s i n st a r t i n g c lea n i n g p u t t i n g o n
e . e , ,

b e l t s O i l En g i n e s G a s n gi n es wi t h p r o d u c r g a s
. . e e .

G a s o l i n e a n d o i l e n gi n s C o n c l u d i n g r e ma r k s e . .

1 2 0 p ag es i l lus t rated l Z mo c lot h , , . ,

 The Design and Construction

W # 12f ull di r ec ti on s f or

Erect i n g t esti n g, In stalli n g. Runn i n g and

,

Repai ri n g .

I n c lu d i n g d s cri pt i n e o s of A m rican e an d g
En l is h
K ERO S EN E O IL EN G IN ES .

B y A . n . G O L D IN G H AM , M E . .

Synopsi s of Contents of Chapters

I nt r o d u cto ry C la ss i cat i on V a p or i ze r s S p r a y
i n g an d I g n i t i on De v i ce s e tc D e si n an d
1 . , , ,

2
C ons t r u ct i on C y l i n d e rs C r an k s S h a f ts
, . .

i ton s s

C onnect i n g R o d s F l y W heel s A i r an d Ex h a u s t
,
, , , .

-
, ,

C a m s V al v e s e tc B ea r i n g s En g i ne F r a m e s V al ve
, . , ,

Mech an i sm s G ea ri n g U l I S u p p lv D iff e r ent K i n d s f t

3 T e st i n g t h e En g i n e
, , .

En g i n s etc e F a u lt s an d
R e m e d i e s e tc 4 C ool i n g W ate r T an k s Ex h a u s t
. .
. ,

. .
, ,

S i l nce r s S ta r te r s
e , 5 O i l En g i ne D r i v i n g D y na m o . .
.

V ar i o u s S vstems 6 O i l En gi ne D r i v i n g A i r C o m . .

p r e sso r s W ate r Pum p etc 7 F u ll I n st r u ct i on s f or

, .

R u nn i n g O i l En gi nes 8 H i nt s on R e p a i r i n g 9
D esc r i p t i on o f t h e V a r i o u s En g li h an d A m e ri ca n
. .
.

O i l En gi ne s .

Fu ll y Illust rated 12m0 C loth , . ,

 AN D

P U R I F I C A T I O N .

Th e S of ten i n g an d Clar i c ati on of Har d

an d Di r ty Water s .

B Y H A R O L D C O L L ET .

C O N TEN T S .

W a t er s uppli es h ard w a t er d i rty w a ter to wn w a t er s

, , .

W a t s f or s t ea m b o i l er s d epos i t f rom h a r d wa t er a c i d
er ,

wa t e r s d iff er en t k in d s o f s c a l b o i l er c ompo s i t i o n s in t er
n a l sc um n ing a pp ar a t u s pur if y ing f ed w a t er wa t er t u be
.
e, .

r , e .

b oi ie s e c o n o mi ze r s
. W a t er for ma n u fa c tu r ing an d t ech
.

ni c a i proc ss e s a mou n t o f wa st e s oda l i me dy i n g tan

e
, , , e ,

nin g p a per mak ing d i st i l ling C he mistrv o f wa t er so f

, ,
.

t en ing s o f t ening proc es es l i me ch lor i d e o f c a l c i u m

s , . ,

s u l ph a t e o f m ag n es i a c h l ori d e o f mag n e si co rro s i on s a

. t, . e

wa t er g rea sy wa t r Re g en t s f or s f t e ning an d c l a r ifyin g

, e . o

wa t er c a u s t i c s oda c a r bon a t o f s oda al u min a t e o f soda

,
e , .

a l u m s u l ph a t e o f a l u min a s u l ph a t e o f i ro n s o l ub i l i ty of
. , ,

dieren t s u b s t a n c es C lari c ation u n a ss i s t e d s et t l emen t

.

s ett l ing vess els fi l tra t i o n l t er s o f d i ff eren t k in d s pr esses

. , , .

D rin k ing wa t er i n uenc e o f h a rd n ess s u l ph a t

o f hard , e

n ess mag n es i a s of t en ing wat er s of t wa t er a c i d w a t er s

, , , , .

l ead in w a t er Te s t ing wa t r a n a l y s i s vo lumet i c t s t s

. e , e ,

b urett es f o r sol ut i on s a c i d t s t t es t in g l i me wa t er s oda

, e , ,

sol u t i o n s h ow to ma k e t es t so l u t i o n s
. in d i ca t ors . .

T AB L ES .

F l ow o f wa t er t h rou gh p i pes Te mpe ra ture o f s te a m a t .

var i ou s pressures U s f u l da t a a b ou t wa t r I n d ex
. e e . .

1 6 8 p ag I l l ust ra t d i z me C l t h
es . e . . o ,
 The B est and Cheapest in the Market

FO R TH E U S E O F

Mechanics Young Engineers and Hom

,e Students

B Y IV PA GET H I GGS , M A . . .
, D Sc . .

F OU RT H ED I TI O N

C O NTENTS
Sym b ol s a n d th s i gn s o f O p e r a t i o n T h e q u a e . e

t i o n a n d the u n k n o w n q u a n t i t y P s i t i v e a n d n e ga . o

t i v e q u ant i t i es M u l t i p l i c at i o n i n v o l u t i o n e x p o n e n ts
.
, , ,

n g a t i v e e x p o n n ts r oo ts a n d th e u se o f e x p o n e n t s
e e , ,

a s l o ga r i th m s L o ga r i th ms T a b les o f lo g a r i t h m s
. .

a n d pr o p o r t i o n a l p a r ts T rans p o r tat i o n o f s y ste m s .

o f lo g a r i th m s C o m m o n u ses o f co mmo n l o ga r i th m s
. .

C o mp o u n d m u l t i p l i cat i o n a n d the b i n o mi al theo r e m .

D i v i s i o n f r act i o n s a n d r a t i o
, R u les f o d i v i s i o n . r .

R u les f o f r a ct i o n s C o n t i n u e d p r o p o r t i on th se r i e s
r .
,
e

a nd th e s u mm at i o n f the se r i es E x a mp l s o G eo . e .

m t r i cal means L i m i t o f se r i es E q u a t i o n s A pp e n
e . . .

d ix I n d x 1 04 p a g s I z mo cl o th 60c
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S ee A lg e b raic S i g ns S p o n D i ct i o n a ry o f
a ls o , s

) C g in e ing N o 2 o c ts
n e r
4 , . . .

S a l o C a lc u l us
ee s Supp l e me n t to S p o n s D ic ,

t im y No 5
i ar , 7 5 c ts . . .
 N E W

EDITIO N
D E LU X E

O N H E A Y PL ATE V PAPER

S VS TEM

ITS GOO D POI N TS .

V ry e a s y to l a r n
e e .

A r a p i d m th o d to b c m a g o o d l tt r r w i t h a
e e o e e e e

l i tt le pr a c t i ce .

V e ry a s y to la y o u t a l i n e o f wo r d s i n S T R I C T
e

P RO P O R T IO N whethe r i t b e o n a f e n e goo y a r d s l o n g
, c

o r o n a d r a wi n g o n l y a f ew i n ch s a c r oss e .

G ood f d r a u g h t s men wh o p r e f e r n eat l e tt e r i n g

or ,

ye t s o m e t h i ng u t o f th e o r d in a ry
o .

I t c o n ta i n s 2 6 p a g es o f a l p h a b ets whos m di c a e o

t i o n s a r e a l mo st l i m i tless .

O n e o f the che a p s t i n the m a r k t e e .

T hi li l
s tt eb k wi ll
oo ci t d by d g h t m wh wi h
t f m h d i ry
be ap p re a e ra u s en o s to

pl i l tt ( m wh t d i f
dr wi g T h b k wi ll l b
u se a n dy
e e rs an e t so e f a e re n ro t e or na r un o

l tt ) f h ti l
e e rs or t e t es o n al bl n s e oo a so e v a ua e
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.

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or t e e e s c o rrec , dan i a e ra c e to o so c .

A m er i ca n M a rl:

Ob lon g , 8 v e , c l o th , 50 c ents
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Pr i n te d on one i d e i n b l u e i n k al l t h e l i ne b ei n g
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50 .

T H E H AN DY S K ET C H I N G B O OK .

Ma d e fro m h i
p a p e r b ut ri nted on b ot h s i d e s
t s .

S i ze o f b o o k 5 x 8 i nche s s t i b oa r d co v e r s P ri ce ,
.
,

2 se each
. p e r d ozen b oo k s ,

S C AL E E I G H T T O O N E I N C H
A l a r g e sh eet wi t h h ea v y i nc h l i ne s an d h al f i n ch
l i ne s p r i n te d i n b l u e i n k S i ze o f sh eet 1 7 x 2 2 in
ch es Pe r q u i r e ( 2 4 s h eet s) 7 50
, .
,

. , .

S C AL E T EN T O O N E I N CH
S i z e r 7 x 2 2 i nc h e s d hh
.

p r i nte i n b l u e i n k wi t eavy
i nc h l i ne s an d h al f i nc h
, ,

l i ne s Per q u i r e ( 2 4 sheets) , 7 sc
. .

TH E ELECTRI CI AN S S K ETCHI NG PAD

.

S i ze 8 x 10 . S c ale 10 to r in . Pr i ce each . Per

d ozen ,

TH E ELECTRI CI AN S SK ETCH I NG B OOK

'

Ma d e fr o m t h i s p a p e r S cale : 0 to r i nc h S i ze o f
. .

b oo k 5 x 8 i nche s wi th sti b oa r d co v er s Pr i ce
, . ,

e ach p e r d oz e n
y w or ld n rece ipt
.

A n y q ua n t i t mai le d to a n y p art of t h e o
of p r i c e.

0r B ook s an d Pads Ass orte d pe d oz n ,

r e .

T h i s p a p e r i s n ot r u l ed T r y i t and y o u wi ll fi n d i t
.

m
G OO D A C C URATE AN D C H EA P

m
. .

SPON Chao ile

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 TH E

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00
OF

M EC H A N IC A L M OVEM EN TS , DEV IC ES ,

A PPL IA N C ES , CO N TRIVA N C ES

AN D D ETA I LS

EM PL O Y ED IN TH E DES IG N A N D C O N S TRUCTI O N
O F M A C H I N ERY FO R EV ERY PURPO S E .

C las s i f i e d r r a n g e d f o r th e use Of En g i ne e r s
an d a ,

M ec h an ic a l D r afts me n M a nag e r s M ec h an i c s
, , ,

I n v e n to r s Pat e n t A g e nts an d all e n g age d

, ,

i n t h e M ec h an ic al A rts .

B y TH OM A S W A LTER B A RB ER.
M In s t C E
. . . .

In th e work o f d esi gn i ng mach i n ery the dr au ghts ma n

had to r ely main l y o n his me mory for in spi r ati o n a n d f or .

l ac k o f a n i d ea h ad fr equ e n tly to wad e throu gh n u mero us

v o l u me s to f i n d a d e ta i l o r mo v e m e n t to e ff e ct a p ar t i e
u lar purpose .

I n the co u rs e o f 25 y ear s pr acti cal e x p er i e n c e the

'

a u thor had co l l ecte d a gr eat mass o f n otes a n d d et a i l s

,

Th es e he arr a n ge d a n d c l as s i f i e d a n d pu b l i s he d in boo k
f or m The gr eat sa l e o f thi s book e n co u ra ge d hi m to
.

add new m atter to each e d i ti o n wi th the r es u l t that the

pr ese n t v o l um e i s the MOS T CO MP LETE W OR K ON TH E
S U B J ECT co mpri s i n g a col l ect i o n o f
,

2 6 03 i l lus t ra ti on s wi th d escr ip t iv e note s an d

m e m or and a 8v o cloth
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W I TH AN A PPENDIX O N TH E

Repai r of Bi cycle f ra es m
notes on Jlllovs and a Chapter on Sof t Soldering
B Y H AR VE Y RO WEL L

Th e a m e , l a mp c ha rc o a l ma t s b l o w p i p e s , , ,
-
,

wash b ot tl e b i n d i n g wi r e che m i c a ls b o r a x s p e l t e r

, , , , ,

s i l v e r s o l d e r g o l d s o l d e r o xi d at i o n o f m etal s u x es
, , , ,

a n t i o x i d i s e r s o xi da t i o n o f cas e s the co n e o xi d i s i n g
-
, , ,

a m e r e d u c i n g a me he a t t r a n s m i ss i o n co n d u c t i o n
, , , ,

ca p ac i t y o f m e tals ra d i at i o n a pp l i cat i o n th e wo r k
, , ,

ta b le th e j o i n t a pp l y i n g so l d e r a pp l y i n g h e a t the
, , , ,

u se o f the b l o w p i p e j o i n ts m a k i n g a f e ule to re
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rr , ,

p a i r a s p o o n to r e p a i r a watch cas e ha r d s o l d e r i n g
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wi th a f o r g e o hea r t h h a r d s o l d e r i n g wi t h to ngs
r , ,

p r ese rv i n g th i n e d g es s i l v e r s mi t h s p i c k le r e sto r i n g
,

,

colo r to g o l d ch r o m i c ac i d to m e n d ste e l spr i n gs

, , ,

s we a t i n g m e t a l s t o g e the r r e ta i ni ng w o r k i n p os i t i on , ,

m a k i n g j o i n ts a pp l y i n g h e a t pr e v e n t i ng th e loss O f
, ,

h e a t ff ec t o f s u l p h u r l ad a n d z i n c to prese rv e
,
e e ,

p r e c i o u s s to n s a n n e al i ng a n d h a r d e ni ng b u r n t i r o n
e , , ,

to ha r d s o l d e r a f te r so f t s o l d e r Ta b l e s o f sp ec i c .

g ra v i ty ten a c i t y f u s i b i l i t y al lo y s
, , , .

6 6 p ag es i l l us t rate d c lot h 7 5 c e n ts
, , , .

l d ri n g R c i p t s C e me nt ut lu
u ch l i k
Fo r S o e e e s an d L e s, Pas tes . G e!
rs
.

an d s e , see W OR K S H O P R ee s te
'
.
 50

A PRA C TIC A L I I AN UAL

'

PR IN C I P A L C O N TEN TS .

M ec h an i c l D r a wi n g
p a g e s) (I3
F
a

C ast i n g an d o u n d i n g ( 3 1 p a g es )
. .

F F
o r gin g an d i n i sh i n g ( 56 p a g e s )
. .

S ol d er i n g (2 6 p a g es)
. .

S h e e t Metal W o rk i n g ( 1 0 p a g es)
.

C arp en t r y W oo d s T 0015 etc ( 2 2 4 p a g es)

. .

, , ,
. .

C a b i net M a k i n g ( 36 p a g e s)
C a rv in g an d r e two r k ( 1 3 p a g e s)F
. .

U p h ol ste r y
. .

(6 p a g e s) . .

Pa i nt i n g G r a i n i n g an d M a r b l i n g
, ( 2 8 p a g es) . .

S tai n i n g an d G i l d i n g ( I 6 p a g e s)
Pol i sh i n g V a r n i sh i n g
. .
,

( 2 6 p a g e s) .

M ec h an i cal M o v e m ent s ( 56 p a g e s)
, .

T u r n i n g an d L at h e wo r k
. .

( 30 p a g e s) . .

M ason ry S tone wo r k B r i c k wo r k C onc r et e etc ( 4 5

, , , , .

p a g es)
Pl as te ri n g W h i t e wa sh i n g Pa p e r h an gi n g ( I 3 p ag es)
.

, , .

R oo n g G laz i n g ( I 4 p a g e s)
B ell h an gi n g G as fi tt i n g ( 8 p a g e s)
.
, .

L ig h t i n g V en t i lat i on W a rmi n g
, .

( 2 1 p ag e s
F o u n d a t i on s R oa d s and B r i d g e s B an k s H e d ges
.
, , , .

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, , , ,

, .

H o u se C on st r u ct i on etc S i z e o f b oo k 6% i n by
,
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1 02 pages h all xt ra gi l t a n d i 4 2 0 ill ust rati on s

. e .
 TH E M O S T C O M PLETE

T l Cyclopediain 5 Vols
echnica .

Fi rst 16 8
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e e e 485 e e e
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e , .
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re e e 0 e OO r
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f i ng Eva p r a t i n g F i l t ri n P rc l a t i n g M ac rat i ng
. , .
,

El t ty i ng S t t i g g k b i d i n g S t r a w l i t i g
, o . e , e o . e .

E p k a n d Wa t c h M n d i n g P tog ra
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M u s ica l
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t um t ns r en s. oc e o
4 43 p a g s 243 i ll u s c l t h
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phy e o

D i a m n d C ut
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s e r 'e s t i n g L a b r a t r y Ap p a r a tu s F i l t r
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o

i g M a gic L a n t r n s M t a l W r k P rc l a t n I ll u mi n a t i n g
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y
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A g n t s T b a cc P i p s I p
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B B B
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k s N tt i n g Wa l k i n g S t ic k s at u i l d i ng

e o o e a s e.
R p a ri n g
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440 p a g s 87 3 i ll u s c l t h
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BY S . C H RIS TOPH ER .

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r e n ,
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H EAR T H RUGS S H E E P S IN R U G s A D M A T S . K N .

T O R EM O V E V ARIOUS S T AINS F RO M L IN EN A D C O T T ON
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ITS G OO D POI N TS
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