The Cosmological Woes of Newtonian Gravitation Theory John D. Norton ‘che Nacrchen aot ale posing ot thst News In of pa toa cold tbe apis! witout maison oan inate ive ha ‘oughly uifrm mater estbton The pecker Scie decid was ceed. ‘ely simple. As we alse Seton 1 elo, cul be dctelped wh us few omens though. Thus ii suis ht Seliger wasn te fst 0 rode this problem. But hema he fo ay ot with sect gor he ‘eed eration of some sacl not be woe. Ove decades io, th probe lak gli coves of gravitons and coamolgicl they with propras or is esluion eletig acct wee the tes cent ends inpiyseal ear ‘The simplest stlsion— possibly to Newos hrs jo deny tat Selige’s argent war vali. Tht tense no soion needed sation ws ‘ne nor af hse views expend inte sonal rere. The majesty ‘that he problem revealed Bat on rade fhe sommes of Newent osnology required modieaon. These commitments an beled ine doee ros: Cosmological. Space site, Gulden ad led with (ea) itor ae debe Gravitational, Aoties stat enesnatherssctdngoNewton's mers sour lwo gato inematiea, Newio's tress of min. [SESSkeee The cast escapes were soup innate ates of Newton snverse square law of gravitonal attain. Seige and Neumana proposed upmeatog We ‘cia eta) ‘ (©1990 The Center for Einste Studies272 tm Noon law wihatn conection tem whose fst wou only become apparent lcoumie Aistaces. More dere exapes were so sought Kelvin roped ht tee imate gait lowing alessisfermot mater obe opeadeiorm hough space. Aust Popp speed tha he ay be negate gran tmsss. Chat Sle ant thers prope tha te dstonton of mater he lee may hive w evan sore tht allowed 3 ronishing mean mate Seochy yet without conentating all mae na cenal sand Soon vial ‘vey supostion tuned nb ‘cosmolonea orion groups ha bees ‘ihe ad is modcaton proposed. Lense even xpath post ose ‘lap rough at alematve ome brace ‘The probemachieed ts pment pretest peey when inten (1973) hres siniohisfstanempsatareiaestccoemalogy. gesig with ecg Eesti Ste protiem af eveaing = ned for adntnet of Newio's ini lew Of gavin. ”He used the ajurimen a fol o matte the lavadcton ‘of cslopal erm i he grain eld exons of peal telti However he also wed the paradox to poe a dilsrna fer Newton conmoloy ‘ierhe universe wasenogeneous Sn pation parade ets rate ‘wes concentrated ia physellyunenal land nite. Sly soon showe, weve tha this was a false deme. The work on htc axolons a ately shown an escape beeen hho of the desma ‘Ths wosk nthe 1920s ached te eno the Sa phateofthe problem posed by Seliger my purpose in hs papers event course of is st pase tna segue wil eve the serpent ty the acne of te expansion oft ners andthe advent of dynam oamologis, Tete sound a the mow staying escape rom the psi lis non oicaton of eer coaalagelo ot Nemioman cosmology. Rah lay na meds ft kingratileae The elton pets oa he scared sense of ltt of aceerstin in Newtonian only dds ules expression inh connection betwee rian sn pce tne curse 2. Thenon-convergence of gravitational force in Newtonian cosmology 1m oder ox our top, t wl ep tie bi ad imple deivain fie probie that eecsed Seeger Ins Newtonian unveil fore eet ona est ody of wat mas he relat ofthe Fes exert ty llthe mses ofthe universe, which we sal sume oe ded enim inpace with nas density p. Ths force compel by ah intepaion over ah thee mass, This nga ato cong. ean ak om vl ceding ‘how we approach hint of integration oer al space “osce ths ck of conergerce, pce he uniform ats desiy» a ‘vot concent peril sels of sey smal hike Aral ceed on Te Cosmological Woes of Newnan Gravion Tsry 273 pore 1. Non convergence of freon ts mis in Newinian cosmology the test as at 0.3 shown in Figure 1. Choe some bia ais Aa 0 ivi te sphere into hemispherical sls by ping = place ‘ough 0 and perpendicular oA Each Nemspherel shell een foc om ‘Ge estas indirection Aan its mapas rndepndent of the ads of Se shel To sect independence fo coe am much ate sl at ‘asi subtended by some sal singe tO. That amt of mater ‘erenss with, bt the pavlana force eet onthe et ess dees ‘ih 17” So,ovea tis fre wil be epee fr Tis hls fr ca leneat in he sel so we cole tha tent force eed ty the ee St Ison ependent of ts ads r- The drs can seve hesale ofthe coasant Gp a? Ths the nt oc Fn the test mas along an shy chon AA sgn mi eon ont Fn Oxpar~Gxpar + Gxpar—Grpar+ Oxpar— in alerting dtetion This seratog srs well own ast conve. According how one groups td educes betes ihe sees, te sum can ae many diferent vues Each eaesponds oa diferent way of appraching te "rt of fly many mass inthe asi neprtion. 2, Seliger’ formal jons ofthe problem Selig’ papers, especialy his (1895, coin the most deta a gene evelopment ofthe poem, The pce that is exposes the mos camber ‘ome of al expositions be le rer oii sete expan in gene Poljnoils andincles al foes in the aay. Vial allie commen tos managed oede the exposition ofthe ce duly to one ot we nes ‘female. Seliger ited discussion ins Seliger 1953(.19)by aking wheter [Newtons nf ravation hol acl fr ater seus by iment ‘euldstancslanermerich gree Bnjeran), Whe bration aroma) vse ang a tne ee wah Fey ewe ones he rgd th mat an be desided by applying the aw ome {nd cio example einfach nd natetegendenBetipleln] on the come ‘eae Tune ott "hore possible and cones assmpins le > ‘te impose or umn consunion” 0a Drang Amarante mone meow [Csnsssne crear The Coumological Wis of Newnan Grwvistion Thsry 275 Seen mbt te men ete ne, dt er seein neon sy we ene To are ates dicen, Sectige ate afer he grand est of te sass of the univers at a polt Oi pace. T comput tha eft, he la ura sper coordinate stm 70.) centred on 0. He retested the Sscomtnanoly dibted mates the univer by an equivalent continous Sisson whens. He ode rato ct of eases between fail our values r = Ry andr = Ry tobe w panofff farn-0f” [fff msmrdreran tm tacftna ff ff aterenrécara co zw Baa fff Berny BE aya ‘sbere pthegravaonl patel x O and AV volume lesen of space Fr isthe pana fore nthe deton ofthe conde, which ges ‘hangar coor y =O. Zelda” [Zarranel by Sele, th “il gaviatonal force acting ia hex decom on epAoring mat lasted thes ais Tis eine asthe iflrence in gravataona force acing between ‘to sch bodes peut dsance of separation For Farther dt cing ‘Sop of Saige eration re Append A, "Timers Ib) sh) emai wel ied a ngs fie, Howes, Seliger bserved.they ae pidosa ne mater fled niet they ee ‘abe well deed 10 9 ate agnor ae xs hn ee. F tl 2 ae compe andsrmne, eg oe les en Shpe one wayne ft ler fF, see fy fateh ges con cgay etcetera (te (Seger tpb 13) Seige slam that ier of 1) an (1) gv no defies inthe it goer nin hy vary acrding woke path ken oe limit. “To fake good on his clan. Seliger applied the fomalae othe eat of & nies filed wits homogeneous mater station of everywhere coma wa lnc teri a een Ea ect ean Se Sn ne‘esp. To approach he lini, be tok gion of tegration bound by tote Sphere, comered onan bia pt the than ad te spete ts then lowed o prow nintely re, a shown in igure 2 tr ithe distance of "he poi 0 ome ceter ofthe phen, So ge rept tha the foree™ ia propoioal ior os tnd sree ward the cer ofthe see, Te il ce 2, sproporionl op oe) Since locaton of he cetera te sphere biray the avian farce sloarbiray aking my deed value srdng 6 where one oes th cet othe spre igre 2. Seetiers spheres, sinter apc asc machen ater at Bare pov reo ett mu Aaa as wii ch einen ‘The Cosmologiat Woe of Newnan Gavittion Themy 277 ‘Seliger nls could well have ede thse were tt erie isane tat tte ial free} doesnot ten atte inserminste,n patet conection itSeige lms values inependnt ofthe dapoion oe spetes sed Inthe meration Thee potbl the reson Selig preceeded hr second ‘sample a ifret site mater dsbaon, He onedered the grein nd itl frces ah apex of ble one of sry sal Sol anew and zie igure 3, Selig’ double one. ‘The praviational fred each indivi one is ifite, Thus he noted "he rvitationdl fre exe by Woh cones lth ape af the frm "0 ~ sods indeterminate. The i red tne cne stg in he Secon of one's ais follows eect from abettton ino (1) wih = 0. is gent 20200 J" far ey and hecomes infinite ia then oft Sieh cones produce these ‘il ferce—an epson slong the aif the sone efecto ot cores Sole hat singe cone 50th the force ae ps of eS coe ‘infinite, ‘This example ofthe double cone competed Setgers rat sali, twas satisfac in oar Sel gr aol shown non-convergens of il are tea ier contrived example of as aie mater dition, thee dee ‘ove, Hebad stil not shown hat thee war apeclem with al vcs tnauhese homogeneous filed wih mater Tis defen war emedid when Selig (0886 retsed to review his rests Tere he stowed tat thee was ay of ‘praching he iis inte inter) an) fr such aver that he {Bia fre F, vanished, bet heal ferve Dsante conse oe Ito was simple. Seca’ double cones ha ile ah nf al eee 7 me ety te oon cme a Sc ro etc ma alta pnaond owe f= Gouri nme tae pense ‘evittece i anna Sonor poo ce eebat thy i oc orespnd oa mate ston lig al pace. Al Seliger eo was a hie sim the dob one that woul il apace st pee ‘ice sie. Hts shape were well shown fresnel (0) sed sere long his path ote iit imitating ta tie frees ee so kbehaved comes o desig aecotding othe wy the lit le Inepraioe taken Sesigerhad no wate finding sacha shpe Tir given im + mIoosy) a et Rand arte mits meron one ral corte, Posy) (0/2138 yet ecod Legend polemics paso coat ‘eet than 1/2and isa paranet which becomes nine he shape ps 'oifite se, This expression coesponds tote shipe sown in Pie & For canvensace wil el the shape ‘Seelgespeanat Aste shape grow comes more congas hat he il ace a he centro te pena ous ‘tou it However te peanut ato ows wih tht inte nt ls Mot space y= ‘The family of saps speci in (2 nat the ely on that has he progeny Seliger sought les ave he fonunat propery, homer. tn te neeoes f(t and (le) become especialy easy. The Lagende polyoma edad in 2) combines wt thal in (Je enable eay eatin of te ep ‘tom known tepals. The fre Fs abivsly sro rom the symone of ie shapes. For some xed he ial face ge by tion of 2) ao) “The Coumolopical Woes of Newtonian Gravitation Tesey 279 2.200 [" [ma 8t rican éy to = orem er te y = Oasis isaliged with thai ofromonalsy mame ofthe ean "berger inte ht tint Seclger(1886: 30-382) complesed his dcusion with quately een type of eons ofthe protiems aes by grvition thay in universe inte bail of he Bas of sxc free Sdeogcc so abo woul tees i hp oe of rn oe =p wren negate sir sr eneteonot Neosat sconpomie fe Honea tbe aseme whch weno Nes, Newton proces tries frgvhaen si dsm a chen Tea, Fopl pe, Sos nowbe gen The bel a pl discon gen veo more ded onsite the propo: He soup testis fr example ha grvatona mse ke Serato nd epost inp Th bey moking te aay fo ttscromagoes. Oo the bs ote analog, he propose an expesio a he ‘erg demiy othe gravitons felt nd om tested nl flores. He {ky toate load att we hve mo eran cd fe ‘ht gion reel Tah exled, oa ay andes, Maes ‘poste sis mas fave bee xpd sepa faces Hm oe. reat end Sinton fee us na at eaimre reese ough eager Te Cosmoloial Woes of Newnan GrvistionThery 301 raps because ofthe doubts ne mt ave ove posing entities one never ‘apes encounter, Fopp's onlin paragraph heed crf Hewes et from asering tat tere ely ate such negative giana masse merely pot tha we couldnt now deny thei post and sine eee cola ‘be confmed observational te pssty ought tobe made knows 12. Kris cmon tice Fipl's proposal of agave matics wat tone way haa mediation ofthe ster of grvistion could allow escape rom the bem, Rein ved ‘more ict madifeation that cou be plied ely os spec orm of unvese filing mater.” He Had concluded that Ms eter mold edt atin nite ‘oot it via Se posted atti, Te every of Newnan [Pmniaton id pt extend othe te of ether we ai ot eho ee dere dese an exe, an tele te tans ta Ee ney Sa ea a ne te 9. Escape by modification ofthe cosmological assumptions Thecscapes cone sof dependon odin one orale aspetofNewta's law of gavtaon. These modifications then slow» coapcgy mith nfm ser ouion A gute cles rept athe elem was posse Oe {ould lease Nevin‘ aw inact anda ow che stamps of oar lop trate needed to be mode in rer that one ay ean ah ier ‘osalogy compute wih Newoe'sew of avon, Escape of ischaracet tener apy 9. Semioses snr wa Wasi (One of te exes response to Sct’ 1895 igi paper was ria by ‘Wiig (1898s) inane of Arnona Nehrichen. Sete 18950) ‘sponded inpatient fo Wisin srl remarks andthe descented mo aye ‘ferhangs, Wing (185), Senger 8850, with he jure er elng al at he ast reply. One signet nton did emerge n Wiig opening ‘ako. He redhat conmcicionbetweencosncapiel model and pation thar ht otto be eaves by mediyng pvt tony Beas of et Niel speultive chance. one oh ge up the coup ssumpton. er Ste ha og Nevo ety, mibcehamenetonpeoc pe nro att ee dion ply maped yon and ace been, cae epost at ees rca becby he fess ram he wd of experince scsi ww es hard oft he goad sense of his viewpoint I does presuppose, how ‘et that we rein Newnin revision thay fais undid em, wich isincompaite wih amageneus mater setuton Mary Hee ound his Incompatiniy hard o asc Wiking hen poset to kin a owt ht, ser 190, would prove tobe the ay othe moder reolton, Seliger and mt ‘ho cnaired the protien the decades follow lading En, id at template Sto how the haringenousceamsony might elo in re, resring ht rst be tae Seven tpn dei fe eal ed theta of he ma stn eh od pce evuatsor wont metal sand pase comet fel, wah He Seige ram» yam tsa oy segacing Sei ye an we ai wo ‘honda ase yh age donna ely ‘pediodenonaraete peace foe ou ‘Sownence ling S882 cnpias aga) vaesetcmns nnge ee e e ete me eet een So ee ree SSS peered ran a fen oe een cl aes a Sere an cement een rere saad ea hee ta “Tee Coumolopil Woes of Newowian Gavin Teury 203 Had Wiking flowed bis ove sugeston an acted how a homogenous ‘ater durbuton develope tine, he woul have teen na piton to dacover "Benge Newtonan jeamic coxolpes of Mine (193) and Mine a Mere [193i au af which he mor elton he problem wold come, However Syms pit oth covery of te expason of he universe. He gies 20 bn the fom af the dsutuoe dat dynamical evolution would pode afer ‘eal instant and were lef o wonder ow he woul apply Newton's hey ‘eahomogeneniedtbaton of mater a einai ven he problems Seliger ha ened. Seeger’ (BBS) respons set the tone by Teering to Wisin “welerancies"(NebersacMlce) a err” Ueber and i 92, Enerens 0 Serum srs ocenn tin’ (19178) argument was sed on alma for Newtonian cosmology ‘ther mater wae conentned nan lind or ia hmogeneny dere, Far ease rougt dear tke rnd would evaporates he Momageneste ‘Set rae tems to apache Tet use be anne samen gr en Neon’ New easel en hen et mater oe ese ‘Selger’silemma depends on wo eroneou resupostns than everywhere on-anihing mas deny entails hat he al mac of he iver ne ‘in that Neato ows isompae witha unvere ta as any everywhere eigen ipa Nalin cored wo lave aor te eof wha the divergences ned. ‘hil he infeed fom te tat hit eter dno gave, be cold nt draw 4 similar concusion for eriary mater, sch as const he sas, for te Inter ery dos grave, For uch mater his lou te consequecc fhe Ox constant and > 0. Dillon ales or lad o more ress aid soyronches to zero density a r becomes infinite. abe I shows how slabe {ehetion of mean ene comergence of vitally every quay ined ithe osmcogy a the volume of space under consfratoneows inte pend B fer supporting cleultions) moet pete] Tar Sree Toner | sass net 3 om Fie asi Gero a Porat net not ‘Gravitational Diverges for Converges for Foxe nel ee ae lie no Tube 1 Comergence popes of guns in hari cosmology Tn parla, i we set a yale foe which 2 < <3, then we ve a toa mater of ite mas ‘amishing mean densiy { omerget savior fore and al oe ‘uc a coumology pases between he hors of Seliger diem in ofr as it ‘asinine otal mas but heres no need forgo Newton's wine the leva ‘potions qunties are wel deed. We se alo tat Kelvin’ onion of ‘anshing mean densi i asin restive, nce hs ani ae ‘when De fo which na al tegatana anne ae mel deed se a aera316 tm Norn 94, How meer Noto HUF ‘Wale its esy to asiame tat coe mater ses wih dstnce coding to re ssh 5 (13) is another mater o sow ta ach ton cn be achieved fin ek on ths robles nite by a uitly sure Fourier Alte 19071 Somewhat infited,sem-populr woe nended fo develop te ouion ‘hath wolf te ele of ear oases buon of init Reach ‘tris extending tothe salad ag, Proceeding othe ral he net vel Shown the aom lve the som ae he nn and he econ he lacs gp [I1N5)Prveeding mt the ap, he uns ofthe ret eve re sas steed ‘no slain, Fournier Ale enental purpose was laerat hs sande ‘non though seamless fon f snp technical result nd ld specu ton However the Berrehie setae fs word ost happened o allow hit {oescape wo problems ofan finite conmoloy. Te fst wat Ober pardon ‘of he dukes ofthe ight shy (ce below). ‘The second was Kevin's concer tha ser mater be nto densely sted that Stars fling mo Ou | neque to grea veloc Toescape ot ifiulies, Forced Ake assed rsyta so dtted tha te mater n asphere of bem ese ony ‘a dest proportion fo the radian he spare (Fart chap.) Ti ate of tation corresponds wit the sting of = 29 (13). Weteapes ibe pron, tut Fourier Ale sparen i ot eda ly jst fal esa the ‘Suoeren penal edd excap igh tla elas, Te ater egies "eel alo Fourier Al's wor ay ine ft that Cat Chari rend hea proposla way toesapete rds ofan infinite coumalogy. Char bets ecape matnemaially pete form in hi 508) "Wi cin unenice ‘Wekutgeaut sen kann” The ewe content {1908 was repeated, crcl ‘ndcnened diferent arc, Charer 192, but wth he sae ile alts into Engl" How an Tite World May Be But Up" Hi del proposes racy of rer gales an galay cles stesso at "str fo any S, Nsgalois ope 5 forma second oder gly S "galas o ype 8 form ahs order as) 8, The sptems 5h — fe presmed epherel with rR and tae snus Myr My As gales the 1)horde ae packet form gl) tthe uh re. emp space met be duced in sullen mol ene {he eition ofthe mean te ens. Thi earl by lean ee ala) of Inovder ad alls, masher a terse py space of aos ‘Sibi a galny of thoes shows in igure 3. Ts the mean density of Foater wl etense as we proceed up the herrhy if Ry = for ea. Sesh ra of men deny nyse of nerf = I) and (8/0) "Chaser iene dee poems faring an fate cosmology. Each oul te The Conmolagist Woes of Newtonian Geaitation Theory 307 erent some gure. Chali’ ech nines, soley ogg thatthe mean mater deny ite withinresing volumes of {pic ata soable rate. Thur xc pole oud be ete a Pate ale ‘rion that could be tramaed into aspect of tion. The oe eer ‘Oters Criterion, In 1826, Oters ad remarked ha, fea ‘ecw ere led ifm fh tars then he hy Shou low 5 Tov ashe aco hese" To see how ins ns, norm tvantto Charters nok ate that he inns of Hight ita rnin withthe verse ogre of dace, Bui tas ae Sinbad uniformly in spac, the the umber ofS increases Stihbe square of tice. Thus he ligt indent fom sch ‘atom be earths reeset by a deing mega The mer iyo stig inthe sky of such #unese woul Be inte ‘hist should be ate Seaiger's Criterion. The gravitons oc ea universe wih 2 for mater dstibuion diverges Sele pot ut This Force soul Bite ‘eloityCrteran- As clesil objec fal ino the cose gra ‘nual Gl, the dept of he pot well determines How pet Tee velocities ae Ina fat ues with uniform mater ‘Sentaion ts wel sf deep. Snes Cher new oly 5 tin te wane lr fe sige ge, a 2 inmyname a en seaunay oie mien dvier > ys (ote) Ohoerer Teco Sento anyones ney Sfof snl vlses observe among cles objets be equed ‘hat his wll at be ao deep a ond stelr lots beyond ‘he est ange thn ncn, In fest is ererion cls for De ‘tovergnc fhe gravistoral potest Weneed not recap Chater’ complicted alse since the een ‘alresatsar ately iplctin Tale | Instead we can recoveries fence we hive cones the ques of hur noel wath eon et {13}. Todoth when = ewe wl apposite he density pt) (13) by the mean deity of eth oder galany he mas of sta 8 My tere (ea mas ofa herder gala = MYM adie mea densi “aR I otons tht men desis (+ hand ith ode galaxies ar elated by ol But me ei hat te with stance 1/7, That tat Gay Comping nt tn te epee ma sesy des 1/rsequalento rutin thathe umber hore galas nan + herder galny Reset Wichoutclelition wecansee that oth Oe and Scie srieron acon vote sare contain For Seeger entenon umount requrng tha ater Sie siete apy oh he ravines offre etd by comic Iter no ul nie density. These lines of force te wh he invene yore of dance. Ligh oe dat sass te wt th vet suse fl datince. Therefore any sar dsibuson that eis Seliger cateron wil Sats Ole’ eneron and vice een Welkom from Table ht grvtainal foe somerges whenever eset" > |. Thar he to enter ae ened Py Scene atta are tas ‘The Cosnaopeal Wes of Newnisn aviation Theory 309 ‘squint (13) with = 1 aa pei fo, Whiten afer be orm of Carer 192286 te condition i cm x ‘Unfortunately Chae di ot the squalene of het condions n 1908 Fe gave he comet es fr Sets erin (1908 9) Bate Bove ren fori Ober" criterion (190: 8-9} whic eae deserted 5 "esat”(1922 '5) aden pulsed comet analy spied to am by Selig eer of 28 pel 1908. He ao tepeed (19225) dha Frnt Sky ad informed i trough eer fhe cone! test, appre tthe tne of pba of hare 192. Seley (1922 299-20) counts Seley'scerete nays, “Te velocity citron can fe wea smc. rom Tale | we se tht ogni the stongerrguroment tha > 2 Th, hin Charter mol tbe ctieron amounts a seting (13) sithn = 1a an pp lint for Ny Be (Caters (192: 14-18) version this sepa he tt iasliy > by a inequality appre nero. Seley (933. 300-301) gun pelts tthe ‘aoc andi anand to prot 1922" 322-328 rien Chae evo 1922 reatnen, 95. Tr Ensen Saeco ‘Toe hierrcic cosmologies ha already pated suey between he hors of the sienna inca pesened inh famous cosmsogy pope 94 Te).Someene had respon, So Franz Seley (192) ook ate ato senting Ents det and agent del me The papers aly long winded ah covers tore mater than cn be reviewed here However dos ay out gute ceey "be options provided by Carers tierce mode. Ae Sly summed nhs Toduction his mode allowed a Newnan cosnalag to saya oF 2 Wing ee ley mas, 2 Goal ing sacs wit mat of ve x corr a in abdioe, of couse recalled how a suitable rat of ton of mater with stance would scape Other paradox aa he deren of praia force SS Lear ea rer mmm310 etm Noron rote by Seliger. Fly Seley expended consider efor to ue at he hers univers proves 9 ay of abefhng te Michan Yume ha ad inenced Ent so profoundly is wk om general lati However Seley fered fr the standard view o which iergencss mas te aoe Newtonian cosmogy. He vecopized tha verging gator teal cold avoided by along the mater density of (13) 10 ite with ‘tc fase tan 1/207) However ne wa ing to enerain he dee [ence of the gravistional poet Decne he ound theese fhe 1 on {Shave espeilyimeetng propre, In paul ns te, te ma Stan there gary would proporona usa Ry The ~ Dhow fsles win would be nga ree all and he ode of magus tthe sce wold he deemed y th ep of he pravato potenta elf th oner aay. The det of at well was ae by A, Sou, “rs roprinl oF ont depth we be sme al lees Ths Seley could Conclude someting very pty about th ec of ay gala wih espe ‘Rent der gly ta conta lees ofthe erry they Rave the ‘spe ode of magna. Slay ad anved at asim betwee the sss ‘teach order nthe hrrchy At one ved pte erhy the ng, ies fod mases of processes would reserve he aos, Seley wa sufi pressed with cs reso wan to suet "ea of rapide” Rela ‘ke Grn he rch rivers which mater Sens imines 1? ip 308 “Tis rely of magnitude llomed Seley toads a thorny eblem of he bicrcie universe, Etihad verve at a inte clase of sae erp) ‘ice would cater Might no he same fae bella trie verse? ach lays spin rater dent we ateion oflese dest Sle ae ‘Sconces tha is oie sal proba thot normal mami process ould ring abo racic srucie Bul oace twas i xs and ‘ede mtr density a 17% he thi elt of mages wld enue Thai con ot Tove its erachic scr any Ge ine, The eaong ws Simple maine some roses hough wich aaa of some erste ‘hat same preven col ko ball bier ender gles. However heme rege forthe process ob completed would rin st proportion wth Sim fe aces There mo upper limit oth det of he gles an 0 “per limit thes. "Terefce for any noch roses of ertucton m2) rominsts nieine,her some drm th racy beyond which has Bat aaneflet by hatte ingrid fan arpa cane ar a Eis pa Steeda al pera gerne pone Spee Seca sopt etn ee Sancta sneer et ering heap ey Sa Ne ay vei | The Coamologial Wor of Newoian Gravion Testy 311 ‘The case of mater dilating af 1/7? had fer special imporance For it enabed Seely to moust achalenge toa major par of Eisen 917 agumecet “here ar we hve see ia Secon 5 above, Binsin (19174. §1) bad ped ‘gain the possi ofthe Sas chstrng nan sland ina herwine empty Universe we sued hte paitaton! potential spline, thea ty statistical mechanical agents, hat led would evapo Each ar woul over tine, drghrando ct scien! cere escape te ‘nd Botemac’s nay of ine gin gration fel lo eed "relationship betmen the equim denis pnd a iether $s ‘Spon, whee he potest pnd resect oP) ‘The gas temperate is Tan teil ex contan We can ow eine quia density pat patil ity hat mst be appr y dees fo alte land. Te otal ierence (8 ~ ge) betwen spatial hiiy sd te ‘ella isn s assed to be te Ths tet my mo beet tan ‘er andthe desi at ify ot sr ae al A ste land pssite ely fatima an! The weak poi Ents’ argument was he presumption thatthe poten al ati had 1 Be nots ie bat ge small. Th flowed, Ean ged esis infinite ptetas woul be eet hag sta veloc sd Sic "ie vale of te gravtagal etal] ef ncesany condoned by tewvenly bs (91%m 9 1) eater feck waned to nde at ‘onan mater tibuon oul genet a finite atta eiferece thn Einstein was wrong Seley now demonsinte. He tsuned (gp 238-25) ‘cena asing of mater whose density uted ndefntly wih dance He tls asumed tha his mater was neal ex with ress pa epee T eying the el ae He ase how he density ih lie wih dsc the ga was asumed 0 be ed in sta equibetum i is cea! masing ty iow gota el. "He rndeed this equim by suming he ar ben an sherman thatthe outward feces ois peste pec tlaced he ind ational feces In abit aay, he showed that ths lates cndivon af ocho! ‘ulin was susie by an thermal ie gat wove denny aed th [SO getter ager en e 7 er ea Gon re le se bing onbitancer rom te cent a” oo ee us “Tat, the desiy es a6 1/72, The gravitons potential ye) ew eov-etw=e[[Senraartre® 0 {enw followed tht he density dian of (1) was fly comple wih se Batemans esa) Inde, as Seley mote (p 293), (18) nd (16) eal the Boman Formula (4) Aed the potent) would grow ail lage ‘eh ie dogped to ero Te knte mere ta el pasar ache ‘tata, cole sins ale andy sown raion ee cen) inns evaporation aunt was almost completely deleted His st ‘elu ws the remark ht large potent ileencestappen af oni ‘uranic fr wed not bse the arg eles thy wouldengener Here ‘Sek cred wih weak response. Such high vlc we poate he wed buch) ate js grote ed hari why we do ot seem One amen 205) forth low probably was that stl veloc n sch aur wal te ited acrding whe Maxwell velo dbo, nthe ase of omer ‘ements his accords ow pba high veleies "Wahi afew mont, Esse 1922) ha paises ep. Seles aaa on Best's come! werk ery ound mae ough Sets erin htt het cosmology wouldhaethe Mocan charter Est sought eral relic univers. Einstein set the bulk his response josiying is chan urements nd aging ht the Herc nies flo meet es Estee sued rater smove! by Seley’ dsmanting of hi 1917 lemma foe Newonian cology. He woe oly aparapraphon he mater, esenaly onceing is er eat: ‘einen yeh ee ep ‘ese foweenpias y eSs. oS Es Saas ae sega eect ane ath aah ln Ee ler Tar bear ‘The Commoogel Woes of Newtonian Gravitation Theory 313 Avotombesunipotte ger ay ai. bebe so hermacodochet contac ef te tee pe Bat ‘omen a har peters neve en ‘uoatsttaoy danin 9E 2 emphrn egal Seley pare he debate vgoouly with 80 rides (IVI, 1924) a ho (1925), lsd nt ely aa 96, Tes anne cts cer msancomLOCY Wininheresewedineretin gravitation and cosmology this tine, he each ‘osnalogy ejoyed is monet of gett celtesy The maemascn. Emile Borel (192) reported n Apel 1922 tha ise’ een wa ote Calbge de France hi inspired new ation onthe roble of the uc o lite apace. ores eoninbtion wasn dry fo the physics. Raters 6 fe ar appealing lusty sumer forthe poss of mater drone {hob a ae propoted by the irc coumcogy: Their vera mate en ‘reo, But the doe tt ese tha al thera x cncenned eel ‘sand They sl exhib kind of homogeney ht Bore ele "qs perdi [qua prague Bore’ contin vaso dsply an atmetc mae! wi ha tne prop aexjesHecondered he eqn a of wiegers which sec he gts snd otf Si Toe" Tn” 0 ao." an) sano ‘teacher Cone that sabe fener vith ever han gis. Tere ar (2 ~ 1) eters of ri that suse of 2/910 ~ 1) teers ‘fer Sothe desi ofineges of 592" — 1/210" ~ I) which as an upper ound o 1/57". Ths, ates ofthe subset of iets considered pos ‘nite, he density of member ofa rps zero However, the same ‘inn fe debton of exhib akind of orogeny expressible 4 Qo rodkiy. Coir, fr example the pater of member of in he Vm S1100:--, 100101, 10,11. Thsame pater eepodueed ily hen tough te letegers. We find nin the eighbeood of 1100 of 1010. of 11100, of 1000100 ee. Tah acca aries 1000010, 1000101, Seeger rcerreee314 Jake Norton "0000110, 1000011... This homogeneity a orl poi exhibits one defect, The pater at 0 of re ucenine mente ca, LO ‘proce rovbee ese ine mtegers Also Gnaton of embers of 2 ‘this eeston sym only wher elt abot 9 Bore’: work aad imeite response Co (1922) pointed out ht Bates tem of datrbaon of masses woud at allow one © ccepe nie _tmationl potentials Slay (1923 complained nt Boret’scontuucton con tne a enter of gravity and provied a multidimensional aerate ie fom "he olen, ated ona cnseustonpopasd by Forme ale This sti sounding Bee's work rest the gdh of nee a the Nera cumoloy. In st mute ites (27 ue 1922) to is oa apes, Slt (1923) hd reported Bares effets Ini py Ente Seley (0923n 58) was pleased ont hat he had come ava leven mote werk nthe bierrce eoumolgy sting four recent paper inching Costa 1922 ‘The cosmology aso sured to ener he aty eatooks Sess 1928 540-49) clad shor append eviewing he cosmology. However he ‘cache cosmology shone ely rly In lat decades joel bo sous einen vel of cosmology tents A ar xceplon she cosmology ‘tice writen for he Iteration! Exrycloped of Untied Seonce by Eras ndliy-Freundich an astonomer ni former olf Ensen Freud (0951, 5, 23-20 eonsigered the herachc pete withthe content of the Mipe-MCiea neo Newtonian csmnloges ant agsd Ut i pve to eae ‘som he dvergingpavitatonl potent st spa tiny of hen oemoloe Freundlich seed to prefer however tat Newons lw be modified so rm ae taton tomes ansible and big hang ingly an 10. Bscape through the nitude of space ‘We fave een hw ope can escape the gravitation poem fee Newtoian cox ‘oon by reducing the amout of mate cosmology psu. The ation ifthe brachial universe i tha hs redaction feted with minimal com roms toe Domogenety ofthe mtr dation, Thee oa nee ta) of aciving thi end. We nest only presume hat th geomet of pce ih "hats close that auifoon mater iat ibuo certesponds wih tal as, Such wa the supposition explored by Lease (1917: 1050-1058) partof ‘those anasisof Newtons a’ of gration nan Eachdean pees otse ‘Ssumed spi elipcal space and aked afer ge rive potent Fee ail fre sven by eves formal (1) Tews os ker whieh wash ppeopiat form of Newton's at empay insoch apace, The Simple choice ws onto allow gravel ce ‘The Commlogcl Woes of Newtonian Gravitation Theory 315 oar wih he source mas and disaeer a However his dependence ister ape oa Eulisan space whee Conservation of ines force. Since heat of pric sels cntaning the ‘must row in propoton to ina Earden pce, hs fe aw ens: She ol Mo fines of ce ponseaing sphere erties, eer "ional yon each per. In spherical space the wen of he comesjoning Spheres grow with rads a5 4 0°), whee Rothe rai of crate espace. So an saogos prviation law at ones nes of force wold hvea dependence . Rae Lea's resus were comerget ners The fist Gpcacce gies constant ales fr he pte sd dal oe and vancing ravine The ‘econ law ges a const alae fer potential and vanishing fe snd ded 1H, Conetusion Wi the scovery ofthe rcetson fhe palsies, cosmology changes ed wit icRewtonian cnmology. in (193) and Mine ad McCrea 934) roped ‘eoNewronan coumoloies Bs mimicked he dani ofthe ahve Fes fan universes They sll presumed a anferm mater dro ad aed Nenons verse Square aw of previation So Sceler's npnl poem ll etd and fad to headed, Inthe cade that allowed now reson of te grobles tothe plac ofthe ty pes hatha ben ed pio 1930. That ow resol lt Untouched the cosmological and “prvi” ‘onmitneas af Newionancaelogy. mee atthe begining of hs paper. Tnsead soo to mote ‘nematca commie of Newtonian cos. gy. The ses was perhaps mpl in Mine and MeCrea's gal work Sted mre expel i ne (912: and tir developed hough the werk of 2 mumbo of researches oe th ecades ha low, eng is mos comple, todernsatenent i Malet (1988). Thal escape amount othe recopiton that tere ia eli of cceleatin in Newtonian coumlogy, 0th he spec ean f wach are th inertial aes canes ach aia of somrenton 1 does the speciation of et fame in pei lati Since raven face n Newtonian theory i only dene once he neil frames at pci, the indeterminacy of grains force hat Seliger rovesed refs ly hs indeterminacy of eta ames (se Nenon 195) Paap thot astonishing prof ot stay tha hfe retest gues of cosmaigy snd gravitation Newton ai Eien stumbled onthe se pb. Te. Whea presente with probe, Newion sere osu hat hice) ould te wel ehvedthat hewn eet ink the problem thugh Esta36 Joka Nonon also was ove ty seeing inthe roblem desma for Neiosian cosmology thn eters showed tobe alse emma. Ter a al ony fo Eines association withthe ble le thoup a fl fof i197 mak ino roe. The dept purpose of hat werk was to sow hw his ew gon they frei ould be mae compat wih he seman of gener ppc ot relati)—somehing at be beeved spose in Newtonian ery. Yet we tow se in Ensen’ fol th suongest dence fs rely of celeron in "Newtonian comalogy. However debe rage over what Eisen hs had ny stces nis flor onda reli of cron though genera hero eaiy® “Te Cosmological Woes of Newtonian Graton Theory 317 Appendin A: Seliger’ derivation of his expressions fr gravitatlonal potential force and dal force Seliger (1895 deiton his frm (1) reaped in Seige 1896 1909" I proceded follows. He consis pnt Ain space sou by (Guisauir of erator ma snag ie gern fe of ae mare ‘A He sumed tht the ter nach nas ranged in sphere. Win ach sper he mass ad ouin once pha shelf conan. (Tis ii clowe approximation of how the mater of theta and pant ae actually {irange) This mater dtr wil be dceneaos Seager proposed ‘Rpac iby pice ontnuou dubs wath he ane proviral fet "Todo thi, beesanded each sphere lt ich arg pre ofthe tame mate ‘Alongs the materinthe sphere remaias in concen sel of corsa’ ens ‘a longa he spares do ot gow 5 arg sf gu , wel known Toren of Newtonian raion ory tl that he ravistional efet a ‘Ff the spheres wil emai the sume Choong any suitable one f the may ‘aye of expan the spheres that emai ei hve it, Seige epiced The ginal mate ition wih cosinor tion whan every Fie mass ens Seliger setup spherical cornet (78) centered ona pit 0 cher tan A th A ying ata Sitace «ta Oa they = Oa shown {a igwe Al, Conde vole clement 8,7) bounded by coordinate itera dr de, dy hsmass dn given by pring dr dy Conder, ‘Slsch mas clement inthe volume V teen are r= andr = Ry iar Rand 8 lay wih he angl sorinates and Te pravtaona Porc eto a hee mene A a its th dsc rom Ao he mae element dre. The fancon pe) shows Now te graviaonl potential pare along th ne asthe dstaesfom O {wa changes. This funcional dependence ences bth he gravitational aod da facet Octsweseeif gta) ienpanded wa Taylor seres tO ay “ erm votre + a) “Teter ins cont thegavittonal face at, and he em in the da fercest 0,2, = —dop/dx®Tovecove ad Z,- Sevier neded owe (AL) {pone setieexpnsion. This wa abo 6 by mean a standard elt intancton theory. Ta the sphere oud yee given trout at 1 ‘lnbe writen stn infin ene of Legede polynomials (acorn +E ncounre ricorr) +.)318 ole Nore “The Cosmological Woes of Newtonian Gravion Theory 319 ‘Comparing th ems f(A) with (A), we can ed off ly Seger’ ex rensom (1) frp. F, and Z, ath gin of cordinats 0. Fortier of expssin haere Serger stotaien,IhaveresredG stich Seliger oumiyby aoc oui His Jens 3, potential V fre X {al foe 2 dipacemente ant p and bs coowiate system (9.7) been tole by ny deny p, potential force F, al fre Z,- duplacemens + {Sus and my Corinne stm (27). te the en change V.) Seize {ho employs the convention of wring the nteral | f)de ws fd J) 50 tht veaty tase what ies win he coe of megan option lil eg gute AL Seager dation et the Legendre polyemil ae Moore, Ricard a cer, Rewy)= 1Ge0ey ~ 0, eno ff [Co ornuninretra ne ff [ok omcomanrarere 9 alee E nconrsny dry ao320 aha None _Appendin Bs Convergence of quantiles in hierarchic cosmologies ‘We sume tha he donty pf mater dats with dance ra Ke". Hence Secompute heen Tobie a flows. The al mass else between Tight of ratios Rand asm phere of ras Rs E88 wea pty aan [fore 48K geen gh SK fate ne) forme ark og form = 3. a : (ve volume element dV is dnd.) Hence M comerger a + co jst ‘hen 3 Themean dest fortis sell skews fan= eae wy [is (= Re) ene — Ojaincasen » 0. Theconvergence oe poem, gravitons force Fan tl ore 2, do o mass sts hel died by Seliger’ thes ner () For eae fe giao perl, weave I Hence he potently comeges as —+ sot inciten > 2, Forte cate of te ece Fy we have [lowe flare ence the orc F, omergesas R= 90 jaincaten > 1 Forth case of te ‘ial force Z, we ae = RI) oon 6 roe brn : : Euranet) tango Hence the il ose 2, comage at R-—+ oan case > 0 The Cosmaogcl Woes of Newtonian Graton Theory 321 rns, Sate (1908). Di ena dr Wa” Rs Scien 217-238, thon Res (Rt Fone (191, “De Armebang ee tnt ir 7-8 Seat Argenta Pot os Dey Prine nsermon Prev at oy ‘eee a2 Landon Fc Macran (150) poms Yor ‘i Pr, 5) wr tie gutepenodige see ue Sees oyeme ml” Compe and des ane de Acasa de secs an 18, 97-79 Reo re ‘de nd No 2 BICEP. Bone du CNRS 97D conga 8 “We eee ME pt a a” fr 115 tw nite Bea Aer Maa enon ‘ur Au, (190) "A op ane Neg de M Bae” Comps Rand sacs dome de eames aS 1190- 9 “idone” Stamherchs der Ranch Preach Atademie dr Ws ‘han er" pi mn. “Camels Contains (eefeccal Tien of Renn He & Loran Tae Pci of ‘ey C31 Lo Mehutn (195) Regan Nem Yor” ost ios 081%), Ober espe and ee lgenine Reason ras et (hinting in ep ad Ian, “Remon Seaycten Mb Berge cuoxmghsben ‘Sate de Ph OF Pr Fn iS Conmigo Un oom Aug (19) "cine mode Ercng es Neos ravanon ‘Seti unre or maken pone Clase at ‘mi der Waseca uM 319838 ‘RamstneAar Emin war (90), Te Mew ors The infor The “hor Wd andr sega Gren C2 a Suny (6 The araonof ber Porae. New Yo: Here ned. Pe AMUT), "bw GaviasonPunioee de uendicen Ushensen” Sth rr Tose non Robe & Apo ere (7 Kein’ Buin Lc and Maden it Pr Hoorn Papa ge ob xan Land (Wil Tenn. 80. °On Ee aed Graton Mer thou Inn pce Pia Magee 161-179. 00, fatimere Lc Mt Dy edt Wan Thay ofp Lenn: C10 & Sn ns Alea (1957) Pm th led Wd te Inte Une. Batman: ‘the Hepes Unvenay Pes522 etm Noon ous Ma, 960. Concept Space Cag A) Hara ate Pes {cfs (117, “Ds Newton Gets haces Ramee” Scag Dre det aban sien em Maoh sts ‘che Kose Atay I8 pig reckian. (Engh wansaon The Sine of Mecham A Cel (Marat of fi Denopent ted cae ie ok ‘Shit Gps ue en, oma, Dan 525 NewaianComag Rey asie” Pp ‘Space Quarry ura ef Mahenatice S73 ow ew 4 488)“ Nova Eig User” Que oma of saan Ce (1673) “Uber edn Ketan sektsyumecen Uggs re ‘Shehenin Benes" londinger der mathnauck pyres ‘le de Knien Sctucen Geet er eschfon 10 t.) SSA eines nh, ony ad 886) tenie Umermcange ber dat Newb Princip der Be ‘rane nt esndere acc sf ee late Woamgen tapi Te set antenna a fa ma reat t si Arie ee! a i ae ear ae ee a ee ro sof i rte mm son Aachen its Pt Staaten Mies rate Sl ne om Ga Si rt ped dae eee eee ee oma “nt ane Gog ite 5, cee oe not si tae el ee nce Sl a i a Sem eines eee 138 (No, 3308); 255-258 eee: hr ee Gn Ryn ir ess a “The Coumoogcl Woe of Newnian Gravina Teery 323 1909) -er ae enti er Nae a das Ure" Sig ‘re Kangen Bayern ladon rehome. Face re 1905) 3-35 Ses Ft (0) "go msg Pen” Aan de Py stn viene ie Been Et ae mine Begs —— "nao, ts dstton de ae cue ean yen ila ee "Comes SS ek ees Pr (05239) “Pou don lei ie Sue wee moyen dee eae late Comes Ri dr ts 11928) “Une es Reumes apes Reto Anaien SerPt 8 91-38, Savas ni 24 The Try RlaiyLamdon: Mii, Sc, Lanege 9) ine Gio nd Maapyce"Parphy of Scene ‘STS wepmesin koe Phisopy and ace Tove Phys. 19-21 ‘Beni CA Unive aomi ress (8S Sm Bet oO, A ce Bk Match, 2-80, Pre Tass Rd 8, Rs Tarn nC Oa Od Tame fan FA BP Bech Lecnes on Gera lat ae Sua iw ey peed 119% "de de Newb Goat (Evie) Aon “ace (1901. a Exyepe dar mahematichen Mazer, ‘ea ti Sonny Bei Dah Some eh