kinetic enerugy (1/2) mv 2

potenntial enerugy
(( ) ( )) mgh

James Joule

-1-


cal Joule

1 cal = 4.18 J joule

Joule cal joule

U mech
U therm
universe

U mech

U therm

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a T a P a
b T b P b
U mech
U therm U a-b

U therm U mech U a-b

U a-b U therm U mech

U 1
U 2
U 1 U 2

U1

U2

a b a
U a-b-a = U 1 + U 2

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 U a-b-a

U a-b-a = U 1 + U 2
U1 = U2



U system U

U U therm U mech

dU = dU therm d U mech

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3 3

dU mech = fdl
P = f A f = P A
dU mech = P A dl = PdV

U mech = P V

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1mol 1bar 10 N/m 2 99.6
U mech U therm U
1mol 1bar
40.67kJ 100 0.958g/mL 1mol

1bar U therm = 40.67kJ

1mol
V vap = 24.8 (373 298) = 31.0 L = 0.031 m 3
V liq = 18 g 0.958 g/mL = 18.8 mL = 18.8 10 6 m 3
1bar 10 N/m 2

U mech = P V = P(V vap V liq )

= 10 5 N/m 2 (0.031 m 3 18.8 10 6 m 3)
= 10 5 N/m 2 0.031 m 3
= 3100 Nm = 3100 J = 3.1 kJ

U U therm U mech
( 40.67 kJ) 3.1 kJ = 37.57 kJ

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( q )


q = U therm

( w )


w = U mech
U U therm U mech
U = q + w

dU = q + w

w = U mech w = U mech


U+ U U U

q = U them q = U them

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9.8 ms -2
(a) 1kg
(b) 1kg 58m

(c)

(d)

4.18J/(Kg)

1mol 0.4bar
10bar 0.4bar
0
(a)

(b)
(c)

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U mech = P V =0
U = U therm
U

U mech = P V
U U therm U mech
U therm P V

U = U therm P V
U + P V = U therm
U V
H
H = U + PV

dH = dU + PdV
H = U + P V = U therm
H = U therm

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 U therm
U = U therm
H = U therm

(reactant) product
U U prod U react
H H prod H react

U, H
U prod U react ( )
H prod H react ( )

U, H
U prod U react ( )
H prod H react ( )

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