Laplace Transform: Causality, Stability and Differential equations:

1. Causality:
The system with impulse response is causal if: ( )

Consequently, the system with impulse response (L.T) ( ) is causal if the associated ROC is a Right-
Half plane.

For a system with a rational system function, causality of the system is equivalent to the ROC being the
right-Half plane to the right of the rightmost pole.

Example 1: ( ) ( )

| |
Example 2: ( )

Example 3: Let the system defined by ( ) ( ). Check the causality?

Example 4: ( ) Check the causality ???

 2. Stability:
An L.T.I system is stable if and if only the ROC of its system function ( ) includes .

Example 1: Check the stability of ( ) where c is a constant.

We have 3 cases:

Case 1: ROC={Re(s)>-1 and Re(s)>+1}

Case 2: ROC={-1 <Re(s)<+1}

Case 3: ROC={Re(s)<-1 and Re(s)<+1}

Note that: A causal system with rational system function ( ) is stable if and only if all of the poles of
( ) lie in the left-half plane of the s-plane. This means that all poles have a negative real-part.

Example 2: Check the stability of the system with Poles ={-2, -1, 1} and Zero={2}.
LTI Systems characterized by linear Constant-Coefficient:
Any LTI with constant-coefficient can be represented by a differential equation of the form:

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )

( ) is the transfer function of the system where ( ) is the output and ( ) is the input to the system.

Example 1: Le the LTI system represented by the following differential equation:

( ) ( )

Find the Transfer function H(s) and Check the stability and the causality deduce for each case ( ).

Example 2: Suppose that both the input ( ) and the output y( ) of a given system are known.

( ) ( ) and ( ) [ ] ( ).

Find the transfer function ( ) and deduce the differential equation that characterizes the system.