rsedlation Kroes ne mulated sgt Modalaon maybe ane continua wave wayeforn continues in ature toes the me (Gelatin. The examples ofthis yet wea other bind th ater waver isn pl Ont oth ori pile ward te he maulaton ee {ainda pune nan: Tn example etachintoni a eee Nee ine With Molaton PVA, Pur Cnc Medalcon Cane pei ia ae Seen aoe ‘pd rndlation druan thinner where he ened bedi innent bape ae (SB) Mutiptexing ro ge ik rere me se Mz terns x nnn wg ia Aerthesam channel the signals must be ep apr tht hey do erin other, and hence they can be separated easily at the receiver end, bing Banal ulplsiog inf wo pena under 69 freoency division uliplnine DM (i) Sime vison lites TDS sueney Division Multiplexing (FDM) ‘The FDM shee ie osetd ogre 3.1 wt he ila eam smange or schand sina The pect oth mesg il te Slvr are inented in the igure, DSB mofleon ued a ating a Ai Any pe of otto canoe ued in FM o ng othr anton dae nai ee inn pres do oa ut anicuiemouen nota Seneca ca conaeaacati Taner Secsisiecticoe ee Pe yon mm cnn i et en es mei re ae a a Rane Srreciaarnsnancotaunmnaiiny eelane bard i sot en eer ser can bn pe, Pepests user for one wend ine cast digital signals amplitude of th cre fn the carer froancas et rn qation to amplitude melt alt the asta 3) a and mda sis WER secre fang nti ip Te rentng sea ron roves ample sled amp mei enor ety A ve “ (iy Biba prc ames odin heey nds cain a rea mnltee vanes scoring Se htaniamoas vale ote Inoraaton srt Re. (0 Baton.) eprcntean mplitie motel nae Tp “ker ae apa ee ‘enone a Te ey‘ofind the apctrum of AM wav, we ak is Youre The Porier transform oi) mayb inn by ence te fag epartely flow Py cnserig the "To Gnd the Pourrtranairm of. etn 260m, we Gt ae the .... es. ae =e can gu MEE Seedy — Rictervteae shasee tose ec uy tl rs ey Fastunatical cinvenine a. HO bys ath tet my ae, aeons = tne stant Henee, using equation (6.10 end .1.1, we st sieonns er} [tan Koon) =~ Thi enns that the muliintion sa iy sinner ed by = "De Foes ransform of the son tar Acs will a in uation (88) ‘Aces nf ++ xAlKa'+ 0) + Mea) ‘Thin menns that Fourie transfor of A consists we input ‘Therefoe the Fourier transform of AM wave venous lb G10 and G18). Tous, 50) Ave equation for Ample Malate Wate contin wo ft a Ata” a) + Xa + a] represent ie spectrum orginal Dative a wl ss inthe nogttve direction by th fata Ont ther "dor" opeent the prone fei ea Oemsets ES Bipains Nemoto th bee .,. hacen eerste conrometie,— oy. ena A a —__ TA reste chsh fcteny eset famplitde variation sos an ena and Aveprosntthe ogo modulation or media percentage modulation Tye, we al demain signal conte oy ebe Ging) Senne i mas ‘BP pe ample mala i knee ening ts Tet uncomidracings tae modulating inal at 3 Vy stnat™ rhc contain see oan Tete cer sie r= Ase Wot that the peal expres fr AM en m= th ones « in = Acoust Ping be vl oat wo 1 mse gcmagtem ad Mo cameats Voommenmt eeeatch onatr wl bt ear te Sipe, ess coer f Hen at wt Co tnr «1s wep Thus, ae . 4 alae a alae a festa Now tien tht ha ih ohn egy arr rrn rng scape ye an ag om le oh le toe ear Pavone cacti fan te te Rn Aen a {8162 Power Content in AM Wave ‘ay be abserved rm the expression of AM wave hat thy ee empath amp ‘ofolated wave asthe sime anpitede a uanodsistadcrernaenere somney hd noi fe oops neat ba ‘re over than ho unmedelate ner Howerety et sien {or the modulann den ny be np ate al per a ‘weve would pond up the moculaton nde hse, sal ‘becarrie andthe siden ‘Wed that the general eprnsin oF AM wave en 2) = Aso +x ono ‘The ttl power Pof the AM wae the sumo he cater pr ad ‘carrier Poweray —————— Sieteats witte tw 3% ofthe exrrer power Psd sy aay power isthe power carrie bythe point view bane P,itransmitted alogvis oy tenm exon he percentage of total pore 08 ‘eee = ‘itso Amplitude Nolte AN eet eros a Better to are ltet or caierpoes P= mean square (me value) onaat = Fo -Litwagha Kent of pomer fond a iil fs Man, on 9 Tet me otisrea ooh omtomt enfant] oe " narfiomhnt mf a) nnn he corresponding eng, 410. Total or Net Modulation tex for Multiple Tone expanded atata High Level Amplitude Modulation gh) hom hbk diagram high el AM mala pt "pom, the modulation done thigh per ee ee hee high power van he bb il al hw SSreeiemried < Se ea a ae TS ecney gal Toa slasar sien aoe oe Seale [het pie care Orso (WEBSE ek gram for ih el AM Maton. = cece incor dassecanbemade to pros SILA Nonlinear resistance or Nowlinesr Cirewits Me Koo tht the Feltenip between vlage and cent in inet : inte ® where = veltnge ars the nen eit Current ehreugh line sistance and b= anyeonstant of proportionality equation (0.42) applied tress, hen is aplindothe oma portion ofthe trait ee curent and athe vag arbi constant ice te ‘Ala if equation (49) haracersiethen ie theten modulation sn, a ll cumin ober coil ghia ae heel wih hata a % ant gat. Square Law Diode Modsation a "Sarelw dine molten set ke we Sie tocchod i uted at hw voltage eres ete eis cs rer Bho aetna arr voltage chnr-cersn at "Tey ade hghlynoainearparulry inthe ‘Bites ep te shown in ure 38 3 Fes 9 aires tne rehearse ms matin ay Thy be observed fom the figure 5.3, that [avin ferent freaercivg i carrie and todslaing sss are spiel er | Giedinde'A ds bntery Ver nconnecte arse he Sel te pti rth caret Gh he aig | at nme sg ey fay te explined by conidering {he fact when two different Froences are passed rough 2 Gein! 42V,V sino sin po omlinear device, the proces of sept 21, sin inp eid medina ‘uiput of diode Aldferent frequency terms are ed crait which stn tothe care equey and as Mathematial Analysis Tato conider that cre vlage is expresed at sp Vosoeed “where mathe cre fees. Ta th modlatng elle bo expres at Ma 2 Va neat sore ithe main eon. ‘Te tua soleage ner th te ven 4 ee eto CLE pam t Vycottat “The nonlinear reais between hag adponreenpe dete ro pecstrenas aceasta Laselaiimtageeiramineen 4%, oe lords erenase sung # [Steer 2n0 22cm) @ o @ ” Figen! VV 05 (,-0,% 0 © 6 eat 8h vein alla ow the lad impedance ie tna cst eden eopond om marr! eFeaspenentawhichare si Jan, ~10,). The rent ofthe ete? |g:12; Collector Modulation Method. {ior mulation meth en ery yoy metho or AM pain, Pen petty meen a ee "cet; rer ais ened Ve partons ar Beatie eh nor mada seal Ths bse or mein seal opeaaeee t me her aan, Thi ied ond wate Se pa ‘et thmeactr sul, Tho unt ef te apace Cnt oa eR eqns carer sel rd fens th coer sips peed Bo ag ten amare Jo Momeni ‘hinnean thai dane C ‘reverand the mage be opal . Mow fete revista of he ops ak sit a memann Sentte etsated Cane C any Je ak onus cise tn cepa he tery ae ae srpittcander modulating nent Sets ow lee amphtcae seeds apan fae em con eng a Sune Le Deter (UP Teh Sem, Bs, 20808 gr iron nn i ul dn ge Brg ite saa ee, sar Semdigaccriece tan aia eed ett i —: eee ears Bes ccooe res SS ere Se rn een ne =et oe baseband seal wih go () Chraceroke of ine de eres woe gta. YA! Double Sideband Suppressed Carer (DS8-SC} System Forecast A waves its cingle frm i, cine ne Ho = Acca AB conta, st A Bee ound auc The neath ccc mond a i SSPEon In over cleat ofA mga Bae bon dare hat wate SRC two isthe ie est ee ae ele dacs a or ore Se Se a esti Pgur 15 dows Pando sent mon, mdulton index Thus fer 10% modulation shout ental period rei ‘Socorro Sons ox contain ny tirmain, Henen t caret ‘Sihantnromai and inthe ways taviag twos owe ay Deachiewe sr Set tc the ncaa ala 9 heat. his cas, te deer — hi cas, te th xref the moda mee isoform would whan Patthecapactrisintodd init ischargedt the pak bs r= HC. th i Sil taaopecty ae | 4 x91 Men) “Thin propery eaten the if signal xf mui hy oi Xun tegen dead by AD ABOU ‘Silay, { | ae oes noe — aRee, hither rn =e _ eaperteniettentd efostioen se ie alti signa wi, pert ctaprodect mec 7 Aston frie tignal andite Petr sii aver a se oft, he covey. eal Tie ei theca — {BASE Generation of DsB-SC signal Theron fr DSBSC siglo venaaronlinet E2216 thy, 0m 0m Breet n egret what Deseiate- cree tcamant es oe cope ete rd hace op Fa oe meet Da 16a. Ring Modules $3 moult ater profurt modal, whe und nets the sree dingram a «rg malt Inne nthe foes rng nih ol oa de pn nt mest gcoiro by» sun eae caer ial ‘arr ue when diodes are en and ran teen does are dea und transformer te pci re etched on ifthe eareer signal s postive whereas fh tm ‘ea hu presenting ery high impedane as shown in Mute 3 warefasor multiplies th modulating shal x0) 1 Q ‘Now, in case when cari sgnal is neat, the iain 11200) inthis come, tne odlatr mts he alain Qbd ed Ta ped FREER Syrah 58.50 expt af tering ad, {BNE Demodulation of DSB-SC Signals, ‘The DSH-SC signal maybe demodulated by lowing two mths: Up Schonous detection muthod {Bi Uaing envelope detector aftercare rinerton, 161. Synehronous Detection Method "We ow that the DSB-SC system usd the tanamiter endo he (iavng maximum fequenc ,) ta higher eases eum sy Now tsSe, rm So gan mn no tate ng Posies Tanti, Gm ee sce 2) nal (1 ths etna hon the original ats noted, > and isreovred fra the DS2-SC sig atv ie a he est Dg a expe 4 co tt) eto assume A 1 eaten (80) Then 0 = oe a ‘The inserted aria the rcv be et = Am nis 39) or ¢= amount of pate dacrpuny ‘Then the resulting signal willbe « 10 Substitatng equstions (3:84) nd (9.85) in equation (80), we ge 1) al) Fe) =o nid) +A co nls) & ‘) =a) cm fn) + A eo. Ain fn c o 1) = (+ Aeon om ef) (Asin a ee 1) = cosa) + 40) where (0 = Ay OF 2A soi mwel sod 19 = an ‘om, from the expreasion ri) = eos (0+) ‘2 may be aheerved that i the emvelpe ofthe routing sal ‘Also, we take $=. then envloe willbe ven by no mao ‘This io however pus eniy when [A+ a) >0fo al vale Ks penile only when the mogulsion inex miso than iy qo, then the phase err xin betwen the two cries: ingen acoein heme. Matis recat be same anesron a a seems sels 8 : Sen res anand Qi err hs raped ela Me pageny at diorine 0 phase ed wth nt ede aero Lanaied Te yn a amoipeinase ct) . ‘a= AsonOlh A1? ees ae £2, Tha SSoteiaee Beta fone wat er Sneed te fy wher ete andes Mutpered Pistanio in teat as ey ei ae ia ee : a eae, ae dare aang Paerision (CTV. JB stot ot hove an eae ro h chon Daeton ate crn ett ea ea Becca connie on ei en Ferenc aa (84. Considering, a locally generated signal with fequncy and phase eee equal i a Bobed sae eto sae 3) Nave, when this signals allowed to passthrough ow pas fie (LPP) having oo frequency 4, the term centre sound By ar fier out and he le pa eR a 3 conan * 80, ‘The baecband nga (i tipo by a abw-sie varying funtion lia) +6] which distorts the message sigal ( Now let us consider the flowing special ease When the frequency err Se and phase ror ¢ are uth zee, then a aod ‘Tui means ha therein rion nth detec up en (G Wien there non the phase ero ‘n=O but 920 1m is eae, equation (384 vex Tay be note hat the detected output sero when 0 " mulleffoct sine the gala nere when the oa caerSoothe Sta ee a Deter nate a Ps acres in ‘Moen the poly meld brepnt edisie a eee rests inmate etree ieee heey mana Te gal atthe recver en Daal = ecilnor pha evr Te xa niles vag cntolld elie (VEO) flaybe ade yon enor corral de-signa be Elid endiewnes crime | MIMI ae tt when tei ala esking provides synchronic, contr eetainhes esi nthe reappeacance of mola, Rome, he hthe DSB-SC signal PAU DSESC erally hots | Sather os rape nee es oman isknown as amplitade mad Gi Squnzing Loop Tn hia mctd, the rosved signal i squared by a aqaring cut ‘he output ofthe sqorer wil be gven 25 La a con? =A 2) etd or simplicity btu asune thet («single one sia a1) =o (cor af. con agi? A crvccatmy ay mad) Va, Ths many a er nar ven ro mor ae “hen abana warns) y aa sonnet) tm oonmn ~ ‘rors Hinze wohave (9 = conaeod Fsna.teinas = am 2h | Thus wih seactn weave 310 Fg (0,418,Sottlon Let (a) en spect th eng mh ves igure 8 O() Aso tu sats thet y(n oe RE sgl and ie spctra oT hn shown Gore RON). Maltpcaton ty coe oy alte the scram ayo ad we obtain De), he stectrumel ao i601 Aerie Sig eta = 2 ithe spectrum of 94 a8 shown in Figure 3.80) “age n= 2 ehh ran mn enh aw age es et ee moonesynaend ee ormees SD rnoatass so snasmns Jy cocvataie} Aint ada Taos i 5 mea eae ‘pom few 281 ie HO m0 owns aitepemy {yasimilae manner tho reread SSB gal egy 20 = mice Ai emes a 540) = mid sin es team ‘rain. fo Sgr 3.85 we in| 10 = 560 cons 3a eg = mln! f+ ih P63. Determine te per contegs por uring hes a Gheailsbands are supprened'in an AM save mulated os dopa Seluton (i) Total power AM wave ven by (Gr that modtation ind m= 100% 1.0 ‘Equation (can be wrton Spenvenaaencent creme parr OE) ora, “Thepoworin one sideband i siven byane om ill tool. eal.Tranderso recover fom o() wing ltr meth ti aun hat “etek ve er oc must Ee revtran the haga ene 10 ets > 10s . [> lols oo, the minimum value off, willbe 7230s Ans hing appropriate fer. 3 racoveeed as well fee petoic waveform no = Seen Sareei EE alert ison ig", a AD, We chin he a ly when te arg ithe enc component cing fT “a eo oem at ae 10 + Hoste aatesnanantseg a a> Seta-mienieaiy a I et ronacl =e 100 Substituting equations (and (ix ooation Gi), meat sac) = Levan eons Fomine 4 40) = Seon 19) 144) +e lat) (On miing ast expreson, weet xin = 2S seetasrenintrs) Be -ffmeoley ive that singe sina ipl 0 = 10a ud HO DANE The utp ofthe Semaine il 4 i) = x(t) con 23h) £5) sin Rh ~2)sn Agere =e = ‘onfinnsmerevemnesrl erect and on Reet gamentemonsnsrmnres i a cd aa oben rn ee Ji eh Serena rmenee it tee menine Sena oh aon st 0 pia oraeen sing ns meter et 9» Shomnsronta tating oi) Satara sti wo-43 |} Fi cnet he so 0) rere. the de Bubetoting the vale of) equation Gye ge =e «->: On mediving tion, wept 4 wo Eh on ‘Th output of the lowpass ie LP) wi tn beg by bee Boma sont ime, the demoted gel sas regener ‘n= a) et 110 aceon newts ee owen, nnn n+ Asm 9 = enc tn si. 30 a he demodlna bes - sjucimil Liason elit ogc tn de ampe * (Go Mofslted AN, »] ecm ovr ft tected sgl Wel torts na ant ih amt BHO of orl pon cn pf ed rn pects Suing an Rie ==} Thus atu irae Be so wl An ample 158A va daly sale rdnary AM watform shown in Figure 3.6 (2 copuerananeg 0 ein tithe art eid ded ata «malate ton, hve tna eatin cet me ea hin mya, = AoA ‘aaa te aeosm cand ae 20 ot . onnaanino nna - cnet" a See owt Pine FO sy Sage = atin 0° 4 guad= 10>° og 0) Mo veneer ieee, ese = ai see jou oe +s0e) vans ut unperB ermine pester rer ent ihe I the np hag en co ‘hen, the uty wlage wll (= Am), co em ok oO 4 2 quajement + mtd eae Horna ave tat tbe required rm ore AM sgl ‘then, the amplitude envy, beh = 2% (9) Te resining erm fer AD signal ent reno y tsi ‘ete nt odie ac tht tbs a NY 1 Flod the Fourier series preston of {0D Wat lt be tne rites barons amide (Bovey dtr stp coseee we ar fe ay tal, beseioetinstie [TE : : ale — Serene cotta ei vive Pe an) he at (0 © ALT +h, m0 cox 8) {compute the ovtrot {ipetcrmine econo fr which he aan De ee may be {etaon Given, 0 =A, 1+ Rm om 212 ‘umn, euipsto the neve die wbe D Wo=oeororr {U9 Me rogeze signal ahi) cam be exec by «wey te A) 8m wi est ry nie omc mn Wit se, Tan tino wanted sgn tern eg. maa edhe alconpred ur. AN 2.55 The following AM neon = Benen mo 2480 a cishath a! nos Boe4 mineoetn fast ig me sl a or smnlf) = cos (2A ,0) io (60> oneal A ant 0th sample 64, The sien ‘Ghowing VSB sil iy Nag Accon tt +f Ae “where constant, ns then unity, repent the aaa i the local arse fre nine the gundranre component ote YHBsedl sO reacney ofthe incon DESC are carer cn Gal apaae uth produce yt aunts rein ebe res cfcconant «er oich ine ieerien tayyavanna veri ia 004 Paces tn VB os a Fg, g(t = 20920028 re fie mts sim soe nib a an = rao = oan] a[}0-2neocer9 (aki tanint.] = eafietamenal Seri | mane eeME hae dein ies (Pm eatin iti that he iri willbe maximum when. = 9. Ane ‘ample 36, Glen the owing malate ware a)» Aco mi os 8) — 40 sn 9) se epost rit pl am SS sgl with) donating the message si deal envelope detec, hein te sgt iat iad i= Am) sgo=- 80, ‘en, eo ctr xia lb me a OR a A> om a8 A> fa ah, sehen ae Raa fe Eae 1 ANCE LNEAR NoBUABON = pee Given the SSD wave al “H0) = mo) con ER) = si the carrier frequen demodulated wave Ie wae f wt rre tbat be ctput (onan requene componente we Masha imeceyng phon shih ses © rte te carne. Hi i pe qt nw dvi ty, nth SB ware ig age = = cow) CLP fem (anid) +2 inn) ~ 2m) efi ot colt- ma a fntcntromtsie ds 19 =Lintio satoore [Linn oP sat oan ota anf 200580 ror) and func) maaan The Acne clin rain hk ma ‘Sie, xiao mie combination of amplitude tell fitering bt the phase modsltion i uae Tinreticl te rzosr th ori wav by eqvrin. ; 13 we ony heuer si : Ai Yn ony he owe st : Aeon For SD metas, nine oe ny 4 p= Amro 20 se on sed lower sian of the modal Re =r und ve sgn respons et mami tnenslop ort SB wow eka = yer sda liam rh aston ns “Tersopor ina irene, tee #60097 ra0y fe on ao = 21s +10 Shepsom te ven gre, we chan ‘un ar oomone ean, ad =840.2 010 e140 =(10 ov 3000 2 +n 200)» (ee 146 = 10 col200 nn + asian ay +1 x neato om vy) * 20 cor2000 x0 + 4 in(200 ny +| 10 Lt AOE) 8 (am Soe) = + 8hdeam0 9-0 set) = 10,5 2002) +05 cn 00-084 (+ BO tn i what an 8B sgl ico sal = ihe) ht et nme MO e Shui 7442S gl i pete a ip Tenwote ap s(n ana) #H(0 sno 010-+01 ae ae ee ou Pen = domino entisaniions 0-100 Deterrent Ort 9) = ans Semihens te aa trons honk i eng) ot yd vena +0) = Lid fcead + concto,t +) “, nd tn ete inte) 20+ boin ‘gemma sn SSAA Pa fe ren 7 OE ESE Seton: () An pecereonirerten ty) cg) = Anessa, ate Bo 200 oO P= 50x 10a, nw ae le ann, Ae“are ite oa ibe eet mcate arate 2 Oe amc enn GAN oy tae: nse adn we cer = orn peeeonatae: . marr ni acteme bn ben ston in or 75, Fei rh ed hme Tn we Dehn cy rant re mh adm he wil : eit =mivonasemst sal iy Retainer jem ones ja nimi mi in2a ‘ion or sin at ot for DSB SC sess hat the eth inet wt = BAA enemy ‘he demedulsted signal 0) wll ter opine om if ie coetnt. Toe amplitude gees meximam fr ¢=0, nnocersing t= +5 oberent detector Seaton The AM rials expressed us auld =Acon on # mA. tot Peleartier po Pian “Total pomari given by 2.10. tn an envelope detector ‘raat = Att $m cone 2862 len constant 0 <1 nd 8,79 a ran ce 2G ; ae eae: east iecennee in antag naar eco a nc cect apni by ahi. Becta thre — stip na SA er oa camel pty) esenmg(aet) og tea sedate "i Now from equation (i, we ant Weta co 8 2m shay * n(onsnenom ge emene) sae e fap ead en sn ‘radar woheve Zs * m{oho( Ze) = eel scat « ros Hence Proved aample 2.71. valua eoernted by passing» PSD sigel trough «vestigial ter, aa Siti -m Be tsoniness-[ae ee eh et ey. Th, the VS te cy = neem met | et eta ets ea amin aprtmmminn fonts me onder oe 8 8 i= sgl 892 Roane senta =m pase #8) «0, ng pn nt nc eres, ia 10 Haan eomann «a ogc ta er i te a fier Th le {rea th ay ft fe sags sealonllstorofreqvency Fed eng om : ‘eter th tng ana that ou povided i he Leal oxator i) whee ‘{alshie tna, apeaeredyne reve ana (i) when fig ilower than 10) Rapan why the wa AM radi reclverseesmaperhetaredyne exetem. a — . = = yee [tie ” ey Soltion: The spectrum of the signal a each punt thew a gue 8. fpetrum ofthe output XoMgB Geode mle tm seat =mishonag+ mun sau a) = m0 44 01.8 01 = faiasdnoatesenaans sultan! =m ina +m sta = antag Atte 2a lard at byw pl sling = ‘a hat uaeatare psn ies eee lieing niet eho rnanitingivo messes sas ‘Ties as ei kissin tn tnamaaiteinelrmates sale concn ee ar thr eee Seige soutien ths inlronter 1 winged Os aan re a ee eal Aaaeate niaeagee Ssechreeietetite ise ebm Fcractpememtereeittre be — Bee mesma np Tat EA Aiea as ute racyng nec on edge A Be arcceerd il eter cnnas ds clthog eheese 1 Bm ep et tt 1a Purp Feucein perinatal Re ee caer ieeat oe a Pig eases te ema! pt bow cr enya se ee ee pope opr oad SB snp pn See rendthe lores aout trance tie ar Me Nepencaly arp ny> ih ens har tnd do od ah fe hrtrosiefurocen pyearl in ecru enh oo ml Ce a teqac sant mcteesi neat Ta Soe bene bre mann Fe or nn ne Scere vein wl eng tenn ry geen ere ans te teen or ema 57 eatin ae Ta tea compen pati nc Scene) compete oe = re mesa er caren ine oe = woul ote amplitude a wave ore eivn he el eect lane ce aeseeceancane be snecarie ore Fan sind ons ———— ee * ais stay saab cenigs A Hg eee x tate ‘amin kis, 10 Bi ae ‘The mene rum fing ofthe Ml 38.38% Thin at noel ¢ Reine weeny au thet iri wate. a Ind its ec e sone eais the AM aniter eure thin te ome | Beecher nab oad he maser of nmol and atl heer chap a Anptaoofed (N)wae to pis re vorne rn) Tema rt my by ee br or she meetin Sew shin lithic min am te tee so in ‘eee cp emer tren ra detergent characteris of die tl ef ni area sult be es aie nse a ft sa ote md we 2 salar a © ariel 2 datecntvan Bete nti Soe ‘Sipe amarine don ee ‘ia sence ee a a nite <4 ed ea, ihe eal {spe eer ee aaa eee nt olin cman ee te ee eras th ante pes sce ea ee Es voc he ea es See nt te Wh es al a Sse in set ae Ee [apap sleson of tne contact Re 1 RC wan neptune Pierre ad te cusp: voltage waren pas na i x Hen men och aon, ea ee i Baise ny be cio’ oc heh ow as ‘ alinced mode to produce « DSR-SC sieral re FI crt re nee oh oe Dest taney tye eto a ees seers eo ocean ee Btw repecs etic coe a... ne oes 3c oe on an oon aa |G) Way) Hier transform of, te th et rie of A te myo) =aSO “comms 8 re : oer sim gn DSC si ay orn i meaner he Scene acne Stones ean rec mst Satie aati cern = emantt ens heom rrchasemotnemelae sitter en rts y enatbaeetate mel nck rite oth ooh ke st eosin nes I careening i Es erie can eeseeey Be avon es Kom Sth ln dag ain va tiestuhtevalseefm, utp by 100 i ; shoo peta ree frequency components in an AM wave? cee ea aes emt ay ote ast " GE SEs ran enn oe lc eeers hve seh TONS REVIEW QUEST ee end, beige 1 Wa inant yt tee lite moan | Detiow the ern mao id AML iis {i lower sideband (0, —0,) having ampli oade 54 «3. Derive on eageenis she — : ) sect : Bee lets eines compet, ae id auy stan fr aig ose ple modulate iva ee ealsed Ab wave Fue Srey ed unc re owe the pert fr snghsa anplitlewodlted wave. = a % {ears gts amid altel wae Amelle $m oan rt oman de A ere fajita tots with Nl cf es Renamer Ge coin mtd eneation ‘SHORT QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS (21 With empress fo AM wane? MERE icles equneysprcram fine in AM wat ‘Tent in nm wo my bao . ieee eterna cen n A a a ee mi ais i py ra 2 Mahe mtn t ‘Seton: Aceding Caren eth Eade gn by ‘ov eayehjesaeein Dw = 200 a ‘Baie £3. Determine he bandh of {ti aicigeal cing teats ncrnband PM signal which ix generated Seana nn MBCA tne To ceeds tesa Mean Ps neh mer by doting musing as trac uamote we 45 A 2tte onto $taS ic Baers ania Selatan Gita ete Pa PF aon trequency deviation vette renee wea nv ses than 27. herr wea ea witha Bandit ion by "BW = 204+) = 200568) = 100 ow thon the odalating signal arated die, he oem deri te “Perfre the bandwith becomes BW = 214, FM Bandwidth for an Arbitrary Modulating Signal xf). sre have dicused the bandwith fr «singe FA. Now let ws me ‘gal x0) ie an arbitrary signal i ay cons large ube Tah cnv to calslate te hasieh we it in baru wa a 160 +m) =a6kte Ane,ee scat ects Beth cairn dats attr 2 ae Pi peureldwoay mini eft a raft racestet asta ae eran For Si a it and AD we 8 a Mana man i era sto yay : se Heese 4 Hs case cI «sen, 18 Skis wal one he en nd) the bundwidth ofthe FM sina mw Py ane 00 ee fl org ot Sas dt ae ite a art nn bt sh m= + soatte Peon. ‘Ti sown in ir 41 Sbtating 210" 8 a ie fae ‘Siva or BW, wee ‘BW =38*30=10 0764 0'<76LIle Ans. o -aGf) = 0, com ont * a 92a Tacacyeeenrineene essaySeman a pare ne “opie a wn[Same|Eoe"] ent fim - i mt e945, Set coh a ction ama tems rin sethrapimaetetepetecistrersintcictonsann Steam ahors ais green na Tee ees ms crcivitrnn tailor mates racine f De stscond neta eon! “4.4. Square Wave Modulation nw cmon me (ey pre mata | sti Bicaarteia yns me adv yee he Atmak = aT meme Z Cn ating i fgor-o} eo" wee ere ao amen ae ae Sense ‘Tetoqiny perme sso iw 140, The mesh discs he et dn yyy mang sal a per ad ha a 70 mea “ANS, Lneor ana Nontnecr Moduitlon tn cnt Mie th sin fil rice aperesition Ths foes ‘elif et a ty tet Py eit 9 hematin roves nn ‘Sete if Pra eno hed hema po ese = Te ne elation etal ayo mht ipso na sora The epecirumat maluated ma Seem heat c pmiennbfoeyn ‘Meszen nach dre gn th ester This proves er et Sous cient Friern vans th ef" ‘mirth el be eta ly ain ti srs no = a ere 0 Kem m i) = AL im sin Be 8 = Amine I ay taco that under te endo my my 20 gree eet stot ew naiy Hoe Benen clon nex Towra aa on (46) Phase Modulation: An Analy Vow dear share inane pe Pati cers weer ne te ea Ee I nce tory rin Pk Mpptar tt cra phe ogee crn Toe asingletone maating sal we hive 1H = Von gh Toe eenth, Veen Tubes exyesion the masimum dopercre inte pe ty Wa wy vnc co oma‘Sel ern on evan se the ect devinton A dpe and agg a hy Vocfa= 810s o re 200 f)=2a(2 207 Far ine tented hes hana constrain comune pio nntion index ndependet of, are en oy ial mah Vai e ins mo Bue Fatih me athe previous one Ue 78 Ws EBT! Comparison of Angle Modulated Waver and Sikes « sccl-tone ectunting gal, « ceca Fea angleedulated FD an PM) wave, On pein eat ote re technics: hr < i Re Aten Frege 8/2 Ve fo 1510x6154 10H aati, ‘re theta le ‘BW = 2 fess c25 Me) Bw = 220 Mi"Sihdatne regency Se ety tnd wl randy 9 conte 15x10 angle modniag, siento nde ana bandin or My aad mutton ides FOr Doth FOL and gy ence nga then is ae BW bays/j=208 +13) =2*00 te ffs xexse oh ith Tr nti ls B= aweipaty=24(25 he aes amie icra men FLT nde toh a ut near, PONE FUT tthe Weotox<04 700 Sentient «re smb of sideband ites, ule rene “rer Pitan ts ene 0 Va ay seine 1m Bi = 2032 He the bandit hs heed eco ‘Senet nn seb esate asthe Previn one 5A JAZ: Comparison of Angle Moca eral sigs raven On amar Figws 18 shows» snglsione moduting veal ance medulated Ge Fanis ee recon vaste At ate cenpaten ee a fates nan TD a res mn Bed i ois es rare ee rae Trample he Pa wae cet i dr ers mds sph vrs th tae rns ge irene sed a cet he apie a am fear se srg pe Pai iM lhe tarred power natal ees A ose perce or Wh de asta ty ee |Dieadranapesof FM owe AM. Pn ade PM ver AM (9A mailer hel aly 20 Els esi in FM au aginst only 10 Ken AM treet This fos eros ttn fF 9 OM trmiitng tnd wsiring equipments particulary weed fo Acco tn arent iano wy 419, AA Generotion The li ise bern FM signs be pin wo cas {Te rst tre vari md NO eens ae -mivthed, the basehand or modulating signal dicey =r cea tee el La, Thon » aed ae ae E. ao sd by eer ive encore Bis esr OE ret Fon otha he rn ag gad ‘acpi whch portal ade scab ne ae “prada he ie egy bine corel ab. The TK co ea : fre marae rin i ins. Veractor Diode Method for FM Gematon wep, Tao $FSnarceccn tc ssors'n tows Varo ide meted Peron In sarod FM generation range hr car Cae vieuter dds capacianc Co Unt re gouey 0 ‘heal ay eomared arene se tage sr ee earth enpstor a he ighes sing ey ael torester fo that the shunting he hse lst sl Ipbecbedka| Mathematical Anelysis Thecepactane Cy the varatr dee expo Fins ie + Hare i ttl instant alias arc ee nk ra ty Veta) Alia a onscantpropotialy hon genes gen Met pant nit ‘wets ere? oP il depends OM which ng at cn enamel ht ea ‘tn tetany Seen vist — yt et high order ahi ay Scntleatie gel ervey steed ee estat ee i Se er Ti we eels tlthe aka ty, ee eal later ce a ctl ola”) canbe Seer cess hee cant be of ic stably which is « ney sinmet, Fa is pont edt nth x Arestrong method cM poner, Nae rel cameron des ot rerpond to the wodultg aga a ee eat eli err delat rem het par ofthe eae ‘Rowley intr yb sd rent career sen (9 Theta inary ote arcer de pss «Beene aration deo harmonic ‘Dewningebrndsgalan erwne the Popa edintreg We wl tne tetas ef nn il tw dace ict the sd or ih pew sn ie for ih AiR 1 nat! oAmstong Method ot FM Generation a drnatg mtd of FM sea Hepes Prin nasa wry big gsc ny ice into eee rae, FM pesrain i yo ne ht cOMATCAl 8 Wer reco 1 sand ete egy tthe FM raured tn Toa [| Seren] Pea 2 atu tgin with aroha FA having vy = 18 eoplosnsie. Te ch te karan ct oa Peaster onion cs Oa ictus sours, 0.3 an, Tore nad Ted ops tsa eel ‘Schum 18 poi ree Sei ieneae suieeaie ‘Tu the est module ey tine ne eta i fi tsar hig mle Rogen. home ea Teo prauesermeydevaton of = 5 ele a he ste hn cco 0rd ted dein = ‘Stems sige fee = Bt ayer, stright rrr roy maton a i sain cis begeney an he gue a Toa ua any iio ee ran nests ‘inti mais a ah ee ‘deviatizn 4. The final stage runny skin ‘erry wa devin tusanmame that mand ace tbe ‘ta eS vy <9 eerie tung a nr cent Srinath ceag geting 78. we ae Th = Mound 78 23, FAt Demodulators or Detectors eee SSS rete Spencers onan nee OB eeerettapl cern sea {R00 sel wh i a fegvney dependent cnt, Les the create ene et ae serde arnt Goyr Those Grose rel a one a Bigatti ten Toe livknova ae frequr 0 il monger end al ered sc uSDE root ate weds arse Bt his cit han Sins tet EC tt Teen ccna ae sen wea cet hin AM sina wth he ep Senor tein stoot of envelope detect, he wil ma Atough tisctreute ciple ad inepeane hag U0 Thecirats np Linear siarctertie prod ‘vou rom the ft tat these a el (0 To eva done at iat he ape vats ‘plitude valine i he ing Fn WR [ol dcrininator et ee a eo 44242. Balanced Slope Detector } Tas halanoed sop : | spore ict has bon shown oe $BSpeen nem et RUPEE Price! spe daocharaerisis. sce Slope Detector Se eM elie i of he earocmiats car uit var, copeade upon the a tarde, ore thn the ane expensed by shove eq, he charters Hone, the operon ot hanes depend ends italy wpm tho tf detuning th a ay i and ths the ow pau Rf i Sst tn be dsigne o kept tarot M25! Phase Diference Detectors oN tide we al da Pat gy rege toons | fi. smal tage) honeys sr hi cant cypee ares incor acy al ey ee ae cae eer an, te psc te easter Coat siaing Hence, a8 Vy are equal in mage bl Tr (nV, applied tothe indo and, vexed e “open upon the phase elation rman Yl Ti tna ries are Soh oleae ai Agua didevont fen ‘in would depend pen the tone ‘ter rennin ani ge aia scateetncedee, Ve itpune guna? maaan ea retrain aa Om resonance: Whe sender nce psn of andrea a ‘Sami atr ohn na scondary ol Wong nie aay reson oa aeomen pte sles ad Fett The deer wo eran SSE ape a Sal we ec eee Seger Sales sit eer —— Seoceconees Seteeectararte Spaces tect ane cis it np ee i) hon colt ati tke rt ent MEAIB, Dicvinator carocteriti, ae ne “i Yee itery gt oa Fi aes om hee tram hans oat (gst, PLL-PM Demodulator awed op (PLL pias we ogg ota ncoring FM srl PLL wale Ua Bees ade elit th Soren Cran apart cempnet avAngb ‘ne arth alsa uefa for Semaine Py fend siento in commensal FM weir "a PhnvLacked Lop (PLL is base gating Inbar stom. consi of three aor Caan veonpoveats are multiple op fer lage ‘Saal cunt (VCO) connected tot inth f Sfnfedbeck np, AVCO inn sne wave smear te fey ernie yh a pin a Temeane that ony trqioey malar oa ah a NEO) fea sia ted tlw the ip bo inl shal th er sigoalwl change the vale oh lh il ‘oa Thien sgl betwee 2) nO cai ae tpi for ho at cht ea se 7 ‘Ther signa cr deren signal ili the instantaneous phase angie mes le Be thet sgn and re yi aiae Secasecieirizincs tren: Pie sntmt me Santon 4) oe, ae as ens notin = Svea “ a0 = en fanee ry see athe song Bosh cigsl or mating igs! ond geen ening eae Oo tate Se apt fd OF "ao =A, ola 6 iz 48 te A=Amplnest WO vas wen the cnr ots pied tthe YO is dena ta wel tu0 -2afura & Hees the enc set of VEO, mens i Herfo, Iteuy benef cunts 4) and (88) at the VCO eutpat aad the ineming sis ot ol pase we VEO ony in absence Of 0) 6 recly eql ei Gitte cqeccy ct Pagel Mvioming FM ave andthe VCO eupat pe ‘tw ure Toe supa ef he muir ba to oingeompanente: (0A high eer cmpent party Tanccs hoon “ (Aw top op pay = Tacato at any ee. Meee ee cc a acaa aa filter. Hence, daar ding he high (LPF wil be given 9 sphere = pla reams cc ae aga se sae etene-oou oe Aa hah Ad, ti tea ter ee ee hates antes lee Tsar ick Satie Jeronne-nae, aignear fa AAR 4m itl ‘Acomparionoffgurs 427 and 4.28 ceva th atta ior ‘tatin male the equvaent ode ins brn ela hy «= ‘marian the VCO by an nega. ‘When dhe pa crore es thon PL asi ‘opal ir in smal compare to radian Shen wet4g, Jn, ui he esa SO w= (£)are(aan 0 eneveo pence serif spesomending ne deni eng seepage an wei cova Deter ano ob ase apa anh cberve that Wp rented to 00 OF £ Jour ‘reat 1oh= be (zn = Runes w= Rare Tire canbe conchided that the magntade ics then PLL maybe model as dillreter Wi Bra taereod ingore 4290 Tor inp mal Meee PM domcdulatr, Ths can bona edb fost oa wiz PMR Msn fn rect mode of PL Ss whe ie aes, we can yt ia PL to =a seme | esr tno ne Aor eqatin 1.104, 09 evcatagt iin 44007 bestaimedy tating Furie tantorm ofboth sides ait 0) favre coe td wine h pina ain sin) $v sats te onc ts men 109, w wr Au osn- Laren we i eeamr We kotha! the FM wave en yh emg ont + my inca ton nde wa = = tq etn bss es, he olin ne fener PM vars betwen 2800 nd 5, a) espn Nartand Pi en te maxima: roueny deviation le givens f= soe lt ad y= 2A Sacer rm panes tro mt oa aa case a ait ein tre mained eae ne ae 1-€ een te tcclaeaartimmenetheighscendimmest | Thedaied PM signa cn ers 0° Alten 7 = Access mye tah = ; 4 Stings vata we oe neta in wan | pr confers 2.200) pfesehenbweme strata te iy = afoot) An erles Sta treats arp ample 6. Given «send = aor coe nlwo [i tte} ay xf v0ici te - (aeration han py <_<. momen iF) ee Beano Show with phase igre that he scoala) expressed by > meni sta Baer Teri tne i ane and fegveney «omen excita} ovett my sine) se rue ary appronimatey Sneaky Seton: he sr irom he sin a ee ee Obvervation ter gran, Teen ae kat top crac i mde no pan 0 anne gg Hs Proved al mld p= etn = cot 0 o-paonne seciaatrenren once ican be ober cha the wots". Ane ale 438, Given a Narvombat si) =o here ts sth =m perpeston princi tied iy I. Seton: The Narrowband Pa (NEPAD inv be so neofas eal 2 coal can be chit ob simatancily dete cai a tanta mareoe anny sane anata ec 240 Sten oso cient sip scu tani Z a) = con a) ee - at) 0 ani p= sin BOSatanism sien) “Pome cin Asian ere raves f= 9) ae poet rasERE re conpeuss ‘Sein: Woo ht ar Fintan inn by Kaleb fe ah « Ming #1, Fm fee 20 wares tie ag = ini i we Mh = 10 lags 10x17, + 10 00% 10 0° * egestas sin tom ea Slate ht inate eg Man 10% 0 01) e000. 10° 58910 Hens =oh 94M ‘Frome deriton cn be foun ou + Rsetiat antwi ot rte mg el can trie ‘Toe modsnting inl ene rpg 2 Fa ee ead darks NEM ange fs exponetils mad eerie ah Tint ee bondc eed eet aio othe power be deme eS eau bandwidth of modhlatne sgl sO osha ‘teen the bande of fequeny moat 7M) we gon by aw =24(i+g) = nafs Bea) 3 aw = 2000-38) «oso mete ert pase malate ce, wae 0 = 2a bat sttancus en fa o | nae fossa Me dean : itt Fn ania a - ee parton gecoameime neat Ten, = 00. 308 ere 00 Parbet, Un, = 999 ME ence teqaency deviation will be "Th bani ofthe PM sina ive comes)oe te tart he Pi aigna . y= seronre{iot) = wose[ wcuiee = {r= Hots 1 te ont Simeone ene De eaten tb ea e or trae “ere 9 ie he be bandh i BW = 20+ f= 905) ‘i, ect ide nae fendi andi ying Carus alae Se etn hel ll 4 ett Cnon arsine dvi By 29% compared wth ty | gui. Determine the relate power som ciate eilcon ha Seiccinasenys on ne ala Ae aA ether Psi sont ted a Sater Fo ant ttn ft etl ern since In that reguoney bad Anema ietinies ertececreactile a ‘Shanty sitet sid eames ur ef eh Sete hh reel cn basalt so power ion Hn) = Ie hte ee a v= 24(e2 eum ng 7 an)» fora Pane . Tete i nei ith sey nd 4 Eiht, a | ‘and the power in cach side frequency is exes a F ae Pa Fem j Fam Porro ae oncom cea Ame « Pa SMa ogg 5 titel | Bampe 424 tn an Fa sytem 47 il dang Sari agg | ie a Se Cy“ = 0.84 wy, | i We ee Station: 9 Given that gue devi, wa aren peer i iny sin, ‘Gareier swing in FM signal wil be pas . ssoyea sa) 0 Nodalaon Inde fF waecoupons» ey rai ote cope ene ee TM soso 10th ite aa il be enone rer r ie aaa mcr tree Semen ate itned Sent oS napa SASS ae rene argo = 1090071000] te the dierent wnat tbc sien ih eine bode Solution: Wek tn the equine devin gion by y= Sean, Ui, Be cea nel enue, en Se = ea FM ware 8 He with amplitude 23 vot and eames vllage new Ineyenand io Sa Indes thea requeny tgs Psu eatin y= A Ae in iii Yas aa Ugo Bx detente smn be ober ed ht thc in estes Ii independent “te mudstones canbe aed aud i ee Be in (1047 in 1280, Dearie (0 The carrer and modulating requencey the medal en an (0) Peer clsinated by his 7M avn 0 sen rt ‘ton: (0) The stanard expression fr FM ie np = ann asm, safe emenpees 4) +29 snore] scomparing equttion (andi we dbtain od my =T af mpg #1995138 Aas (omer diaspated bythe given ware in 100 ohm reir cn {2 recone on i ee ct a2) +n tna bd (0 Wehawe (0 soon e a= 8 = 20020000 “cenit 008, ich constant crs ere muy toil 1 coher ease narem t= cern nce Pera nat be =) . SET retnch ete Sota Sood 0 For DSB AM), we ne m0 +5400" mem ni) 5 men sen it in 2 = sen teu = 100-0 30) reimmumnan grey ibe ga wie #8 Heat ¢= Cand ect inmiay teen oe "a 00 my) 2,40 = Neo a hh m0 + 2(0)= Neos a ym) Ain m+ m0 (= Aw a i 10 2 +0440 Tash. ln ne evn il ‘Terfre, PM nonlitear moda. sewed namo 33. carrier signal i angle-modulte by the ‘040 maine bouomy dition be nO) =A cos (a, Bain ya * ‘where, ano, are not harmoaialy related Deter . Setation: The given signal (can be oxen a wor ‘eam. Aa nomad sg i dveribed by sande ‘= Ste A aa nae , an Anirnmmienat, Same “ soe Fron the expression Pah we bane 9705, ebece, Baw 1 ‘Themasimum alowed fequeny det 700). sone Aan ample 42 block agra of [gar at Cnintte hematin indi cree Bequeney ith = 30 8480080 ~19 04 Ears namie talon ot nee sen Cas ae ee i= e=Am \éeme HO = Wools + Ain age fiom, 900 again gt fe WO =Mele + hs, enayp mparing equations () and GO, we get setae: ier a= cu (#1 +h) va engl oad se ‘nathan evi ‘semi tn he, fo 207 Dyas ame (Den, fuk * Mm Ai bie 7220+): 4= 40a Ana Se arisa eres es isha es fy *20+1)-fyg® 2441.1 = 101 nae aoc oreeincal venalan il summary « 100 ax = |S) modulation may be defined as the proces in which or o | Seen acces ao fo gen ear, web We ean vary ha pha ag in wo wap and thu the ei cree th to up Pe Malton 20 = {0 Peay Matti 0. ene aa ‘Pusraisten 3p din i ‘Bsunple 9. An angle medslated ‘wae besband or medlating egal) abt 7 lana with carrier frequency @, #2 104 radieac a gives ‘This mune that sn Phase Modulation, the inetastanenay es Matas tisava ne Bieta {8 Dear sien regu maa at ead bie {0 Md annum pase deviation aan re nary with a meager sas eal ot {i Ped he benewtdth ofa Bike ih cae ae natant quency @, plus a time-varying componeat ge nb fmt ey sn Anan ane 2s we 10, 7 7m 1 2am ample. An ae a esneha eet em es ee etd the Pu ign bandh ae owe is ering = tr seer FM beset tone wa icra fl Summit 87 tae Seat i wien 88 +38)" 200 The gre na ae é Por mdi ny patra er ‘esr ers mt ts un fence 2 FM ero the Serie cemeteries rr (wernaSnded icc oe rat of tl flats coreapcoy in PAM boat bad ak Porat antnnste Metm) 2% Wiccan een ie i eee hn xP lege made Se ee ea Secreta ee a - int be Slowed by al Se olen They eee alone = panes eee cogs ar ta ocean Soin bn oP es Oe i #28) 9 Pearce tnt te rcnye te ope Seep bs orp eee reer eae Saito he i na bse eee oo Fie nay» tt vt oo mien nin te Therapie Cee coon Aims oe 6 Son jenn choal nein an oa ss flr orl spe VY od ae ai raf songs con so feted cre cee a stop conan pe See tc ues tsa sy ec tnel pny20 p n Stace cor ton Pasig el nouns prt ont Piemonte se Teron cet ring Pia (Tn at etd rene vs a i Te nes etd or rong to lectin Th cate signals qnarated with the aoa Sousa pad pune -Cetrest Thus tbe equ oe Iythetpressicn|in wn a SEY gy er amar Bue ee ee, peered “eRe a te cron a eae = nding amplitu : eels rr aden a Heer the orn ated Te en, 4, to eels Whose autout a See ae sinter aoc eater tec pstmt tm i a whey, - ditectars depeede upon the slope of the freq ere ore ren mh ano man FA Stars wih me Seen ma Saag ena et a cen oe ld Reieccre aoe ‘phere Free rte emma hanged ‘os a anion mye oth rman Wich etl pat age «aie ie ett nai eee oe civil mdalatg or mec eae whe eagea es $2 Mc rt yen oan odin ‘Ae Then amine ac ent en te = Pagoda ee nm ne enero ec, anette a Pera Fa wna bend ons = yeaa wun = al 309 a seb iat soc of mulation inde meer ena Sreiemnciicinas aa la z eee ramon or PY Se Eichahd wn ea iv tne, eae ce aeearrrerer err Soe ee acon oneal a ee rie Sisece ete nT Shee = REVIEW QUESTIONS nae er ss = ce ae1 Angee sett po peal en es. etc deviation carer ‘ec ea i ee hi Siegiotvend ani of 190, Find hein antl wn 8 et * nthe adnate im “lp aon Pec ond ine aan he ir 4. Arner apatite 1 “ol han be 2 Some ene tec nae eta ier in i rng ead hl ee waned al the mada, Dee tet gcse mdning 1016 Mie caer wi an Sa eit ammieie meen, wrote omg 1 caramel fcc mdse are hich a es GStntevTatteceae tht ry rho the FM wae Se Me RSS etre ence mated te Fa nave 4 hanna il hh mi lang gen Sea Sp ts sewn Gia cla bred el eta guy nce 10 0 Artin 2 el cen gy del 10 1 Annesley Coren ths etn) 03 430% Pay tees eran Pg th Ne Retr Pi ora Psi nt ne icesemtet sss f Toececcocvaiona wo! sie lly i Pad tes : spat tn ape ia 43 ‘ois eee ig ae, oe Ae npn pen a rer ett (® A riven bas maximum frequency devi _secelan device can be used ns a froquency one eee a lo ods on a ig of ne ee ed iaiaar aa oat"! xtc tinsei® pin A esr ede 1 he ae a ined by danse inpartstion The PA sa Pia, FH Reve 1 $10 ts adi sna roa fait seid fr wo Romer eb cy alates 300 ri, il nd ies a (hen) nd amie ‘part itor 1cnarren 5 Probability, Random Signals & Random Process imme Soon: = i = See 3 2 tere eviene Ee 312 The dae Prebity Denaty Funct. om i Soe & srg cee dre ea SC eae ee te rnin ei 0 rents Ft for ace fortine e ae piesa r 0. “ve arr han fresh ore ora eflAL.« aay en te foc a tad the ve of (B fied the vale of X50, 1B Pits a vaac of <5, MW Find te oxarnson for PDP. sti Tc _ bee “jhe o Jotateinae — ; E as ‘a2 = Variance ing ead feeb Ss re a= four(2) : : 2 = Janne nine ih ns. ie f fig 4, ne Tor becca ht sth i nin =e it hase men ore _ ‘sae er the arid oor ele of = BUG—2m,X4 ma * = f. sor represcots men of average Yas Devtemedenratmra aint awe eo mc fete nis itn aa rie soe eR a5 fsepae—me j f= mean unre rai fe tadenwixy a0 Miasbre equation ay alae ween F=f noma aun s , a waar = agers wien, wo 1 be handy psig += mn oto 8 use PDF ohh een ne sore a pry 3 tof Ge tae fimo) = (0+) der the POF corn eal aaah m Property & The acon ee cca ben aseet Poxsm = A> = 4 Property &: As - 0, the Gaussian fascion syproches w 6 mga ives Rene ec iatndtetbr cnetaieeta i aise tei P « ot ; “The Gaussian diserbucion i F ites sme ern spel cons see Te SSuedumeanmes % umple 6.27, Find out the Camu adam variable. Veruca Data es '517. Goussian or Normal Dis Sto ma ae tin Wied a oti enwi austin it incident at a ae Cand Yar aque ae ae pre shows th Raleigh PDF dete oy este tom POF cae iter that tan = forr, vic ee sonennedin mois inphae and g8adr2tore comic, At) =o) —x) C2 Te inphas and gundracare are btined "a been aad in G0 a the pene ‘ncaa cton pcr re ata ‘cumpeent. fhe spectrum of these slide ff Tanshowe Imasipsltiainematin(’19, ¢ f voz RB, Spcram f nrhn fetatare components ‘rps signal signals von in equation © Factores _abaperesinconste tart tee fad may be given as multiplication of sin) and By Hy = ae) = Dao 6e-mny ‘Now, Fourie transform of thi samgle signal maybe tind ae a -rren 4 Here ithe sampling rate which is given a and nose theme Hane, the same epetrum XY appear st = Faehy {22h ‘Thin ouns that a pedi epstrum ih erode ‘pecs of sapling x) in tinedama "Dhus, equation () may be wsten 36 Gin= Lx +L xUst hese a) efntion of Fourier tranform, weave m= femA + ne REIN (0) Sra Spruit, 8 Sakae om tenis font =fa tnd fa fy Neem te pris pets a fy cates indicates hn repre “ee Thinmen thatthe sega a he nfm Signal form Samples Tavun eosin equtin ==tase Sa herange sium oi ‘tes eee ft/sec Tent, ‘Reo of eiimam sampling ewenie ia bandh) (4 baw) eines ence ile=12¢KHe W206 Afle Ans 189 sompiing Techniques Inte at art we dsl bom ampli a. Fail an seve wage: Perf (hoping camig hao “Bal thar oe thes ypesof sampling Weiqes ws wr: (@ mtastaneons sampling a) Nevo eae G0 Flv cami. ‘eft then intuntanou samping alld eal samping wheres nats! si snd sop amg ar led proc! ampling methods, Now, lt wears thes ‘Speratcamping techno tall centimiostine signi done. This soi ine tal aun iro Faw #110 dows «crit a an rs pede tntatanecan or ea sampling This cies The wen rile cei i ie ear, Thc Nov sui tn th ching tine obec approaches preemie ot 1) aay 4.20 Seren ate - ae Seite 92melee a Ri gchtrce ence ee ae a ganwneaeies, «PLU ees ——{ ail sane SPhareivsecrding to equation 95) prin pla tt ‘thence igh the teh lod nse Tewtre ahah when St ta nectanedy mpd gente #1) ran FREE Sperm ef aminsnsine ena 10)3pcum satura sale ol 98.4. Pat Top Sampling or Rectangular Pale Sempling ta ony oi op soe inte sone as nie hoy testes mpsns ote ‘snd aul oth ltataneons aan abe gel sat eee Te uretin a width each mpi rit ee Pei Bacon shows the orn enna eiceateae ea Fie. 08, lus of the baeband signal x A onrtn of atc ct th de hn tha Se cain aco ign Co nfgwre 9.180), the staruog ee una na th termine finn! ise eect at ‘Now rom tho property of delta en nie yecpety edo bin ta pang na elena reo coin he unto 00) Seely bane rena re id enone Sree Sachs notice enon, wea aking ra Rondon hp an meet 8 5a aa parce coaacematan shaken ree mn ee pase mye mpente maein o 9 = rag ae sgn Zeer he ga at ined by mien eed es ‘Non samp sg 4 gen esto (238 pose ° ob a eee ncaa ig aus 6 and 247, we Seerionay {Ts xeton npn vaulter. ere (ni interns steamed alaexaT)andfuncan ht ow: agn te etn 39) we ave m0 =a 0m) Tekan Pie mcr a eth ee sem been sia em ae sous Se cciplaan ppwrce ett wos al el eee on = Le-ermin ox pecs ng nce ins en me joo Wen ha Seen amtn ony rts) Spc pulse in Mehmet spc engl ue cnr ot Gceaneh nem [eae : tx om gre 140 ony bared ht sing Ha 10 mee 2 siouten brad whe tnmeote ale omg. at Se Beh any aches gee er edt tee te ter persion fr ‘ean The hgh Roan af ah re else Ths ype of lc ren oop coe insets he pre e smore prin. iar wth vel egey ag Ses ese Gnery pang meg a Tos ous corr ee | | i, cee Niece aiaslrycsreeesron te" é | i ee a = — | rt a one ; [Somos | Semoing ie sen Be FRI Ronen econ so | ceteatin sa an ening sma beh etl ton i a Hn a Ninteae fe a ee a a, | bene Tears has ews tein ce 18 n sntnd nr at nine WA he tsb ler has the etic of dcrssing ts | 8, mitigating amc nc yes ee | waz kena Pomomin| sonal) kegtwe 140 aa ia - 1” 3 ‘hich te rane antennae - Ll Haag. Figure 00 shows she iygust ae with pee pectin amas sels rennet peteseeping meine wonbe — le Ns eB ‘san0=20 He ‘Shee he sg seg at te rset ote he (ome en te mami pe ring 2 ‘nogennuncdus up mnanwl ce ont, Favour Yee Hp ple aps temdoem Meh ath nga ed Tegra nee mee amping pe rin 2 iin Bart eng sn oui wet Tr. on “arrenina Gs the pecrum uo 0H (ace n= fer the sampled sical A meen mn rs ee eee ose "Ane determine be equalization 9} = 02 ne 0.9 =o (acy = 0 A Si theese acu neprea HO” sa ieriing, + #02 sed and asnming am uinequnton bn lt ceo andthe neem spree PIR! Anoiog Pulse Moduiction Methods Fee knw that in nave ola ent ae eum sine he mug na pe Meeitete the ineancenoue meer eer entiuacs inal tons ale a Se a ene inant ano the medline a TO Jule wndulion sytem ode: 1) Pulse Ample Medclation PAM) i) Pate Tine Modulation PTA Ge geet as nae i Shot cn wie eae “ch pulaee ofthe carier pulse train's varied =i LLL ULL ERR Dito pe al sion madlation methods 1 es ea oe a Pi rari and nc = ade te pa 0, fn pa si te+ COMMUNUCATON STEMS — moe ve ed oprs cares himctne age eerie eae ne ern, Doe ee tsp cee thn eened andthe erin Sen ea il ol canst of mance of Ft este pa hemp db ei sn nthematen Ansys , 5 oma, ed et fle smectite waoltion ata Kinard ewe 920 Trane ie he eh ofthe pi i termined bythe with of 6 splint eden st ton. eee [| PBR Conca of oy ton wh dt ft i ga tha fron legit rect ps ht cs ‘ort wile cape es, suena tan alain ar 828 ow te proper fk ee ht Mend = fo mtg cS Km ‘ain 058) Ths mid eta eeaten 5 sn is eid pean Te one busses tat SEB dr sin ka “evn tt th tt dan rt thn sos Fiona Weare cpiing a noid * Pie A0 sia mein and gn Tae 0 20 bgt oe 4 wo | Seer - wo= Seer for-amyaa-aee ncn we bo hak Jonny Using uations (96 nd (9.8, we “Tis equation represent valve on ermal foes top sampled na. New nunin fom eqn (2.58, we have a= 40800) oun = 0.8 erin tht Si) en as wns Sv = Sassen ample ven a ton Ma ‘aking Forft entettemictas =F Mh ert) + au i RIBAS Spur of some orb sig. The gale sampled 0, ‘hd matin eee nh el (0) Spear toga The dated cri i HS in of) 4. Naturally Sampled Pulse Amplitude Modulated (PAM) Signal save ducted natural ping in article 99. This nataral empling ia Daily ple smaulatin (PAM Ther it iellod eturllysumplad PAM gna ‘imedamsin rprerenation aturall-sampled PAM signal wil be riven a= rarest Mest Samad Pas Amgtiade Medaiaod (2400 sins! pide med USA 8 This inantnsons ome data tn PRD Ra his es SoS la pce i crs cet erent “sampled BAST il willbe ve n= Damp G:A1A Sraonsinion Dendwidsh in Peis Amgiadl Mie tps coplade modal (0 cg te Pag sen iconprcti oe fib mesma hada Ie ereveiine cer oo : 12 My ; dea ns ion 679, weave Bot acurdng to et 7, entire 1067, 5 Now. ifte ON a mode plete sae soenn ate a) Been tee Pa pale alle Lees 0m ‘terre innit eu i brennan faites eal sn Herein he caaton © "in woes Transtar > fo Pe ew Hone BW? Agsinsincs = Mente BW? 77 a> leomesiartr sortase eine ne eae me rent wenn in ich he Calling ee Fge #250) ae the ck PERE 7 ck eo of PAB dente I ek seared Pda owed erm tnee Mtoe ics on oy mr Po hs ver pas No, Gre 9) Sacre ry Nope! ut Ho th ined rte aa he ule a nope ene ents noc ured ote use ample vl a held hr a ag ral iets ro ase Heo, th ne aes ar dsb HG Aw ths the nie ret stu steed nw Paes hon Tay i. arb nerd tenn eran nd te being se tert fe 91270) owns sarosrder hing cel. This ors ron prvi samp ds teva boa he te ule. pes where 29 on Houwver oe es eel he pcooseiaee es Sn” ‘rea HCAS PALI oc FARR ren. he ege Pfft emvloved io we he PAM sgnl snd he he moog gai < ‘ube duration eta me 1,= 010+ 10 mats Sy Unig (0), we ret = Dawe tre te ancl one {agosto we ot 1 sae aw wn ro $1136. Drawacks f Pulse Ampisde Mdalted PAM Sena eloring ee ths dewbks of PM eal ‘Fuad re ane PAM ei CO ihe munmun eters rea nthe meu ww sce te umole th PAO as are ac : (i ert nerbrene owe usin + PA enwved can‘lin chan nba rte entre oF bas es lie wid sent fm iowa inn al eet sia a fee fa the eecteun of PW lea onsite Meet sn mew cre a EM sion ™ ining herrea tte nnd a in 938s ena thiher samplings ich more tan qu owen ition shape salt= “ — Trane nas each OPT nt O° AE lea Babe land Tyisswiched oF ire ach nn fos Teta 7 mae oh Se ane eect rail iene ere cog wae men ers OFF ee ‘Sitemciam Wet dops tn eat pecersaa ean be neta Ee Sted ye pa a age ad wet ple Wil old 1.44 Demoduson of PHM Signal ‘Fen 8.38 sh he ek gram oC PWM etc ownin tere 9. PWM va ope athe Sea gece The Sait rg ‘hci he EWM arm, Te repeated PWM chen ale he nish vcr pe racarTan ep goers pda eop fo ‘Buse sich that ih of ramps are propertinnal tthe wiita of WM pulses The me ‘applet ithe nepal On thera athens feet age —— A ae TURAL) (9) anor PHM eco ah 21143 advantages of PDK Ai Sgn nar rarer cn, sow e800 a at se scent enn se MyGp PRM puss aye witha herds hs ome sae each tcasclter atta taal Se meroneee (Lave bandrin reqsi rthe PM simu emer 9.147. Pulse Position Mdslaton 5 mids seten he ump wit oe aes ara sm pe" torent he pou os aa PHcommons + ce mee Sion teaser E Fasc ee eerie = Sige enatinaraerranicgremagponn nd Peter ier tranmmetmcnieese ances ation mele ig. 884, (0) Wont cf PPM cert 348, Demodlation of PPM eae of pale ition in pottn to pulses ta | it zy abet ig/9a8) PPM derma o ‘a chown i ore 9.5 ip lop eit at tral data signal antec ane. Tis een ace a i IE PP ewer ee aie conte Se ee eee ‘turned ‘OFF (giving low output at the loging i ti on Berean Spore ee tthe opt of ea _Femiitaion te Peace hone ented a mma sii See emit RM esateKangen reed compared to PA. 215) Comparison of Various Pulse Anciog Modulation Methods omumnecston 0 #__ “et ompinedn train PIE 0 eee amie nd ener eau 1h hic scot compare PAM, FWD and FM inthe em ‘table: Compu ‘of PAM, PPM and PDD “Ample othe pase ropional emp oheae nna TWh fe ale ie popn, “Tae tuodwithoftie transi sito ith of ranamianion ‘ithe enter h | chan dope Se ‘Thetnenanoa poms | ‘See nterteens eB neo Nie iene iim ‘Boat pide wd Simpl tleen so) ihr pine maa ‘Sle tiniest fun att epee an pe ae "Seve one exeand sao tries yen 2 ein ig pring al mayb cmpny ered ol aera Serena iu Msi seine etal Nos are tip Hye nt 7, ae 1, Thule pe fer i ed erste eg dee hm i Terai ster St Ateepae iro aye fe ich yan no cua fhegeney snd rial ster regres ter cal ten ts Thepraweroleconteacing certain en a amp al Foam sis sed ne he sal sd. , Bic ay inrmstin ual conan « a mer umn dc Serie Ts i etumientes chek see pe Tee a ling tthe rg! mest 0) Ts bow ras ee Deven ating ert 1 Tove aan, em 1@ Peso le su 8 Sep er mb ko “Tee bandas signal vow sion nih fan cy n Ted antral mans reamed ots men ae Piers teen pone! psn a, 1, Bacal thre reve per ono 8 we 1 Ineatancunvapinn (2) Natura sampling Fee racic! wand nd wit dni tai 30, Nata sampling 3, Spectra af Natural Samal se co- Sameaonionaa ae of emvring nal en wt ‘ag The Ppl sco ore ses ae pow mean by sampling period 7) nd " Figeat modulation method = a Guns ae nam uch niger than oe ras ae sa; cum tcatet wu nota rept na one, Sema ta Isat modulation in which te spi agar tuna visor at prbchint teen eased ate 2 aarti Ibyabehfreancyarcir® | ry erytaee incon | Hh he odsing sot Sera he remorede= he a ponerPht do you men hy avchrolation in PAM syste? Bel ot ras ne rraniope ao tryna ea MME Tae eo wr mameesmaemiton This mathe ns rats gna eee Pl meena nt le save a a tine mark nth= came ime mark wits a poner ito rh er iad yong es tines mari ie hol om ts menage PA ian hh ete lng with he otter pln er se etn pes poco oe teenie ee deena eis Mtn sate mele (10. hat ae he i (8 Pate postion most au. when dst Palatine dustin ses Ty Joi or) pes lent lation DS tion modlaton (FDNY? pera meses anal we stat Oh sd eh dw spe torsion otal sua ae: Tis ‘a What is pate position model Oe PEN hepa ple ve ected me eae Sik he mesase wh. Tin Deve the spectral presentation of PM and FFM ware Oe persunaltaiyon POM and PP wave income a rae quaint dorian of SOM sad PS se me pene peaion torent eel aan yonuri somone ME nial mods wave of eben ‘ice tbe pera fe natural sae denne dalcompencnts of reaencies eal he ibe Recent inn at Ta, whee 3 Be Tepamcnte as contributed by the arte FDA we fe simul eapanens terrace at fue so Sirzetcat carapnonts of reauencies ual als Sone eo anette pune AD ay bc note tat these de crponeta rena the staid molten and ampling ewes equ fy inh“numerical PROBLEMS ———e } acon | {2 ae e+e i roe seme fi (2 Se von a a 0 ohana irene caren La nnd ends tc Trin no See ene i een = bee Sef Jett ac Sen tt bsg iar ping) gh an eal ws ng eset rx 14h and =r elind atthe ap of ea! pe ee a Wun et att gue 8.) The pe AES eae pl ecm pal". Pte Net scp rin 0 2 a] = ri0340 an BCS jee Feta. 4 As gn ay ag RSET STS tea ene eel ae imple ae 19119 cece Siena tee seu an recover the signal 4) from the samplod signal ore ctl thn nies 5 Anmarderbelcin {Pee 94 tan med ctr signal) rt 7 cae pms hire, ee na (Pane University. 8 ‘pittup the Blanks and Multiple Chotee@ nah re in ih he nag ial scapes bitte tntrnty yea ere ah el col + Regen 9 oe naa Eoatlees ee emtbae sen i rprsented we combination —— Te nde geen sp pe vere by wana (o) Preior ‘ner Otmion waneatntin ‘com Muti ik Met ote lenin mot em Ta) Tine desten map fyb and IN. PM end PDA stems sue om eee aed wave in pata ten cone —— rato seal om a eet San Te cbberneihettee Fan eer the meee ge sd plas 16 Palo uraen mde Mn te panto ‘Cerda with the moses ar he 1 Pale ample asaion 1. Tha eet 1b. Goal 1s une daraon won 4h Pale put linae 10 ———— Steal omni Forearm ) rusadnenn to chan {nb opraion of te ptr. Waveform Coding (i rt of irr ne rete somman {Ge} erry of aorta in he creo tran se and external iterleenae Techniques 2'=" ‘Aer tampling oh anaes, {heented vernon gal epresentatio tein Bul Coe Maa SR PCM, the ovens scm raped od mata Wh Gata caret coe se fate ov cf Gres orl Tal mide in dinrete or Hence. ke pst tana he aaa aig (coded) vavsform. Coneptaly POM Wich wren developed fr the gal ung of he wa Aigtal coding sytem se ty, PCM etheear wy and teicher digital coder yeeme realised Hee ec tee maven Fetongs oe clase of sgl czars nvr wuveflorm coders Inthsehapia we (detted dscestn of ilernt cg plo wadlatin teehee 902! Discretization in Time and Amplitude caiman rin tecordanee ith the menses si 101, neeacson af 02. Deetnton nT a pe 103, Consett Ostet 104 Pie costae Pw 15. APCH Gover Tamir {8 Poul Tasmania an “ple understand Rust Acre {Shome ich contest sig vata i eepaning ‘net snp a enn nein mt ‘ “th simps fr of ule cs suum aPC) oe ne al in amped we ‘unde tee oenren sua en allowable- ible with Nr ection it rat Sire ster asetecrasecto ussite sents Se eee cass a hore oe Pst awe tsp ofthe so Sringeri pp ma the iment yt a wo. ar Dera tng ei eis Aah tn entra he mage othe msl ine, hn son th nga ar tbe aur 1040) shows x rpseation of he". 1. mre ‘ow, wecan sa attr palm Sar 1018 eid ony atthe sampling nn Pao deny senha spre Anos guaain Ia quent, be mle range whic te sgl may crap ive tamer standard os ‘shown wm I empath the ng Con tn ica ht man 828, ot ap pin ch a ands midst conden Schaerer Peeiccanae nate wal a eriginalne Wecanimproie the cewra:y ncaa he member ofr orotate oa sr So sae re anaes Fem mea Was ar ies ow, ew semaine ie wasn EM ine on Stem bea eta ae roan that 0 Msc{60 Prac ranma hrm We mr’ APES son SHH b= FRNA he cc Fst oe {9 Revel opiate PM mnnitr ne optog 1 Altice sea ered sae cee ing gutizig an encoding. eld asanatog-todigi’ arate af he aris varied in pr ingot that srt happen in PEM em rte a ep er =, Silinte ares a Sr a hn ila ers he dk tr ae a a 10.6. PCM Transmission Path ‘he Ph beonen cv PM taster ad FCM mnie oe wh PEM ‘PEM transmis pth el nts au Ws Tat Tinie oisty cota th to acorn a sa ent PEA POM semis estar the open quanti Cag deal ies mproducnts doan mee RM gal me PM gl ‘Thrips the prorat PUM pro came] FG IBA PEM roncminin pth 10.61 Block Diagram of Repeater gure 108 shoes tbe bac gras of regnertie epee ‘The ample oquaie shape the dred PCA ice, Ta aie "The dion aking vcmele P14, Soe | = L TERE Woecorme ofa regenerative revesicr 107, re necoer In his sect, w sale « EM rane fram practical poire uses Atos the bac dagram of PCM ive bd gue 10.6 (8) bows ther emsernrsrcuntrencieretpetiepesat rss Sco : eee ncaa orpase easton leit the Epa original mennayo cise then the xed Yh Classification of Quantization Process spare 10.7 shows the Gasefition of quantatonpocnt nie atin ‘ovale Qn Pee, Cousyieston fection wee ‘The quantisation proces cn be clase inte eat HEE | {0 Uaifrm quanvieaton i Nomuniorm quantisation. setcalteation a based n the step sie ae fined are, (0 Usiform Quaatizer “aunforen atin sta P= ‘theinper eenee. (i) Noouniform Quantizer 7 Aono quater shat eo uantorin wiht ‘the inp signal values, st guntierin eich thee ‘iroughout the inpat renee. 10.2.1 Types of Uniform Quantie? "Thar ae to type fui anta « o MENA, Teo 2 of Uni uonation f) Mitad, ond) Midi {MORE Working Principle of Quantizer Tash s ehorunim uatiation aes nce. Forth purpose, we hall conser ‘rier unter ety Fagus 10.96) shows he ranaerchrncavoteacta cern, Seeman recite 1096) ernst tap othe seston oaaas 2ier 44 ths mean thatibepaktopek shaw af? cal eee Sasa he peo peak valet x7) wil bee Thus inet sn, cana any vale between -4410+44 Now the Ged en: Tele ae sata ese, eardingtfiute 190, we hae a HOT) = 4a bans, rye ora rai ti nf ate Cot) aint) = a= an sob bern that rom ure 10:40, ita fe Sexiary 28, fa) = ae oe acento Ticnete t a nital a4 ene cn am amt er *. ero’ reprosents total numberof itl lvl of ee Sento = «bite th tal number elon es es isomretnh iy nny Sbarro Wikre renee =f, ee een a eS im er oe Sore ae “hus pone aoe apn te ts naar et denen ce Tpcincreain POL of, — 18h Ta wns bancwit nev or PM am anttoe toe Se Tits nani in POM, but Tanne, BW? Boh Agsintiom © 12 2e ene, BW 20h Thine thesequved expec for bandwith of PCM neem yor, Inthe, sal dei ir ereteecue or uniorn antonio Booman SCARS es hierar eed qeamlen er See renee c= a 07s) seetzrma iin mare ae Fae i Ru.) say sve at wl {nto leven vertical aie. This mennehat he ‘ota amplinae range becomes, "Total amplitde ra n=eens > emilee Sell Seen reeneevinierenr te Settle A sco cnt we a 4 afk) sd ope overlong, we hae 7 ak eait) a ‘has the ina priv value oe outs pone ness wee “bandh of portreconstrtion lowpass filter at the eutput end ofthe recov fu, Toe, ssining that the ean be power Py unio tes ety ad te att nasi se wer Wisin the hand a-(fe nant oR ete ess ptsgmlioanine, mi SHPO thay Ang wae l=, ‘hn, average ecacint we word