Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiine Juridice, Nr.

4/2010

CAPACITATEA DE EXERCIIU A NATURAL PERSONS LEGAL

PERSOANEI FIZICE N CONCEPIA COMPETENCE IN THE CONCEPTION
1 18
CODULUI CIVIL ASUMAT OF THE ASSUMED CIVIL CODE
Prof. univ. dr. MOISE BOJINC Professor Ph.D. Moise BOJINC

Facultatea de tiine Juridice i Litere Faculty of Juridical Sciences and Letters

Universitatea Constantin Brncui din Tg-Jiu Constantin Brncui University of Tg-Jiu

Abstract: Capacitatea civil a persoanei avnd Abstract The persons civil ability, having as
ca elemente constitutive capacitatea de folosin i constitutive elements the capacity to have rights and
capacitatea de exerciiu desemneaz capacitatea obligations and the legal competence, assigns the
juridic specific dreptului civil. juridical capacity specific to the civil law.
Pe cnd, capacitatea de folosin civil reprezint While the civil capacity to have rights and
aptitudinea general i abstract a persoanei de a avea obligations represents the general and abstract
drepturi i obligaii i se dobndete pe data naterii i aptitude of a person to have rights and obligations and
uneori nc de la concepiune, capacitatea de exerciiu se it is gained at birth date and sometimes even since the
acord n considerarea discernmntului care se conception, the legal competence is granted in
formeaz treptat i presupune aptitudinea persoanei de a considering the discernment gradually formed and it
exercita drepturi i de a executa i ndeplini obligaii supposes the persons aptitude to exert and accomplish
civile prin ncheierea de acte juridice civile. Ca atare, civil obligations by contracting civil juridical
capacitatea de exerciiu privete exclusiv actele juridice documents. As such, the legal competence regards
civile ale persoanei i nu are niciun fel de legtur cu exclusively the persons juridical documents and has no
faptele juridice stricto sensu. connection to the stricto sensu juridical facts.
n funcie de stadiul dezvoltrii discernmntului, Depending on the stage of the discernment
Codul civil asumat categorisete persoanele fizice n patru development, the Civil Code classifies natural persons
clase i anume: persoane lipsite de capacitatea de in four classes, namely: persons missing the legal
exerciiu, persoane cu capacitate de exerciiu restrns, competence, persons having a restrained legal
persoane cu capacitate de exerciiu anticipat i persoane competence, persons having an anticipated legal
cu capacitate deplin de exerciiu. competence and persons having full legal competence.
Persoanele fizice aflate n una din respectivele Natural persons placed in one of the respective
clase fie nu pot ncheia acte juridice civile, fie pot ncheia classes either cannot contract civil juridical
singure doar anumite acte juridice civile, fie pot ncheia documents, or can contract by themselves only certain
unele acte juridice cu ncuvinarea ocrotitorului legal, iar civil juridical documents, or can contract certain
altele i cu autorizarea anumitor organisme protectoare, juridical documents with the permission of the legal
fie pot ncheia singure orice acte juridice civile permise de protector, and others even with the authorization of
legislaia n vigoare la un moment dat. certain protecting organisms, or can contract by
themselves any civil juridical documents allowed by the
Cuvinte cheie: capacitate juridic, capacitate valid legislation at a certain time.
civil, capacitate restrns de exerciiu, capacitate .
deplin de exerciiu, discernmnt, acte juridice civile. Key-words: juridical capacity, civil capacity,
restrained exertion ability, full legal competence,
1. Corelaia capacitate juridic (de discernment, civil juridical documents.
drept) capacitate civil. Noiunea de
capacitate civil, elementele sale 1. The correlation between juridical
constitutive, reglementare. (legal) capacity civil capacity. The civil
capacity notion, its constitutive, regular
Aptitudinea persoanelor fizice sau elements.
juridice de a fi subieci de drept, adic titulari
Natural or legal persons aptitude of
de drepturi i obligaii desemneaz
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Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiine Juridice, Nr. 4/2010
2 being legal subjects, namely holders of
personalitatea juridic , sau capacitatea
juridic ori capacitatea de drept.
Personalitatea (capacitatea) juridic
nu trebuie confundat cu noiunea de
persoan juridic ntruct vocaia de a fi
subiect de drept este recunoscut deopotriv
persoanelor juridice ct i persoanelor fizice.
Personalitatea (capacitatea) juridic este
unic pentru fiecare subiect de drept. De lege
lata, capacitatea juridic a unei persoane este
3
determinat de art. 16 din Constituie i
reglementat de normele juridice generale
(art. 4 din Decretul nr. 31/1954, privitor la
4
persoanele fizice i juridice , precum i de
5
normele juridice ale fiecrei ramuri de drept .
Capacitatea juridic reprezint genul proxim
al capacitilor de ramur, desemnnd
aptitudinea persoanei (fizice sau juridice) de
a participa n nume propriu sau pentru altul,
ca titular de drepturi i obligaii n raporturile
juridice.
La rndul su, ntr-un enun sintetic,
capacitatea civil reprezint o specie a
capacitii juridice fiind o parte constitutiv a
acesteia i desemneaz capacitatea specific
dreptului civil ca ramur a sistemului
6
juridic .
Codul civil asumat, asemenea
Decretului nr. 31/1954, nu definete
capacitatea civil, ci se mulumete n art. 28
alin 1 s reproduc textul art. 4 alin 1 din
Decretul premenionat, stipulnd faptul c
aceasta, respectiv capacitatea civil este
recunoscut tuturor persoanelor. Tot astfel,
alin 2 al art. 28 al Codului civil asumat este
reproducerea aproape identic a art. 5 alin 1
din precitatul Decret statund c Orice
persoan are capacitate de folosin i, cu
excepia cazurilor prevzute de lege,
capacitate de exerciiu
Din aceast formulare se desprinde
explicit faptul c elementele constitutive ale
capacitii civile sunt capacitatea de folosin
i capacitatea de exerciiu.
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rights and obligations assigns the juridical
19
personality , or the juridical capacity or the
legal capacity.
The juridical personality (capacity)
should not be mistaken by the legal person
notion whereas the vocation of being a legal
subject is acknowledged both to the legal
persons and to the natural ones. The legal
personality (capacity) is unique for every
legal subject. De lege lata, a persons
juridical capacity is determined by art. 16 of
20
the Constitution and regulated by the
general juridical norms (art. 4 of Decree no.
31/1954, regarding the natural and legal
21
persons , and also by the juridical norms of
22
every legal branch . The juridical capacity
represents the close type of the branch
capacities, assigning the (natural or legal)
persons aptitude to participate in his own
name or for another, as a holder of rights and
obligations in juridical relations.
At their turn, in a synthetic
enunciation, the civil capacity represents a
species of the juridical capacity, being a
constitutive part of it and assigns the
capacity specific to the civil law as a branch
23
of the juridical system .
The assumed Civil Code, such as
Decree no. 31/1954, does not define the civil
capacity, but it is content in art. 28,
paragraph 1 to reproduce the text of art. 4,
paragraph 1 of the above mentioned Decree,
stipulating the fact that this, namely the civil
capacity is acknowledged to all the
persons. In the same way, paragraph 2 of
art. 28 of the assumed Civil Code is the
almost identical reproduction of art. 5,
paragraph 1 of the above mentioned Decree,
stating that Any person has capacity to have
rights and obligations, except for the cases
stipulated by the law, legal competence
From this wording, it explicitly
results the fact that the constitutive elements
of the civil capacity are the capacity to have
rights and obligations and the legal
competence one.
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiine Juridice, Nr. 4/2010

2. Capacitatea de exerciiu a 2. The Natural persons legal

persoanei fizice: reglementare, definire, competence: regulation, definition, types.
feluri.
The assumed Civil Code treats the
Codul civil asumat trateaz capacitatea natural persons legal competence in Title II
de exerciiu a persoanei fizice n Titlul al II- named - Natural Person, Chapter I named
lea intitulat - Persoana fizic, Capitolul I Natural Persons Civil Capacity, Second
denumit Capacitatea civil a persoanei Section having the title, Legal
fizice, Seciunea a II-a cu titlul , competence, art. 37-48.
Capacitatea de exerciiu, art. 37-48. Even if this chapter is named
Cu toate c acest capitol poart Natural Persons Civil Capacity in all its
denumirea de Capacitatea civil a persoanei three sections it makes no reference to this.
fizice n toate cele trei seciuni ale sale nu se Naturally, the civil capacity as a
face nici un fel de vorbire despre aceasta. branch institution, proper both to natural
Firesc, capacitatea civil ca instituie and legal persons, makes the object of art.
de ramur, proprie att persoanelor fizice i 28 placed in Title I General Stipulations,
juridice face obiectul art. 28 situat n Titlul I but it is not defined.
Dispoziii generale numai c nu este We also consider that in this title,
definit. not in the one regarding the natural person,
Considerm, de asemenea, c n acest there should be the regulation, the definition
titlu i nu n cel privitor la persoana fizic and also the constitutive elements of the
trebuia s-i gseasc att reglementarea ct i civil capacity since they are proper both to
definirea i elementele constitutive ale natural and legal persons.
capacitii civile de vreme ce ele sunt proprii Comparing the definition of the legal
deopotriv att persoanelor fizice ct i celor competence worded by art. 37 of the assumed
juridice . Civil Code to the one accomplished by art. 5
Comparnd defini ia capacit ii de of Decree no. 31/1954, we consider the one in
exerciiu formulat de art. 37 C. civ. asumat cu the Code as being incomplete whereas the
cea realizat de art. 5 din Decretul nr. 31/1954 Code only expresses its concretization way
o socotim incomplet pe cea din Cod ntruct contracting civil juridical documents a fact
acesta se mulumete doar s exprime that is also spotlighted by Decree no.
modalitatea sa de concretizare ncheierea de 31/1554, without making the difference for
acte juridice civile lucru pe care l the use capacity, like the old regulation.
evideniaz i Decretul nr. 31/1554, fr s From the way the texts in the assumed
realizeze distincia fa de capacitatea de Civil Code are worded, it results the fact that,
folosin, aa cum face vechea reglementare. depending on the legal competence, natural
Din modul n care sunt formulate persons are classified in four classes, namely:
textele n Codul civil asumat desprindem - Persons missing their legal
faptul c n funcie de capacitatea de exerciiu competence. This class contains persons
persoanele fizice sunt categorisite n patru aged between 0-14 years old, and also the
clase i anume: ones under interdiction;
- persoane lipsite de capacitatea - Persons having a restrained legal
de exerciiu. Intr n aceast clas persoanele competence. This category contains persons
cu vrsta cuprins ntre 0-14 ani, precum i aged between 14-18 years old;
cele puse sub interdicie; - Persons having an anticipated legal
- persoane cu capacitatea competence. This category contains persons
restrns de exerciiu. Sunt incluse n aceast who have reached 16 years old and for which
categorie persoanele cuprinse ntre 14-18 ani; the guardianship court, for strong reasons

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- persoane cu capacitatea de and after listening to the minors parents or

exerciiu anticipat. Formeaz aceast clas guardian and by taking, when it is needed,
persoanele care au mplinit vrsta de 16 ani i the notice of the family council,
crora instana de tutel pentru motive acknowledges their full legal competence.
temeinice i n urma ascultrii i a prinilor - Persons having full legal
sau a tutorelui minorului i prin luarea, atunci competence. This is the class formed by the
cnd este cazul, i a avizului consiliului de major persons who are not under
familie le recunoate capacitatea deplin de interdiction, naturally.
exerciiu. Comparing the stipulations of the
- persoane cu capacitate deplin assumed Civil Code to the current regulation
de exerciiu. Este clasa format de persoanele regarding the persons classification depending
care depesc vrsta majoratului i, firesc, on the legal competence, it results the fact that
care nu sunt puse sub interdicie. the new legislation spotlights a new category
Comparnd prevederile Codului civil of persons, namely the category of persons
asumat cu actuala reglementare n privina having an anticipated legal competence.
categorisirii persoanelor n funcie de However, in establishing this class, the
capacitatea de exerciiu desprindem faptul c legislator only specified that the persons who
noua legiuire evideniaz o nou categorie de had reached 16 years old may gain a full legal
persoane i anume categoria persoanelor cu competence for strong reasons without
capacitate de exerciiu anticipat. Cu toate saying what these strong reasons are, at least
acestea, n stabilirea acestei clase, legiuitorul as an example.
se mulumete s precizeze c pot dobndi From our viewpoint, we consider this
capacitate deplin de exerciiu n mod class as being useless since it is granted the
anticipat, persoanele care au mplinit vrsta de possibility to gain full legal competence also
16 ani pentru motive temeinice fr s before reaching 18 years old as a consequence
spun care ar fi mcar cu titlu exemplu astfel of marriage. We do not see another strong
de motive temeinice. reason able to offer it in advance a full legal
Din punctul nostru de vedere competence.
considerm inutil aceast clas, de vreme ce 3. Premises of the natural persons
se acord posibilitatea dobndirii capacitii
depline de exerciiu i nainte de mplinirea legal competence
vrstei de 18 ani ca urmare a cstoriei. Nu
mai vedem un alt motiv temeinic de natur From the definition of the natural
a-i conferi anticipat capacitate deplin de persons civil legal competence, it results that,
exerciiu. in order to exert the rights and to assume the
3. Premisele capacitii de exerciiu civil obligation by contracting civil juridical
documents, we need two necessary and
a persoanei fizice mandatory premises, namely:
-The existence of the natural persons
Din definiia capacitii civile de capacity to have rights and obligations
exerciiu a persoanei fizice rezult c pentru -The existence of the natural persons
exercitarea drepturilor i asumarea obligaiilor discernment24
civile prin ncheierea de acte juridice civile The first premise has a legal feature, it
este nevoie de dou premise necesare i is provided to all the natural persons and it
obligatorii i anume: comes from the universality of the capacity to
- existena capacitii de have rights and obligations.
folosin a persoanei fizice The second premise the existence of
- existena discernmntului discernment is a factual one as it is

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7 conditioned by a certain state of the

persoanei fizice
Cea dinti premis are caracter legal,
este asigurat tuturor persoanelor fizice i
decurge din universalitatea capacitii de
folosin.
Cea de-a doua premis existena
discernmntului este una de fapt fiind
condiionat de o anumit stare a dezvoltrii
8
mentale a individului . Discernmntul
reprezint capacitatea persoanei de a-i da
seama de consecinele pe plan juridic ale
manifestrii sale de voin.
Absena discernmntului n general, a
celui juridic n special, poate fi consecina fie
a vrstei, fie a unei maladii psihice.
Ca atare, dac pentru capacitatea de
folosin singura condiie necesar o
reprezint existena fiinei umane, pentru
capacitatea de exerciiu este necesar existena
puterii omului de a-i reprezenta consecinele
manifestrii sale de voin exprimate n scopul
producerii de efecte juridice.
Discernmntul se formeaz gradual,
pe msur ce omul cunoate o dezvoltare
fizic i psihic i dobndete experien de to civil juridical operations.
via. Avnd n vedere cercetrile socio-
medicale, legea instituie o prezumie de
discernmnt pentru minorii care au mplinit
14 ani. Din acel moment ei pot participa n
mod personal, dar nu singuri la operaiuni
juridice civile.
n acest sens, art. 41 alin 1 C. civ
asumat statueaz c: Minorul care a mplinit
vrsta de 14 ani are capacitate de exerciiu
restrns. Per a contrario, rezult c, potrivit
legii, minorii cu vrst sub 14 ani sunt lipsii
de capacitate de exerciiu. De asemenea, chiar
persoana major poate fi lipsit de capacitate
de exerciiu dac nu are discernmnt din
cauza alienaiei sau debilitii mintale, fiind
pus sub interdicie judectoreasc.
Raiunea lipsirii de capacitatea de
exerciiu a acestor categorii de persoane se
ntemeiaz pe necesitatea ocrotirii lor, ntruct
absena discernmntului poate s-i determine
s ncheie acte juridice prejudiciante
(lezionare) pentru ei.
Mai mult, chiar i existena
25
individuals mental development .
Discernment represents the persons capacity
to realize the juridical consequences of his will
manifestation.
The absence of discernment in general,
especially of the juridical one, may be the
consequence either of the age, or of a mental
disease.
As such, if, for the use capacity, the
only necessary condition is the existence of the
human being, for the legal competence, it is
necessary the existence of the human power to
represent the consequences of its will
manifestation expressed in order to produce
juridical effects.
Discernment is formed gradually,
while the human knows a natural and mental
development and gains life experience.
Considering the social-medical researches, the
law institutes a discernment presumption for
the minors who have reached 14 years old.
Starting with that moment, they may
participate personally, but not by themselves
In this sense, art. 41, paragraph 1 of the
assumed Civil Code states as follows: The
minor who had reached 14 years old has a
restrained legal competence. Per a contrario,
it results that, according to the law, the minors
younger than 14 years old miss their legal
competence. Also, even the major person may
miss his legal competence if he has no
discernment because of the insanity or mental
debility, being under judicial interdiction.
The reason of missing the legal
competence of these person categories is based
on the need to protect them, since the
discernment absence may determine them to
contract juridical documents harmful
(damaging) for them.
Moreover, even the discernment
existence is insufficient for granting the full
legal competence, whereas, when reaching 14
years old, the minor, even if he has
discernment, has no experience of the juridical
life. This is why the legislator has established
for the minors aged between 14 and 18 years

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discernmntului este insuficient pentru
acordarea deplinei capaciti de exerciiu,
ntruct la mplinirea vrstei de 14 ani minorul
dei are discernmnt nu are experiena vieii
juridice. De aceea, legiuitorul a stabilit pentru
minorii cu vrsta cuprins ntre 14 i 18 ani
capacitate restrns de exerciiu, privit ca o
situaie tranzitorie de la lipsa capacitii de
exerciiu la deplina capacitate de exerciiu.
n acest interval de timp, ei pot s
participe la circuitul juridic civil prin
ncheierea de acte juridice n mod personal
dar, avnd nevoie pentru anumite acte de
ncuviinri i chiar de autorizri din partea
persoanelor sau instituiilor ocrotitoare.
n fine, la mplinirea vrstei de 18 ani,
se consider c au dobndit i experien
suficient astfel c legiuitorul le confer
capacitatea deplin de exerciiu, putnd s
ncheie orice act juridic care este permis de
legislaia n vigoare.
n acest sens, art.38 C.civ. asumat
arat n alin 1 ca deplin capacitate de
exerciiu ncepe la data cnd persoana devine
major, iar alin 2 arat c persoana devine
major la mplinirea vrstei de 18 ani.
4. Caracterele juridice ale
capacitii de exerciiu
Din calitatea capacitii de exerciiu a
persoanei fizice de a fi o component a
capacitii civile, precum i din corelaia ei cu
capacitatea de folosin rezult c i
capacitii de exerciiu i sunt proprii anumite
9
caractere (trsturi) juridice i anume:
legalitatea, generalitatea, inalienabilitatea,
10
intangibilitatea i egalitatea .
a) Legalitatea capacitii de exerciiu a
persoanei fizice presupune reglementarea sa
prin lege i nu prin voina individual a
omului. n acest sens Codul civil asumat
stabilete data i modurile de dobndire a
capacitii de exerciiu, coninutul i ncetarea
acesteia. Normele juridice prin care sunt
reglementate aceste aspecte au caracter
imperativ, ceea ce nseamn c persoanele
fizice nu pot deroga de la ele.
Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Juridical Sciences Series, Issue 4/2010
old a restrained legal competence, regarded as
a transitory situation from the lack of the legal
competence to the full legal competence.
In this lapse of time, they may
participate to the civil juridical circuit by
personally contracting juridical documents but
by needing approvals and even authorization
from the protecting persons or institutions for
certain documents.
Finally, when reaching 18 years old, it
is considered they have gained enough
experience so that the legislator offers them
the full legal competence, being able to
contract any juridical document allowed by the
valid legislation.
In this sense, art.38 of the assumed
Civil Code shows in paragraph 1 that the full
legal competence starts when the person
becomes major and paragraph 2 shows that
the person becomes major when he reaches
18 years old.
4. The juridical features of the legal
competence
From the quality of the natural
persons legal competence of being a
component of the civil capacity, and also from
its correlation to the use capacity, it results that
the legal competence also has certain juridical
26
features , namely: legality, generality,
27
inalienability, intangibility and equality .
a) The legality of the natural persons
legal competence supposes its regulation by
the law and not by the human individual will.
In this sense, the assumed Civil Code
establishes the date and the ways of gaining
the legal competence, its content and
cessation. The juridical norms by means of
which these aspects are regulated have an
imperative feature, meaning that the natural
persons may not derogate from them.
b) The generality of the natural
persons legal competence regards its content,
considering the persons aptitude to exert the
civil subjective rights and to assume civil
obligations by contracting any juridical
documents, except for the ones forbidden by
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b) Generalitatea capacitii de
exerciiu a persoanei fizice privete coninutul
acesteia, fiind considerat aptitudinea
persoanei de a exercita drepturile subiective
civile i de a-i asuma obligaii civile prin
ncheierea oricror acte juridice, cu excepia
celor interzise de lege. Gradul de generalitate
al capacitii de exerciiu difer dup cum este
vorba de11capacitate de exerciiu deplin sau
restrns .
12
Doctrina a considerat i Codul civil
13
asumat a consacrat c nici n situa ia lipsei
capacitii de exerciiu nu se poate vorbi de
inexistena coninutului respectiv, ntruct
legea permite i persoanelor lipsite de
capacitate de exerciiu s ncheie, n mod
valabil, personal i fr ncuviinare anumite
acte juridice civile de mic valoare care nu pot
fi lezionare.
c) Inalienabilitatea capacitii de
exerciiu a persoanei fizice rezult din
prevederile art. 29 alin. 2 C. civ. asumat care
prevede n mod expres c: Nimeni nu poate
renuna, n tot sau n parte, la capacitatea de
folosin sau la capacitatea de exerciiu.
Avnd n vedere caracterul imperativ
al acestor dispoziii rezult c actele juridice
civile de renunare sau de nstrinare a
capacitii de folosin i a celei de exerciiu
sunt lovite de nulitate absolut i total.
d) Intangibilitatea capacitii de
exerciiu a persoanei fizice este reglementat
n art. 29 alin. 1 C. civ. asumat care stipuleaz
c: Nimeni nu poate fi ngrdit n capacitatea
de folosin sau lipsit, n tot sau n parte, de
capacitatea de exerciiu, dect n cazurile i
condiiile expres prevzute de lege.
Din coninutul acestui articol rezult c
dac nimeni nu poate fi ngrdit n capacitatea
de folosin, n schimb este posibil lipsirea n
tot sau n parte, a persoanei fizice de
capacitatea de exerciiu, ns numai n cazurile
i n condiiile stabilite de lege.
Considerm c norma cuprins n art.
29 alin. 1 teza a II-a constituie o excepie de la
regul n materie care o reprezint capacitatea
de exerciiu a persoanei fizice, fie ea restrns
sau deplin.
Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Juridical Sciences Series, Issue 4/2010
the law. The generality degree of the legal
competence is different depending on the legal
competence, either it is full or restrained 28.
29
The doctrine considered and the
assumed Civil Code consecrated
30
that,
neither in the situation of missing the legal
competence, we cannot speak of the
inexistence of the respective content,
whereas the law allows the persons missing
the legal competence to validly and
personally contract, with no permission,
certain civil juridical documents having a
small value that cannot be harmful.
c) The inalienability of the natural
persons legal competence results from the
stipulations of art. 29, paragraph 2 of the
assumed Civil Code that expressly
stipulates that: Nobody can partially or
totally give up the capacity to have rights
and obligations or the exertion one.
Considering the imperative feature
of these stipulations, it results that the civil
juridical documents of giving up or
alienating the capacity to have rights and
obligations and the exertion one are hit by
an absolute and total nullity.
d) The intangibility of the natural
persons legal competence is regulated in art.
29, paragraph 1 of the assumed Civil Code
stipulating that: Nobody can be limited in
the capacity to have rights and obligations or
totally or partially missed by the legal
competence, except for the cases and
conditions expressly stipulated by the law.
From the content of this article, it
results that, if nobody can be limited in their
use capacity, in exchange it is possible for
them to partially or totally miss the natural
persons legal competence, but only in the
cases and conditions established by the law.
We consider that the norm contained
in art. 29, paragraph 1, second thesis,
constitutes an exception from the rule in the
matter, representing the natural persons legal
competence, either it is restrained or full.
e) The equality of the natural persons
legal competence is consecrated in art. 30 of
the assumed Civil Code stating that: Race,
37
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiine Juridice, Nr. 4/2010
e) Egalitatea capacitii de exerci iu a
persoanei fizice este consacrat n art. 30 din
C. civ. asumat care afirm c: Rasa, culoarea,
naionalitatea, originea etnic, limba, religia,
vrsta, sexul sau orientarea sexual, opinia,
convingerile personale, apartenena politic,
sindical, la o categorie social ori la o
categorie defavorizat, averea, originea
social, gradul de cultur, precum i orice alt
situaie similar nu are nici o influen asupra
capacitii civile.
5. Actele juridice ce pot fi ncheiate
de diversele clase de persoane fizice ce se
disting n raport de capacitatea de exerciiu
5. 1. Preliminarii
Situarea persoanei fizice n diverse
clase n funcie de capacitatea de exerciiu
prezint importan juridic din punctul de
vedere al categoriilor de acte juridice ce pot fi
ncheiate n mod valabil n anumite condiii de
aceste clase de persoane.
5. 2. ncheierea actelor juridice care
privesc persoanele lipsite de capacitate de
exerciiu
Persoanele fizice lipsite de capacitate
de exerciiu nu pot ncheia personal i singure
acte juridice civile, cu toate c fiind subiecte
de drept civil au capacitate de folosin, ceea
ce le confer potenial aptitutidea de a dobndi
drepturi i de a-i asuma obligaii, n orice
mod, inclusiv ncheind acte juridice.
Din prevederile art. 43 alin. 2 C. civ.
asumat se desprinde regula potrivit creia
actele juridice pentru persoanele care nu au
capacitate de exerciiu se ncheie n numele
acestora de reprezentanii lor legali, n
condiiile prevzute de lege.
Conform art. 43 alin 1 C. civ. asumat,
n afara altor cazuri prevzute de lege, nu au
capacitate de exerciiu:
a) minorul care nu a mplinit vrsta de
14 ani;
b) interzisul judectoresc;
Analiznd motivele pentru care
leguitorul a considerat necesar lipsirea de
capacitate de exerciiu a acestor dou categorii
putem conchide c n ce privete minorii de
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38
colour, nationality, ethnical origins,
language, religion, age, sex or sexual
orientation, opinion, personal convictions,
political, union membership to a social
category or to a disadvantaged category,
fortune, social origins, culture level and any
other similar situation has no influence on
the civil capacity.
5. Juridical documents that may
be contracted by different classes of
natural persons that are distinguished in
relation to the legal competence
5. 1. Preliminaries
Placing the natural person in different
classes depending on the legal competence
presents juridical significance from the
viewpoint of the categories of juridical
documents that can be validly contracted in
certain conditions by these classes of persons.
5. 2. Contracting the juridical
documents regarding the persons missing
their legal competence
Natural persons missing their legal
competence cannot personally contract by
themselves civil juridical documents, even
if, by being civil law subjects, they have use
capacity, a fact that potentially offers them
the aptitude to gain rights and to assume
obligations, in any way, including by
contracting juridical documents.
From the stipulations of art. 43,
paragraph 2 of the assumed Civil Code, it
results the rule according to which the
juridical documents for the persons with no
legal competence is contracted in their
name by their legal representatives, in the
conditions stipulated by the law.
According to art. 43, paragraph 1 of
the assumed Civil Code, beside other cases
stipulated by the law, the following ones
have no legal competence:
a) The minor who has not reach 14
years old;
b) The one having a judicial
interdiction;
By analysing the reasons for which
the legislator considered as being necessary
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiine Juridice, Nr. 4/2010

sub 14 ani, neacordarea capacitii de
exerciiu are n vedere lipsa discernmntului
datorit vrstei lor fragede, pe cnd n cazul
interzisului judectoresc lipsa
discernmntului este datorat alienaiei sau
debilitii sale mintale.
Lipsirea de capacitatea de exerciiu a
celor dou categorii de persoane reprezint o
msur de protecie.
Ca atare i sfritul strii lipsei
capacitii de exerciiu se produce n moduri i
cazuri diferite dup cum este vorba de minorul
sub 14 ani sau interzisul judectoresc.
Astfel, n situaia minorului de sub 14
ani, ceea ce genereaz ncetarea strii juridice
de lips a capacitii de exerciiu este
mplinirea vrstei de 14 ani, cnd acesta
dobndete capacitatea de exerciiu restrns,
sau decesul fizic constatat sau judectorete
declarat. n cazul persoanei puse sub
interdicie, starea lipsei capacitii de exerciiu
ia sfrit fie prin ridicarea interdiciei
judectoreti, ca urmare a ncetrii cazurilor
care au necesitat luarea unei asemenea msuri,
situaie n care persoana fizic i recapt,
dup caz, capacitatea restrns sau deplin de
exerciiu, fie prin moartea acesteia.
Fa de aceast realitate i innd cont
de finalitile existeniale precum i de
contribuia constant a doctrinei
jurisprudenei n aceast materie art. 43 alin. 3
C. civ. asumat confer persoanelor lipsite de
capacitate de exerciiu posibilitatea de a
ncheia personal i singure actele anume
prevzute de lege, actele de conservare,
precum i actele de dispoziie de mic valoare,
cu caracter curent i care se execut la
momentul ncheierii lor.
5.3. ncheierea actelor juridice de
persoanele cu capacitate restrns de
exerciiu
5.3.1. Preliminarii
Capacitatea de exerciiu restrns se
prezint ca o etap intermediar i pregtitoare
situat ntre lipsa de capacitate de exerciiu i
capacitatea deplin de exerciiu.
14
n literatura de specialitate s-a
apreciat c termenul de capacitate restrns
the lack of legal competence of these two
categories, we may conclude that, regarding
the minors younger than 14 years old, the
non-granting of the legal competence
considers the lack of discernment due to their
fragile age, while, in case of the one having a
judicial interdiction, the lack of discernment
is due to his insanity or to his mental debility.
The lack of legal competence of the
two categories of persons represents a
protecting measure.
As such, the end of the lack of the
legal competence is produced in different
ways and cases, as it is about the minor
younger than 14 years old or the one having a
judicial interdiction.
Therefore, in the case of the minor
younger than 14 years old, what generates the
cessation of the juridical state of lack of the
legal competence is reaching 14 years old,
when he gains the restrained legal
competence, or naturally found or judicially
declared natural death. In case of the person
having a judicial interdiction, the state of the
lack of the legal competence is ended either
by annulling the judicial interdiction, as a
consequence of the cessation of the cases that
had needed to take such a measure, a situation
where the natural person regains, depending
i on the case, the restrained or full legal
competence, or by means of his death.
In relation to this reality and
considering the existential endings and also
the constant contribution of the doctrine and
of the jurisprudence in this matter, art. 43,
paragraph 3 of the assumed Civil Code offers
to the persons missing their legal competence
the possibility to personally contract by
themselves the documents stipulated by the
law, the conservation documents and also the
small value stipulation documents having a
current feature and that are executed at the
time of their ending.
5.3. Contracting juridical
documents by the persons having a
restrained legal competence
5.3.1. Preliminaries
The restrained legal competence is

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de exerciiu nu denot aspectul cantitativ al presented like an intermediary and preparing

capacitii, ci reprezint o deosebire calitativstage placed between the lack of legal
fa de lipsa capacitii de exerciiu, ce se competence and the full legal competence.
31
materializeaz n regula conform creia In the special literature it was
minorul poate s ncheie personal toate actele appreciated that the term of restrained legal
juridice, dar pentru valabilitatea lor este competence does not denote the quantitative
nevoie de ncuviinarea sau autorizarea feature of capacity, but it represents a
ocrotitorilor si legali. qualitative difference from the lack of the
Ca atare, minorul ntre 14 i 18 ani nu legal competence that is materialized in the
15
mai este reprezentat la ncheierea actelor rule according to which the minor could
juridice civile, ca n perioada lipsei capacitii
personally contract all the juridical
de exerciiu, ci este doar asistat de ctre documents, but for the validity it is needed
ocrotitorul su legal care i asigur ndrumarea the approval or the authorization of his legal
necesar n aceast perioad de tranziie. protectors.
Capacitatea retstrns de exerciiu se As such, the minor aged between 14
dobndete de ctre minor pe data mplinirii and 18 years old is not represented anymore 32
vrstei de 14 ani, potrivt art. 41 alin 1 C. civ when contracting the civil juridical
asumat. documents, like during the time of the lack of
Din coroborarea art. 41 alin 1 i art. the legal competence, but he is only assisted
164 C. civ. asumat rezult c minorul by his legal protector that leads him to the
dobndete capacitate restrns de exerciiu guidance necessary during this transition
odat cu mplinirea vrstei de 14 ani, dac mai time.
nainte de aceast dat nu a fost pus sub The restrained legal competence is
interdicie judectoresc. n situaia n care gained by the minor when reaching 14 years
aceast msur de ocrotire a intervenit pn la old, according to art. 41, paragraph 1 of the
mplinirea vrstei de 14 ani i se ridic prin assumed Civil Code.
hotrre judectoreasc definitiv n perioada Of the corroboration of art. 41,
de timp ntre 14 i 18 ani, capacitatea de paragraph 1 and art. 164 of the assumed Civil
exerciiu restrns va ncepe n momentul Code, it results that the minor gains a
ridicrii interdiciei. restrained legal competence when reaching
Stabilirea coninutului capacitii de 14 years old if, before this date, he was put
exerciiu restrnse presupune mprirea under no judicial interdiction. If this
actelor juridice civile, n funcie de cerinele protecting measure had interfered until
de validitate impuse de lege, n urmtoarele reaching 14 years old and has been annulled
categorii: by a definitive judicial decision, the restrained
1. acte juridice civile pe care legal competence would start when annulling
minorul ntre 14 i 18 ani le poate ncheia the interdiction.
valabil personal i singur, fr vreo The establishment of the content of the
ncuviinare sau autorizare; restrained legal competence supposes the
2. acte juridice civile pe care minorul classification of the civil juridical documents,
ntre 14 i 18 ani le poate ncheia valabil depending on the validity demands imposed
personal cu ncuviinarea ocrotitorului legal; by the law, in the following categories:
3. acte juridice civile pe care minorul 1. Civil juridical documents the
ntre 14 i 18 ani le poate ncheia valabil minor aged between 14 and 18 years old
personal cu ncuviinarea ocrotitorului legal i may validly and personally contract by
cu autorizarea organismelor abilitate de lege; himself, with no approval or authorization;
4. acte juridice civile interzise 2. Civil juridical documents the
minorului ntre 14 i 18 ani, dar permise minor aged between 14 and 18 years old may

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40
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiine Juridice, Nr. 4/2010

majorului. validly and personally contract with the

Din enumerarea acestor categorii de
acte se poate observa c primele trei clase de
acte juridice civile desemneaz coninutul
capacitii restrnse de exerciiu, iar cea din
urm coninutul capacitii depline de
exerciiu.
5.3.2. Actele juridice pe care le poate
ncheia personal i singur minorul cu
capacitate de exerciiu restrns
Potrivit art. 41 alin. 3 ...minorul cu
capacitate de exerciiu restrns poate face
singur acte de conservare, acte de administrare
care nu l prejudiciaz i acte de dispoziie de
mic valoare cu caracter curent i care se
execut la data ncheierii lor
Observm c, spre deosebire de
minorul lipsit de capacitate de exerciiu, cel cu
capacitate restrns de exerciiu poate face
singur i acte de administrare care nu au
pentru el un caracter lezionar.
Potrivit doctrinei actele
administrare pot viza un singur bun (ut
singuli) sau pot avea n vedere patrimoniul
minorului.
Actul juridic civil de administrare al
unui bun este acela prin care se urmrete
realizarea unei normale puneri n valoare a
unui bun cum ar fi, de pild, culegerea
fructelor sau asigurarea unui bun, iar actele de
administrare a patrimoniului sunt actele care
n raport cu un anumit bun au caracter de
dispoziie, dar privite n raport cu ntregul
patrimoniu vizeaz o judicioas punere n
valoare a acestuia.
Considerm c n sens larg n categoria
actelor de administrare a patrimoniului intr i
actele de administrare ut singuli.
Observm c aceast categorie de acte
a fost trecut din categoria actelor care
fceau cu ncuviinarea prealabil a
ocrotitorului legal n categoria actelor care se
pot realiza n mod personal i singur de ctre
minorul avnd vrsta cuprins ntre 14 i 18
ani.
n ce ne privete suntem sceptici n
legtur cu caracterul benefic al acestei
reglementri pentru minorii cuprini n aceast
approval of his legal protector;
3. The civil juridical documents the
minor aged between 14 and 18 years old may
validly and personally contract by the
approval of the legal protector and by the
authorization of the organisms recovered by
the law;
4. Civil juridical documents
forbidden to the minor aged between 14 and
18 years old, but allowed to the major.
From the enumeration of these
categories of documents, we may notice that
the first three classes of civil juridical
documents assign the content of the
restrained legal competence and the last one,
the content of the full legal competence.
5.3.2. The juridical documents the
minor having a restrained legal competence
may contract by himself
According to art. 41, paragraph 3
de ...the minor having a restrained legal
competence may contract by himself
conservation documents, administration
documents that does not harm him and
stipulating documents of small value with a
current feature and that is executed at the date
of their ending
We notice that, unlike the minor
missing the legal competence, the one having
a restrained legal competence may contract
by himself administration contracts that are
not damaging for him.
According to the doctrine, the
administration documents may refer to only
one good (ut singuli) or they may consider
the minors patrimony.
The civil administration document of
a good is the one by means of which we
se follow the accomplishment of a normal
putting forward of a good, such as picking the
fruits or providing a good, and the
administration documents of the patrimony
are the documents that, in relation to another
good, have a stipulation feature, but regarded
in relation to the entire patrimony, refer to its
judicious putting forward.
We largely consider that in the

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41
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiine Juridice, Nr. 4/2010
categorie de vrst.
5.3.3. Acte juridice civile pe care le
poate ncheia minorul cu capacitate
restrns de exerciiu cu ncuviinarea
prinilor sau, dup caz, a tutorelui.
Potrivit art. 146 C. civ. asumat,
minorul care a mplinit vrsta de 14 ani
ncheie acte juridice cu ncuviinarea scris a
tutorelui sau, dup caz, a curatorului.
Corobornd aceste aceste prevederi cu
cele ale art. 144 alin 4 C. civ. asumat rezult
c minorul va putea cu ncuviinarea
ocrotitorului legal nstrina bunurile supuse
pieirii, degradrii, alterrii ori deprecierii,
precum i cele devenite nefolositoare lui.
De asemenea, minorul care a mplinit
vrsta de 15 ani va putea ncheia, tot cu
ncuviinarea priniilor ori a tutorelui, acte
juridice referitoare la munc, la ndeletnicirile
artistice i sportive ori la profesie conform
16
prevederilor art. 42 alin 1 C. civ asumat .
5.3.4. Acte juridice pe care le poate
ncheia minorul cu capacitate de exerciiu
restrns cu ncuviinarea prinilor sau a
tutorului, dup caz, cu avizul de familie i cu
autorizarea instanei de tutel
Intr n aceast categorie acele acte pe
care tutorele nu le poate face dect cu avizul
consiliului de familie i cu autorizarea
17
instanei de tutel . ncheierea acestor acte
presupune att avizul consiliului ct i
autorizarea instanei de tutel.
Intr n aceast categorie, potrivit art.
144 alin. 2 C. civ. asumat, acte de nstrinare,
acte de mpreal, de ipotec ori de grevare
cu alte sarcini reale ale bunurilor sale,
renunarea la drepturile sale, alte acte care
depesc dreptul de administrare.
5.3.5. Acte juridice civile interzise
minorului de 14 18 ani, ns permise
majorului
Astfel de acte interzise minorului ntre
14 18 ani, dar permise persoanei cu
capacitate deplin de exerciiu sunt prevzute
de art. 146 alin. 3 i art 147 C. civ. asumat.
Potrivit art. 146 alin. 3 C. civ. asumat
minorul nu poate s fac donaii, altele dect
darurile obinuite potrivit strii lui materiale,
Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Juridical Sciences Series, Issue 4/2010
category of administration documents of the
patrimony, there are also the ut singuli
administration documents.
We notice that, this document
category was passed from the category of
the documents that were contracted by the
prior approval of the legal protector in the
category of thee documents that may be
personally accomplished by the minor
himself aged between 14 and 18 years old.
Regarding us, we are sceptical
referring to the beneficial feature of this
regulation for the minors contained in this
age category.
5.3.3. Civil juridical documents the
minor having a restrained legal
competence may contract with the parents
approval or, depending on the case, with
the guardians approval.
According to art. 146 of assumed
Civil Code, the minor who has reached 14
years old contracts juridical documents with
the written approval of the guardian or,
depending on the case, of the curator.
By corroborating these stipulations
to the ones of art. 144, paragraph 4 of the
assumed Civil Code, it results that the
minor will be able to alienate, by the legal
protectors approval, the goods submitted to
disappearance, degradation, alteration or
depreciation, and also the ones that become
useless for him.
Also, the minor who has reached 15
years old will be able to contract, still with
the parents or tutors approval, juridical
documents referring to the work, the artistic
and sports jobs or to the profession
according to the stipulations of art. 42,
paragraph 1 of the assumed Civil Code .
33
5.3.4. Juridical documents the
minor having a restrained legal
competence may contract with the parents
or guardians approval, depending on the
case, with the family notice and the
authorization of the guardian court
This category contains the documents
the guardian may contract only with the
notice of the family council and with the
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i nici s garanteze obligaia altuia, iar 34

authorization of the guardian court .
conform art. 147 alin. 1 C. civ. asumat este Contracting these documents supposes both
interzis, ncheierea de acte juridice ntre the council notice and the authorization of
tutore sau soul, o rud n linie dreapt ori the guardian court.
fraii sau surorile tutorelui, pe de o parte, i This category contains, according to
minor, pe de alta. art. 144, paragraph 2 of the assumed Civil
Persoana care dobndete capacitate Code, alienating documents, sharing
deplin de exerciiu poate s ncheie personal documents, mortgage documents or
i singur cu excluderea reprezentrii, documents striking with other real targets of
ncuviinrii i autorizrii orice act juridic civil their goods, giving up to their rights, other
de conservare, de administrare, de dispoziie. documents crossing the administration right.
Evident, n principiu poate ncheia astfel de 5.3.5. Civil juridical documents
acte att personal ct i prin reprezentare. forbidden to the minor aged between 14-18
years old, but allowed to the major
6. Sanciunea nerespect rii Such documents forbidden to the
dispoziiilor legale privind capacitatea de minor between 14 18 years old, but allowed
exerciiu a persoanei fizice. to the persons having a full legal competence
are stipulated by art. 146, paragraph 3 and art
Potrivit art. 44 C. civ. asumat, actele 147 of the assumed Civil Code.
fcute de persoana lipsit de capacitate de According to art. 146, paragraph 3 of
exerciiu sau cu capacitate de exerci iu the assumed Civil Code, the minor cannot
restrns , altele dect cele prevzute la art. 41 make donations different from the gifts
alin. (3) i art. 43 alin. (3) sunt lovite de ordinary for his material status, or guarantee
nulitate relativ, chiar fr dovedirea unui anothers obligation, and, according to art.
prejudiciu. 147, paragraph 1 of the assumed Civil Code,
it is forbidden to contract juridical documents
Bibliografie between the guardian or the husband, a
straight line relative or the brothers or sisters
Beleiu, Gh., Drept civil. Persoanele, of the guardian, on one hand, and the minor,
Bucureti, 1982 on the other hand.
Bojinc, M., (coordonator), Drept civil The person gaining a full legal
romn. Persoana juridic, Editura Helios, competence may personally contract by
Craiova, 2000 himself, by excluding the representation,
Boroi, G., Drept civil. Partea general. the approval and the authorization of any
Persoanele, Edi ia a II a, Editura All Beck, civil juridical document of conservation,
Bucureti, 2002 administration, stipulation. Obviously, he
Costin, M. N., Marile instituii ale dreptului may mainly contract such documents both
civil romn. Persoana fizic i persoana personally and by representation.
juridic, Editura Dacia, Cluj-Napoca, 1984
Sttescu, C., Drept civil. Persoana fizic. 6. The sanction for disrespecting
Persoana juridic. Drepturile reale, Editura the legal stipulations regarding natural
Didactic i Pedagogic, Bucureti, 1970 persons legal competence.
Vonica, R. P., Drept civi. Partea general,
Editura Lumina Lex, Bucureti, 2001 According to art. 44 of the assumed
Civil Code, the documents contracted by
the persons missing the legal competence or
having a restrained legal competence,
different from the ones stipulated at art. 41,

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43
Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiine Juridice, Nr. 4/2010

paragraph (3) and art. 43, paragraph (3) are

hit by a relative nullity, even without
proving a prejudice.

Bibliography

Beleiu, Gh., Civil Law. Persons, Bucharest,

1982
Bojinc, M., (coordinator), Romanian Civil
Law. Juridical Person, Helios Press,
Craiova, 2000
Boroi, G., Civil Law. General Part. Persons,
Second Edition, All Beck Press, Bucharest,
2002
Costin, M. N., Great Institutions of the
Romanian Civil Law. Physical Person and
Legal Person, Dacia Press, Cluj-Napoca,
1984
Sttescu, C., Civil Law. Physical Person.
Juridical Person. Real Rights, Didactic and
Pedagogical Press, Bucharest, 1970 Vonica,
R. P., Civil Law. General Part, Lumina Lex
Press, Bucharest, 2001

1
Codul civil asumat reprezint coninutul Legii nr. 287/2009 publicat n Monitorul Oficial al Romniei, Partea
I, nr. 511 din 24 iulie 2009. Potrivit prevederilor art. 2664 acest cod va intra n vigoare la data care va stabilit n
legea pentru punerea sa n aplicare. Prin alin 2 al acestui articol s-a instituit obligaia Guvernului de a supune
Parlamentului spre adoptare proiectul de lege pentru punerea n aplicare a Codului Civil n termen de 12 luni de
la data publicrii sale. Proiectul de lege pentru punerea n aplicare a Legii nr. 287/2009 privind Codul civil
conine un numr de 216 articole din care cea mai mare parte conin modificri ale acestuia.
2
A se vedea, Gabriel Boroi, Drept civil. Partea general. Persoanele, Ediia a II a, Editura All Beck, Bucureti,
2002, p. 355.
3
Este vorba de art. 16 din Constituia Romniei din 1991, revizuit n 2003, care stipuleaz: (1) Cetenii sunt
egali n faa legii i a autoritilor publice, fr privilegii i fr discriminri. (2) Nimeni nu este mai presus de
lege. (3) Funciile i demnitile publice civile sau militare pot fi ocupate n condiiile legii de persoanele care
au cetenie romn i domiciliul n ar. Statul roman garanteaz egalitatea de anse ntre femei i brbai pentru
ocuparea acestor funcii i demniti . (4) n condiiile aderrii Romniei la Uniunea European, ceenii Uniunii
care deplinesc cerinele legii organice au dreptul de a alege i de a fi alei n autoritile administraiei publice
locale
4
Articolul 4 din Decretul nr. 31/1954 prevede: Capacitatea civil este recunoscut tuturor persoanelor. Sexul,
rasa, naionalitatea, religia, gradul de cultur sau originea nu au nici o nrurire asupra capacitii.
5
A se vedea, Romul Petru Vonica, Drept civi. Partea general, Editura Lumina Lex, Bucureti, 2001, p. 181.
6
Pentru argumentarea tezei potrivit creia capacitatea civil este o capacitate de ramur, respectiv de drept civil,
a se vedea Gheorghe Beleiu, Drept civil. Persoanele, Bucureti, 1982, p. 44-46.
7
A se vedea, Moise Bojinc (coordonator), Drept civil romn. Persoana juridic, Editura Helios, Craiova, 2000,
p. 55.
8
A se vedea, Mircea N. Costin, Marile instituii ale dreptului civil romn. Persoana fizic i persoana juridic,
Editura Dacia, Cluj-Napoca, 1984, p. 11.
9
A se vedea Moise Bojinc, op. cit., p. 58-61;
10
Capacitatea de exerciiu spre deosebire de capacitatea de folosin nu se caracterizeaz i prin universitate,
ntruct aceasta nu este acordat tuturor persoanelor fizice. Dup cum am vzut unele personae sunt lipsite de

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capacitate de exerciiu, iar altele au doar capacitate restrns de exerciiu i numai unele au capacitate deplin
de exerciiu.
11
A se vedea, Gabriel Boroi, op. cit., p. 367.
12
Constantin Sttescu, Drept civil. Persoana fizic. Persoana juridic. Drepturile reale, Editura Didactic i
Pedagogic, Bucureti, 1970, p. 233, Gheorghe Beleiu, op. cit., p. 114-115.
13
n acest sens, art. 43 alin. 3 din C. civ. asumat prevede c: persoana lipsit de capacitate de exerciiu poate
ncheia singur actele anume prevzute de lege, actele de conservare, precum i actele de dispoziie de mic
valoare, cu caracter curent i care se execut la momentul ncheierii lor.
14
A se vedea, Gheorghe Beleiu, op. cit., p. 46.
15
Avem n vedere imposibilitatea reprezentrii legale, nu i convenionale.
16
Aceast prevedere vine s coreleze textul C. civ. asumat cu prevederile art. 13 alin. 2 din Codul muncii
actualmente n vigoare care precizeaz c: Persoana fizic poate ncheia un contract de munc n calitate de
salariat i la mplinirea vrstei de 15 ani, cu acordul prinilor sau al reprezentanilor legali, pentru activiti
potrivite cu dezvoltarea fizic, aptitudinile i cunotinele sale, dac astfel nu i sunt periclitate sntatea,
dezvoltarea i pregtirea profesional.
17
Potrivit art. 144 alin. 2 C. civ. asumat: Tutorele nu poate, fr avizul consiliului de familie i autorizarea
instanei de tutel, s fac acte de nstrinare, mpreal, ipotecare ori de grevare cu alte sarcini reale a bunurilor
minorului, s renune la drepturile patrimoniale ale acestuia, precum i s ncheie n mod valabil orice alte acte
ce depesc dreptul de administrare.
18
The assumed Civil Code represents the content of Law no. 287/2009 published in the Romanian Official
Gazette, Part I, no. 511 since July, 24th 2009. According to the stipulations of art. 2664, this code will be valid at
the date established by the law for its application. By means of paragraph 2 of this article, it was instituted the
Government obligation to submit to the Parliament in order to adopt the law project for applying the Civil Code
in a 12 months term since it was published. The law project for the application of Law no. 287/2009 regarding
the Civil Code contains 216 articles, most of them containing its changes.
19
See, Gabriel Boroi, Civil Law. General Part. Persons, Second Edition, All Beck Press, Bucharest, 2002, p.
355.
20
It is about art. 16 of the Romanian Constitution since 1991, reviewed in 2003, stipulating: (1) The citizens
are equal in front of the law and of the public authority, with no privileges and discriminations. (2) Nobody is
above the law. (3) The civil or military public functions and dignities may be occupied in the conditions of the
law by the persons having a Romanian citizenship and the residence in the country. The Romanian state
guarantees the chance equality between women and men for the occupancy of these functions and dignities. (4)
In the conditions of Romanias accession to the European Union, the Unions citizens accomplishing the
demands of the organic law have the right to elect and to be elected in the authorities of the local public
administration
21
Article 4 of Decree no. 31/1954 stipulates: The civil capacity is acknowledged to all the persons. Sex, race,
nationality, religion, culture level or origins have no influence on the capacity.
22
See, Romul Petru Vonica, Civil Law. General Part, Lumina Lex Press, Bucharest, 2001, p. 181.
23
For stating the thesis according to which the civil capacity is a branch capacity, respectively of civil law, see
Gheorghe Beleiu, Civil Law. Persons, Bucharest, 1982, p. 44-46.
24
See, Moise Bojinc (coordinator), Romanian Civil Law. Juridical Person, Helios Press, Craiova, 2000, p. 55.
25
See, Mircea N. Costin, Great Institutions of the Romanian Civil Law. Physical Person and Legal Person,
Dacia Press, Cluj-Napoca, 1984, p. 11.
26
See, Moise Bojinc, op. cit., p. 58-61;
27
The exertion capacity, unlike the use capacity is not featured by university, whereas it is not granted to all the
physical persons. As we have seen, certain persons miss their exertion capacity, and others have only a restrained
exertion capacity, and only some of them have a full exertion capacity.
28
See, Gabriel Boroi, op. cit., p. 367.
29
Constantin Sttescu, Civil Law. Physical Person. Juridical Person. Real Rights, Didactic and Pedagogical
Press, Bucharest, 1970, p. 233, Gheorghe Beleiu, op. cit., p. 114-115.
30
In this sense, art. 43, paragraph. 3 of the assumed Civil Code, stipulates that: the person missing the
exertion capacity may contract by himself the documents specifically stipulated by the law, the conservation
documents and also the small value stipulation documents, having a current feature and that are executes at the
time of their contracting.
31
See, Gheorghe Beleiu, op. cit., p. 46.
32
We consider the impossibility of the legal representation, not of the conventional one.

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33
This stipulation correlates the text of the assumed Civil Code with the stipulations of art. 13, paragraph 2 of
the currently valid Work Code specifying that: The physical person may contract a work contract as a wage-
earner also when reaching 15 years old, with the parents or the legal representatives agreement, for activities
adequate to their physical development, aptitudes and knowledge if that does not harm their health, development
and professional training.
34
According to art. 144, paragraph 2 of the assumed Civil Code: Without the notice of the family council and
the authorization of the guardian court, the guardian cannot contract alienating documents, sharing documents,
mortgage documents or documents striking with other real targets of the minors goods, give up their patrimonial
rights, and also validly contract any other documents crossing the administration right.

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