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Notes4 Sparamszz PDF
Notes4 Sparamszz PDF
2Port Parameters
Two-ways of describing device:
A. Equivalent - Circuit-Model
Physically based
Includes bias dependence
Includes frequency dependence
Includes size dependence - scalability
Ideal for IC design
Weakness: Model necessarily simplified; some errors. Thus, weak for highly resonant
designs
B. 2Port Model
2 Port descriptions
I1 I2
+ port port + V
V1 2
1 2
Admittance Parameters
I1 Y11 Y12 V1
=
I2 Y21 Y22 V2
Cgd
gmVgs
Cgs +
V Rds
gs
By inspection:
Easy!
I1 I1
Y11 = Y12 =
V1 V V2 V
2 =0 1 =0
Impedance Parameters
V1 Z11 Z12 I1
=
V2 Z21 Z22 I2
Example
R1 R2
R3
By inspection
R1 + R3 R3
Z=
R3 R2 + R3
V1 V2
Z11 = Z 21 =
I1 I2 =0
I1 I2 =0
But, y, z, and h parameters are not suitable for high frequency measurement.
Problem: How can you get a true open or short at the circuit terminals? Any real short is
inductive. Any real open is capacitive.
To make matters worse, if you are trying to measure a high freq. active device, a
short or open can make it oscillate!
Broadband.
Not very sensitive to parasitic L,C
Kills reflections.
SParameters
Z0 Z0
a1 a2
b1 b2
Zo Zo
z=0 z=0
b1 S11 S12 a1
b2 = S21 S22 a2
Recall
+
V(x) = V (x) + V (x) phasor quantities.
V + (x) V (x)
I(x) = amplitude, not rms values.
Z0 Z0
V + (x)
a(x) = forward wave
Z0
V (x)
b(x) = reverse wave
Z0
1 *
Why? So that a(x)a (x) = power in forward wave.
2
if a = 1.414 then power in wave is 1 watt. (or arms = 1 )
V(x)
v(x) = = a(x ) + b(x)
Z0
i (x) = Z0 I (x) = a(x) b (x)
or,
a( x) =
1
[v( x ) + i( x )] = 1 [V ( x ) + Z 0 I ( x )]
2 2 Z0
b( x ) = [v ( x ) i ( x )] = [V ( x ) Z 0 I ( x )]
1 1
2 2 Z0
Reflection
b1
1 =
a1
But,
b1 = S11a1 + S12a2
a
If ZL = Zo, L = 0 = 2 so, therefore a2 = 0 if port 2 is terminated in Zo.
b2
b1
1 = = S11
a1 a
2 =0
Same with at port 2 with S22:
b2
S22 = = 2
a2 a1 = 0
Transmission
b2 = S21a1 + S22 a2
So, the forward transmission S21 can be found by setting a2 = 0 (terminate output)
b2
S21 =
a1 a2 = 0
b1 = S11a1 + S21a2
b1
S12 =
a2 a1 = 0
Power can vary over a large range, therefore it is often specified on a logarithmic scale. There
must be a point of reference on the scale; the power measurements are usually with reference to
1 mW.
0 dBm = 1 mW
10 dBm = 10 mW
-10 dBm = 0.1 mW
etc.
To convert mW to dBm:
P = 10dBm/10
G = 10 log10 (Pout/Pin) dB
Return Loss = - 20 log10 || dB
But, dB says nothing about the absolute power level. Dont confuse their usage!
PAVS = max power output from a source with impedance Zs that can be absorbed into a load.
*
let Z S = Z 0 , ZL = ZS = Z0 (in this case)
Z0
Vgen Vgen/2
Z0
generator load
2
1 Vgen
Pload = PAVS =
8 Z0
Or, in terms of a and b:
a1
b1 +
Z0 + b =0
Vgen ~ V Z0
V+ Z 0 Vgen
a1 = and b1 = 0; V + = Vgen = and V = 0
Z0 Z0 + Z0 2
So,
2
1 Vgen
Pload = PAVS = a1a1* =
2 8Z 0
We see that the available power is independent of load impedance. Even if the load is
not matched, available power remains constant. Actual power in the load is reduced
however.
2
PLoad = PAVS (1 S11 )
1 2 1 2 2 2
PR = b1 = a1 S11 = PAVS S11
2 2
2
2 Power reflected from input b1
S11 = = 2
Power incident on input a1
2
2 Power reflected from network output b2
S22 = =
Power incident on output a2 2
Similarly,
1 2
a2 = Power incident on output
2
= Reflected power from load
1 2
b1 = Power reflected from input port
2
1 2
b2 = Power incident on load from the network
2
a1 a2
b1
b2
Pload
Also, by definition, transducer gain = = GT even if
Pavs
1. load isnt matched to network and
2. input of network not matched to generator
2 2
Here, PLoad = b2 (1 L )
S21 is defined in terms of transducer gain for the special case of where ZL = Z0 :
2
2 b2
S21 = 2
a1 a2 = 0
1 2
b2 = power incident on load (and is absorbed since L=0)
2
1 2
a1 = source available power
2
2
S21 = transducer gain with source and load Z0
Similarly,
2
S12 = reverse transducer power gain
Reference Planes
B C
Microwave transistor in package
On board:
B C
S11 S12
[S] = S S22
21
connection to instruments
here defining
Define x = 0 at zboth
= 0 ports
here.
S e j 21 S12 e j (1 +2 )
b1 a2 S = 11j +
( ) j 2
S21e 1 2 S22e 2
a1 b2
1 2
x1 = x2 = 1 = 2 1
1 x1 = 0 x2 =0 2
2
2 = 2
connections to instruments here
2
1 = x1 = 1
2
2 = x2 = 2
S e 21 S12 e j (1+ 2 )
S =
' 11
S e j (1+ 2 ) S 22 e j 2 2
21
The reflection parameters are shifted in phase by twice the electrical length because the incident
wave travels twice over this length upon reflection. The transmission parameters have the sum
of the electrical lengths, since the transmitted wave must pass through both lengths.
The microwave literature will say a line is 43 long at 5 GHz . What does this mean?
fref
E = T fref 360
and
f ref = v p
vp
ref =
f
E (deg)ref
thus: physical length = = Electrical length (in wavelengths) ref
360
or:
First Comment
b1
S11 =
a1 a
2 =0
b1 = S11a1 + S12 a 2
S ZL
b2
a2
if ZL = Z0 , then L is zero
and so a2 = L b 2 = 0 .
So
b1
S11 =
a1 Z
L = Z0
then
Zin Z Z0
L = Z0
S11 = = in
Zin Z + Z0
L = Z0
or:
1 + S11
Zin Z =
L = Z0 1 S11
The same comment clearly applies for S22 . The Smith Chart is often used to plot S11 , S22 .
Example:
50
Zin Z = 54
L = Z0
54 50 4
S11 = =
54 + 50 104
4
Similar arguments give S22 = .
104
Find S21
b2
S21 = | a =0
a1 2
S
ZS = Z0
a1 a2
ZL = Z0
~ V
gen
b1 b2
V1+ Vgen
We know that: a1 = and V1+ =
Zo 2
So,
Vgen
a1 =
2 Zo
V
Consider the load: b2 = out Why?
Z0
b2
a
+
2
ZL Vout
_
a2 = Lb2
But, L = 0 because ZL = Z0 , so a2 = 0 .
Vout = V+ + V = Z0 a 2 + Z0 b2
= Z0 b2
Vout = Z 0 S 21 a1
Substitute for a1:
Vgen
a1 =
2 Z0
so,
Vout Z 0 S 21 S
= = 21
V gen 2 Z0 2
2Vout
thus, S 21 = when ZL = ZS = Z0
Vgen
Z0
Vgen Vgen/2
Z0
generator load
We see that the generator voltage is split between the source and load in the matched case. Here,
we see that Vout/Vgen = , but the transducer gain must be equal to 1. (PLOAD/PAVS). |S21|2 is
the transducer gain in this situation. If we insert an amplifier into the network, the signal has
been increased by an amount S21.
Z0
generator load
50 4
X1 = 0 X2 = 0
X1 = - l1 X2 = - l2
50 4
i = 2 li /
S11 = S11 e2j1 S11 = IN(0) S22 = OUT(0) S22 = S22 e2j2
and
2 2
1 = = 2 = =
1
1 2
2
Z0
C Z0
Vgen
S11: Find Zin (with ZL = Z0), then calculate input reflection coefficient.
Z IN |Z L = Z 0 = 1 / ( sC + 1 / Z 0 )
Z IN
1
Z IN Z 0 Z0
S11 = =
Z IN + Z 0 Z IN +1
Z0
jCZ 0 / 2
S11 =
1 + jCZ 0 / 2
S22 will be the same due to symmetry. Note that we calculated ZIN with port 2 terminated in Z0.
This is part of the definition of S11 so is essential.
Vout
Z0
Vgen/Z0 Z0
C
Vgen 1
Vout = = I/Y
Z0 2 + sC
Z0
2Vout 1
S 21 = = = S12
Vgen 1 + jCZ 0 / 2