United States Patent 0 (00) Patent No: US 6,948,884 B2 Xu et al. 5) Date of Patent Sep. 27, 2005 (5 VORTEX INDUCED VIBRATION THIER PUBLICATIONS. REDUCTION DENICE FOR FLUID UCTION 1 , Marketing Pblcation—Aker Martie; 1996; “Presenting IMMERSED CYLINDERS ‘Aker Maritime"; 31 page pamphlet. 275) vena QI Xu, Kay, TX (US); Taw Qh, Katy, Mating. Paton Dons Eoginerig:, 19% 35 (95) tenors: QL. Ka TX (US Tao Kay, Meg lean, Dat Lng Houston, TX (US) Marketing Publication—J. Ray MeDermott, S.A; 19995 2 “Leader in Project Solutions”; 12 page pamphlet. (03) Assigne: ‘Techmip France, Cousevoie (FR) Prtiting Downsteam Proton Rist VIV by Viton of Ups Riser, Modeling Vibvation in Presence of High (©) Note: Subject o any dissimer therm ofthis Ress Numbers Ofsbore, 200, VL. 6, nse 3p. 6, poten encoded or adjusted undee 35117 US.C. 154(b) by 0 days. Evangelinos, C.; Lucor, D.; Karniadakis, G.E.; DNSDerived Feeoe Ditibuson on Plexile Cylinder Sujet to Vorex: (2b) Appl. Nos 097808299 Indced Vivato, Jounal of Fh and Stace (200), 0) Fit fol 8 pp 429-0, (22) eds Mar, 2001 New ViV System Provides Solution, PetrMin (Aug. 19, (65) Prior Publication Data vol. 25, Issue 6, p. 60. US 2002,0168232 AL Nov. 14, 2002 (Continued) wo Primary Esaniner—Banil Sigh D ImeeL FISD 110; F161 5700, 5) "Nnomney Agen or Firm Klin, O'Neil & Singh, 7 LLP; Howard J, Klein (2 us.cL susie 40521167) ABSTRACT 68) Fleld of Search 405211, 211, : A recta 10 be applied to an extern stface of « ae eee cylindrical structure for the reduction of the effect of Vortex oO en) inoed Vibaon (VIV) i the eylindiclsiuctre when immersed owing us, wherein the mebanism inloes US. PATENT DOCUMENTS a gpocrlly cjinscal cokuna ving exalt eae intro sto corepooding in sine tod sope fhe Panaetiae | iomtomae exterior surface of the cylindrical sinicture to Which the Bernat ese ‘hechniam so be app and an ote sae efnng Ssotao A+ too Kaa Joseut Wall tickpessAredsoed wal Uackness i formed into the Soseass A * Into Gn “aseieX duce sree in paler to price a disontnly tt éoivse A '2K0 Mire a inerpts tbe lengthwise cobereac of vor shedding of 61M 308 A 3/2000, Head ‘moving fluid from the outer surface when the eylindrial 6,702,026 B2 * 3/2004 Allen et al 165367 Columa is attached to the exterior of the cylindrical structure FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS inthe owing fuid. The elect of VIV onthe eying vn eee Stactus i effevely reduced, Te eels a submeephe b cylindrical assembly for positioning in a flowing body of oh daaais + Sia op Baszis + snosp ‘ter and bavingenancedesistance to VI. wo sao + Siss6 Wo woourtes at tomar 5 Chins, 11 Deawing SheetsUS 6,948,884 B2 Page 2 ‘OTHER PUBLICATIONS al, CPs Parkinson, Ns Zhao, Ws Wind Vortex-Induced Vibration of Stevctural Members ina Steel Tower: A Case History, Water, Maritime and Engery(1998), vo. 130, Isue 4, pp. 238-238, Golthardt, B; Vortex Metering, Measurements & Contol ‘Gun, 1998), vol. 32, Issue 3, pp. 97-100, Blevins, R.D. Tilden, BW; Martens, D.H.; Vortex-Induced Vibration and Damping of Thermowells Journal; of Fluids and Structures (1998), vol. 12, pp. 42744. Hover, FS; Miller, SN Trantafyllou, M'S.; Vortex-In- ‘duced Vibration of Marine Cables: Experiments Using Porce Feedback; Journal of Fluids and Structures (1997), vol. 1, pp. 307-326. End, CP; Parkiason, N, Zhao, W; Wind Vortex-taduce Vibration of Structural Members in a Stel Tower: A Case History; Water, Maritime and Engery (1997), vol. 124, pp. 3243, Veremib, N.As Zharikov, EVs Myaldun, AZ; Prostomo- lotov, AL; The Phenomeaon of Large-Scale Vortex Forma- tion Induced on the Surface ofa Liquid by the Vibration of a Solid Body, Physies-Doldady, vol. 41, No. 10, 1996, pp. 471-474; translated ftom Doklady’ Akademii Nauk, vol 350, No. 4, 1996, pp. 474477. Cai, ¥s. Chen, S'S3} Dynamic Response of a Stack/Cable Sysiem Subjected 10 Vortex Induced Vibration, Journal of| ‘Sound snd Vibration (1996), vol. 196, Issue 3, pp. 337-349, Blackbur, H.; Henderson, R; Lock In Behavior in Simu- Jated Vortex-oduced Vibration; Experimental Thermal and uid Science (1996), vol. 12, pp. 184-189, Chen, $S., Zhu, $3 Cai, Ys An Unsteady Flow Theory for Voriex-Induced Vibration; Journal of Sound and Vibration (1995), vol. 184, Ise 1, pp. 73-92 Kawai, H; Effects of Angle of Attack on Vortex Induced ‘Vibration aod Galloping of Tall Buildings in Smooth and ‘Turbulent Boundary Layer Flows; Journal of Wind Engi- ‘ering and Industrial Aerodynamics (1995), vol. 54/55, pp. 125-132, Goswami, 13 Seanlan, RH; Jones, N.P3_Vortex-Indvced Vibration of Circular Cylinders. I New Model; Journal of Engineering Mechanics (1995), vol. 121, Issue 2, pp. 350-353, CCorless, RM; Parkinson, G.V; Mathematical Modelling of the Combined Effects of Vortex-laduced Vibration and Galloping. Pat IL; Journal of Fluids and Structures (1993), vol. 7, pp. 825-848, Goswami, 1; Seanlan, RAL; Jones, NPs Vortex-Indueed pation of Cireular Cylinders. I: Experimental Data; Jout= of Engineering Mechanics (1993), vol. 119, pp "70-2287, Goswami, 13 Scanlan, RAH; Jones, NPs. Vortex-Indveed Vibration of Circular Cylinders. Il: New Model; Journal of Engineering Mechanics (1993), vol 119, pp. 2288-2302. \Vandiver, JK Dimensionless Parameters Important to the Predietion of Vortex-Induced Vibration of Long, Flexible Cylinders in Ocean Cents; Journal of Fluids and Strue- tures (1993), wo. 7, pp. 423-455, * cited by examinerUS 6,948,884 B2 U.S. Patent Sep. 27, 2005 Sheet 1 of 11U.S. Patent Sep. 27, 2005 Sheet 2 of 11 US 6,948,884 B2U.S. Patent Sep. 27, 2005 Sheet 3 of 11 FIG. 3 m4 US 6,948,884 B2 90 at ® 7 840 780 - aap Sp 78 bacU.S. Patent Sep. 27, 2005 Sheet 4 of 11 US 6,948,884 B2U.S. Patent Sep. 27, 2005 Sheet 5 of 11 US 6,948,884 B2U.S. Patent Sep. 27, 2005 Sheet 6 of 11 US 6,948,884 B2Sheet 7 of 11 US 6,948,884 B2 U.S. Patent Sep. 27, 2005 FIG. 14 Ae 199 wt 15 Y : tT “|| FIG. 15 D 16 16 “ FIG. 16 rT 4 i 4 tt / 17 17 D ry AIA il : FIG. 17 H Tota ke 18 FIG. 18U.S. Patent Sep. 27, 2005 Sheet 8 of 11 US 6,948,884 B2 AA 300 00 300 cy . 9 al FIG. 23 FIG. 22US 6,948,884 B2 Sheet 9 of 11 Sep. 27, 2005 U.S. Patent 9% ‘Old ok 45 sce ak 4 ssz gh 49 ‘SZ ak 4a 82 ot 49 ssz ak +a Sse. ph 4h ty & T ° 8B & f a QOOSOOO ny 0 a 8 8 i ? & a t =US 6,948,884 B2 Sheet 10 of 11 Sep. 27, 2005 U.S. Patent 0& ‘IId oh oe to Sz ak 4, ak a ak ok GLe a ab Sle Le rb 4o SL 4a Le 4y > NX OOOOOOO: 3 es 9 2 & & 8 a oS Q te te oS epee coe ee” = T x 3 & 82 ‘Id ak 4s 092 ak su 092 ah \\ \\ te 09% a+ 40 092 ok 49 4 ak ta 092, vb tyUS 6,948,884 B2 Sheet 11 of 11 Sep. 27, 2005 U.S. Patent e& ‘Od 9-9 ° a 3 2 8 8 2 = 9° ° 3é & 900 8 ok 4s soz ah YT] 4a gh da at | 4a ok | do coz ab de yh tyUS 6,948,884 B2 1 VORTEX.INDUCED VIBRATION REDUCTION DEVICE FOR FLUID IMMERSED CYLINDERS ‘TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates in general to the field of solid and hollow eylinders, such as risers, hoses, pilings and pipes immersed in a Hid subject to relative motion between the ‘eylinder and the fluid. In particular, the invention relates to a device and mechanism and meod for reducing vortex- induced vibration caused by elative movement of Water past 2 eylinder and also toa eylindrical assembly incorporating the inventive mechanism, BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Without Timiing the scope of the invention, its back- round will be described primarily with reference 10 off- ‘shore risers used in sub-sea production wells as an example» ‘Submerged eylindrcally-shaped objects, such 38 riser, spars, of other clongated cylindrical sructures used for undersea oil or gas production, pumping, or loading are ffien exposed to relative movement of a body of Mui, Particularly moving sea currents. Such elongated eylindric Structures are common in offshore petcoleum exploration, production and transportation, Sometimes such elongated ‘ylindeical structures extend from the surface to hundeeds of riters below the surface, asin the case of spar platforms for produetion, Sometimes the cylindrical s(euctures extend from the seabed thousands of meters upward toward the Surface and into sea curreals, 28 in offshore production risers, loading and unloading risers or hybrid risers for petrochemical production or transport, Cylindrical riser ‘Structures may support on their exterior or encase one OF more pipelines or risers extending from the seabed to a driling or production plafoom, to © ship of to another “offshore sinictre of vebicle, Sch risers or eylindrieal riser ‘Support strictures are continuously exposed to ocean cur Feals that prdluce vortexes or vortices that tend 0 travel “downstream with the current a the water moves around and, past the risers, These vortioes produce oscillating “Tift” forces on the eylindrcal sirucire as a result of vortex shedding and the spanvse, of lengthwise, coherence of the ‘vortex shedding cin prochice substantial cumulative lift, force on the elongated eylindrial structure. The elfect is particularly adverse in the ease ofa cylindrical riser support ‘columa extending several hundreds of meters inthe pa of| the current The lift forces due to vortex shedding act generally normal to the axis of the cylindrical structure and flow direction. As a vortex is produced and then separated in a “sheet” from the cylindrical surface along the length or span ‘of the eylinder exposed tothe current, the lift forse can be significant and destructive, The vortices are swirling cur. fenis that repeatedly shed from the cylinder, sometimes called “Woo Karman Vortex Sheets” and produce vortex induced vibration. ‘The vibratory movement or vortex- induced vibration (VIV) Von Karman Vortex caused by the repeated sheet separation from the cylinder is sometimes called “Aeolian Vibration.” This vortexinduced vibration ‘ereates eyelic stresses onthe cylindrical structure thit may be too small to cause immediate fracture, but upon constant repetition may weaken or damage the riser through material fatigue or stress-induced fracture. In certain relatively com- ‘mon current situations, resonant vibration can be created, ‘causing repetitive forces in phase withthe vibratory moto % o 2 that can overstress the cylindrical structure to potentially catastrophic failure In the past, fas protruding from the peripheral surface of the eylnders exposed tothe curren or oher fluid movement, a8 in preluction riser situations, were used fo reduce the Sdverse ellect of such vortex formation and vortex sboct shedding. For example, belically-arranged vortex-bedding ribs, of sletkes, bave been designed to be installed o submenged risers exposed to ocean currents. In one prior ‘evice, such strakes are to be incorporated as components of a flexible wrap or panel 10 be disposed about and secured t0 the submerged riser. Typically the srakes are to be clamped ‘o the riser prior to its being submerged. Such stakes could be formed by pairs of clamping flanges mounted slong the adjacent edges of elongated parallelogram-shaped wrap se2- ‘ments. The wrap segments could be positioned side-by-side, ‘isting around the outer surface ofthe riser, and then bolted to engage at the clamp flanges, forming 1 helical stake extending in a spiral around and along the length of the cylindrical structure that wil be exposed to moving current. In another design, one or more ribs or strakes could be attached vertically of diggonally on flat, rectangular panel ff flexible weapping material. The wrapping material Would be dimensioned to encircle, by iself, an elongated segment of a single riser, piling, pipe or other cylindrical abject. ‘Clamping Ranges were to be mounted along opposed ver- tical edges of the rectangular panel. The clamping flanges ‘were Io be brought together and clamped, thereby stretching the panel to wrap securely around and frictionally embrace the outer surface of the riser. A palit panels with ribs or srakes were 10 be el positions, along the length of the cylindrical structure such tat the stakes Were aligned at either end of adjacent panels ina helical configuration encircling the wrapped rise struc- ture is dificult t transport, handle and install eylindical riser support steucture having protuding stakes, Further, i thas been found that installation underwater atthe riser ste is extemely dificult and usually impractical. It has been ound that fabrication ofa eylindrical riser structure with = protruding sirake ofa prior design is costly. Additonaly, i has been found thatthe protruding strake on a cylindrical riser support structure increases the viscous drag, of the Water agtins! the riser assembly, therchy risking greater stress and requiring increased size and stengt for the riser support design Tn certain riser installations, a polymeric coating and, in particular, a polymeric foam layer is applied tothe exterior Surface ofthe risers and te riser support eylindes to provide protection from the undersea environment and advants- geously to provide buoyancy tothe assembly. The riser itself ‘may be compased of a metal or 4 composite material. The riser support siruture & normally a metal support cylinder ‘with the metal or composite cylindrical riser pipe lines and polymeric foam coating material attached to the surface of fhe metal cylinder to facilitate maintaining the riser and support structure in an upright pestion by reducing the ‘combined mass density (ie., by adding bvoyaney), It has been found that securing stakes, of any prior known design, to the exterior ofa layer of polymeric foam is dificult. For ‘example, clamping of stakes to the polyanere surface alten fails due to insufficient compression sirength of the foam. Particularly, in the ease of a polymeric foam coating oF bundle on the riser or riser suppor eylinder, clamping tension may not be sificient to maintain the sirakes ia 2 secure position. Excessive clamping tension can signi cantly reduce the buoyancy by crushing the Foam layer.US 6,948,884 B2 7 A.need has therefore arisen fora device, mechanism and method to reduce, resistor suppress vortex induced vibra tion (VIV), or the effect of VIV on submerible cylinders sich as risers and riser support eolumas, without requiring the atlnchment of a protruding stake. A need bas also arisen for a submersible riser assembly’ with a. VIV reduction mechanism attached that i easy to transport, easy to handle And easy to iastall and that is not costly to fabricate, To addition, « eed has arisen for such a VIV reduetion mecha- his for uid immerse eylindricalsructures ancl assemblies, lncluding submergble riser assemblies that does not signif ccanlly increase the viscous drag of moving Buid or moving, ‘water against the immersed cylinder or submerged riset assembly. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention disclosed herein comprises. a device, mechanism and method for use in a generally ‘eylindvical assembly that is resistant to vortex-induced ‘iration when immersed in a moving did. The generally feylindrical assembly of the present invention, and particu Tarly in the case ofa cylindrical riser assembly, is easy 10 transport, handle and install and i not costly to Fabrieste. Lo addition, 4 feature of one embodiment of evlindrical assembly according 10 certain inventive aspecis of the preseat invention is that the evlindccal assembly is sub- 3 imergible in a body of water and resists or reduces vorex- Jnduced vibration (VIV) and does not significantly increase the viscous drag of the fluid or water moving past the ‘ylindeical assembly. The vortex induced vibration (VIV) reduetion mechanism ‘of the present invention and the submergible eylindrial assembly of the present invention having such ViV redue- tion mechanism combined therewith effectively reduee the adverse effet of vortex-induced vibration when positioned jn flowing body of uid such as water. The VIV reduction ‘mechanism comprises a generally eylndresl column having Agente xis, an outer sae, a Wal thickness and a length ‘A pattern is cut or formed into the outer surlace of the enerally cylindkical column to selectively decrease the ddstance of the outer surface from the central axis. The paler may be formed with plurality of eolurnnae sections ‘each having # notch eat into the otter surface. A plurality of ‘columnar sections are placed in series or stacked along the length of the cylindrical column, Te atch of each colum- ction is positioned ina selected cireumferential an jonship with the notch of each other columnae seetion and extends partially along the length ofthe column, thereby selectively reducing the thickness of the wall and producing a discontinuity inthe outer cylindrical surface at ‘Selected positions. The angular positon of each notch or of ‘each reduced thickness portion of a wall sound the citcum= ference of the generally cylindrical column sections is Uiffeently selected along the length of the column. The ‘selected angular postions provide a plter of discontinai- ties on the generally eylindical outer surface ofthe column. i will be understood that for a solid cylinder the wall thickness is nominally equal to the nominal radius. For a riser support column comprising a hollow eylinder encased jn a polymeric or foam material, the wal thickness is Tess than the nominal rads, Selectively decreasing the distance from the axis to the Sueface might also be considered the ‘same as reducing the wall thickness at selected locations oF jn a desired pattern. The reduced radius or reduced wall thickness preferably provides a sharp discontinuity in the surface Preferably, the discontinuities will be selectively and appropriately positioned in a pattern, desirably a helical 4 pattem, along the length of the column so that the VIV effect ff vortex sheet separation from the cylindrical column is redveed. Forming or approximating a helical shaped dscon- tinuity along the leagth ofthe cylindrical siucture exposed to moving curent facilitates reduction of VIV, oral last redivees is negative effects inthe cylindrical stractre. The discontinuity acts to shed the vortex at dillerent limes at Uiferent segments along the length of the eylindet. The various vortex-create lilt forces are out of pase from each other and thus are out of phase withthe osillaton that the Torces would otherwise cause in the cylindrical structure at any given time, The “out of phase” forees tend to cancel teach other out. Thus, the vibratory effect of vortex-indueed Ii forces on the cylinder are reduced "The abrupt reduction in thickness or the formation of a shagp discontinuity in the outer surface is generally accom- plished using variously shaped notches or grooves. Preferably, notebes or grooves having sharp corners have been found to be usefil, such as a right angle triangul shaped notch, aa equilateral tiangulaeshaped note, @ reclangularshaped notch, or other angular polygon. The ‘notches or reduced thickness atexs causing discontinvites in the outer surface of the cylindrical structure are either formed in a substantially continuous helical pattern or Tormed with segments of notches tal are roated lo different angular positions at regular intervals along the length of the ylindrcal stricture. By forming relatively short segments ‘of longitudinal notches and sequentially rotating each notch ‘consistent angular amounts (between 10" and 90°) at regular intervals of length (between about 0.1 and 10 times the iameter), « long helical shape is approximated by the plurality of rotated notches or grooves. A series of pantally rojated column sections, each column section having vert calor slightly angled notches or grooves may be provided ‘slong the length of the eylindrcal column structure, By rotating the eolumn sections atthe time they are afixed to the support cylinder, helially shaped groove is appeoxi- ‘mated by vertically elongated notches. bette approxima- ‘ion of a helical groove may be formed by a seties of columnar sections having angled notch segments aligned end to end by rotating the columnar sections. ‘A generally cylindrical column structure to which the prescalinventive VIV reduction mechanism isto be applic fevording t0 the disclosure herein, might typically be a Support structure for drilling risers or production risers. It ‘ill be understood that this is by way of example only ofthe cylindrical structure to which the VIV reduction deve and ‘mechanism is applied. The resulting inventive VIV reduced cylindrical assembly may also be used for other eylindeeal siructutes; ie, it may be a drilling rset, a prouction tse, ‘hybrid riser andior any sumber of other elongated cylin- rial steuctures that may be subjected tothe adverse effects ‘of VIV. The cylindrical sirueture may comprise a slid metal fuer surface of may comprise a composite material on ‘which a VIV seduction mechsnism is secured or formed. The VIV reduction mechanism may be notches of grooves: ormed inthe solid surface, Preferably notches or grooves in helical pattern may be formed into a composite polymeric terial or a polymer foam material secured, alached or ormed onto the surface of generally eylindrieal support structure such a8 a riser support eylinder or eut or mokled into the surface of a generally cylindrically shaped polymer foam material atached on the outer surface of any immersed cylindrical siracture, The VIV reduetion mechanism may also be formed in a composite structure with notches, {gmoves or other discontinuity farmed into the outer surface for into the wall thickness, 38 described hea,US 6,948,884 B2 5 [BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS ‘The foregoing objects, advantages, and features, a5 well as oiber objects and advantages, will become apparent with reference to the description, claims and drawings below, ia which Tike oumerals represent like elements and ia whieh: FIG. Lis schematic perspective, partially cutaway view, ‘depicting various undersea uses of cylindrical columns in ‘moving fui (Le, vertical cylindrical columns in horizontal Water cutents). FIG. 2 is a schematic depiction of a eylindsical riser bundle suppor assembly provided with an upper buoyaney ‘ean, and @ cylindrical support structure for the bundle of tubular risers with the eylincrical support structure having applicants’ VIV suppression vention applied to the eylin- rica exterior surface; FIG, 3 isa sehematie depiction ofa hybrid ser assembly having a eylindrcal riser support structure with & portion thereof having, for additional buoyancy, substantially eylin- ‘ical foam 10 which applicants’ inventive VIV suppression device has been applied FIG. 4 is a schematic depiction of a representative seg ment of the upper enhanced buoyancy portion of the sub- ‘tanilly eylindreal riser structure of FIG. 3 in whieh a plurality of risers are held together supported by a central ‘Support cylinder in segmented foam quacants clamped ia a substantially cylindrical shape and having segments. of Applicants’ VIV reduction devives applied and clamped 0 the exterior of the enhanced buoyancy foam riser bundle; FIG, 8 is a schematic cross-sectional depiction of one ‘embodiment of applicants” inveative VIV raduction device fund mechanism in which four sections ofthe VEV suppees- sion device are depicted for camping around a riser, 1Wo of ‘which in each cylindrical segment have a notch or sharp discontinuity formed therein with each notch at concentric ‘opposed locations, the junctions at each end each section being concentric with the other ends and of the same wid so that clamping engagement reslts in a smooth transition between one Ball and the other; FIG. 6 shows an embodiment of the VIV suppression device in which four discoatinities of four notebes of four “step notches” are formed in four quadrants of the VIV ‘columaar segments; FIG. 7 shows an embodiment similar to FIG. 6, except that exch VIV reduction columnar segment is divided into ‘vo substantially identical pieces. The cut can be anywhere inthe segment; FIG. 8 shows another embodiment similar to FIG. 7, ‘except that each VIV reduction columnar segment is divided into four ideatical pieces which lock each other together, ‘This embodiment wil sllow the load on the notches to be better distributed along the entire length ofthe segment, FIG. 9 shows the arrangement of the segments and notches depicted in FIGS. 6-8 inthe longitudinal direction. For clarity omly one noteh on each columnar segment is shown, FIGS, 10-13 show cross-sections of the segments of HIG. 9 taken along the lines 1010, H—I1, 12—12, and BAB, cespectively FIG. 14 shows another arrangement of the notches depicted in FIGS, 6-8 in the longitudinal direction, In this tembovliment, successive notches form a spiral line. For clarity, only one notch on each columnar segment is shown, FIGS, 15-18 show cross-sections of the segments of FIG, 14 takea along the lines 1818, 1616, 17—17 and IBIS, respectively % o 6 FIG, 19 shows another embodiment in which the outline of the columnar seyment isnot a cirele, wit the phantom Tine in the drawing showing a eile (at is aot part of a structure) for comparison. At one side, the surfuce extends beyond the cireuar phantom line and atthe other sie i is inside the circular phantom line. The notch arrangement of sueeessive segments in the longitudinal direction ean be the same as depicted in FIGS. 9 and M4 FIG. 20 shows another embodiment similar 10 FIG. 19, except that the columnar VIV reduction segment is divided into two identical picoes. The notch arrangement of succes sive segments in the longitudinal dreetion ean be the same 48 depicted in FIGS. 9 and 14, FIG. 21 shows another embodiment ofa segment that has 4 notch of a different shape. The noteh arrangement in the Tongitudinal direction ean be the same as depicted in FIGS. 9 and 14. FIG, 22 isa side view of longitudinally aranged segments with triangular notches. Th triangular notches cover entre cylindrica} surface and in the longitudinal direction, the notches forming spiral (helical) lines. FIG, 23 is a cross-sectional view of one of the segments of FIG. 2, taken along the line 23—23, FIGS. 24 and 25 show another embodiment where the ‘ross section of the sezment is an ellipse and the angular ‘orientation of the long axis of each rotates, as shown in the cross-section in FIG. 28, 0 form a spiral (Kwisted) shape. FIGS, 26 and 27 show another embodiment where the ross section isa triangle with rounded corvers. The angular orientation of each tangle eotaes, as shown in the cross- section in FIG, 27 to foam a spiral (twisted) shape FIGS, 28 and 29 show another embodiment where the cross section isa square with rounded comers. The angular orientation of the square rotates, as shown in FIG. 29, 10 orm a spiral (twisted) shape. FIGS, 30 and 31 show another embodiment where the cross section is an ellipse. The angular orientation of the Tong axis a the ellipse rotates, as shown in FIG. 31, to form 4 discontinuous stepped patter, FIGS, 32 and 33 show another embodiment where the ross section is rangle with rounded corners, The angular orientation of the tiangle eotates, a8 shown in FIG, 33, 10 Torm & discontinuous stepped pater, FIGS, 34 and 38 show another embodiment where the cross section isa square with rounded comers. The angular orientation of the square roates, as shown in FIG. 35, 10 Torm & discontinuous stepped pater, DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE. PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS While the making and using of various embodiments of the present invention ae discussed in detail below, it should be appreciated that the present invention provides many applications forthe inventive concepts which can be embod- id in a wide variety of specific contexts. The speciic embodiments discussed herein are merely ilusiaive of specific ways to make and use the invention and do. not Selimit the scope af the invention, Referring FIG, 1, which is a schematic depiction of floating. production systems on the set surface 10 and extending from the seabed 12 through a distance of ocean, ‘including a portion 14 having sea currents and a portion 18 ‘without sigtitieant sea curenis, Examples of various ocean ‘equipment ta which the invention may be usefully applic are depicted, including a sea floor drilling ig 16, a ship 18,US 6,948,884 B2 1 4 columnarsupported diling platform 20, and a spar plat- form 24, as well as a collection vessel 26, Risers 28 are ‘shown extending from the seabed 12 to the collection ship If where hytracarhons are pumped on board from the risers and teansported to an appropriate port facility where simi Fisees may offload the peoleum products to refiner. drilling oF production platform 20 is schematically depicted ‘witha drill casing 30 extending to the oor surface and also ‘support legs 32 on which the dilling or produetion platform is secured tothe sea Noor 12. The spar platform bull 24 is supported on a large eylin- ical spar hull 40 having 4 heavy’ end 39 and an upwardly buoyant end 37 so thatthe platform 24 is oating ina desired position and may be anchored in positon with mooring lines 41 Top tension risors and stecl catenary riser pipes 42 ‘extend upward tothe spar platform 24 and through oF about the spar hull 40 to the peociction platform 24 The collection ‘vessel 26 is shown receiving hydrocarbon from a hylrca bom collection system 4 for subsea wells onthe seabed 12 and providing the produced hydrocarbons through upwardly ‘extending risers 46 and also collecting hydrocasbons ftom the well 16 through elongated recovery pipes 48 that may ‘extend flexibly along the seabed 12 and upward fo collection ‘vessel 26, The foregoing floating production systems are depicted by way of background so that uses of the inventive VIV reduction mechanism aevording to various embodiments of the present invention may be more fully understood as to the wide ranging applications to riser eylinders drill casings, see support columns, pipes, platform legs cylindrical spars tind other similar immersed cylindrical steuctures, With reference to FIG. 2, a productioniransport vessel $0, in this case a ship 50, i shown i position for receiving hydrocarbons above a buoyancy canister 2 attached to @ ser support cylinder 84 sa that the riser support cylinder $4 ‘may be held upright and having a connection in 88 held adjacent (0 the sea surface 10. Depicted in FIG. 2 is one ‘embodiment of VIV reduction mechanism 86 attached along, 2 length 14 exposed c current $8 that is depicted as horizontal arrows $8. In shallow water, the curent $8 may ‘extend from the sea surface 1010 the seabed 12, however, ia ‘deep walers as is often the cas, the current 88 may extend a Tength 14 that may be several hundred to several thousand micers deep. In situations where the sea depth is thousands ‘of meters, there will alo bea lengl 18 of riser $4 that is not ‘exposed fo any significant current. In situations where no VIV reduction mechanisa 56 is applied to the eylindrcal riser support, the current $8 will form vortexes ora sheet of vortex matetial aloag substantially the votive length 14 ‘exposed to the current §8, With vortex reduction mechs nisms 56 applied to riser support siucture 54, the vortices (600, 6c, de, f, and g will each shed from the columa ‘surface at diferent time's andor different locations such that the lifting force at each longitudinal position along the riser ‘Support structures is out of phase with tbe oscillation ofthe cealire riser $4 thereby canceling out the vibration, This ‘effectively reduces the vibration. The vessel 50 is shown held in place by anchor cables 62 attached to sea anchors 64 so thatthe conduits 66 from the ‘connection head to the production vessel $0 are retained in a relatively stable position. The VIV reduetion mectanism ‘6 applied slong eylindrcal riser $4 comprises a plurality of| VIV reduction column segments 70. ‘These have deen labeled starting atthe topmost as VIV reduction column ‘segment 70a with the noxtcolumnae segment 70D, 7 ete Exch columnar segment is rotated relative tothe next sich that sharp noteh, gscove, or discontinuity, as deseribed % o 8 below, provided in each columnar segment, is cccumee tially displace relative to the notch, groove or discontinuity in the adjacent segment Advantageously, the discontinuity reas are eotated angu- larly with each successive columnar segment to a different angular position relative to te adjacent columnar segments Desirably, foe example, segment 70D is rotated an angle of betwoen about 10° and 50° relative to segment 702. Also esirably segment 70e is also rolated to the same angular Amount relative to 70D a 70D is rotated relative to 70. Ths, «consistent rotational interval is provided along each VIV reduction column segment ‘As will be described more fully below, the column segments may have an axial length that is between about 8 times the diameter to about 10 times the diameter. In particular, it has been discovered that columaar segments having a length of approximately 1s times the diameter each rotated about 30? relative to each other will advant gcously break up the vortex sheet. Vortex shedding tone column will be out of phase with the next so thal vortex ‘deed lifting forces are out of phase and caneel each othe. [By rotating each columnar segment, « consistent rotational angle between about 10 and 5, helical design is appeo ‘mated, Each VIV reduction columnar segment may’ com- prise one or a plurality of longitudinal VIV reduction iscontinitis. Gencrally speaking, the greater number of ‘discontinuities per columnar segment, the longer the col ‘ar segment may be and sil have a desired VIV reduction elect. Various embodiments, constructions and manuiactur- ing of VIV reduetion eolumas willbe discussed more fully below with reference to FIGS. 5-48, Turning now to FIG. 3, which i configuration of hybrid rset, an additional application of the inventive VIV redue- ‘tion mechanism may be more fully understood in eonnection with a support riser 76 having snictural steel pipe inside the bundle, by shich » plurality of riser pipes 68 may be supparied vertically upward from the seabed 120 a position close to sca surface 10, for providing flexible riser 82 connection to floating platform 74. In this embodiment, the VIV reduction mechanism 77 comprises of a plurality of IV reduction columnar segments, 78a , cand dete, each bhaving a VIV reduction notch 84 b,c, and det, preferably plucality of angled notches or discontinuities 84, , cand ‘ete, The angle ofthe notch relative tothe longitudinal axis ‘of «columnar segment 78, desirably provides a segment of ‘helical notch 84, Adjacent VIV reduction columnar seg- ‘ments 78a and b are each simultaneously merged and are cach rolated relative to each olber at appropriate angular Jnterval so thatthe notches #4 and 84b are lined end 1 end {orm a cylindrical notch comprised of a plurality of se ments 84, ¢, d, «fg and etc. The number of columnar segments required {0 provide the VIV reduction system slong the length of riser support 76 that is exposed 10 ‘currents will depend upoa the depth ofthe eurents and the length of each columnar segment In the embodiment show in FIG. 3, additional buoyancy polymeric foam segments 80, 6, € and ete. ae also pro- vided secured to the eylindical riser support structure 76 towaed the top thereof where it may be tethered through cables 88 to a production platform 74 floating on the sea surface 10. A connection head 90 is provided by which the ‘sere 68 are in fluid communication with flexible risers 82 {o provide hydrocarbons to the surface vessel Referring now 0 FIG. 4, one embodiment of a riser support column with risers encased ina foam rclaining ‘material is schematically depicted with a partial perspectiveUS 6,948,884 B2 7 view of one portion of a riser support cylinder assembly having foam material in eylindreal quadrants enessing. & plurality of risers and further providing aditional buoyancy VIV reduction mechanisms clamped around the periphery of the cylindrical support structure. Particularly, metal eye Jnder 192 provides the main riser support and a plurality of petroleum recovery risers 1042, 1046, 104, 104d are pro- Vided along with contol cables 1060 and 106 as well as Adsitional pressurizing pipes 1084, b and LO8e and das well as gas recovery pipes 10a and 1105 (110 not shown ia FIG. 4). The VIV columnar segments 70a, 705, 70c, axl 710d axe’ shown eoastructed of four VIV reduction columa ‘sections, the risers, conduits and control cables extending along the length of support eylinder being encased within four molded polymeric Foam sections 120, 12, 124, and 126 ‘making up each ofthe columnar segments 70a, 70, 70e and 7hd. Adjacent ones of sections 120, 122, 124 and 126 need not be the same eross-sectional shape, although itis pre~ ferred tht respectively opposing sections, ie, 120and 124, and 122 and 126, he the same shaped as their opposed 2 ‘section. These sections are respectively “split” at junctions 146 01 148 (ot shown in FIG. 4 ee FIG. for petroleum recovery isers 1042, 1046, 104¢ and 1041 and include halfcircle cutouts for these risers. Sections 122 andl 126 ‘include outwardly open cutouts for cables 1064 and 106, and sections 120 and 124 include inwardly open cut-outs for as recovery lines 110u and 1100. The construct of hese ‘sections will be more fully understond with reference also to FIG. 5 which is cross-sectional view of VIV reduction rsee assembly according to FIG. 4 taken along section line S—S. Each VIV reduction seyment 704, 705, 70e and 70d has a discontinuity 1324, 132h, 132¢ and 132d in its outer surface, and a coresponding discontinuity 1324’, 1326, 132e" and 1324" on the outer sutface of iis back Side, AS depicted in FIG. 4, each of these discontimities comprises 4 substantially radially directed face 134 extentng inward from the exterior surface M2, 2 distance approximating between Vath and Yaths the diameter thereby decreasing the wall thickoess of VIV reduction columase ball 130 as depicted at 136. A substantially flat surface 140i formed projecting substantially at right angles to face 134 there proving s right triangular notch 132. Subsequent eolumns ‘Segments 704, 705 and Me ils have a similar notches 1320, 132 and 1326, respectively. In the embodiment depicted in FIGS. 4 and §, two opposed ones of the four columnar ‘segments also has a discontinuity of a notch 132 formed in its Tace. These sections are clamped using clamps 142 and 144 to securely hold the additional buoyancy foam, into ‘whieh the VIV reduction mechanism bas been formed, oat the exterior ofthe eylindrical riser assembly 80. AV junctions 146 soc 148 (001 shown in FIG. 4, see FIG. 8) beiween the sections, the wall thickness of the adjacent VIV reduction ‘columa sections isthe same Referring to FIG. § that is a cross-sectional view of the VIV reduction riser assembly of FIG. 4, it ean be seen that the VIV reduction columns according to this embodiment have substantially concentric notches at apposite sections ‘where the thickness of the wall is reduced an equivalent rout D on each side and the wall thickness progressively ‘increases from that notch 132 toward the opposing section, ‘where the diameter coatiues to increase uatl the second notch 132 on that opposing section is reached. Agin, the “discontinuity wal thickness is dereased the distance D and agiin the wall thickness progressively increases past the junction 148 unt the subsequent notch 132 on the other side 'S reached. Similar stricture i provided with respect to each ‘of the VIV reduetion columnar sezments 702, 708, 70¢ and % o 10 hd, in which suocessve segments are mounted sequentially ajaceat to eachother excep ote a predetermined angie Jar interval between zero and 90°. 1 has been found that rotation of approximately 30" provides good VIV edition, {us discontiity 132 oft from te rir discominty {R2by an angle of approximately 30” Subsequent colirmnar segment es ikewise formed with four sections. The foam Segments of these successive ofthese columnar segments fe molded such that each successive discontinuity 132 is rotated about 30°, with respect to the next. Ita further been found tat th length 144 ofeach columaeseument 170o, the, ele. may be desirably about 15 times the nominal diameter of the VIV reduction columnar segments “Turing now to FIG, 6, a cosssection another embodi- meat ofthe VIV suppression deve sceounding pipe 108 is depiced having Tour discotinities or “notches” 188, 159, 160 and 161 formed in four quadrans of the VIN cohimnar segment. The eccentric exterior shape retains or approximates a substantially eylidrical columnar shape {his embodiment, the VIV suppression device may eonve- ically be molded onto th pipe, o slipped onto is ed peor to installation of the pipe FIG. 7 shows an embodiment similar to FIG. 6, except that each VIV ceduetion columnar segment i divided into ‘0 substantially identical pieces, to facilitate assembly. The cts 163 and 164 can he anywhere in he segment. FIG. & shows another embodiment similar 10 FIG. 7, xcept that he discontinuities 158, 159,160 and LL ae, for ‘xan tor near the junctions between each guadrsn this embodiment, each VIV redaction columnar segment is divided inwo four identical pieoes which lock each olher together at zig-zag spit lines 166, 167, 168, 169. This embodiment permis the load on the noes to be beter Sistrted slong the entre length ofthe segment FIG, 9 is a schematic depiction of a VIV tedstion mechanism 180 formed of a plurality of VIV reduction columnar segments 181, , 6d fh sj. kandIstcked Jinan elongsted column esch having » longitudinal discon- tinaity 182 in the form of notches 1N2G, b,c def 4; Rand (For elaty only one ooteh on cach columnar scgmeat in shown, Each columnar segment is rated 30" degrees telative to each other. By sequemially rotating the colimode segments 181, the notches 182 are aranged in 4 pattem that approximates. helical pier, The rotation Bngle of 30 provides twelve columtar segments for one complete helical eoaton ofthe vertical notch positions. FIGS. 10, Il, 12 and 13 are schematic cross-sectional views taken at section ies at 1010, I-A, 212, and 13-13, respectively. Each cross-sectional depiction repre~ nis St rolation or eich thi one ofthe column sections ach otated 30° In igure 10 an indication ofa perspective ‘View is depicted ia phaniom lines ia combination withthe Solid line Erose-sctional view to assist in visualization of the consirietion of the discontimity or notch 1920 “Although the embodiment depicted shows a cros-section of 4 substantially cylindrical column segment that is slightly ccenrie rather than perfectly eylindnes, the eonscuction tay be understood in terms of 4 nominal diameter D represented by numeral 194 Refering gan wo FIG. 9 the height of each column 198 i conveniemly in range of betecen one half times D to about five times D, 40 permit offsetting of he discomiuitiesby the desired rotation ange, however, the ratio s not eral to the invention. Longer columnae segments might be used, for example, where a Phiality of notches 192 are formed im cach colsmnar Scgmeat ether tha the single notch as depicted ia FIGS. 9US 6,948,884 B2 i through 13, The notch or discontinuity has 4 substaatially flat face 193 that provide a eornce along he height 195 ofthe ‘column, The face 193 has a depth B represented by numeral 197 into the eccentric surface of the cylindrical column 19a. Depth B consist ofa portion C represented by numeral 198 that accomplishes the eccentricity of the columnar ‘segment and the remainder which corresponds tothe reduc tion in the radius less than the noeninal diameter D. The size ‘of the notch depends upon the specific conditions of use. Of ‘cours, the rotation need not be 30 degrees, as any ost ‘sufficient to create any pattern of notebes effective to dimin- ‘sh VIV will sullice. Again with reference also lo FIGS. 10, 1, 12 and 13 each of which depiets a cross-sectional view ‘of the VIV" reduction mechanism 190 at Section lines 1010, IAL, 12—12 and 13-13, respectively. Inthe nbowliment depicted in FIGS, 9 through 13 a8 moe spe~ Citially set forth with reference to FIGS. 10 aod M1, the ‘elindricel columnar segments 192 have a diameter D represented by numeral 194. The longitude and the length of ‘each columa is between one-balf times D and five times D 8 represented by reference numeral 198. The discontinaity ‘or notch 192« has 2 lat face 193 that sail aligned with the central axis ofthe VIV columnar segment 191a and has a flat surface 19S projecting at right angles from face 193. This produces 9 sharp exterior corner at 198 that facilitate inition ofthe shear shedding as discussed previously. The ‘depth B represented by numeral 197 may be in the ange of (0.1 1003 limes the diameter D. The face 198 has a width A represented by numeral 196 that may bein the ange of 0.3 10 068 times the nominal diameter D. FIG, 14 depicts a side view of sequentially arranged segments with notches formed at an angle into the oster surface of the VIV reduction device, so that when the Segments are successively arranged, the aotehes form a substantially longitudinally continuous spiral notch. Eacl ‘columnar segment cotate at 30° relative tothe other 35 ith 90 degrees of rofation, The atrangemeat of each third ‘segment is depicted in cross-sections in FIGS. 18, 16,17 and 18 FIG, 19 shows anotber embodiment in which the outline of the columnar segment is not exactly a circle; ie, itis ‘somewhat spiral-sbaped. The phantom line 199 in the draw~ ing shows a circle but isnot part of a siniture. AL one side ‘ofthe surface extends beyond the circular phantom line and A the other side i is inside the circular phantom line. The notch sequential off-seiting arrangement in the longitudinal ‘tection canbe the same as depicted in FIGS. 9 and 14; ie, approximately 30 degrees. FIG. 20 shows another embodiment similar to FIG. 19, ‘except thatthe columnar VIV reduction segment is divided Jno two identical pees at cut lines 163'and 168'.The noted angement in the longitudinal diretion can be the same a5 \depicied in FIGS. 9 and 14; ie., approximately 30 degrees, FIG. 21 shows another embodiment that has «notch 188° ‘of a different shape; ie., square. The noteh arrangement in the longitudinal direction ean be the sume as depicted in FIGS. 9 and 14, Although only one notch 158° is depicted, four or any number could be used, as in FIGS. 9 and Ld FIG. 22is another embodiment which has across section asshown in FIG. 28. The triangular notches 300 cover entire ‘eylindeical surface and in the longitudinal direction, the notches fon spiral (belical) lines. ‘This embodiment uses « VIV reduction mechanism in which a plurality of Vaype notches 300 are equilateral triangles are formed into the surface of the substantially ‘ylindsical column. Again the star-shaped cross-section of % o 12 FIG, 23 continuously spirals along the length ofthe eolu ‘piled in FIG. 23. This may be cretted by along eslumnar section longer than the one-balf to ten tines the diameter columns that might be more appropriate with vertically aligned notches, However for ease of manufacture and for Clamping onto cylindrical rises or eylindrcal see support structures or the like columnar seetions might still be used And alignment will be easily accomplished because of the ‘uniform siar shape provided by the plurality of V'shaped rotches, FIG. 24 and 25 show another embodiment where the ross section 250 i slighlly Wisted, an ellipse, successive seg: ‘meals being oflset about 45 degrees so the long axis of the ellipse “spirals,” as shown in FIG. 28, 10 form a spiral (sisted) shape FIGS, 26 and 27 show another embodiment where the ‘ross section 283 is slightly twisted triangle with rounded comers, Suecessive segments are offset about 45 degrees, the direction ofthe triangle, as shown in FIG, 27, 0 form & spiral (twisted) shape FIGS, 28 and 29 show another embodiment where the ross section isa Square with rounded comers. The angulse orientation of the square rotates, as shown in FIG. 29, 10 form a spiral (twisted) shape FIGS, 30 and 31 show another embodiment where the cross section is an ellipse. The angular orientation of the Tong axis of the ellipse rotates as shown in FIG. 31, to form 4 discontinions stepped patter, FIGS, 32 and 33 show another embodiment where the ‘ross section isa triangle with rounded corners. The angular orientation of the tangle cotaes, as shown in FIG. 33, 10 form a discontinuous stepped patter, FIGS, 34 and 38 show another embodiment where the cross section isa square with rounded comers, The angular orientation of the square roates, as shown in FIG. 38, 10 form & discontinuous stepped paiter, ‘While this invention has been described with reference to iilytative embodiments, this description i not intended 40 be consired ins limiting sense. Various mosifications and combinations of the ilusiutive embodiments, as well as ‘ther embodiments of the invention, will be apparent 40 persons skiled in the art upon reference to the description. Its therefore, intended thatthe appended claims encompass. any such modifications oe embodiments, Other alterations and modifications of the inveation will likewise become apparent to those of ordinary skill in he at upon eeading the present disclosure, and itis intended that the scope of the invention disclosed herein be limited only by the broadest interpretation of the appended claims to which the inventors ate legally entitled, "What is cluimed is 1 -Avortex-induced vibration (VIV) eduetion mechan {or a substantially cylindrical structure foe reduction of the ellets of vortex-iaduced vibration (VIV) in the steucture ‘when the structure is submerged in lowing Guid, the mecha- nism comprising: 4 plurality of columnar segments disposed around the exterior sueface of the sinicture in a vertically stacked arrangement, each of the segments having & vortex shedding sufface discontinuity provided by a notch formed bya radially inward-dtected wall thickness dliscontinuty ofthe segment and oriented substantially parallel to the ais of the strcture, the segments being arranged with respect to each other so that the surface discontinuity of exch segment i cicumfercatally dis- placed from the surface discontinuity of aa adjacentUS 6,948,884 B2 a Seument, whereby the surface discontinuities of the plurality of segments define «discontinuous, stepwise, Lpproximately heliel pattern of vortex-shedding dis: ‘continuities along the Length of the structure, wherein ach of the columaar segments has at least two vortex: Shedding sieface discontinuities equidistanly spaced faround the exterior surface of the columar segment, And wherein each columnar segment has a radius that varies continuously in length Between each two sic= cessive vortex-shelding surface discontinuities. 2. Avottex-induced vibration (VIV) reduction mechanism fog a substantially cylindrical structure for reduction of the ‘effec of vortexcinduced vibeation (VIV) in the steetute ‘when ie sincture is submerged in owing uid, tbo mectae nism comprising 4 plurality of columnar segments disposed around the terior surface of the siricture in a vertically sacked lrmangement, each of the segments having at least 10 vortexshedding surface discontinuities equidistant spaced around the exterior sueface of he columnar ‘segment and oriented substantially parallel 0 the axis of the structure, wherein each columnar segment as 8 ‘radius that varies continuously in length between each two successive surface discontinuities, the segments being arranged with respect to each olber so thatthe surface discontinuities of each segment are circumfer- €ntally displaced from the surface discontinuities of an adjacent segment, whereby the surface discootiouties fof the plurality of segments define a disooatinuous, stepwise, approximately helical pattem of vortex: Shedking discontinuities along the length of the strac- 14 3. The mechanism of claim 2, wherein each ofthe surface scootinuities i a notch, 4. The mechanism of claim 2, wherein each ofthe surface iscoatinutis i « projection, '$.Avortex-induced vibration (VIV) reduction mechanism {or a substantially cylindrical structure foe reduction of the ellets of vortex-induced vibration (VIV) in the steucture ‘whe the structure is submerged in flowing uid, the mecha- nism comprising: 4 plurality of columnar segments disposed around the exterior surface of the structure in a vertically stacked trrangement, each of the segments having a vortex shedding surface discontinuity provided by 4 notch formed by 2 radially inward-diected wall thickness dliscontinulty ofthe segment and oriented substantially parallel to the axis of the structure, the segments being turanged with respect to each othcr so th the surface lsconliauity of each segment i eicumtereatially dis- placed from the surface discontinity of an adjacent seyment, whereby the surface discontinuities of the plurality of segments define a discontinuous, stepwise, approximately helical patern of vortex-shedding dis: ‘continuities along the length ofthe siricture, wherein ‘each columnar segment has a eenteal axis, and wherein the notch in cach segment has a first Mat surface that is radially aligned with the central axis and a second at suriace that is perpendicular tothe first Mat surface.