Ropional Panning and Development ~~ 7 ————————XXC__—- CHAPTER : 3 REGIONS AND THEIR DELINEATIONS 4.0 CONCEPT OF REGION Rogional development planning is concernod with region. This, in tac, tho tating poll Tho o¢ of the region has been the subject for dis ons over the years and there have been a good amount of conflict and divergence of opinion in it, To some, the region Is 4 real entity that can be positively tdentilled sea natural region’; to others, itis merely a product of tho Imagination, a mothod of clanalticatton, There are two divergent views on this issue ~ one objective and tho othor subjective, ‘The objective view Bean the region as an end initself, & real entity, an organism, that can be [dontitiod and mapped, ‘The subjective view sees a region as a means to an ond, simply an Idea, a modol, to holp in the study of the world, Iti e method of classification, a dovice to sogrogato aroal features, with the only ‘natural’ region being the Surface of the earth on which man find to his home. tually oxist was hold by many acadomics In tho early twontioth contury, and was linked with the search for the elusive “natural rogion". Tho famous Oxtord goographer, ‘AJ.Herbertson, adopting an analytical approach, divided the world into “natural regions” on tho basis of four criteria — land configuration, climate, vegetation and population donsity, but with climate as the or ical approach at moro local levols. Instead, on dominant factor. Numerous followers applied his analyti islom from the other end of the scale. Ho adopted a synthotic approach, the other hand, approached the prot building up a series of British regions based on physical factors, extending outwards from the contra of a region until the periphery no longer shared the ‘characteristic of the contro, Vidal de la Blache adopted similar approach in France, although he used population as the basic criteria. In India too, regions Rave been identified on the above criteria. Allthese approaches have obvious geographical determinism undertoned with the physical factors determining the human environment. ~ subjective view — has evolved through two ple agrarian economy to a complex industrial snoapt The objective view that regions & The concept of the region, as a method of classification distinct phases, reflecting the economic advance from a sim system. The first phase saw the “formal region” concerned with uniformity and defined according to homogeneity. The second phase saw the ‘development of the “functional region” concerned with interdependence, the interrelationship of the parts, and defined on the basis of functional coherence, The subjective view is now generally accepted. 2.0 CLASSIFICATION OF THE REGIONS There are three major classifications of regions, namely f region. 21 FORMAL REGION ‘A formal region is a geographical area which is homogenous in term: ec may be physical or economic. In the early definitions of formal regions) physical criterid, su topography, climate or vegetation were predominant. The. criteria were linked with geographic determinism. There was a shift to economic criterial such as industrial or agricultural types. From application of physical and econ ] | ‘omic criteria to the “formal region’ were evolved two other forms ot regions, namely “physical formal region” and “economic formal region ; jormal region, functional region and planning In the former form of region, 6 —pai Planing and Development ical factors are more stable than dynamic econor P reer to StUCY. Geographers believed that survival of mai e Hum mic factors. The physical formal regions are ic in depended on his adaptation to his environment. an environment could best be understood by isolating and studying the physical environment her form of formal region, namely “economic formal_re, gion” is based on types of industry and ns and industrial regions, as Stamp and as re were superimposed 13 industrial regions. Eoonomic formal regions have been delimited more recently on the basis of criteria, such as income fpval, rate of unemployment and rate of economic growth, 22 FUNCTIONAL REGIONS «functional regions’, also referred to as nodal or polarized regions, are geographical areas which display certain criteria, but are composed of heterogeneous units ies, towns and villages — which are functionally interrelated. The functional relationships are revealed in.the form of towns, using socio. economic criteria like journey-to-work or shopping trips. ‘The concept of nodal region was first introduced by Ebenezer Howard who suggested it as a solution to the problems of a large urban area. The nodal region involved developing a cluster of new towns linked to the central city in a functional relationship. The interdependence and interrelationship of factor in a also stressed by Patrick Geddes. He coined the term ‘city region’ which is the most widely used form of nodal region. Both/deductivel and|inductivel processes have been used to identify nodal regions. Whereas authors like Dickinson, Smails, Green and others tried to identify the region by deductive processes; the nodal region of Leeds by analyzing the distribution of the newspaper Yorkshire Evening Post, which was based at Leeds. Green used the frequency of bus service to determine the hinterland of urban centres. Amore deductive approach, which concentrate on hierarchical relation-ships between centres within the functional region, has been used by Losch and Christaller. Regions, formal or functional, based on single or multi-criteria, are not ends in themselves, but means toanend. As economies develop from primary production to modem economies; characterized by high levels of specialization, classification of region is done mainly by economic criteria, that is, by functional regions. Regions defined on the basis of socio-economic criteria, such as formal region, are also “useful, but the physical formal region is of declining importance. 23 PLANNING REGIONS;- ‘Planning regions’ are a third type of regional classification. There are various definitions of planning fegion. Boudeville defines it as areas displaying some coherence or unity or economic decisions. Keeble sees it as an area which is large enough so that substantial changes in distribution of population and employment are possible within its boundaries. It should, however, be small enough for its planning problems to be seen as a whole. Klassen observes that it must be large enough to take investment decisions of an economic size, must be able to supply its own industry with necessary labour, should have a homogenous economic structure, contain at least one growth point and should have a common €pproach to its problems, Planning regions are geographical regions suitable for the designing and implementing of development Plans for dealing with regional problems, Criteria like unemployment levels, activity rates and migration trends; flows like journey —to-work, and service flows can be used to define regions-formal, functional. uch regions rarely overlap neatly; more often they vary markedly. Identification and delineation of Satisfactory planning regions usually involve compromise. 27{evelopment regions.as he.called them) provides a inguished five different.types, namely core ragions, resource frontier regions, and special problem Fi ‘ tledmann 's classification of planning regions (or {ther usotul framework for the analysis... He di Pward transitional areas, downward transitional areas, fegions. . rge urban centres of industry, commerce Core regions or metropolitan regions or growth nodes are lat f influence, possess high potentialities for nd administration that, together with their immediate region o further economic expansion. ulation pressures or national objectives sometimes Resource frontier regions: New technologies, pop 5 contiguous_to the_older. developed regions may Suggest the occupation of virgin territory. _Frontie ‘expand more or less spontaneously along a broad front, often springing. from urban settlements, Non- contiguous frontiers are usually associated with large-scale resources development, and take the form focus, but at a considerable distance from of relatively isolated enclave, frequently having an urban existing metropolitan regions. ed favourably related to core region and havea hey are areas of net immigration, Upward transitional areas are those which are loca g demand at the core. capacity for intensified use of resources. Asalient characteristic is that th ities will often be in response to a risin: Downward transitional areas are old, long settled areas are old, long settled areas with stagnant essentially rural economies, characterized by a net emigration. pment approach because of the lemand a specialized develoy Examples are river basins, areas suitable for the development Economic development possibi Special problem regions are area that d peculiarity of their location or resources. of tourism and border zones. Depressed regions: The remainder of the effectively settled parts of the nation tend to consist of areas of deciining or stagnant economy.. They offer only modest development prospects, and provide most of the workers and a good portion of the capital to the major growth regions. 3.0 DELINEATION OF REGIONS developmentplanis to make a tentative delineation of the The first step in the preparation of any regional tion operational area of planning i.e., the planning region within which areaframe all regional studies could be ‘Such delineation is to.be guided by pragmatic. considerations undertaken and development envisaged. and has necessarily to be ‘purposive’, keeping in view the development objectives. quently referred to, are the ‘homogeneity’ approach, and the ‘functional ‘formal region’ and the latter leads to ‘Two approaches to delineation fre integration’ approach. The former gives rise to what is known a’ the delineation of “functional region’. ‘Homogeneity and functionality’ are.features characterizing the In fact, structure of regions. The two criteria are not necessarily contradictory if broadly interpreted. both these features are, to a certain extent, characteristic of any region in different relation. ‘Homogenous y considering the stable elements of the landscape, while ‘functional region’ are ilarities regions’ are defined by defined by taking dynamic elements (flows) into account. The concept of area, differences and simi of area as well a ‘interconnections between places and areas’ thus the practical region for planning ‘es should be a mixture of all the factors of homogeneity and relationships with due regard 10 fh regions purpost political, cultural and historical backgrounds. The establishment of significant criteria for suct must be guided by pragmatic and purposeful considerations. 2BLf and Development a PO png country, resource development, wit the concurrent effect of dispersion of economic 18 det yfpanization, leads to significart transformations in the spatial articulation of the economy. an wake pace in technology, pater of demand, Supply ‘and consumption, all leading to an songes #59 standard of living and a better social order. Planning for regional development shall in ecessarily 10 take into account this ever-changing environment in which the economic system nave 120g dynamic nature of these forces ‘demands that the “planning regions’ are adequately amie and related to a time perspective. The scheme under review, while they recognize the pate 78 or the planning regions, have been unable to pace ther ‘regions’ within a time perspective mena ained earer. The tertoral unis ervisaged for planning must be able to portray the 22800 erspecive ofthe rapidly changing nat ional economy which will help to link it closely with the econo PEconomic planning at the national level If these goods are not recognized in evolving the ons or sexereise would be academic and of litle practical utility. derable material has become available in India in recent years which focuses on the general art of diferent aspects of economic development. among these are perspective projections, perxedout by he Planning Commission, which presents a ‘quantitative framework of India's development wine 15 year period, 1960-61 to 1975.76, the energy demand surveys by the Energy Survey Committee, racommadity movement projections made by the Planning Commission, the techno-economic surveys wed by the National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER) and the studies of the care pattern of urbanization done by the Town andl Country Planning Organization (TCPO). Acareful way ofthe results of these surveys lends considerable insight into the present and potential patterns of resources use and their resulting spatial interaction. 41 PLANNING REGIONS: BASIC POSTULATES, pegions for planning are in the nature of sub national areas and they are to be used for the purpose of Peatating the national planning objectives and targets into regional (spatial) programmes and policies. Trortore in the first instance, planning region must be adequate to achieve the plan objectives which treontially seek maximization of Benefits arising from the utilization of resowres® to achieve a minimum scceptable standards of living. To ensure this, it will be necessary 10 consider for each planning region ural resource endowments of the area, the present level of economi social and physical development and the potentials of future development. In other words, a planning region should inherently possess an assured economic and social viability, developed or developable, Jerived from the resources within the region. A’planning region’ must be a viable economic entity. Economic viability may be expressed in terms of sell sufficiency of existing and potential resources to reach a desired level of development. The degrees leconomie wabilty may vary, depending upon the level of self sufficiency aimed.at. Two major criteria defining this are ‘production’ and ‘employment’. ‘At the highest level, the region must be capable of engendering activities that would assure near-full employment and production of agricultural and non- agricuttural commodities which enables it to meet the requirements ‘of food and other manufactured and consumer goods at a level laid down by the national plan. Production of all consumer goods may not be achieved, but there should be enough to make exchanges possible, Self-sufficiency is mainly Quantitative and not qualitative; quality is dependent upon the resource endowments of each area which willinduce a process of flow and exchange of ods and services. Further, at the highest level economic Siabilty becomes a further stipulation for viability ‘and that means a level of diversification in the economic activities which, in turn, calls for a pattern of varied resources balancing one another and in a total way. tthe lowest level, the economic viability may aim mainly at food or: ‘agricultura! production (for: exchange), enough to sustain the population and a reasonable employment level contributing to the stability of the 29Regional Planning and Development area. The stability aimed is of a dynamic type -not static — in that while the mobility of employment is assumed as desirable and beneficial, such mobility should be caused by factors other than inadequate employment, Thus, the stability of the type aimed at the higher level is not stipulated at the lowest level Criteria, rather than relative emphasis on the oriteria, for delineating planning regions on the basis of the above will necessarily vary depending upon the levels of planning, the character and diversity of endowments in each area and its potentiality for future development. It is only the objectives that will remain constant and guide in seeking and identifying the criteria in each case. Thus, the planning regions have to be essentially operational in their approach and scope and, on account of their operational character, they are necessarily dynamic and susceptible to constant adjustment and change. In establishing the hierarchy, the plan objectives have to be conceived oF each level in terms of the degree Of satisfaction that can be achieved or is aimed to be achieved. Atthe highest level, one would expect the planning objectives to be those of economic viability, self-sufficient, diversification and economic inter-change with similar units, commensurate with the standard of living of the people aimed to be achieved at the national level. At the lowest level, the objective may mainly be to resolve problem or recognize an organization or identify simitar characteristics. Between the highest and the lowest, there can be several levels depending upon the degree of satisfaction. n must also aim at a natural balance amongst the In addition to economic viability, a planning regior . 1. 6 or ‘ecological balance’ as we may call it, assures resources and their exploitation. This natural balanc ‘ a stability of a different type and of lasting character. The fauna ‘and flora of a natural region are always balanced and help to completed or obstructed, these are bound to result in ravines, dust bowls, depletion of soils, desertification and so on. To complete the natural cycle, a region must not only have deserts but also fertile areas, not only mountains but also plains, not only barren land but also rich vegetation and so on. The degree of ecological balance that can be attained will be dependent on the diversity of the resources that would be possible. Having explained the requirements for planning regions in broad terms, the specific criteria that should be looked for in delimiting a region may be laid down as follows: * The planning region must be large enough to contain a range of resources, conditions and attitudes that would help to establish the desired degree of economic viability but, at he ‘same time, not too large as to make a comprehensive approach too general. + it should have adequate resources of diverse origin to enable a production pattem to be developed, both for consumption and for exchange. There should exist an organization in terms of nodal points, either developed or developable, to satisfy the organizational needs of the region as a total entity. * Planning is a mechanism for dealing with resource development problems. Therefore, the ideal regions for planning purposes will be those in which an area-wise approach to these problems is both feasible and desirable. + Planning deals with anticipating the future, and an area, with anticipating the future, and an area, with common potentialities and probabilities of development, would be logical for planning purposes. . ere cae the covenant of insight into the consequences of vations projected a enaiyaca eet lly cohesive area, within which various alternatives ca" " importance, such internal cohesion may be the result 0! hemogenelty oF resources of ther inkages through complementary and intraareaeee As the ultimate objective of ptan where some degree of social problems and accepted respons: + The planning regions canno fact, derived by grouping the of keeping the smz and the existence of a system of ag ons eae making of rational decisions, an area fy tose Gesiable, 60 thatthe public can identity its y for meeting them. ‘ore the basic administrative units. They are, in *Statve units in right combinations. The advantage fact lines in the availability of data by such units feedbacks and pee communication, which provides for mutual + Planning regions are essential he guidance of future problems solving techniques. fexibilty and elasticty is call aay Operational in character and therefore, a high degree of or in their conception as well as their delimitation. To summarise 1 crterie or Getmitation, the planning region should possess the following features: economic ee Raat ae diverse Origin; organizational nodes; feasibility of area-wide Corn Peerteteee 2nd probablites of development, intemal cohesion; some degree of smallest administrative units; flexible and elastic in terms of its concept and raisal of results for 49 HIERARCHY OF PLANNING REGIONS One important point emphasized in these postulates is the requirement that the planning jurisdiction id correspond to the degree of economic viability desired and the scale of major development that should be undertaken to achieve it. It should be remembered that each type of development programme has its own unique characteristic and it might be assumed that solutions are most efficiently undertaken ona scale that allows for the most effective grappling with the issues involved, Thus, depending on the raphical scope within which various developmental programmes could be effectively organized 2nd dealt with, itis possible to visualize three major area levels of operation, namely macro, meso and rficto, on this basis, it would be possible to derive planning region of various taxonomic ranks by grouping areas according to the purpose and scale of development. 41 MACRO-REGIONS ‘At the macro-level, the programmes requiring interrelated solutions and calling for comprehensive resource development decisions would be those relating to the development of hydrographic resources (‘iver basins and irigation systems), food self-sufficiency, power supply, supply of industrial fuels, location of industries of national importance and transport development. Since the scale of these problems may transcend state and local govemmental jurisdictions, the planning units envisaged at this level may include areas involving more than one state or parts of two or more states, so that they provide the Planner with a special framework, sufficiently large to grapple with the issues involved in the most effective manner, Macro-tegions should not only represent areas where interrelated solutions to many problems are especially necessary, but should also have within their confines a complete matrix of all essential ‘esources for integrated development. Among these resources, power resources are one of the most important, as they play a vital roe in determining the major lines of economic development and n bringing about a dispersion of economic activity which is very necessary for achieving balanced regional development, It has, therefore, been sought that each macro-region should have one or more major existing or potential industrial nucleus rooted to a strong power base. This industrial nucieus may also bethe apex centre forthe region, which will have is linkages ina hierarchy or urban-industia development. 31ont Planing ant foevetin mint ts new amanry HUH Resource development implies existent ec wwanlt it Tay Of utllization of the resources, This would 1 See ae 6 WO tm thse taken care of wishes awk nyt fin, aerate iets ta os Capital and acento how eo wei nnn at de availabilty of organizational iniastructure is necewuariy “ony enarerl f far til Fequiroment can be mot inthe nil sages only un met Nal A tt a own nodes and wilincroase the cantvaty ae aay wean weltird” i ll is ts nodal regional hierarchy wil ulrmaely ener, wh wae len eae TT Tia, a thts tikages extending over whole nyster of Cant se nian Of a central place o a high order aca ncn veg ae Mm We a A ny regions. Bul even with ho emargonce of such canta pcos, Ys mit Met aT TN ls, 0 be the foci of innovative, large scale capital and skill inten ly Notte OTIS A BEES FS 1107 Vy functions at supra-macro level, Such functions aise primarily fon tiemerii nt i ls ley : the nature of financial functions as in the case of Murnba, oF Delhi or entrepot trade functions as in Kolkata micro ragions 16 thal they Should tes Ares witty gional Folationships 67185. In ue, which a higher degree of mutual dependoncy, rathor that of Los revo mu ene ane torn a 7 words, each macro-region should bo characterized by @ high é aa es between lisell and the a.” economic system by itself and having tho ability to gonarate oxchanges pebusen veil ptr hie regions within the country. This implies both complontarty of rowourcive wit wbtual | evn within each macro-region and involves an analyols of economic they within the reat ts ec0VAN, connections with the rest of the country. Thus the macro-region is envisaged as an Breas having 4 certain ‘economic unity’ — functionally or in relation to possibilities of specialized production srg development of associated and ancillary economic activities, In a way, macro-regions should posses a high degree of solt-sufficiency in matters such as food, lev, of employment and a potential ability to produce goods and services which can be exchanged wa those produced in other areas for the purpose of meoting the tertiary needs of both rural and urtan living. The concept of self- sufficiency referred to here must be carefully understood. It does not seu to isolate the regions into closed circuit or watertight system. It only implies some sont of balance in the export — import situation between each region and the rest of the country, which should be achieved in any long term planning. This is really a test of regionalization and has been applied in the prevent stusy only in a qualitative sense. This should be done by more rigorous analysis. Involving the preparation d a number of ‘balance sheets’, by drawing up inter-industrial and inter-regional balances of production and distribution of commodities and by building economic and mathematical Models of planned economy for each region and the country as a whole. Another important assumption concerning the thas been suggested earler that a planning region should be an area with a certain degree of ‘ecological balance’. This can be achieved only at the level of macro-regions. This leads us to the conclusion that macro-regions need not be homogenous. They ara rather hetero eneous in acteristics, having a certain unity within diversity, $ one or more char ; . J gor rr1 planing and Development ina: Wnt. kad ge regions. it must, however, by of macro , be noted that si the limited purpose Of Co-ordinating the efficient Produst uP=macro Fegions are conceivable only for Nand util ization of certain regione, selected resources ime differ ftom the comprehensi MESO-REGIONS ve character of macro. ist that a meso-region has adequate resour 8 potential t. the employment needs of the people in that unit ia op ‘The recouree Les or the meso-region maybe such as to lend itself for specialization in some major line of production is can be achieved by grouping areas characterized by a certain associa on of resources and complementary characteristics or tied by extensive intra-area activity or flows. For example, two physically separated tracts, but with interrelated economies, existing close to each other have been united to form one meso unit. Thus, the coastal plain of Kerala has been combined with the submontane plantation districts, as their resources will mutually supplement and complement each other. Similarly, a structurally backward area has been combined with a relatively prosperous tract, so that the resulting unit will have a strong economic base. As an example of this, the Telangana area has been combined with the Krishna Godavari coastal plains to give more stability to the former. 43 MICRO-REGIONS Atthe micro-level, the region should have some unifying core (problem or interest). It should include all territory, tributary to the core. The areas within a micro-region should be characterized by absence of serious conflicting interest within the area. Its population must share certain basic attitudes, values, needs and desires. Thus, the micro-regions must be designed to represent a “community of interest” particularly with regard to dynamic types of production, market relationships and labour supply and demand. In this way, they will form the best possible combination of structural, organizational and functional factors. The micro-regions are intended to be suitable units for the formulation of area development plans, as they will be sufficiently close to the grassroots, affording opportunities for direct interaction between the citizens and the administration to decide the key issues in area development. They can be of three broad types. * They may be nodal regions, consisting of urban centres and the influence areas around them. In the case of certain nodal regions, such as those of big cities (¢.g., Kolkata, Delhi, etc.) the influence areas can be very large, comprising a part or even the whole of a macre- region. The nodal region may also be with minimum influence area (the ‘metropolitan area’) and not the total hinterland. 7 st meer nen i i marily rural areas with a large number of * The micro-regions may also be primarily rural without any’ ‘organizational hierarchy influencing the entire area. Here, they may be conceived essentially as service areas centred around potential growth points, which may subsequently develop into one or more systems. 33‘Regional Panning and Development ackward ares: toy * Itis also possible for micro-regions to be essentially OOOO The jaenbesemrens ‘example, a coal belt, a famine-prone area or a eciamad ore the Chambal ravines and the Teral tract may be cite 's that may be evolved has been emphasize -regii The character of dynarny This dynamism plays an important role in th \acro- aoe ee anEnTH rare ‘om, which an area experiences depends on the state of economic Gevemrane MIE tT emily feached. In the case of dormant area, where resources are abundat) Me ees A TT Si fn the utilization of the resources, one conceives the impending fiod, leading to physical and me likely to bring about substantial changes within a very short pet Sowoloped and 8 progressing a, piles transformation of a large magnitude. Where an area has already 0 ee “ rapid rate, then this dynamism may be said to be kinetic in eae Se eel NpuCEO Ie energy but the very momentum of a rapidly developing econ See dynam neue 7 ce levels of organization and economic prosperity. This differen e recognized in an economy in certain areas and its kinetic character in other areas will De to be ree09 Y Syster, . in metropolitan regions, wher, of regionalization that may be attempted. This has particular relevance Mt oeue in the eae ° the growth promoting factors are kinetic and therefore, influence develop ae markedly different manner. DELINEATION OF HOMOGENOUS AND FUNCTIONAL REGIONS ” i i T tioned The principle of regionalization on the basis of homogeneity and functionality eae 0 ron hereinabove. Application of the inductive method implies that itis necessary fo use Wala aagregated a a relatively low evel, , i.e. at district or preferably sub-division or tehsil level. these being subsequent, grouped on the basis of common characteristics. A whole range of variables may be employed, the choice depending on the primary objective of the exercise. 5.1 DELINEATION OF HOMOGENOUS REGIONS Some examples of possible variables for the delineation of homogeneous regions are: Earlier, the dynamic nature of any system of planning region: ye case of mé 5.0 * Land use characteristics Type of land use; agriculture, forestry, etc. availability of water (quantity, variability and quality); Vulnerability to erosion (including topographical characteristics) and climate characteristics. - Main crops grown (or crop combination); + Irrigated or rain fed farming; - Scale of operation / farm size; + Out put - per area unit, in volume or output; - Contribution to total national product; - Carrying capacity in number of families per area unit; - Levels of technology (use of fertilizers, tractors, ploughs, etc.) - Land tenure arrangements; - Livestock; ~ Mineral resources, nature and extent of reserves, production-volume and value, utiizato locally or in other regions, export oriented, etc. 4y en pianning and Development Demographic characteristics - Total population, population distributio ~ Rural-urban break-down of total popu - Size and composition of households: = Sex composition; ; + Age structure; - Vital statistics; = Civil condition or marital status; Population growth; - Migrational patterns + Transport infrastructure - Transport network and systems. Social Service and Public Utilities - Water supply characteristic; - Health conditions and facilities; + _ Educational level and facilities; + Electricity supply; & Socio-economic Structure - Social and territorial groups; + Income distribution patterns; + Decision-making authorit Employment per sector; - Un/Under-employment; Nn (density); lation; The realistic development potential of the primary sector, as well as potentials of the secondary and tertiary sectors, can be determined.on the basis of the physical resource base evaluation and a socio- economic solution. In close relation to the general policy objective of egalitarian ‘growth, an analysis is needed to future requirements. in respect of food, shelter and other basic needs, as compared with present availabilty. Such an analysis may reveal areas with a lack of potential, thus indicating a region which requires specific attention in future. fata are usually not available and would require ‘through .ded for regional development plans and are therefore, gions have already been delineated. Apractical disadvantage is that many of these d mulidisciplinary studies. These are the data nee: Usually undertaken in that context, i.e. after the re s several techniques can be employed. Itis possible to To arrive at a delineation of homogeneous region Ya whole range of variables), by means of factor se the computer to identify one or more criteria (out of , jeans ¢ analysis, etc, The “factor” emerging may be a combination of variables. The technique is rather complicated and the explanation of the factors themselves is at times far from easy. An easier technique is the use of maps for the various criteria employed. 52 DELINEATION OF FUNCTIONAL REGIONS The delineation of functional regions is a complicated matter. Two methods have been described by Hilhorst. The first method is aced on the so-called gravity model, which takes into account distance (preferably economic distance, expressed in transport costs) and population numbers of existing centres. 35Regtonal Planning and Development eenelPlamngansDeveoemet A second method is based on the analysis of the direction and intansity of flows. Hihors! between the following four types of flows: 1 ciatingulahed Economic flow. - cargo transport by road, by origin and destination: = cargo transport by rail, by origin and destination; +, Flows of commodities from wholesale dealers to “Flows indicating political polarization the amount of Central and state investment per = The increase in the number of Central and state employees per inhabitant over the sam period. Flows indicating the extent of the influence of social services + number of secondary school students by origin: = number of hospitalized persons per origin: 2 Other flows ~. Passenger transport by bus, by origin and destination; - Telephone calls, by origin and destination; - Telegrams, by origin and destination. 6.0 DELINEATION EXERCISES IN INDIA: A FEW EXAMPLES Examples of delineation of regions based on the principles of homogeneity and functionality / nodality nodality with large influence area and area with small influence are provided by the South East Resource Region, National Capital Region and Chandigarh City Region respectively. 6.1 DELINEATION OF THE SOUTH EAST RESOURCE REGION The delineation of the South East Resource Region, better known as the “Coal-steel-Belt of India”, was made on the basis of factors like structure, physiography, climate, vegetation, soil types, distribution of human and natural resources, levels of economic development, resources inter-linkages, otc. Tho Physical, social and economic characteristic of the study area were identified on the map by the method of “boundary girdles’, (Fig.3) whose median boundary was adjusted to the administrative boundaries keeping in view the administrative needs of the regional plan. There exists in the area, so delimited a certain unity that presents retail dealers, by origin and destination inhabitant over a given period, minimum disparities within and maximum distinctiveness from its surroundings in respect of regional character and problems of development, making it out as an important macro-economic region of the country and a viable economic unit for planning and development, having diversified and complimentary resource base. The region comprised nine districts of Madhya Pradesh, now form part of Chhatisgarh; nine districts and sub-division of Orissa, five districts of Bihar (now form part of Jharkhand), two districts and two sub-divisions of West-Bengal and small part of Uttar Pradesh (Fig.4). The Region thus delineated had an area of 371,500 sq.km. The physical characteristics have led to the extra-ordinary concentration of natural resources, minerals, forests and water resources in fair proximity. From the point of view of resource development, it may be seen that the location and complementary character of its natural resources - minerals, forests and water ~ have imparted a certain unity and distinctiveness to the whole area, which suggest that the entire area should be developed as a single unit to promote “Industrial Symbiosis”. 6isnning nd Dovolopment ot , J Uttar Pradesh & aajasthan Sy on gt BS &. i E S Madhya Prades uae} ° 4b ESsoit eee lama cra Maharashtra EJ vegetation [== Population Es Accessibility by Rail Levels of Economical =[pereooment Regional Boundary The Region stands out as an island characterized by —_—Fig. 4: Constituents States of the isolated tribal and subsistence peasant economy with South East Resource Region only a few significant pockets of industrial centres not reflecting the level of development of the surrounding Ss area. Shifting cultivation, supplemented by forest “ut | Fraduce, is prevalent. ‘The collection of minor forest a ere. products - bamboo, myrobalans, lac, tendu leaves, BIHAR, aN BENGAL) maha flowers and fodder — form important elements in oT ape mess the present regional economy. Rice cultivation is more | sfrapnva PRADESH’ YR, predominant followed by wheat and oil seeds "~ snow Chatisoam J” ry The Region is marked by low productivity — per unit of 3 C oe labour and land- resulting in very low standard of living, & ood : nutrition and health deficiencies, high rate of infant » 4 mortality, low life expectancy, high level of indebtedness, £ 5 lack of means and outlook for major change in life SO aw position, sub-standard housing, increasing income MY | disparities and high rate of selective outward migration of the cream of population. Thus, the Region presents paradox- a land of poverty and stagnation in the mids of abundance of Tesources which have been left for most of the part untapped. The Region is far below the national average in terms of population density, per capita income and many other criteria. South East Resource Region, thus serves as an exemplary case of “Resource Frontier Region”. The Region has diversified and abundant reserves of complimentary resources to withstand and adept to the vagaries of the national and international markets, its extensive hardwood forest, unlimited supply of fresh water, minerals, both metallic and non-metallic and a location which, though peripheral to the 37 aRegional Planning and Development Country's main centres, is readily accessible by land and sea. Since’ Resource Frontiers) are open pavions to an usual extent, its location, in close vicinity of four major port of India, viz, Kolkata, Hai, Paradeep and Visakhapatnam with good rail and road connections, provides a unique advantage, Th id Vocational advantage, coupled with rich resources, if properly integrated and evoloped ina sraogic Sequence would be capable of providing the basis for a major industrial development ing Significant Contribution to boost up national economic growth. 6.2 DELINEATION OF THE NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION: A NODAL REGION WITH LARGE INFLUENCE AREA The various indices used in the delineation of the National Capital region come under three broad cetegories: * Demographic characteristics of the Region; * Interaction between Delhi and the surrounding areas; * An efficient framework for urbanization and provision of infrastructure. For the purpose of delineation, 45 tehsils around the Union territory of Delhi were studied in respect of ten criteria. The datum selected for the demographic characteristics to be included in the region is the average of the 45 tehsils. With regard to the criteria of traffic and telephones, the datum was fixed as the break-even point in each case. * Population growth rate: 22% (+) tehsilwise growth rate in the decade 1951-61; * Migration: 24,000 (+) districtwise migrants to Delhi by 1961; * Density: 250 (+) persons per square km. In 1961 (640 persons per square mile)’ * Economic activity: 35% (+) non-agricultural workers to total workers in each tehsil in 1961; * Milk supply zones: the area of supply of milk to the Delhi Milk Supply Scheme in 1967; * Supply zone of vegetable and fruits: Supply area in 196: * Communication: 75 (+) telephone calls per day from Delhi in 1967; * Physiography : The drainage basins of rivers; the Yamuna, the Ganga and the lakes Najafgarh Jahajgarh; * Traffic : 100 (-) daily passengers by bus to and from Delhi in 1966 Taking the above ten criteria into consideration, a super-imposition technique has been used for the delineation of the Region. Out of the ten critieria used, 15 tehsils satisfy 5 and more of these criteria. However, in the final determination of the boundary of the NCR, certain other factors have also been taken into consideration. For administrative reasons, when most of the tehsils of a district have satisfied the cateria, the area of the whole district has been included in the finally delineated area. Similary, for the sake of contiguity, certain pockets excluded for not satisfying the minimum number of criteria, Fave also been included. Other considerations are integrated development of the Region in matters of flood control and prevention of water pollution, supply of water and power, the influence of other counter: Te eens, Such as Aligharh Muzaffamagar and Jaipur. Taking all these factors into consideration, the National Capital Region has been delineated to include the Union territory of Delhi and 25 tehsils around the UT (Fig 6). The Region thus delineated comprises areas contiguous to the Union territory of Delhi, forming parts ofthe states of Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradech (Fig 6) 6.3 DELINEATION OF CHANDIGARH CITY R : M INFLUENCE AREA GION: A NODAL REGION WITH MINIMUpa Pacning and Develooment Fig. 5: Delineation of the National Captial Region Fig. 6: Constituents of the National Capital Region SS sare ngmaay various centers, (2) analysis of flow and (3) settlement system analysis. In addition to these, other (reflective) factors studied were geographical and historical settings, growth and development of Chandigarh, specially after 1952, demographic factors, level of urbanization and broad economic and sodial aspects of development. 63.1 Forces of Attraction Chandigarh, as we know, is created city and has not organically grown to function as the service centre forts surrounding countryside. Unlike evolved cities, it was not a product of it umlands. By contrast, it built up its umland only after its emergence and gradually captured the erstwhile umlands of other service centres. It is understandable that the areas now falling in the umland of Chandigarh must be forming parts of the umlands of some other service centres before the birth of this city. As we know, before Chandigarh came into existence, Amritsar, Ludhiana, Jullundur, Patiala, Ambala, Kalka and Simla \ere the major settlements lying in the eastem part of the undivided Punjab. Though various places in ‘eumland of Chandigarh still maintain some or many of their functional relations with the old established service centres, such as Ambala, Patiala, Ludhiana, etc., yet their functional relations with Chandigarh 2% getting intensified with time. It signifies that Chandigarh has been instrumental in weakening the ional integration between the old service centres and their unmlands. With the creation of Chandigarh 2d its rapid development, a number of smaller settlements, lying on the major highways connecting Chandigarh with Kalka, Ambala, Patiala and Ludhiana, have been growing in importance. Chandigarh and these major towns have exerted a gravitational pull on the smaller settlements in the area. Thus, Cty of Chandigarh which is growing very fast as a multi-nucleated urban complex has established types of functional links with its umland and built up its own umland by (i) capturing the whole or 39