a 148 where: vw, = displacement in the direction of the applied pressure z= distance from the loaded surface to the point where displacement is calculated 4 pressure a= tadius of loaded area = Poisson's ratio E = modulus of elasticity At the surface : =0 and the expression reduces to: ==), re ze a (4) When loads are applied with a circular flat jack with a hole in the centre, the effect of the unloaded area in the center must be subtracted. Using the notation: 43 = ovter radius of flat jack a = inner radius of flat jack or radius of hole 2 et 4 20h + 2) + et + ay de 1. Afier substituting appropriate values for ay, a2, j4, and 2, equation (3) reduces to: w= 4) = FlKe): @) If displacements W,, and W,2 are measured at points 1 and 2, the indicated deformation modulus of the material between z, and 2 may be calculated from: ea ‘) REPORTING OF RESULTS 10, The report should include the following: {a) A complete geologic description of the test site in- cluding core logs, photos of core, photos of prepared test areas, and a description of local blast damage. (b) A description of the testing apparatus including photos of installed equipment, a schematic diagram of the equipment, specifications for accuracy and sensi- tivity of all pressure and deformation instruments, and calibration data for all instruments (6) Tabulations of unreduced data. (@) Plots of deformation versus pressure such as in ig. 3. Information from this plot can be used to deter- mine the shape of the stress strain curve, to obtain values for calculation of various moduli, and to deter- ‘mine rebound and elasticity characteristics. (€) Plots of deformation versus time as in Fig. 4. This plot is useful for studying the creep characteristics of the rock. It should be kept during testing to establish time requirements for each load increment. a a International Society for Rock Mechanics (O Plots of deformation versus depth referenced to the deepest anchor as in Fig. 5. This deformation pro. file is used to identify anomalous areas with lower or higher moduli than the average. Once such zones are identified, they can be correlated with core from the instrument holes, If MPBX anchors are located pro- perly, the moduli of these zones can be calculated using equation (5) (g) Calculated moduli pertinent to design problems Care should be taken to identify the depth interval in the rock mass and stress range for each modulus. REFERENCES 1. Benson RP Murphy DK. & MeCreath D. R. Modulus tsing ‘frock atthe Churchill Fulb underground powecbouse. Labrador in Determination ofthe in sn modal of deformation of tock “American Society for Testing and Materials STP477, (963) Miserek D. L. Slr EJ. & Monigomery J. S. Bureau of rect sation procedures Tor conducting uniaal jacking tet, pape presented at American Sock for Testing and Materials Annval Meeting June 2429, 1973, Philadelphia, Pensylvania 3 Timoshenko 8. & Goodier JN. Theary of East, MeGraw: Hill New York (1951, PART 2. SUGGESTED METHOD FOR FIELD DEFORMABILITY DETERMINATION USING A PLATE TEST DOWN A BOREHOLE SCOPE 1. (a) This test is used to determine the in situ deform- ability characteristics ofa rock mass. Successively higher bearing pressures, in loading and unloading cycles, are applied to the flattened end of a borehole and the resulting rock displacements are recorded. (b) Elastic and deformation moduli may be derived from graphs of bearing pressure versus displacement. ‘Time dependent (creep) properties may be determined from graphs of displacement versus time. (c) The method allows the testing of several horizons at various depths, with a minimum of expense to gain access to each test horizon. In the limit a semi-con- tinous log of deformability as a function of depth can be obtained. (@) The direction of loading necessarily coincides with the borehole axis, usually near-vertical, so that no information can be obtained regarding rock aniso- tropy. The size of the loaded area is limited by the capabilities of available drilling equipment and is usually smaller than in other plate tests (see PART 1). (€) The method is usually employed to provide infor- mation for the design of foundations, as an alternative to the method of PART 1 where access to the proposed foundation level cannot readily be obtained by an exploratory trench or adit.In Situ Deformability of Rock APPARATUS (eg, Figs | and 2) 2. Equipment for drilling, cleaning and preparing the test hole including: (@) A drill or boring machine to produce a test hole of diameter at least S00 mm'* to the maximum depth of investigatic (b) Casing as necessary to stabilize the walls of the hole. (¢) Groundwater lowering or other equipment to allow preparation of the bearing surface and instal- lation of the bearing plate in dry conditions. (a) A bottom auger, reaming bit or hand tools to prepare the bearing surface fat (5mm) and perpen- dicular to the hole axis (+3°) (€) Equipment to remove debris from the hole, (f) Equipment for taking core samples to a depth of at least 3m below the bearing surface, the diameter of the exploratory hole to be less than’ 10% that of the bearing plate 3. Equipment for installing and bedding-in the bearing plate including: (@) equipment for lowering the plate into the test hole (b) materials and ancilliary equipment for preparing a bedding layer beneath the plate, for example of cement mortar and plaster of paris. 4A circular bearing plate of diameier at least 500mm and sufficiently rigid to distort by not more than 1 mm under the test conditions.? 5.A loading column to transmit the applied force from the reaction system to the test plate, such that (a) it resists buckling and carries the applied load without distortion sufficient to affect test results () it is hollow to take the measuring column (6) the resultant load acts centrally to the bearing plate (£3 mm) throughout the test. 6.A loading and reaction system including for example a hydraulic jack, reaction piles or anchors and ancillary ‘equipment, such that (@) load is applied axial to the loading column (b) loads can be varied throughout the required range and can be held constant to within 2% of a selected value for a period of at least 24 hr. (6) the travel of the loading jack should be greater than the sum of anticipated displacements of the test plate and reaction beam (@) the reaction system should be of appropriate ihaterials, design and construction to satisfy these re- quirements and to ensure safe operation of the test equipment ~ (©) reaction anchors should if used be located further than 10 test hole diameters from the bearing plate 7. Load measuring equipment, for example a load cell or proving ring. to measure the applied load with ‘an accuracy better than + 2% of the maximum reached in the test, 8, Equipment to measure displacement of the centre of the bearing plate? in a direction axial to the test * Number eer to NOTES at the end of the tex. 149 hole, such that: (@) The system should have @ range greater than the maximum plate displacement in the test, and an overall accuracy better than + 0.05 mm. (b) The system reference beams, columns and clamps should when assembled be sufficiently rigid to meet this, requirement. (6) The reference anchors for displacement measure- ‘ments should be rigidly installed at a distance greater than 10 test hole diameters from the loading plate end reaction anchors, 9. A timing device to measure test durations of up to 48hr, reading to 1 sec. 7 PROCEDURE 10, Test site selection (a) The test site is selected to allow testing at the actual foundation level with loading in the direction ‘of foundation loading, alternatively testing of rock con- sidered typical of anticipated conditions. (b) Attention should be given not only to the test hole location, but also to suitable locations for reaction and reference anchors, to groundwater and other con- ditions that may influence the conduct of the test. (© Selection of horizons for loading should be checked before the test starts, by examining in detail a core taken from beneath the proposed bearing sur- face. 11. Drilling and preparation (a) Test hole and anchor locations are accurately ‘marked out and the holes drilled to the required elev- ations. The test hole is cased as necessary to ensure stability throughout the test. Exploratory core is taken to a depth of at least 3m below the proposed test hor- izon, and the choice of horizon confirmed or modified. Detailed geotechnical logs of all boreholes should be prepared by examining core and/or the walls of the hole. (b) When groundwater is encountered in the test hole, steps should be taken to lower the water table (for example by pumping from well points surrounding the test area) for long enough to allow installation of the bearing plate (¢) The bearing surface is trimmed flat (5 mm}, and its elevation recorded. All debris should be removed* ‘One or more layers of mortar or plaster scree, total thickness less than 30mm, are placed to cover the bear ing surface and the bearing plate installed before the last layer of scree has set. The delay between excavation of the bearing surface and installation of the equipment should not exceed 12br.* (@) Reaction and reference anchors are installed and the equipment assembled and checked. A small seating load (approximately 5% of the maximum test value) is applied and held until the start of testing. () The water table should be allowed to return to its normal elevation before the start of teInternational Society for Rock Mechanics 150 wows yop SeIpeoy afd A) NON UOHDDS NIA “BLIn Situ Deformability of Rock it ack To reference iat gauge te Measuring Eom support ¢ (Measuring Loscing column ‘eokime| — | 4 Tight liner WU io ‘i ol “ - Plaster of Paris Fig. 2. Details of platetet equipment 12. Testing (a) With the seating load applied (paragraph 114), load and displacement should be observed and recorded over a period not less than 48 hours to estab- lish datum values and to assess variations due to ambient conditions (b) Loads and load increments to be applied during the test should be selected to cover a range 0.3-1.5 de where q, is the stress intensity produced by the pro- posed structure.” (©) Load is increased in not less than five appro ‘mately equal increments to a maximum of appro. rately 1/3 the maximum for the test. At each inerement the load is held constant (43%) and displacement recorded as a function of time until it stabilizes.” The procedure is continued for decreasing load increments ‘until the seating load is again reached. (@) The procedure 12(¢) is repeated for maximum cycle loads of approximately 2/3 and 3/3 the maximum for the test. 13, The equipment is removed from the test hole and. further tests may be carried out on deeper horizons ‘by re-drilling in the same hole (paragraphs 11 and 12). ‘CALCULATIONS, 14, (a) Graphs are plotted of incremental settlement (or uplift in the case of unloading) against the logarithm, of time (Fig. 3) (b) Bearing pressure versus settlement curves are plotted for each test (Figs 4 and 5) {@) Deformation moduli may be determined from tangents to the pressuresettlement curve. In Fig. 6 three such moduli are defined where E; is the inital tangent modulus E. is the elastic modulus obtained from a re- loading eysle and E, is a “yield” modulus152 Incremental displacement (mm) Time (minutes) Fig 3. Typical relationships between incremental displacement and time for various load-intensitis (@) The modulus is calculated from the formula cd .) En Bld where 4 is the applied pressure pis the settlement D is the plate diameter vis Poisson's ratio (between 01 and 0.3 for ‘most rocks) 1, is a depth correction factor given in Fig. 7. (©) A time-dependent parameter R (known as the creep ratio) is determined for each load increment, The parameter R is defined as the incremental settlement per cycle of log time divided by the total overall settle ment due to the applied pressure. The relationship between R and applied pressure may be presented graphically (Fig. 8) REPORTING OF RESULTS 15. The report should include the following (a) Diagrams and detailed descriptions of the test equipment and methods used for drilling, preparation and testing. (b) Plans and sections showing the location of tests in relation to the generalized topography, geology and ‘groundwater regime. (©) Detailed geotechnical logs and descriptions of rock at least 3m above and below each tested horizon. (@) Tabulated test results, graphs of displacement versus time for each load increment, and graphs of load versus displacement for the test as a whole (eg. Fig. 4, (©) Derived values of deformability parameters together with details of methods and assumptions used International Society for Rock Mechanics }@ ——asrxra a % at 700 kPa 960K a Se 180 kPa in their derivation. Variations with depth in the ground should also be shown graphically as “deformability pro- files’ superimposed on the geotechnical log of the test hole. NOTES 1, The test hole should preferably be of sufficient diameter to allow manual inspection, and preparation of the bearing surface. Where the hole is insufficiently 900. 1200 Lond intersity (kPa) 00 "s00 or 02 Displacement mm) 03 0a os Fig. 4 Typical pltetest results for Grade 1 chaIn Situ Deformability of Rock 153 Lood intensity (k Pa) 0,290" 490" "600" 900 19001200 Displacement (mm). Figs large for manual inspection it must be core-drilled to provide adequate samples for a detailed geotechnical log of ground conditions. 2. The bearing plte'if of steel unreinforced by webs, should be at least 20mm thick for a diameter of 500 mm 3. If required, the displacement of rock at any level below the bearing plate may be monitored, using rods passing through a hole in the centre of the plate and rigidly anchored in the exploratory drillhole. Lood intensity ae 2 ~ Displacement of deep load Displacement of corresponding surface load Fig, 7. a) Uniform crcola loud at bate of unlined shat () Uniform Cirular load within semiinfinte solid (ease treated by Fox 1968. 4, When the test hole is large enough, rock trimming and installation of the bearing plate should be carried ‘out by hand, When this is not possible, cleaning may be carried out with an auger or similar device operating at the end of a drill rod assembly, and the mortar serce placed using a tremie or bottom opening bucket. '. Particularly when testing weaker rocks there will be rebound, loosening and possibly swelling associated with excavation of the bearing surface and changes in ‘groundwater conditions. This may be minimized by reducing the delay between excavation and testing to 6, Small fluctuations in displacement are likely to result from changes in the groundwater regime, tem- perature and other environmental effects. 7. At higher applied loads the displacement may not completely stabilize in a reasonable time; a criterion Intensity (k Po) Load test,154 International Society for Rack Mechanics that readings should continue until the rate of displace- ment is less than 2% of the incremental displacement per hour may be used. This criterion may be modified to suit the purpose of the test. The final inerement in lany one cycle should be held for as long as practical if the displacement is still increasing, PART 3. SUGGESTED HOD FOR MEASURING ROCK MASS DEFORMABILITY USING A RADIAL JACKING TEST SCOPE 1. (@) This test measures the deformability of a rock mass by subjecting a test chamber of circular cross sec- tion to uniformly distributed radial loading; the conse- ‘quent rock displacements are measured, from which Elastic or Deformation moduli may be calculated."* (b) The test loads a large volume of rock so that the results may be taken to closely represent the true properties of the rock mass, taking into account the influence of joints and fissures. The anisotropic defor- ability of the rock can also be measured (c) The results are usually employed in the design of dam foundations and for the proportioning of pres- sure chaft and tunnel linings APPARATUS, 2. Equipment for excavating and lining the test chamber including (a) Drilling and blasting: mates excavation equipment? (b) Concreting materials and equipment for lining the tunnel together with strips of weak jointing material for segmenting the lining.® 3.A reaction frame usually comprising steel rings of sulffcient strength and rigidity 10 resist the force applied by flat jacks or pressurising fluid The frame must also act as a waterproof membrane when load is applied by water pressure. When load is applied with fat jacks the frame must be provided with smooth sur- faces: hardwood planks are usually inserted between the flat jacks and the steel rings 4. Loading equipment to apply a uniformly distributed radial pressure to the inner face ofthe concrete lining, including (@) A hydraulic pump capable of applying the required pressure and of holding this pressure constant Is or mechanical ‘+ Nombers refer to NOTES atthe end ofthe text to within 5% over a period of at least 24hr. together with all necessary hoses. connectors and fluid. (6) Flat jacks. when used for load application (Fig. 12), should be designed to load the maximum of the full circumference of the lining. with sufficient sep. aration to allow displacement measurements, and should have a bursting pressure and travel consistent with the anticipated loads and displacements. (c) Water pressure, when used for load application (Fig. 1b) requires water seals to contain the pressurized water between the concrete lining and the reaction frame. Special water seals are also required to allow the passage of extensometer rods through the lining ‘and reaction frame; pressurized water should not be allowed to escape into the rock since this will greatly affect the test results, 5. Load measuring equipment comprising one or more hydraulic pressure gauges or transducers*, of suitable range and capable of measuring the applied pressure ‘with an accuracy better than 2% 6 (@) Displacement measuring equipment to monitor rock movements radial to the tunnel with a precision better than 0.01 mm. Single or multiple position exten- someters conforming with the ISRM “Suggested Methods for Monitoring Rock Displacements” should be used. Directions of measurement should be chosen with regard to the rock fabric and any direction of anisotropy. (6) Measurements of movement should be related to reference anchors rigidly secured in rock. well away from the influence of the loaded zone. When using mul tiple position extensometers the deepest anchor may be used as a reference provided itis situated at least 2 test chamber diameters from the chamber lining. Alternatively the measurements may be related to a rigid reference beam passing: along the axis of the chamber and anchored at a distance of not less than i chamber diameter fiom either end of the ch ig 1). PROCEDURE 7. Preparation (a) The test chamber location is selected taking into ‘account the rock conditions, particularly the orien- tation of the rock fabric elements such as joints, bed- ding and foliation in relation to the orientation of the proposed nnel or opening for which results are required. (b) The test chamber i§ excavated to the required dimensions ** {(c) The geology of the chamber is recorded and speci- ‘mens taken for index testing as required. (4) The chamber is lined with concrete.’ The reaction frame and loading equipment are assembled. (€) The extensometer holes are accurately marked out and drilled, ensuring no interference between loading fand measuring systems. The extensometets are installed and the equipment is checked.