PHN TCH PHNG SAI

(ANOVA - ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE )

1. Phn tch phng sai 1 nhn t
Gi s nhn t A c k mc X1, X2 , , Xk vi Xj c phn phi chun N(a,s2) c mu iu tra

X1 X2 --- Xk
x11 x12 x1k
x21 x22 x2k
: : :
: : :
x n11 : x nk k
x n2 2

Vi mc ngha a , hy kim nh gi thit :

H0 : a1 = a2 = = ak
H1 : Tn ti j1j2 sao cho aj1aj2

t:
k
Tng s quan st: n = nj
j =1
nj nj
1 Tj
Trung bnh mu nhm j ( j =1, .. , k ): x j = xij = vi T j = xij
nj i =1 nj i =1
k nj
1 k ni T k
Trung bnh mu chung: x = xij = v i T = xij = T j
n j =1 i =1 n j =1 i =1 j =1
n
1 j
Phng sai hiu chnh nhm j: S 2j =
n j - 1 i =1
( xij - x j ) 2

k nj
SST = ( xij - x ) 2 Tng bnh phng cc lch.
j =1 i =1
k
SSA = n j (x j - x )2 Tng bnh phng lch ring ca cc nhm so vi x
j =1

Tnh SST bng cch chn thm x j v khai trin th c:

k nj k nj k nj
SST = ( xij - x j + x j - x) 2 = ( x j - x) 2 + ( xij - x j ) 2 v
j =1 i =1 j =1 i =1 j =1 i =1
k nj k nj k nj
- 2 ( xij - x j )( x j - x) = -2 ( x j - x) ( xij - x j ) = -2 ( x j - x)( xij - n j x j ) = 0
j =1 i =1 j =1 i =1 j =1 i =1
k k nj k nj
SST= n j ( x j - x) 2 + ( xij - x j ) 2 = SSA + SSE vi SSE = ( xij - x j ) 2
j =1 j =1 i =1 j =1 i =1

ng Thnh Danh - HNL 1

 k
* Tng th nht SSA= n
j =1
j ( x j - x) 2 c trng s khc nhau gia cc nhm.

k nj
* Tng th hai ( xij - x j ) 2 c trng s khc nhau gia s liu trong ni b nhm.
j =1 i =1

k nj
T2 k T j2 T2
SST = xij2 - SSA = - SSE = SST - SSA
j =1 i =1 n j =1 nj n
SSA SSE
MSA = MSE =
k -1 n-k

MSA
Nu H0 ng th F = c phn phi Fisher bc t do k-1; n-k
MSE
Min Ba : F > Fk-1; n-k ; 1-a

Bng ANOVA
Ngun sai s Tng bnh phng Bc t do Bnh phng trung bnh Gi tr thng k
SS df MS F
Yu t SSA MSA
SSA k-1 MSA = F=
(Between Group) k -1 MSE
Sai s SSE
SSE = SST - SSA n-k MSE =
(Within Group) n-k
Tng cng SST n-1

V d:
Hm lng Alcaloid (mg) trong mt loi dc liu c thu hi t 3 vng khc nhau c s
liu sau:
Vng 1 : 7,5 6,8 7,1 7,5 6,8 6,6 7,8
Vng 2 : 5,8 5,6 6,1 6,0 5,7
Vng 3 : 6,1 6,3 6,5 6,4 6,5 6,3
Hi hm lng Alcaloid c khc nhau theo vng hay khng?

Gii:
Vng 1 Vng 2 Vng 3
7,5 5,8 6,1
6,8 5,6 6,3
7,1 6,1 6,5
7,5 6,0 6,4
6,8 5,7 6,5
6,6 6,3
7,8
nj 7 5 6 N=18
Tj 50,1 29,2 38,1 T=117,4

xij2 359,79 170,7 242,05

xij2 =772,54
i

ng Thnh Danh - HNL 2

 (117,4) 2
SST= 772,54 = 6,831111
18
(50,1) 2 (29,2) 2 (38,1) 2 (117,4) 2
SSA= + + - = 5,326968
7 5 6 18
SSE = SST SSA = 1,5041428

Ngun SS Df MS F Fk-1; n-k ; 1-a

Yu t 5,326968 2 2,663484
26,561504 3,68
Sai s 1,5041428 15 0,1002761
Tng cng 6,831111 17

F > Fk-1; n-k ; 1-a nn bc b H0 chp nhn H1.

Vy hm lng Alcaloid c sai khc theo vng.

Dng Excel
1. Nu trong menu Tools cha c mc Data Analysis th tin hnh ci Analysis ToolPak nh
sau: Tools \ Add-Ins \ chn Analysis ToolPak\ OK

2. Chn Tools\ Data Analysis

ng Thnh Danh - HNL 3

 3. Nhp d liu theo ct

4. Chn mc : Anova: Single Factor

5. Chn cc mc nh hnh:

ng Thnh Danh - HNL 4

 6. Kt qu

Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Vng 1 7 50.1 7.157143 0.202857
Vng 2 5 29.2 5.84 0.043
Vng 3 6 38.1 6.35 0.023

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 5.326968 2 2.663484 26.56148 1.17756E-05 3.682316674
Within Groups 1.504143 15 0.100276

Total 6.831111 17

Bi tp

1. So snh 3 loi thuc b A, B, C trn 3 nhm, ngi ta c kt qu tng trng(kg) nh sau:

A: 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,1 0,8 0,6
B: 2,0 1,8 1,9 1,2 1,4 1,0 1,5 1,8
C: 0,4 0,6 0,7 0,2 0,3 0,1 0,2
Hy so snh kt qu tng trng ca 3 loi thuc b trn vi a = 0,01

2. Mt nghin cu c thc hin nhm xem xt nng sut la trung bnh ca 3 ging la.
Kt qu thu thp qua 4 nm nh sau:
Nm A B C
1 65 69 75
2 74 72 70
3 64 68 78
4 83 78 76
Hy cho bit nng sut la trung bnh ca 3 ging la c khc nhau hay khng? a=0,01

3. So snh hiu qu gim au ca 4 loi thuc A, B, C, D bng cch chia 20 bnh nhn thnh 4
nhm, mi nhm dng mt loi thuc gim au trn. Kt qu mc gim au l:
A: 82 89 77 72 92
B: 80 70 72 90 68
C: 77 69 67 65 57
D: 65 75 67 55 63
Hi hiu qu gim au ca 4 loi thuc c khc nhau khng?
Nu hiu qu gim au ca 4 loi thuc A, B, C, D khc nhau c ngha, hy so snh tng cp
thuc vi a = 0,05

ng Thnh Danh - HNL 5

2. Phn tch phng sai 2 nhn t khng lp
Phn tch nhm nh gi s nh hng ca 2 nhn t (yu t ) A v B trn cc gi tr quan st xij
Gi s nhn t A c n mc a1 , a2 , , an (nhn t hng)
B c m mc b1 , b2 , , bm (nhn t ct)
* Mu iu tra:
B b1 b2 bm
A
a1 x11 x12 x1m
a2 x21 x22 x2m
: : : :
: : : :
an xn1 xn2 x nm
* Gi thit H0:
Trung bnh nhn t ct bng nhau
Trung bnh nhn t hng bng nhau
Khng c s tng tc gia nhn t ct v hng
* Tin hnh tnh ton theo bng di y:
B b1 b2 bm Ti* = xij xij2
A j j

a1 x11 x12 x1m T1* x12j

j

a2 x21 x22 x2m T2* x22 j

j

: : : : :
: : : : :
an xn1 xn2 xnm Tn* xnj2
j

T*j = xij T*1 T*2 T*m T = xij

i i, j

xij2 xi21 xi22 xim2 xij2

i i i i i, j

* Bng ANOVA
Ngun SS df MS F

Yu t A
Ti*2
T2 n-1 MS ( A =
SSA
FA =
SSA
SSA= i
- n - 1 SSE
m m.n
T*2j SSB SSB
Yu t B j T2 m-1 MSB = FB =
SSB= - m -1 SSE
n m.n
SSE
Sai s SSE=SST-SSA-SSB (n-1)(m-1) MSE =
(n - 1)(m - 1)
T2
Tng SST= xij2 - nm-1
i, j m.n

ng Thnh Danh - HNL 6

 * Kt lun :
Nu FA > F n-1 ; (n-1)(m-1) ; 1-a th b c b yu t A (h ng)
Nu FB > F m-1 ; (n-1)(m-1) ; 1-a th b c b yu t B (ct)

V d:
Chit sut cht X t 1 loi dc liu bng 3 phng php v 5 loi dung mi, ta c kt qu:
PP Chit sut (B)
b1 b2 b3
Dung mi (A)
a1 120 60 60
a2 120 70 50
a3 130 60 50
a4 150 70 60
a5 110 75 54
Hy xt nh hng ca phng php chit sut v dung mi n kt qu chit sut cht X
vi a=0,01
Gii: Gi thit H0 : * Trung bnh ca 3 phng php chit sut bng nhau
* Trung bnh ca 5 dung mi bng nhau
* Khng c s tng tc gia phng php chi sut v dung mi
Tnh ton:
B
A
b1 b2 b3 Ti* xij2
j
a1 120 60 60 240 21600
a2 120 70 50 240 21800
a3 130 60 50 240 23000
a4 150 70 60 280 31000
a5 110 75 54 239 20641
T*j 630 335 274 T=1239
xij2 80300 22625 15116 xij2 =118041
i i, j

T2 (1239) 2
SST = xij2 - =118041- = 155699,6
i, j m.n 5x3
Ti*2 T2 308321 (1239) 2
SSA = i
- = - = 432,2667
m m.n 3 15
T*2j
j T2 584201 (1239) 2
SSB = -
= - = 14498,8
n m.n 5 15
SSE = SST - SSA- SSB = 768,5333
Ngun SS df MS F
Yu t A SSA= 432,2667 4 MSA = 108,0667 FA = 1,1249
Yu t B SSB= 14498,8 2 MSB = 7249,4 FB = 75,4622
Sai s SSE= 768,5333 8 MSE = 96,0667
Tng SST = 155699,6 14
FA < F4 ; 8 ; 0,99 = 7,006 Dung mi khng nh hng n kt qu chit sut.
FB > F 2 ; 8 ; 0,99 = 8,649 Phng php nh hng n kt qu chit sut.

ng Thnh Danh - HNL 7

Dng Excel
Nhp d liu
Chn Tools\Data Analysis\Anova: Two-Factor without replication

Chn cc mc nh hnh

Kt qu
Anova: Two-Factor
Without Replication

SUMMARY Count Sum Average Variance

a1 3 240 80 1200
a2 3 240 80 1300
a3 3 240 80 1900
a4 3 280 93.33333333 2433.333333
a5 3 239 79.66666667 800.3333333

b1 5 630 126 230

b2 5 335 67 45
b3 5 274 54.8 25.2

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Rows 432.2666667 4 108.0666667 1.124913255 0.409397603 7.006065061
Columns 14498.8 2 7249.4 75.46217904 6.42093E-06 8.64906724
Error 768.5333333 8 96.06666667

Total 15699.6 14

ng Thnh Danh - HNL 8

Bi tp

1) Nghin cu v hiu qu ca 3 loi thuc A, B, C dng iu tr chng suy nhc thn kinh. 12
ngi bnh c chia lm 4 nhm theo mc bnh 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ; trong mi nhm chia ra
cng dng 1 trong 3 loi thuc trn. Sau 1 tun iu tr, kt qu nh gi bng thang im nh
sau:

Mc bnh
1 2 3 4
Thuc
A 25 40 25 30
B 30 25 25 25
C 25 20 20 25
Hy nh gi hiu qu ca cc loi thuc A, B, C c khc nhau hay khng ? vi a = 0,01

2) Mt nghin cu c thc hin nhm xem xt s lin h gia loi phn bn, ging la n nng
sut. Nng sut la c ghi nhn t cc thc nghim sau:
Ging la
A B C
Loi phn bn
1 65 69 75
2 74 72 70
3 64 68 78
4 83 78 76
Hy nh gi s nh hng ging la, loi phn bn trn nng sut la, a = 0,05.

3) kho st nh hng ca 4 loi thuc tr su (1, 2, 3 v 4) v ba loi ging (B1, B2 v B3) n

sn lng ca cam, cc nh nghin cu tin hnh mt th nghim loi giai tha. Trong th
nghim ny, mi ging cam c 4 cy cam c chn mt cch ngu nhin, v 4 loi thuc tr
su p dng (cng ngu nhin) cho mi cy cam.
Kt qu nghin cu (sn lng cam) cho tng ging v thuc tr su nh sau:
Thuc tr su 1 2 3 4
Ging Cam
B1 29 50 43 53
B2 41 58 42 73
B3 66 85 63 85
Hy cho bit thuc tr su, ging cam c nh h ng n sn lng cam khng? a = 0,05

4) 4 chuyn gia ti chnh c yu cu d on v tc tng trng (%) trong nm ti ca 5 cng

ty trong ngnh nha. D on c ghi nhn nh sau:
Chuyn gia
Cng ty A B C D
1 8 12 8,5 13
2 14 10 9 11
3 11 9 12 10
4 9 13 10 13
5 12 10 10 10
Hy lp bng ANOVA. C th ni rng d on tc tng trng trung bnh l nh nhau cho
c 5 cng ty nha c khng?

ng Thnh Danh - HNL 9

3. Phn tch phng sai 2 nhn t c lp
Tng t nh bi ton phn tch phng sai 2 nhn t khng lp , ch khc mi mc ((ai , bj) u c
s lp li r ln th nghim v ta cn kho st thm s tng tc (interaction term) FAB gia 2 nhn t
A v B.
* Mu iu tra:

B b1 b2 bm
A
x111 x121 x1m1
x112 x122 x1m2
a1 : : :
: : :
x11r x12r x1mr
x211 x221 x2m1
x212 x222 x2m2
a2 : : :
: : :
x21r x22r x2mr
: : : :
: : : :
xn11 xn21 xnm1
xn12 xn22 xnm2
an : : :
: : :
xn1r xn2r xnmr

* X l mu: Tnh tng hng Ti** = xijk , tng ct T*j* = xijk

j ,k i ,k
B
b1 b2 bm Ti**
A
x111 x121 x1m1
x112 x122 x1m2
a1 : : : T1**= x1 jk
: : : j ,k
x11r x12r x1mr
x211 x221 x2m1
x212 x222 x2m2
a2 : : : T2**= x2 jk
: : : j ,k
x21r x22r x2mr
: : : :
: : : :
xn11 xn21 xnm1
xn12 xn22 xnm2
an : : : Tn**= xnjk
: : : j ,k
xn1r xn2r xnmr

T*j* T*1*= xi1k T*2*= xi 2 k T*m*= ximk T= xijk

i,k i,k i,k i , j ,k

ng Thnh Danh - HNL 10

 Cn tnh: xijk2 Ti*2* T*2j* Tij2*
i , j ,k i j i, j
Suy ra
T2
SST = ( xijk - x ) 2 = xijk2 - nmr
i , j ,k i , j ,k

Ti*2* T2
SSA = mr ( xi** - x ) 2 = i
-
i mr nmr
T*2j*
T2
SSB = nr ( x* j* - x ) =
j
2
-
j nr nmr
Tij2* T*2j* Ti*2*
T2
SSAB = r ( xij* - xi** - x* j* + x ) 2 = - - +
i, j j i

j ,i r nr mr nmr
xij2*
xijk2 -
i, j
SSE = SST SSA SSB SSAB =
i , j ,k r

* Bng ANOVA

Ngun SS df MS F
SSA MSA
Yu t A n-1 MSA = FA =
SSA n -1 MSE
SSB MSB
Yu t B SSB m-1 MSB = FB =
m -1 MSE
SSAB MSAB
Tng tc AB SSAB (n-1)(m-1) MSAB = FAB =
(n - 1)(m - 1) MSE
SSE
Sai s SSE nm(r-1) MSE =
nm(r - 1)
Tng SST nmr-1

* Kt lun
Nu FA > F n-1 ; nm(r-1) ; 1-a th bc b yu t A (h ng)
Nu FB > F m-1 ; nm(r-1) ; 1-a th bc b yu t B (ct)
Nu FAB > F (n-1)(m-1) ; nm(r-1) ; 1-a th c s tng tc gia A v B

ng Thnh Danh - HNL 11

V d: Hm lng saponin (mg) ca cng mt loi dc liu c thu hi trong 2 ma (kh v ma:
trong mi ma ly mu 3 ln - u ma, gia ma, cui ma) v t 3 min (Nam, Trung, Bc)
thu c kt qu sau:
Min
Ma Thi im
Nam Trung Bc
u ma 2,4 2,1 3,2
KhGia ma 2,4 2,2 3,2
Cui ma 2,5 2,2 3,4
u ma 2,5 2,2 3,4
Ma Gia ma 2,5 2,3 3,5
Cui ma 2,6 2,3 3,5
Hy cho bit hm lng saponin c khc nhau theo ma hay min khng? Nu c th 2 yu t
ma v min c s tng tc vi nhau hay khng? a = 0,05
Gii:
Min
Nam Trung Bc Ti**
Ma
2,4 2,1 2,2
Kh 2,4 7,3 2,2 6,5 2,3 9,8 23,6
2,5 2,2 2,3
2,5 3,2 3,4
Ma 2,5 7,6 3,2 6,8 3,5 10,4 24,8
2,6 3,4 3,5
T*j* 14,9 13,3 20,2 T = 48,4
Tnh :
xijk2 = 134,64
i , j ,k

Ti*2* = 23,62 + 24,82 = 1172

i

T*2j* = 14,92 + 13,32 + 20,22 = 806,94

j

Tij2* = 7,32 + 7,62 + 6,52 + 6,82 + 9,82 + 10,42 = 403,74

i, j

T = 48,42 = 2342,56
2

T2 2342,56
SST = xijk 2
- = 134,64 - = 4,4978
i , j ,k nmr 18
Ti*2* T2 1172 2342,56
SSA = i
- = - = 0,08
mr nmr 9 18
T*2j*
j T2 826,94 2342,56
SSB = = - - = 4,3478
nr nmr 6 18
xij2*
403,74
SSE = xijk
i, j
2
- = 134,64 - = 0,06
i , j ,k r 3
SSAB= SST SSA SSB SSAB = 4,4978 - 0,08 - 0,06 - 4,3478 = 0,01
ng Thnh Danh - HNL 12
Bng ANOVA
Ngun SS df MS F
Yu t A (ma) 0,08 1 0,08 FA= 16
Yu t B (min) 4,3478 2 2,1739 FB= 434,78
Tng tc AB 0,01 2 0,005 FAB= 1
Sai s 0,06 12 0,005
Tng 4,4978 17

FA > F1; 12; 0,95 = 4,7472 : Hm lng saponin khc nhau theo ma.
FB > F2; 12 ; 0,95 = 3, 8853 : Hm lng saponin khc nhau theo min.
FAB < F2 ; 12 ; 0,95 = 3,8853 : chp nhn H0 ( khng tng tc)

Vy hm lng saponin trong dc liu khc nhau theo ma , theo min v khng c s tng tc gia
ma v min trn hm lng saponin.

Dng EXCEL

* Nhp d liu
* Chn Tools\Data Analysis\Anova: Two Factor With Replication

* Chn cc mc nh hnh

ng Thnh Danh - HNL 13

* Bng ANOVA
Anova: Two-Factor With
Replication

SUMMARY Nam Trung Bac Total

Count 3 3 3 9
Sum 7.3 6.5 9.8 23.6
Average 2.433333 2.166667 3.266667 2.622222222
Variance 0.003333 0.003333 0.013333 0.251944444

Count 3 3 3 9
Sum 7.6 6.8 10.4 24.8
Average 2.533333 2.266667 3.466667 2.755555556
Variance 0.003333 0.003333 0.003333 0.300277778

Total
Count 6 6 6
Sum 14.9 13.3 20.2
Average 2.483333 2.216667 3.366667
Variance 0.005667 0.005667 0.018667

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Sample 0.08 1 0.08 16 0.001761696 4.747221283
Columns 4.347778 2 2.173889 434.7777778 6.36194E-12 3.885290312
Interaction 0.01 2 0.005 1 0.396569457 3.885290312
Within 0.06 12 0.005

Total 4.497778 17

Bi tp
1) Mt nghin cu c thc hin nhm xem xt s lin h gia loi phn bn, ging la v nng
sut. Nng sut la c ghi nhn t cc thc nghim sau:
Ging la A B C
Loi phn bn
65 69 75
1 68 71 75
62 67 78
74 72 70
2 79 69 69
76 69 65
64 68 78
3 72 73 82
65 75 80
83 78 76
4 82 78 77
84 75 75
Hy cho bit s nh hng ca loi phn bn , ging la trn nng sut , a = 0,01

ng Thnh Danh - HNL 14

 2) iu tra mc tng trng chiu cao ca 1 loi cy trng theo loi t trng v loi phn bn c
kt qu:

Loi t
1 2 3
Loi phn
5,5 4,5 3,5
A 5,5 4,5 4,0
6,0 4,0 3,0
5,6 5,0 4,0
B 7,0 5,5 5,0
7,0 5,0 4,5

Hi c s khc nhau ca mc tng trng chiu cao theo loi t v loi phn bn ? a=0,05

3) Nghin cu sn lng bng (t/ha) theo mt trng A v phn bn B thu c:

Mt trng Phn bn
b1 b2 b3 b4
16 19 19 20
a1 14 20 21 24
21 23 22 21
16 19 20 17
17 19 21 20
a2 15 18 21 20
17 18 22 22
19 20 23 19
18 20 22 25
a3 18 23 18 22
19 21 21 21
17 21 21 23

Hi c s khc nhau ca sn lng bng theo mt trng, theo phn bn vi mc a=0,05

ng Thnh Danh - HNL 15

 BI TP

1) Mt nh my thy in s dng cc turbines c gii nhit bng nc. Nu nc c dung

gii nhit b nhim th h thng my mc s b xi mn. Do , ngi ta s dng cc my lc
lm gim mc nhim ca nc. Gim c nh my mun trc nghim tnh hiu qu ca 4
my lc ang s dng. mi my lc ngi ta ly ngu nhin c lp nhau 3 mu nc c
lc v o mc nhim. Cc kt qu c c nh sau:

My lc 1 My lc 2 My lc 3 My lc 4
10 11 13 23
9 16 8 18
5 9 9 25

2) Mt nghin cu c thc hin so snh tui th (gi) ca 4 nhn hiu Pin: A, B, C, D. Kt

qu ghi nhn c nh sau:

Hiu A Hiu B Hiu C Hiu D

15 14 19 16
16 15 20 15
18 16 16 16
20 15 13 18
19 14 17
20
Yu cu: Gi nh tui th pin c phn phi chun, phng sai bng nhau. Vi phng php
ANOVA, mc ngha 0,05, c th kt lun rng tui th trung bnh ca 4 nhn
hiu pin l khng khc nhau c khng?

3) Ba mu thit k bao b ca mt loi sn phm c xem xt bng cch thu thp doanh s (triu
ng/tun) ca mi loi bao b trong mt mu ngu nhin cc ca hng. Kt qu c ghi nhn
trong bng sau:

Mu bao b I Mu bao b II Mu bao b III

18 24 19
16 25 24
29 21 24
26 31 28
29 22 15
14 29
12 32
23

Vi kim nh ANOVA mc ngha 0,01, c th kt lun rng cc mu bao b khng nh

hng n doanh s c khng? (Gi nh doanh s theo cc mu bao b c phn phi chun,
phng sai bng nhau).

ng Thnh Danh - HNL 16

 4) Mt nh sn xut mun kim tra xem 3 my c cng sut khc nhau khng. ng ta ch nh ngu
nhin 15 cng nhn c o tocng mt phng php lm vic trn 3 my (5 ngi1 my).
Vi mc ri ro 5%, liu 3 my c cng sut khc nhau?

My 1 My 2 My 3
25.40 23.40 20.00
26.31 21.80 22.20
24.10 23.50 19.75
23.74 22.75 20.60
25.10 21.60 20.40

5) so snh hiu nng ca 3 loi thuc dit mui A, B, C ngi ta thc hin mt thc nghim nh
sau: C 21 thng, mi thng nht vi trm con mui. Chia ngu nhin cc thng ny thnh 3
nhm, mi nhm 7 thng. Mui trong mi nhm thng c xt mt loi thuc khc nhau A, B
hoc C, t l % mui cht c ghi nhn nh sau:

Thuc dit mui A Thuc dit mui B Thuc dit mui C

68 58 71
80 60 62
69 70 58
76 51 74
68 57 65
77 71 59
60 61 57

Vi kim nh ANOVA mc ngha = 0,05, c th ni kh nng dit mui (th hin thng
qua t l mui cht trung bnh) ca 3 loi thuc l nh nhau c khng? (gi nh mui cht c
phn phi chun, phng sai bng nhau).

6) Trng phng k thut ca mt nh my sn xut v xe thc hin mt nghin cu nh gi s

khc bit v cht lng sn phm gia 3 ca sn xut: sng, chiu, m. Chn ngu nhin mt s
sn phm kim tra, kt qu ghi nhn nh sau:

Thi gian sn S sn bn trung bnh Tng bnh phng

xut phm (ngn km) cc sai lch
Sng 10 25,95 6,255
Chiu 12 25,50 6,595
Ti 15 23,75 7,555

Yu cu: Vi mc ngha ty theo quyt nh ca Anh (ch), c th kt lun rng c s khc bit
v bn gia cc sn phm sn xut ra ca sng, ca chiu v ca m hay khng? Nu
c, s khc bit nh th no?

ng Thnh Danh - HNL 17

 7) Bn trm sa cha v bo hnh xe Honda trong mt thnh ph ln tuyn b rng khch hng s
c phc v nhanh chng ngay khi xe c a ti trm. Gim c ph trch dch v hu mi
ca hng tin hnh kim tra cht lng dch v ca cc trm bo hnh, bng cch chn ngu
nhin khc hng n trm trong gi cao im (9 n 11 gi sng) v ghi nhn thi gian ch i
ca h. Mt phn kt qu tnh ton cho trong bng sau:
Trm bo S khch Thi gian ch TB
hnh hng (pht) Phng sai
A 3 5,133333 0,323333
B 4 8 1,433333
C 5 5,04 0,748
D 4 6,475 0,595833
Lp bng ANOVA. S liu trn c chng t rng thi gian ch i ca khch hng cc trm
bo hnh ca hng l khng khc nhau? Kt lun vi mc ngha 0,05.

8) Mt hng sn xut t thc hin mt nghin cu o lng s khc bit mc nhin liu tiu
th trung bnh gia 3 loi xe: c nh (4 ch), trung bnh (8 ch), v xe c ln (12 ch). Chn
ngu nhin 27 xe, kt qu tnh ton cho trong bng sau:
Mc nhin liu Phng
Loi xe S xe tiu th TB (lit/100km) sai
Nh 12 8,133333 2,343333
Trung Bnh 9 9,583253 2,453333
Ln 6 10,04578 3,74853
Lp bng ANOVA. S liu trn c chng t rng mc nhin liu tiu th trung bnh ca cc loi
xe l khng khc nhau? Kt lun vi mc ngha 0,05.

9) Mt phn bng ANOVA v nh hng ca loi phn bn vi cc ging la khc nhau n nng
sut la c trnh by sau y:
Tng bnh Trung bnh cc lch
phng bnh phng (phng
Bin thin Bc t do cc sai lch sai) Gi tr F
Gia cc
nhm 5 605
Gia cc khi 2 245
Sai s 150
Tng
Yu cu: Hy xc nh:
Tng s quan st khi thc hin cuc nghin cu trn.
Hon tt bng ANOVA.
t gi thuyt Ho v H1.
Kim nh cc gi thuyt vi mc ngha = 5%.

ng Thnh Danh - HNL 18

 10) Kt qu tnh ton cho trong bng ANOVA nh sau:
Sources Df Sum of Squares Mean Squares F
Between
Groups 4 501 1225,25 9,109
Between
Blocks 2 225 112,50 8,182
Error 8 110 13,75
Total 14 836
Yu cu: Hy xc nh
Tng s quan st khi thc hin nghin cu trn.
Pht biu gi thuyt.
S dng mc ngha 0,01, hy kt lun trung bnh ca cc tng th.

11) Mt nghin cu c thc hin nhm xem xt s lin h gia loi phn bn, ging la n nng
sut. Nng sut la c ghi nhn t cc thc nghim sau:

Gi ng l a A B C
Lo i ph n b n
1 65 69 75
2 74 72 70
3 64 68 78
4 83 78 76

Mt nghin cu c thc hin nhm xem xt s lin h gia loi phn bn, ging la v nng
sut. Nng sut la c ghi nhn t cc thc nghim sau:

12) kho st nh hng ca 4 loi thuc tr su (1, 2, 3 v 4) v ba loi ging (B1, B2 v B3) n
sn lng ca cam, cc nh nghin cu tin hnh mt th nghim loi giai tha. Trong th
nghim ny, mi ging cam c 4 cy cam c chn mt cch ngu nhin, v 4 loi thuc tr
su p dng (cng ngu nhin) cho mi cy cam.
Kt qu nghin cu (sn lng cam) cho tng ging v thuc tr su nh sau:

Thuc tr su 1 2 3 4
Ging Cam
B1 29 50 43 53
B2 41 58 42 73
B3 66 85 63 85
Hy cho bit thuc tr su, ging cam c nh h ng n sn lng cam khng? a = 0,05

ng Thnh Danh - HNL 19

 13) 4 chuyn gia ti chnh c yu cu d on v tc tng trng (%) trong nm ti ca 5 cng
ty trong ngnh nha. D on c ghi nhn nh sau:

Chuyn gia
Cng ty A B C D
1 8 12 8,5 13
2 14 10 9 11
3 11 9 12 10
4 9 13 10 13
5 12 10 10 10

Hy lp bng ANOVA. C th ni rng d on tc tng trng trung bnh l nh nhau cho

c 5 cng ty nha c khng?

14) Mt cng ty vn chuyn thc hin mt ngin cu xem xt nh hng ca l trnh n thi
gian vn chuyn (pht) gia 2 a im. S liu thng k v thi gian vn chuyn ca 9 chuyn
trong mt tun c thc hin trn cc l trnh v thi gian khc nhau trong ngy cho trong bng
sau:
L trnh
Thi gian A B C
10 - 12 gi
sng 50 52 54
1 - 3 gi chiu 45 65 62
7 -10 gi ti 55 47 50
Yu cu: mc ngha 5%, hy kt lun xem:
C s khc bit v thi gian vn chuyn trung bnh gia 3 l trnh hay khng? Nu c,
cng ty nn chn l trnh no?
C s khc bit v thi gian vn chuyn trung bnh gia cc thi gian khc nhau trong
ngy hay khng? Nu c, cng ty nn thc hin vn chuyn vo thi gian no?

ng Thnh Danh - HNL 20