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5 Biu Gantt v S PERT

Khi lp k hoch d n mc chi tit, phi phn r ton b d n thnh cc n v cng

vic (WBS), lc ny cn c cng c ln lch biu v kim sot vic thc hin k hoch,
m bo d n hon thnh ng thi hn. Cng c ln lch biu v kim sot thi gian thng
dng l Biu Gantt / v hoc S PERT. Cc kin thc ny sinh vin c hc cc
mn hc khc, cc bn SV cn tm hiu v chc chn rng mnh nm vng cc kin thc ny.
Ti liu ny ch gii thiu li mt cch vn tt v c bn cc vn trn.

1.5.1. Khi nim v s PERT

PERT Program Evaluation and Review Technique K thut kim sot v nh gi d n

1.5.1.1. Bng phn chia cng vic.

lp lch v kim sot thi gian thc hin d n, trc ht phi xc nh c bng
phn chia cng vic. Bng ny c xc nh trong qu trnh lp k hoch d n mc chi tit
(WBS), bng phn chia cng vic khng phi ton b cu trc WBS, nhng phi xc nh c
cc cng vic, thi gian hon thnh mi cng vic v iu kin rng buc ca mi cng vic
vi cc cng vic khc.
Th d 1. Bng phn chia cng vic ca mt d n xy dng c xc nh nh sau:
Thi gian cn Th t thc hin
Tn cng vic
(ngy) (sau cc cng vic)
W1 8 Bt u ngay
W2 4 Bt u ngay
W3 10 Bt u ngay
W4 6 W1
W5 6 W1
W6 8 W2 , W5
W7 5 W2 , W5
W8 2 W7 , W3
W9 5 W4
W10 5 W6, W8, W9
W11 9 W4

1.5.1.2. Cc thnh phn ca s PERT.

Vi mt bng phn chia cng vic (WBS), s PERT l mt th c hng, c trng
s vi cc nh v cc cung c xc nh nh sau:
Cc nh ca s ng vi cc s kin: l thi im bt u v/ hoc kt thc ca
mt cng vic trong WBS. Mi nh c gn nhn l mt s t nhin (i) ch s th t ca nh
(s kin), vi 0 < i < n.
o Cc nh c k hiu trn s : i (vi 0 < i < n)

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 o nh khng c cung i vo l nh khi u, ng vi i = 0.
o nh khng c cung i ra l nh kt thc, ng vi i = n.
Cc cung ca s ng vi cc cng vic: Mi cung c gn nhn l tn cng vic v
trng s l thi gian tng ng : (wk / tk ), vi 1 < k < m, (trong k hiu thi gian cn
thit hon thnh cng vic wk l tk hay t(wk), m l tng s cng vic trong WBS).
o Mt cung wk vi trng s tk i t nh (i) n nh (j) c k hiu trn s :
wk / t k
i j

o K hiu cng vic theo cc nh: Cng vic wk ng vi cung i t nh i ti nh j c th

k hiu l (i, j), thi gian hon thnh cng vic ny cng c k hiu l tij hay t(i, j).
Mt ng i trong s PERT l mt dy cc cung (hay dy cc nh) lin tip sao cho
nh cui ca cung ny l nh u ca cung k tip trong dy.
o Tng trng s ca cc cung dc theo ng i gi l di ca ng i .

1.5.1.3. V s PERT
Vi mi bng phn chia cng vic, vic lp s PERT c thc hin bng vic v cc
nh v cc cung ng vi mi cng vic, sao cho tha mn cc iu kin rng buc trong bng
phn chia cng vic. Cc nh c thit lp theo th t sau:
o nh xut pht gn nhn (nh s) l nh (0).
o Cc nh v cc cung tip theo: khi c mt nh c nh s (i), nh k vi nh (i)
m c cung hng t (i) n nh ny, s c nh s l (i+1), nu c nhiu nh k vi
(i) nh vy th cc nh k tip theo c nh s (i+2), (i+3), Trn mi cung tng
ng c gn nhn bi tn cng vic v thi gian hon thnh: wk / tk.
o Qu trnh trn s nh s c cc nh cho n khi s cung ca s bng s cng vic.
o Nhng nh khng c cung i ra khi n, c gp li lm mt nh, gi l nh kt thc,
c nh s (n), n l s th t cao nht trong cc nh ca s .
Th d 2. Vi bng phn chia cng vic trong th d 1, ta xy dng c s PERT nh sau:
w4/6
1 4
w11/9
w5/6 w9/5
w1/8
w2/4 w6/8 w10/5
0 2 5 6

w3/10 w7/5
w8/2
3

Hnh 1 S Pert cho th d 1

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Ch khi lp s : i khi phi dng cung gi. K hiu trn s :

i j

Khng c cng vic v trng s no ng vi cung gi ny. Mc ch ca cung gi l kt hp

cc s kin, to thnh mt nh bt u cho mt cng vic mi, sao cho tha mn cc iu kin
rng buc v th t cng vic trong bng phn chia cng vic.
Chng hn khi c yu cu cng vic nh sau: W8 bt u sau W2 v W3 , cn W9 bt u sau
W3, khi ta biu din cc rng buc ny nh sau:

w2/5 w8/4
j

w3/6 w9/6
i

y ta khng th gp nh (i) v nh (j) li lm nh bt u cho W8 v W9 khng th ph

thuc vo W2 , do vic a cung gi vo m bo rng buc cho W8 nhng khng lm nh
hng n iu kin bt u ca W9.

1.5.2. Ch tiu thi gian ca cc s kin

1.5.2.1. Thi im sm nht ca s kin

Khi nim: Thi im sm nht ca s kin (i) , k hiu tS(i), l thi im sm nht c
th bt u cng vic (i , j) hoc l thi im sm nht c th kt thc cng vic (h , i).
(vi h < i < j)
Tnh thi im sm ca s kin:
o R rng l tS(0) = 0, do s kin (0) l s kin khi cng d n, ti thi im t0 = 0.
o Vi i > 0: tS(i) l di ca ng i di nht t nh (0) n nh (i), tc l s kin (i)
ch c th xut hin khi tt c cc cng vic t khi khi cng n s kin (i) u hon
thnh.
o Nu ti nh (j) c nhiu cung i vo: ( i1 , j) , ( i2 , j) , ta c thi im sm nht ca s
kin (j) c tnh nh sau:
tS(j) = max{tS(ik) + t(ik ,j) , k =1, 2, }
vi ik = i1, i2, l cc nh c cung i vo (j), v t(ik ,j) l thi gian ca cng vic (ik ,j).

Th d: Tr li s PERT trong th d trn, ta tnh c cc thi im sm nht ca cc s

kin:

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 o tS(0) = 0,
o tS(1) = 0 + 8 = 8,
o tS(2) = max{tS(0)+4 ; tS(1)+6} = max{ 0+4 ; 8+6} = 14,
o tS(3) = max{ 0+10 ; 14+5} = 19,
o tS(4) = tS(1) + 6 = 8 + 6 = 14,
o tS(5) = max{14+5 ; 14+8 ; 19+2} = 22,
o tS(6) = max{ 14+9 ; 22+5} = 27.
1.5.2.2. Thi im mun nht ca s kin
Khi nim: Thi im mun nht ca s kin (i) , k hiu tm(i), l thi im mun nht
m s kin (i) phi xut hin bt u mt cng vic mi m khng lm ko di tng
thi gian hon thnh d n. Ni cc khc, tm(i) l thi im s kin th i phi xut hin
khi tt c cc cng vic ng vi cc cung i vo (i) hon thnh, nu s kin (i) xut
hin sau thi im ny th thi im kt thc d n s b chm li.
Tnh thi im mun nht ca s kin: lun tnh t nh kt thc (n) li dn v cc nh
c ch s nh hn, cho n nh khi u (0)
o R rng l s kin (n) xut hin khi tt c cc cng vic hon thnh: tm(n) = tS(n).
o D n phi bt u t thi im t0 = 0, do : tm(0) = tS(0) = 0.
o Vi cc nh (i) m 0 < i < n:
tm(i) = tm(n) { di ng i di nht t nh (i) n nh (n)}
o Nu ti nh (i) c nhiu cung i ra: (i , j1 ) , (i , j2 ) , ta c thi im mun nht ca s
kin (i) c tnh nh sau:
tm(i) = min {tm(jk) t(i, jk) , k = 1, 2, }
vi jk = j1, j2, l cc nh c cung i vo t nh (i), v t(i , jk) l thi gian ca cng vic (i , jk).
Th d: Tr li s PERT trong th d trn, ta tnh c cc thi im mun nht ca cc s
kin:
o tm(6) = tS(6) = 27,
o tm(5) = tm(6) t(5 , 6) = 27 5 = 22,
o tm(4) = min{tm(5) t(4 , 5) ; tm(6) t(4 , 6)} = min{ 22- 5 ; 27 - 9} = 17,
o tm(3) = tm(5) t(3 , 5) = 22 2 = 20,
o tm(2) = min{tm(3) t(2 , 3) ; tm(5) t(2 , 5)} = min{ 20- 5 ; 22 - 8} = 14,
o tm(1) = min{tm(2) t(1 , 2) ; tm(4) t(1 , 4)} = min{ 14 - 6 ; 17 - 6} = 8,
o tm(0) = 0.

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1.5.2.3. Thi gian d tr ca s kin
Khi nim: Thi gian d tr ca s kin (i), k hiu di, l khong thi gian m s kin (i)
c th ch xut hin m khng nh hng n tin hon thnh d n.
Tnh thi gian d tr ca cc s kin:
di = tm(i) tS(i), vi mi 0 < i < n.
Th d: Tr li s PERT trong th d trn, ta tnh c thi gian d tr ca cc s kin:
o d0 = tm(0) tS(0) = 0, d4 = 17 14 = 3,
o d1 = tm(1) tS(1) = 8 8 = 0, d5 = 22 - 22 = 0,
o d2 = 14 14 = 0, d6 = 27 - 27 = 0 .
o d3 = 20 19 = 1,
1.5.2.4. K hiu cc ch tiu thi gian ca s kin trn s .

Khi tnh c tt c cc ch tiu v thi gian (i)

ca cc s kin, ta c th ghi vo mi nh trong tm
tS
s tin theo di, tm ng gng, cng vic
di
gng, tnh ton cc ch tiu v cng vic

Th d: V li s PERT trong th d trn vi y cc ch tiu thi gian ti cc nh:

1 w4/6 4
8 8 14 17
0 3

w1/8 w5/6 w9/5 w11/9

0 w2/4 2 w6/8 5 w10/5 6

0 0 14 14 22 22 27 27
0 0 0 0

w3/10 w7/5
w8/2
3
19 20
1

Hnh 2. S PERT vi y cc ch tiu thi gian ti cc nh

1.5.3. Khi nim v ng gng
Cc khi nim:
o ng i di nht (theo trng s) t nh (0) n nh (n) trong s PERT gi l ng
gng (Critical-Path : ng ti hn, ng quyt nh).
o C th c nhiu ng gng trn mt PERT.

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 o Cc s kin ng vi cc nh (i) trn ng gng gi l s kin gng, cc s kin ny
khng c thi gian d tr v phi xut hin ng thi im duy nht : tm(i) = tS(i).
Xc nh ng gng theo cc nh gng:
o Xc nh cc nh gng: l cc nh c di = 0.
o ng gng l ng i c hng t nh khi u n nh kt thc, i qua cc nh
gng.
o Cc cng vic ng vi cc cung dc theo ng gng gi l cng vic gng, cc cng
vic cn li l cc cng vic khng gng.
o di ng gng (tng trng s cc cung dc theo ng gng) l khong thi gian
sm nht c th hon thnh d n.
o Nu rt ngn c mt cng vic gng th s rt ngn thi gian hon thnh d n, ngc
li nu cng vic gng b ko di th thi gian hon thnh d n s chm tr.
Th d: T s trong hnh 2, ta c cc nh gng l (0), (1), (2), (5) v (6). ng gng l
ng i c hng qua cc nh ny: (0) (1) (2) (5) (6) , (l dy cc mi tn c t
m trong s ).

1.5.4. Ch tiu thi gian ca cc cng vic

1.5.4.1. Thi im bt u v kt thc cng vic
Thi im c th bt u sm nht cng vic (i , j) l thi im sm nht xut hin s
kin (i): tS(i).
Thi im c th kt thc mun cng vic (i , j) m khng nh hng n tin cc
cng vic khc l thi im mun nht xut hin s kin (j) l: tm(j).
Thi im c th bt u mun cng vic (i , j) m khng nh hng n tin cc cng
vic khc l thi im mun nht xut hin s kin (i) l: tm(j).
Thi im c th kt thc sm nht cng vic (i , j) l: tS(i) + t(i, j).
Th d: T s hnh 2, ta c:
o Thi im bt u sm cng vic W4 l 8, v kt thc mun W4 l 17.
o Thi im bt u sm cng vic W11` l 14, v bt u mun l 17.
1.5.4.2. Thi gian d tr chung ca cng vic
Khi nim: Thi gian d tr chung ca cng vic (i , j), k hiu dij, l khong thi gian
ti a m cng vic (i , j) c th ko di m khng nh hng n tin ton d n.
Tnh: dij = tm(j) tS (i) tij
R rng, vi cc cng vic gng th thi gian d tr chung bng khng.
Th d: T s hnh 2, ta c thi gian d tr chung ca cc cng vic khng gng:
o d02 = tm(2) tS (0) t02 = 14 0 4 = 10,

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 o d03 = 20 0 10 = 10,
o d14 = 17 8 6 = 3,
o d23 = 20 14 5 = 1
o d45 = 22 14 5 = 3,
o d35 = 22 19 2 = 1,
o d46 = 27 14 9 = 4.
Ni chung, khi ko di ch mt cng vic (i , j) thm mt khong thi gian bng thi gian d tr
chung ca n l dij th khng nh hng n tin d n. Nu ko di nhiu cng vic th tin
d n c th b nh hng, khi phi s dng thi gian d tr c lp ca mi cng vic.
Chng hn: nu ko di W4 thm khong thi gian d tr 3 ngy th W11 (phi bt u
sau sau W4) vn c th hon thnh trc ngy th 27, v khng ng hng tin d n (27
ngy). Nhng nu c W11 cng ko di ht thi gian d tr 4 ngy ca n, th n phi hon thnh
sau ngy th 30, v d n s hon thnh sau 30 ngy, tin ban u ca d n b ph v!
1.5.4.3. Thi gian d tr c lp ca cng vic.
Khi nim: Thi gian d tr c lp ca cng vic (i , j), k hiu d *ij , l khong thi gian
ti a m cng vic (i , j) c th ko di m khng nh hng n thi im hon thnh
mun tm(i) ca cc cng vic ngay trc , v khng nh hng n thi im bt u
sm tS(j) ca cc cng vic ngay sau .
Tnh: d*ij = max {0 ; tS(j) tm (i) tij }
R rng, vi cc cng vic gng th thi gian d tr c lp bng khng.
C th tm ng gng theo cc cng vic gng nh sau:
o Tnh thi gian d tr chung ca tt c cc cng vic, t xc nh tt c cc cng vic
gng (i, j) ng vi thi gian d tr dij = 0.
o ng gng l ng i c hng i qua tt c cc cng vic gng.
Th d: T s hnh 2, ta c thi gian d tr c lp ca cc cng vic khng gng:
o d*02 = tS(2) tm(0) t02 = 14 0 4 = 10,
o d*03 = 19 0 10 = 9,
o d*14 = 14 8 6 = 0,
o d*45 = 22 17 5 = 0,
o d*35 = 22 20 2 = 0,
o d*46 = 27 17 9 = 1.

Nhn xt: Ta lun c 0 < d*ij < dij

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1.5.5. Biu Gantt
Sau khi lp c s PERT v tnh ton cc ch tiu thi gian ca cc s kin v cc
cng vic, c th lp biu Gantt c th d dng theo di v qun l d n theo mt lch
biu trc quan.
Hin nay c nhiu cng c xy dng biu Gantt cho cc d n, chng hn MS
Project. Sinh vin t tm hiu s dng cc cng c ny
Vi s trong hnh 2, c th chuyn qua biu Gantt nh sau:
o Mi cng vic c biu din trong s bng 1 on c di bng thi gian cng
vic.
o im u v im cui mi cng vic ng vi thi im bt u sm nht v kt thc
sm nht ca mi cng vic.
o Cc cng vic gng c nh du chm ln 2 u on thng.
o Cc cng vic khng gng c thi gian d tr l on thng khng lin nt.

Cng Thi gian thc hin (ngy)

vic 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

W1

W2

W3

W4

W5

W6

W7

W8

W9

W10

W11

Hnh 3: Biu Gantt cho th d 1

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