Towards the Next Generation of Web of Things: A Survey on Semantic Web of Things’ Framework Farhat Jahan, Pranay Fruitwala and Tarjni Vyas Abstract The concept behind Semantic Web of Things (SWoT) is to extend the oT (Intemet of Things) architectures and to provide advanced resource manage ‘ment and discovery. It also uses integration of knowledge representation and rea~ soning techniques which are basically devised from the Semantic Web. The combining of two technologies aim towards the association of semantic annotations to real world objects. This paper discusses such three frameworks which are SWoT framework based on Ubiquitous Knowledge Base, CoAP based framework and smart gateway framework that have been developed and proposed for the extended Io (SWoT) along with the basic challenges faced in the IoT. Keywords Internet of things - CoAP + Semantic web » Knowledge base Resource discovery - Ontology - RDF 1 Introduction “The next big thing that will entirely change the environment of the services around the users is Intemet of Things (oT). A world-wide connectivity between the objects will be enabled using IoT. Three major technologies which provides first layer of heterogeneity on Io are: (1) Attached Devices (Il) Sensing and Actuating Devices (ID Embedded Devices. 1oT ean be considered as a set of heterogeneous devices and various heterogeneous communications strategies, ToT would evolve @ hetero- geneous system where devices or things can be uniformly discoverable and enabled to communicate with other devices or things, When Semantic Web technology is Jahan (2) -P, Fritwala -T. Vyas Institue of Technology, Nirma University, Akmedabed 382481, India femal: Mimeend8@nirmaun.a.in P. Fritwala ‘e-mail: Mmcen06@ ninmaun.acin T. Vyas e-mail taji-vyas@nirmauni.ae.in ‘© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 aL SC. Satapathy and 8. Dat (eds), Proceedings of First International Conference ‘on Iformation and Communication Technology for Intelligent Systems: Volume I, Smart Innovaon, Systems and Technologies 50, DOI 10,1007878-3319-30933-0 42 Jahan eta used to extend I0T, itis referred as SWoT (Semantic Web of Things). The goal of SWOT is to provide easy accessible information to the real world objects as well as locations and events and also associate semantically rich content. Resource dis- ‘covery is a very important feature for SWoT. Many technologies like 6LOWPAN [1] and CoAP [2, 3] (Constrained Application Protocol) are gaining acceptance due to the optimization. Real-world entities are not that much of use when considered in isolation; the ability to put multiple entities into a common semantic context is needed [4]. ‘The details of the paper are as given: Sect. 2 discusses the open issues in IoT, Sect, 3 discuss the SWoT framework based on the Ubiquitous Knowledge Base, Section 4 gives a brief introduction about the CoAP based framework. Section 5 discuses about the smart gateway framework. 2 Issues and Challenges in Internet of Things (IoT) There are many issues which are still needed to be tackled to explore the full potential of Internet of Things (loT), 2.1 Heterogeneity and Scalability [5] In general, lof handles the heterogeneity problem but sil there are many minor problems which still needs to be resolved. ToT will require a huge number of heterogeneous devices to be integrated to the current web. Also the devil level heterogencity will be a serious issue for the ToT. LoT will just be a castle inthe ar if there won't be interoperation support from lower levels [5]. Even the customers ‘may have heterogeneous requirements as many may need rea time information and others may need archived data, The performance may degrade drastically ifthe IoT is not designed using an efficient management design as the environment is com- pletely distributed, 2.2 Security and Privacy [5] ‘There has always been a contradiction between sharing and security. Enabling oT in the existing web may lead to problems like ensuring security to the shared resources along with protecting the privacy of the users and provide reliability Even though there are lot of security approaches which have become mature but not, ‘every approach can be applied to IoT environment as itis distributed and hetero: ‘geneous. A universal boot strapping method needs to be implemented whenever two nodes want to join,“owans the Next Generation of Web of Things. 3 2.3. Search and Discovery [5] ‘There are basically two approaches which are used to develop a search engine for the IoT. The people and the things should be able to discover the existence, functionality and information of their desired web services [5]. The two approaches are: (1) Push approach where the outputs of the sensors are proactively pushed to the search engine but this method lacks scalability and only works with limited number of devices. (2) Pull Approach: A user query is generated and then only the search engine forwards the query to the sensors to pull relevant data and also this method is scalable, 3. SWoT Framework Based on Ubiquitous Knowledge Base ‘This is @ general framework for the SWoT evolved over the basic knowledge base ‘model and can be called ubiquitous Knowledge Base. A ubiquitous knowledge base consists of individuals who are physically tied to micro devices which belongs to a big distributed knowledge and no central coordination is required [6]. There are basically two kinds of knowledge in the semantic web. One is the conceptual knowledge which is to cover the problem domain and other is factual knowledge which deals to the specific instances. General properties of the relationships can be described using the domain conceptualization which is an ontology. Knowledge Base can be created from an ontology along with set of asserted facts, In this framework, the Knowledge Base is intended as a fixed and centralized component. ‘There are several object classes defined which can exist in a physical environment and system infrastructure can be shared between them (Fig. 1). RFID, Bluetootn, ZigBee, KNX. [ether identification and sensing technologies, IEEE 802.11 Fig. Semantic web of things framework {64 Jahan etal, To mark the ontologies unambiguously, they adopt Ontology Universally Unique Identifier (QUID) codes. The framework OOUID's are mostly of fixed length and are basically much shorter than URL's. OUUID-to-URL mapping mechanism is granted whenever the intemet connection is available. Each resource in the framework can be characterized as: (1) 96-bit globally unique ID. (II) 64-bit ‘OUUID (ID Set of data oriented attributes (IV) semantic annotation. Data oriented attributes can allow to integrate and extend logic based inferences whereas semantic annotation is used to stored RDF/OWL [7] in a compressed form [8]. The u-KB needs no centralized supervision and the basic tell and ask paradigm is inherited from the KBs but implemented with extensions. Figure 2 depicts the two level infrastructure, The field layer exploits pervasive sensing and identification technologies. Inter-host communication which is basi- cally required for knowledge dissemination and retrieval is dealt by the discovery layer. Using various available interfaces. every network host becomes cluster head for the devices present in the field. For interaction among hosts, a cooperative IP protocol is used which will also help in information dissemination and resource retrieval. The following protocol has four interaction stages: (1) Resource Parameters extraction (2) Information dissemination of resource (3) Peer to peer resource discovery (Collaborative) (4) Selected resource annotations are extracted, ‘A smart pervasive environment is populated by the framework by providing access [S) ‘querylreasoning engine wireleas protocol fildiayer RFID protocol Fig. 2 Proposed semantic web of things framework architecture {6Towards the Next Generation of Web of Things... 35 to common information embedded into semantic enhanced micro devices. Local hosts can perform information processing and reasoning tasks or the same can be performed by remote entity through a gateway exposing a high level interface. To adapt to the framework, a semantic miero layer is required by communication, identification and sensing technology. 4 A CoAP Based Framework for Resource Annotation, Dissemination and Discovery The following SWoT framework was proposed the backward compatible extension of the CoAP. The Constrained Application Protocol (2, 3] supported non-standard inference services and allowed retrieval and logic based ranking of the annotated resources, The framework introduces the following: (I) CoRE Link Format, @ resource discovery protocol and modified CoAP i.e. backward compatible exten- sion. (II) To detect and annotate high level events from raw data, efficient data ‘mining procedures are introduced. (III) Retrieve and rank resources by semantic based match making. 4.1 Semantic Enhanced CoAP and CoRE Link Format URI is used as identification for each resource which is a server controlled abstraction and unambiguous. In general, CoAP message is formed of: (1) 32 bit header (Request method or response status). (ID Optional token value (Associate replies to requests). (I) Options fields (URI and payload media type). (IV) Payload data, Here, each sensor can be considered asa server and hence exposes both reading and internal information as resources. CoAP also supports proxies, cluster-head or sink nodes and hence a reply can be generated on behalf of more constrained sensor nodes, decreasing the load atthe edge of network. Standard URI-query options has been added tothe CoAP protocol for its improvement. The other three attributes that have been improved are: (I) Reference Ontology (Contains the URI. (1) Semantic Description (Annotated Request). (1) Annotation Type (Compression format), ‘Geographical location is achieved by the longitude and latitude attributes. 4.2 Sensory Data Annotation Figure 3 shows an explicative architecture of the framework, Several. sensors deployed in a given area and communicating using a sink node who acts as a cluster head and a gateway to interface the network to the rest of world composes a CoAP ‘based SSN. Sink nodes or Cluster Heads will allow sensors to register as a CoAP.36 FF. Jahan eta Pa Mobile JOsM Applications, CoAP Client Plugin DD CoAP Gateway | ©) cone sink Node ©6060 ) conP sink Node 6e%e ‘CoAP-based Sensor Network Fig. 3 CoAP based framework architecture {9} resource and embed a lightweight matchmaker. Two types of access are possible to ‘access the devices within the SSN: (1) CoAP Clients (Exploit semantic based discovery). (2) Remote Applications (Based on Wircless Protocols), Several stages for identification of sensory events are as follows: A. Standard CoAP GET requests are used to read data from the sensors. A list of elements is built consisting of ID, identifier of sensor and the value of the data containing the timestamp. Time slots of application defined period T are created for the group measurements. B. For current time slot, average, variance and standard deviation values are computed for each data set to know the variability. C. To know the significant event changes in the area, an incremental ratio is computed from the statistical indexes of the elapsed periods. D. A binary or multiple classifier is defined by the application for every data collection to reveal a situation when some condition occurs. E, Every classifier generates an output which is a logic based expression and itis ‘mapped according to the knowledge in the reference ontology. Logical conjunc- tion ofall derived expressions is done to obtain the final semantic description 4.3 Resource Discovery via Concept Covering ‘The basic CoAP resource discovery protocol only allows syntactic string matching. which lacks resource semantics and hence advanced discovery services should be adapted which should the following capabilities: (1) Ranking Resources,‘Towards the Next Generation of Web of Things 7 Q) Identify partial correspondences. The following gives the detailed description how resource discovery is carried in the refined version of CoAP. Aim is to select minimum resources to best cover a request. Given a request R and resources P= (Pj, Pa, on Pa) Where request R and resources P are satsfiable with respect to ‘ontology 0. Concept Covering Problem aims to find a pair (P,, H) where Pe includes concepts in D covering R with respect to T and H is the part of D not ‘covered by concept in Pe. rank(D,H,) = 100 [ = s.match(D tt)» (1+ Seamees)) md where s_match measures the semantic distance between the D and a description Hj: it can be considered as the geographical distance of Sensor S; from reference point P [9]. The sensor with the highest rank (Sins) is selected. 5 The Semantic Smart Gateway Framework Integrating “things” seamlessly with the current web infrastructure is an attempt by ToT (Internet of Things). To extend WoT (Web of Things), semantic web [10] can be used and itis referred as SWoT. This can be achieved by involving computing and storing alignments of ontologies in such a manner that they can be utilized together. A new level of entities is introduced here referred as ‘Smart Entities’. The ‘smart entities’ can either cross domain or domain specific. The basic requirements ‘that should be satisfied by a Semantic Smart Gateway are: () Registering smart entities by a semantic method. (1) On the fly ontology for the support of semantic description of the entities. (IN) On the fly ontology alignment is used for the similarities between the entities during the run time. (IV) For allowing agents to place ontology driven queries, a semantic retrieval component should be provided. ‘Also, automatically registering smart entities facility has to be provided to agents. ‘Smart entities which are already registered must coordinate in a semantic manner ‘towards providing: () Retrieve data whichis a requirement of intelligent applications. (1) Cross domain entities or domain specific should be automatically shaped to clusters. (II) For efficiency reasons, it should be able to merge similar smart entities SL IoT Ontology AAs there is limit of space, lo ontology can't be discussed but the following URL. http://purlorg/loTriot [11] gives us the latest populated version of ontology where vocabularies are already imported. Task of computing alignments and ontology learning task between the ontological definitions is performed using the semantic registry or loT Ontology.x8 F. Jahan ta 5.2 On the Fly Ontology Learning Lightweight domain ontology is to be created automatically or semi-automatically using the information given at run time which is performed by the following ‘component [12]. The following learning strategy can be outlined as: (1) Mapping of OWL ontology elements to RDF schema by following some specific rules and automatically computes Relation to OWL mappings. (II) Inspection of the classes and modifying their names should be allowed to the agents or Designers. 5.3 On the Fly Ontology Alignment For semi-automated discovery of similarities between smart entities, this compo: nent is to be designed. Given two Ontologies: O; = (Si, As) and O2 = (So, Aa) where S, denotes the signature and Aj are the set of axioms and locating corre- sponding clement E, in the signature of Sy and E; in the signature of S2 such that a relation (E,, E;, 1) holds between them where r can be any relation such as equiv: alence [11]. A mapping method may relate a value y that represents the preference to relating Ey with Bj via r. 6 Conclusion “The paper discussed on the various proposed and developed frameworks forthe Semantic Web of Things. Infrastructural protocols are used for information man- ‘agement along with knowledge storage and processing. Backward compatible ‘CoAP extension is used for supporting flexible resource description, management and discovery. 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