2

.

mahmoudgilany@yahoo.com

2013
 (. . ) 3
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.


.

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.

450 .
.
. .

.....

2013
 5

( ) .
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.

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.

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. www.sayedsaad.com

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0202
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 7

%70
.

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.

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25 ( . -
-. )

.

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8

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-
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- -
:
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 9

Power Handling Equipments

Distribution Boards
UPS . ATS

Wiring and Raceways

( Cable Trays
) Bus Duct Raceways ( ) Flexible & Rigid Conduits.

CBs
.

Control and Utilization

Equipments Contactors
( ) One-way, Two-way, Change-over , Cross-over switches
.
- -
.

Load Estimation (
)


) National Electric Code (NEC
.

:
.
Voltage Drop
.
10

Short Circuit
CBS
.
.

.

.
.
Medium Voltage (
).

) (TN-C-S, TN-S, TT, IT, TN-C
.

. .

.


 . 12

( )
( ) (
) (
) .

1-1
:
-1 ( ).
-2 ( ).
-3 ( ) .
-4 .

 . 13

. .


.

.

.
-
.

.

( )
.
:

-1 Electric Safety .
-2
.
-3
.
-4


.
-5

.
 . 14

-6 Shop Drawings
.
.
:

.
/ .
) (Socket .
.

.
/
.
.
/ .

" " ) (Approved o

.
" ") (Approved as Noted o
.
" / " ) (Resubmit o
.

-7 As-Built



.
 . 15

:
.

( )
.
.

.




.

.
.
) ( Type test
).)Routine test
).(Workshop drawings
Testing
.
.
.
.

.
As-Built .

FIDIC

.
.
 . 16

2-1

.

.
:

: ( 500kVA .1
)

.

75 .
.
60
( .
).

: .2

.
3 5 Winch
.
.

: . .3
.
 . 17

.4
.

.

( )



.

. Cable
Trays .

.

( )
.

Cable Tray Ducts
( ) Sprinklers
.

) (Sprinkler

.
 . 18

Ducts


.

( )


.

.
( 100 )



.

3-1

.
:
. .
.
.

.


 . 19

.
:
.1 .
.2
( )
.
.3 Building Environment
.
.4
.
.5 .
.6
.

100 30 : 20 .
.%25
.

.



.

( ) Plans
) )Side Views ( ) Elevations


). (Shop Drawings

-1
 . 20

.

.

-2

) Heating Ventilation and Air Condition (HVAC

.

-A



.

B


. (
)

. - -

.

. C .

.
.
 . 21

Single -Phase ( 12
kW ) Three-Phase
. .

Ring System
. Two in-takes
.

( )
kV 132/11 66/11 ( ) Ring System
.

. D .
-1


.
( ).

-2 .


.

-3
( ( ) Sockets ) 13 15
20 40 30
Double Pole Switch, DP SW
) (Three Phase
Sockets .
.
 . 22

4-1

" " "".

"" ""

.

"" .
) NEC ( National Electric Code ) BS (British Standards
.

( )

.

.
( )
.

. -1
Load Estimation ( -2
) .
Demand Factors .Diversity Factors

 . 23

.
(
)



( ).
( ) -3
( ) ( )
.
.... ) -4

.
1- .

.
Branch Circuits -5
( )
.
( ). -6
Distribution Boards ((DBs -7


( ).
( ) -8

.
) Feeders & CB (Circuit Breakers -9
.
-10 ( ) Short Circuit Study, Voltage Drop, etc

).
-11 Distribution System
:
 . 24

Single ) .
Line Diagram .
.
-12 Auxiliary Systems
Fire alarm, Fire Fighting, Earthing, Telephone, Antenna,
.) Data Networks, etc
-13 .
: DBs
CBs
.
off/on ) . (

. (
)
.

Lump sum
.

CBs DBs .

) . ( Tender
:
 . 25

.1 ( ) Drawings
... .
Plans
. Elevations
:

-
.
:
Shop Drawings -
.
.

.2 ) ( Bill of Quantities
.

( ) .

.3 .

.
.

:

.

(
) .

: .
 . 26

" ".

.

-
.
.

( ) ""
.

" "
. ( )
%20 -10
.

.
.

""

.
 27
02 - .

 29

500
kV 220 kV 400 kV

. Voltage Drop ) ( (11 KV ) 22kV

Distribution Substation
) 3-Phase( 400 V .

() - Power Distribution System

:

-1 Power Handling Equipments

:
- .
-.
- ATS .UPS
02 - .

- Distribution Boards .

-2 Wiring and Raceways

:
- Conductors .
- Bus Duct
Cable ( -
) Trays Raceways ( ) .

-3 Protective Devices :
- ) (CBs.
-.
Differential or Overcurrent Relays
" "1 .

-3 Control and Utilization Equipments

- .
( )Sockets.
Contactors Dimmers -
( ) Change-over Switches , Cross-over Switches.
-
.

Contactors

.
.

1 " " . .0227

 31

:
Power Handling Equipments

1-2

. (
11 kV ) 20 kV Rings -2
1 . Ring
Ring 1-2 F1 , F2,
F3 -
Hawalli-E 3 220 kV 11kV
.

1-2 Substations
2 3 11 / 0.4 kV ( )
.
11 / 0.4 kV Unit Distribution System UDS
LT 3
.

: 1-2
00 - .

Ring . H
.

Substation
. Ring Main Unit RMU
.

( ) Ring Main Unit , RMU

Ring .
RMU 5 MVA
H75 Ring ( 1-2 2-2
) RMU : 3- Cells

H33
H35 Load Break Switch, LBS-630A 25
12 |( 24 LBS 1250) .
RMU 100A
1000.. . ( 40 500
...).

Load Break Switch, LBS

.

()
( ) Active and Reactive Power
1000.. 500.. .
 33

H75 Substation

3-cells RMU
3 ph 11 kV 350 MVA CU - BB
Interlock
LBS LBS LBS
630A 630A 630A

FUSE
100A

Earthing
Switch

HV Cable
Outgoing Income Termination
Transfomer To H53 From H33

2-2 Ring Main Unit

RMU Earthing Switches

. Interlock LBS Earthing Switch
" " Close .

LBS
CB ( 400A ) LBS CB
.

Rated CB ( ) 400A Current

Inrush ( ) 100A CB
Currents - Inrush -

.

HV. Cable Termination

1-2 . HV
.Medium Voltage, MV
03 - .

: 1-2 RMU

2-2 3-2
( .) K4

: 3-2 Ring Main Unit

1-2 .
 35

: 1-2 3-2
Q1: Load break switch Q2: Earthing switch
(EFI: Earth Fault Indicator Q3: Load break switch with fuses
)
H1: Hygrostat H2: Heater

) Heater (H2

T1: Single pole potentiel transformer T2: Current transformer
P1: Voltmeter )*( P2: kWh meter + kVARh meter
S1: Voltmeter selector switch F1: H.R.C fuse
X1: Mechanical interlock X2: Mechanical interlock
LBS Fuse LBS

c.d
Capacitor divider unit with neon (*)by electricity company
lamp

( )
Distributor ( 66/11 kV 132/11
) .

Incoming ( )
Outgoing 4-2
12.
03 - .

5 8
1 2 3 4 6,7 9 10 11 12

: 4-2

) (11 or 22 kV
2-2 Circuit Breaker
. Air Circuit Breaker
. Vacuum CB

: 2-2 .
 37

2-2
Distribution Station ) (11 KV )(400V
. :
MVA 5MVA Rating -1

.
Earthing Neutral -2
Solidly Earthed 10
.Short Circuits Current
Percentage Impedance X% Z% -3
Short Circuit
(
) Impedance, Z
. Z%
. Short Circuit
Capacity (
) .
-4
Primary & Secondary Windings
/ / / .
:
Third Harmonic . Zero Sequence Current .1
. .2
. .3
( ). .4
. .5
( Single Phase .6
).
.
-5 K-Factor
Hi Speed-Electronic Switches
Discharge Lamp Non-Linear loads

Harmonics
02 - .

.
. K-4 Transformers
%50
.
( ) -6

Power .

( )2-2
" " ONAN (
).

: 2-2

N O
300
L

G 300
F
( ) A
W

:
Dry Transformers .


.

Dry 2MVA 3-2

. Transformer
 39

3-2

-7
. .
.

.

:
.1 .
.2


.
.3
-8

( 65 .) dB 50 40 dB


.
32 - .

.

. :

:1-2
925554 : . .
:
" "92 1992
( " "75 1975" "02 2002).
:
50 KVA 1
100 KVA 2
200 KVA 3
300 KVA 4
500 KVA 5
800KVA 6
1000 KVA 7
1500 KVA 8

Serial Number
. 500 kVA .1992

" ""
.

3-2
: ( )
.
Emergency DBs
. 4-2
.
 41

: 4-2 300 kW

(
) .
Manual Transfer : ( MTS
) Switch, ( . ) ATS

%20-10


%50
.

( ) No Diversity Factors .
30 - .

.1 - - ()
.
.2 .
.
.3
.
.4
Cylender
.
.5
.

.
.

:
1.00 . ()
. ()
. ()
()
.
()
.
 43

Automatic Transfer Switch ATS

5-2 .

: 5 -2 ATS

Server
Un-interrupted Power Supply .UPS
. UPS
:

.
.
.
.6-2
33 - .

: 6-2 ( UPS ) ()

UPS
.Amp-Hour
UPS :

.1 .
.2 .

UPS .
(
) UPS
ATS
()
.
 45

4-2



.

BBs CBs
( ) LBS


.

.

: ( ) .

Open Frame Construction ()

.

Construction Panels ()


.
33 - .

Cubicle Construction ()

.
.

Withdraw able units ()

.

Box type construction ()

CBs . .
( )IP 55
(
).

Form1, Form2, etc

:
 47
32 - .
 49

.
.

IP Code ()XY

X 1 6 .
Y 1 7 .

( ) Y and X
IP67 Dust-Proof and .
. Water-Proof .3-2

IP
Accessories IP66

Glands
52 - .

. ( ) .
-
-
1% .

: 3-2 IP

IP ) X ) ( Y )
0
1
50
( )
2
12
Drop-proof
3
Rain Proof
2.5
4
1
Splash-
proof
5
Jet-Proof


6
7

Vibration .
 51

: ( 5
) 3PHASE +N+E ( 2)

:
!!.

- -
.
.

(
) ( )
.

" " .
.

.

.


.



.
50 - .

.

( .) KWh, kW and kVAR ) (Power Factor
.

Earth Leakage CB
.
( )
3-Phases . 5-2
Red-phase
Blue-phase
( ) Neutral Earth
/.

.
( A2 B2 C2
)
( ) A1,B1,C1


.
.

Single Line Diagram

.
 53

: 5-2 .
53 - .

Wiring & Raceways

5-2
Safety
.
.
"" Feeders
" " Wires
.

-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 Overload .
-5 SCC .
-6 Voltage drop
-7 .
-8 ( )
-9
-10 .

:
.1
.2 Layout
.3 Cable structure
.4 Classifications
 55

.5 .
.6 .
.7 .
.8 .

Bus Duct .

.

( ) ( Core
. )

.
: 7-2

-1 Conductor ( ) .

.
) (skin effect
.
-2 ( )Conductor Screen Conductor Shield

. ( ) Stranded


. .
Insulation or Dielectric PVC and XLPE -3
-4 ( ) Insulation Shield
.
.
-6 Metallic Sheath Tape Shield
0.1 mm


53 - .

.

( .
) Armour
-7 ( :) Filler Cores
Multi-core Inner Jacket .PVC
-8 ( ) Armour
.
1 kV .
-9 Outer Jacket .


PVC


-10

: 7-2 .

6-2
:
- ). (Conduits
- ( . )Cable Trays
 57

- .

()
Conduits .
Conduit PVC
.
Flexible Conduit
.

:
.1
.
.2 .
.3
( .
).

Raceways
Trunking .
.

Raceways
.6-2 Raceways
.
(
).... .

Raceways Busbars
Raceway Raceway
.
.
52 - .

6-2 : Raceways () ().

6
.
Cable Trays
7-2
( ) .

: 7-2 Cable trays

(
).
 59

6
:
80 .
10 .
20 .
.
20
.
.
Separators ( -
)
. De-rating factor
PVC -

30 .
4 . -
-

-
- Thermal Run away
.
-

6
Single Core -
Induced Current
.
( Fire Barrier ) -
.
Fire Barrier .
Control
30 cm .
: 4-2
32 - .

: 4-2

7-2

( ) Cores .

- :
o ( . ) 66kV
o ( . ) 3.3 kV
o .

.

Losses
.
 61

1.724 .cm Conductivity

.


).(Glands

Bi-metal Gland .
Bi-metal Gland .

:
-1 PVC
.
. 3.3kV

( )PVC .
. PVC

. PVC
.
-2 XLPE
.

.
-3 EPR
.
30 - .

- Armoured . Non-Armoured
( 0.1-0.5)

.... ( 8-2) .
.

: 8-2 () ().

Cable Trays
Non-Armoured 8-2
).

Cores Multi -core

( ) 3- Phases+ Neutral 9-2
() Single -core ( 9-2) .
( ) Multi-core .
( 240 )

Single
. Core
 63

: 9-2( Multi-core :) & ( Single core).

8-2

PVC XLPE
. :

-A : .

.
.
.
30 )120-70( kV/cm
kV/cm .
-B :

.
-C Mineral Insulation
.

.
) ( E ) ( d
33 - .

V
. E ) (V :
d
.Dielectric Strength

Impulse Strength
Switching
(.)Lightning


.

D
Rins k ln
d

k
D ( ) mm
d ( .) mm

IEC :5-2
 65

: 5-2

()90 C )Class (0
: -
.
( ()105 C Class A
)
.
()130 C )Class (B
.
()155 C )Class (F
.
()180 C )Class (H
.
220 ()220 C Class-220
.
(over )220 C ) Class ( C
.

9-2

. 6-2 .
33 - .

6-2
0.6/ 1(1.2) kV , multi-core Cables, with stranded Copper Conductors , PVC-
Insulation, PVC, sheathed

.1
.
.2 . mm2
.3 DC
. AC
- -
.
 67

.4 Current Rating
(
).
.5
.
.6

300mm2 12.

.
.
16mm2 80 .

Duct Cable-Trays.

8 7 6 . 6 2
.
.

.

.
32 - .

10 2
50 . (
) .

2-2
3x95+50 mm2 PVC/CU

:
:
) (3-phase PVC multi-core4-
( Phases cores 95mm2
) 50mm2 . Neutral

3-2
(3x95+50 )+25 mm2 PVC/CU

:
multi-core
.25mm2

4-2
] 3[3x240+120

:
Multi-core Phase
240mm2 Neutral .120mm2
 69

10-2 lartueN
Neutral Phase
Neutral Phases
phases
Neutral . Phases
.

N Phase :
-1 ( ) 35mm2
Neutral
6 mm2
. 4x6 mm2 : 3- Phases+ Neutral 6
.mm2

-2 Power Electronics
UPS Neutral Phase
Neutral Third Harmonic
.Full Neutral Cable

-3 Full Neutral Cable

Florescent Lamps 3rd Harmonic
. Neutral

11-2
:

Electric Power Power loss

:
-1 R :
72 - .

PLoss=I2R 2-2
.

-2 Insulation Loss
:
Pins V C tan ..............................2 3
2

( ) Loss angle
Power Factor Load
. ( )
Power loss .

-3 Metallic Sheath Loss

Eddy Current Induction
.

( ) .

.

- Oil Filled
Cable .

(
) .
.
( )
.

10-2 . Core
.
 71

10 -2

.

Charging Current . Leakage Current
:
I C V C.......................2 4

V .Volt
( ) f (.)= 2f
C ( ) Capacitance . Farad

Capacitance
13A .220 kV
( ) Critical Length
. Power
. 132 kV 64 Km
400 KV 24 Km.
70 - .

( ( ) Skin Effect 8-2).



( ( ) Proximity Effect 8-2) .

: 8-2 ( ) Skin effect ( ) Proximity effect

eddy currents Metallic

Sheath
.

( ) 6-2 20
( ( ) R20 40 )
.
:
RT R20 1 (T 20)

( 0.0039 / C 0.004
)
. T
 73

PVC XLPE (
- ) Water Treeing -



.

.

:
Routine Test -1 .
Sample Tests -2

Type Tests -3
.
Installtion Tests -4 .

12-2 urut srB

Bus Duct
.11-2
73 - .

11-2 Bus Duct

Bus Duct
( ) .
Bus Duct

Taps Plug-In Units Bus
Duct . 9-2

Bus Duct
Bus Duct Reliability
( Continuous ) Bus Duct
.
 75

: 9 -2 Bus duct

: Bus Ducts
-1 . Non-Segregated Duct
-2 . Segregated Duct
-3 . Isolated Duct

- -
Phases .
Phases Housing
. 12-2
1200 5000 38 kV
24 96.
73 - .

: 12-2 Bus Ducts

Phases .
Phase Phases Housing
Phases .

( )
% 98 2400
130 0C ( Class-B ) 5-2 Epoxy
.Powder Epoxy Insulation
. .
.
 77

Bus Duct () .
13-2 . :
-1 Elpow 90.
-2 Tee .
-3 Offset .
-4 50 .
-5 Wall Flange .
-6 Cable Tap box .Bus Duct

: 13-2 Bus Duct

72 - .

Bus duct. 14-2

: 14- 2 . Bus Ducts

Bus Duct .
 79

Bus Duct SCC 100kA for

1 sec . .

Bus Duct

IEC .
22 - .
 81

Short Circuit

.
(
Circuit Breaker ) CB .

13-2 suaeaauB tiuurit

CB :

)(Amp Rated Current, Irated

(KA) Short Circuit Capacity , SCC

CB CB
. Standard ():

6, 10, 15,16, 20, 25, 32, 40,50, 63,100, 125, 150,163, 200, 225, 250, 300, 400,
500, 630, 800,1000, 1200,1500,1750,2000,2200, 2500,3000,3200,4000, 5000,
6300

CB Short Circuit Capacity SCC

) (kA CB Short Circuit
. CB
.

( Short Circuit Capacity ) kA:

3 6 10 15 22 35 50 75 80 . 100

tsB 14-2
CBs
Power Circuit Breakers
20 - .

. Relay Vacuum CB . Air CB

CBs Draw-out Switchgear CBs

.2-2
Rated Current 600 4000.

Relay CB
. :

MCB : Miniature Circuit Breaker

MCCB : Molded Case Circuit Breaker
GFCB : Ground Fault Circuit Breaker

. Fuse

10kA
. 100 kA .

15-2 CBs 3-phase

. 1- phase
 83

3-Poles : MCB : 15-2 1-Pole

MCB ( ) IRated
( Trip Time ) .
B, C, D IEC Standard
.
%113
I .

: 10-2 CB
23 - .

II Thermal Protection %113

III Magnetic Protection
:

Trip B 3 5
Resistive loads .
Trip C 5 10
Inductive Loads .
Trip D 10 20
Highly Inductive Loads .

CB Irated 20
20 . 10-2
Irated
.

) (SCC MCB 10 kA
( " " ) Instantaneous trip CB
.

CB SCC CB
.

:
- ( B 3:5 )
5
Trip
SCC
.
- :

7
.
 85

- CB CB
11-2 CB
32 30.
- Instantaneous Trip CB
.
.

: 11-2 CB Fuse

5-2:
CB 10KA ,25A

:
25A Rated Current 10kA SCC CB
CB 25A 25A
10kA CB
10 kA CB .
10kA CB .

CB CB
10A CB 63 A
23 - .

CB 100A 10kA 100A

100 kA .

MCB .
MCB . 16-2
.

12-2
.

16-2 ( ) IThermal Tmag Imag
.

: 16-2 . MCCB

12-2 CB ( MCCB
) .
.
 87

CB
.Earth Fault

: 12-2 MCCB

MCCB :
) ) Long Delay Time( (LD
( ) . LD 12-2
LD ( )
. SD LD
.
MCCB CB
.
22 - .

) (Short Delay Time )(SD

( .)ms
SD .12-2 ( )
.

i (:) Long Delay Time

: () Long Delay Time
1- Pick up current
2- Trip time
Pickup Current 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.5
1.25 CB 12-2
. CB 12-2 LD
. 600A 300A
.725A

LD ii
LD (4
36 28 20 12) 600A
600 4 12 ... 36 .
Rated Value
6 Rated value
600A 4 4 3600
4 7 .

12-2
. LD
( 6 Rated ) .

IPickup )(Short Delay Time iii

10 8 6 4 12-2
.
 89

IV
LD Pickup line SD
Pickup Line ( )-2 .)Log Log( Log-Log
( ) -2
6
Long-delay .

)(Short Delay Time v

0.18 0.33 0.5 : .
Ipickup Short
delay . SD 6 Rated
0.33 9000 ( ) 2.5 X 3600
CB 0.33 .

1-phase ( Phase
) 3-Phase ( ) Neutral 13-2
.
" " M
CB .

13-2 GFCB

(
) Neutral
02 - .

S Circuit CB S . Closed
.

.
5mA .30mA ( ) 5mA
( )30mA .
( )300mA
300mA
.

Rated Current
32 40 63 100.
Test T Push Button
13-2
Phases .

MCB Short Circuits

CB .

17-2 0.03A . 63A

17-2 . Earth Leakage

 91

Earthing System
13-2 . Earthing

15-2 () erBa
CBs
CBs
" " .CB

. Irated

CB
CB
3-Phase Motors
Phases -
. 2-phases

. Fuse Element

( ) .
.

:
.1 Cartridge Fuses
.2 High Rupturing Capacity. HRC

.
. ( ) 18-2
( Fuse Element ) .
00 - .

.
.

18-2

Fuse Element

Fault Indicator ( . ) 19-2

19-2 . HRC

: Fuse element Single Element

Dual Element
. Overload
 93

:
Control & Utilization Equipments

( )Contactor
( )
() .

16-2 ( ) tpoteutpuB
Contactor
. Main Poles
.14-2
.

A1 A2 A3

C1 N.O

C2 N.C

B1 B2 B3

14-2 Contactor

Contactor Auxiliary Contacts :

Normally Open N/O

Normally Closed N/C

( ) N/O "" Contactor

" "
Contactor energized ). (N/C
03 - .

Status Status
.

Contactor :

AC . DC -1
( )N/O and N/C Auxiliary Contacts -2
N/O N/C . Contactor
Rated Current . Main Poles -3
Main Poles . Normally Open -4
: Contactor 100A -5
75A Single Phase Resistive Load
. 3-Phase Inductive Load
-6
Switching Time Switching
.

AC1: AC3 ( AC4 ) .

: AC1
Contactors .
Contactor 1.25
.
: AC3
Contactor Starting of Induction
Motor .
Contactor .
 95

: AC4
Contactor

Contactor
. Contactor
12 . 20-2
.Contactors

: 20-2 Contactors
 97

02 - .

. .

( ) :
.1 ( )
( ) .
.
.2 Small Appliances
Sockets .
.3 Space Conditioning .
.4
Fire Fighting.
.5 .
.6 .
.
: .
.
 99

1-3

.
.

1
( )
.

.

:
. 3-
.

( . 2-5-3
)

.
1-5-3 .

2

Ratings
.

. %20 %50
2/ 2 50/ 2 .
.
( (W/m2
30 50
022 - .

20
. 1-3
National Electrical Code . NEC

: 1-3 .

()

25
20
50-20
35-20
15
20-16
20-15
25
10

. 15 W/m2
. 30 W/m2
. 60 W/m2
. 30 W/m2

Sockets
180VA
1.5 .2-3

100W
( ) 500 W .
 101

( ) Radial
. Ring
: 2-3

( )W
:
800 0.5 tan
1200 0.75 tan
1600 1 tan
3000 2 tan
6000-3000
5000-3000
1000-300
1000-500
1200-800

NEC
3000 VA
Dryer .

W/m2
20 W/m2 30
50 W/m2
.

3-3 ( ) Sockets .

: 3-3
W/ m2
/ 50 30
/
60 - 40
20-10
)2 : 6 Circuits (each of 20A
020 - .

.
.

. 25 - 15 kW
. 5 kW

6-3 7-3
.

2-3


.

( )
.

. 1 W
3.4 BTU
100
20 kWH .

( BTU
)British Thermal Unit

BTU/Hr " .
 103

)12000 BTU/Hr kW " (

1.17 2.5 .

1-3
7 - 700
( ) Kw/Tan 1.1 . 2.5
8 6 . KWH 15.

:
( ) :
7 x 1.1 x 8 x 30 x6 = 11088 kWh
( ) :
7 x 2.5 x 8 x 30 x6 = 25200 kWh

(25200 11088 ) x 0.15 = 2116 LE

. 700
2116 .

. " : " !!.

SEER
SEER .
21-13 .
.
SEER .
KHH 9 2000.
023 - .

3 ton 10 SEER system (36,000BTUs x ((.09cents/1000Watts) x

2000hrs))/10SEER= $648 per year cooling cost.

Compare this to

3 ton 20 SEER system (36,000BTUs x ((.09cents/1000Watts) x

2000hrs))/20SEER= $324 per year cooling cost.

Split units
4-3 .

: / Compressor

( ) .
 105

: 4-3 Split

/ (
2 (../)
( ) (.). (.). )
12 10 1/50/220 1.5 1.540 1 12000
18 15 1/50/220 1.6 1.930 1.5 18000
25 20 1/50/220 2.670 2.670 2 24000
30 - 25 1/50/220 4.20 3.745 3 36000
40 35 3/50/380 4.50 3.5 3.5 42000
50 40 3/50/380 5.00 4.5 4 48000
60 - 50 3/50/380 7.00 6.25 5 60000

20 (
3.4
.

Central Air Condition
. ( )
MEW/R-6 :

65 W/m2
70 W/m2
90 W/m2
80 W/m2
120 W/m2
100 W/m2
145 W/m2

/
3.5 - 5.5 ton/100m2 ( ) 420 660 BTU/Hr/m2

( . ) 1.6 2.5 kW/ton
023 - .

.

.
.

.
.

( )
%30- %25 .

.

%45 .


. (
) .

( ) Ducts .
.

.
 107

3-3

: 2-3 3-3 4-3

( - -) 5-3 .6-3

2- 3
500 .

:
15000. 500 x W/m230
60000. 500 x 120 W/m2

Sockets
20
.) 2000W 20 x 100

77 kW
.

660 BTU/Hr/m2 BTU

330000 BTU/Hr 500 x 660
60 27.5 ( ) 27.5 x 2.2 330000/12000
. )2.2 ( kW
.

3-3
12 150

022 - .

" "

180
150 .
.

:
2
15 ( W/m 2250W 15 x 150
30 )15
2
( 7500W )50 W/m 50 x 150
2
( )65 W/m 9750W 65 x 150

( 3 4
)
20 kW. 2250 + 7500 + 9750
.240 kW 20 x 12

( ).

4-3
20 3 200m2
17 100 m2 .

:
:
30 W : ( ) 50 W 70W
60 W : 60W 90 W

:
(30+ 50 + 70 ) W/m2 x 17 x 100m2 + (60 + 60 + 90 ) W/m2 x 3 x 200m2 = 381
kW
 109

( 25kW )
5 kW 100 KW
. 480 kW

. 3-
.

15
( )5-3 15 (.)6-3

3-
. .

( :)5-3
15

(. .)

0 0.5

00 - 3 3 0.5

02 - 8
002 - .

( :)6-3
15

(. .)

00 02 2

5-3
5
200 3 100 .
.

:
3- 200 32 kVA
. ) DF = 0.5 ( 16 kVA 100
22 kVA 13.2 kVA .
:

-1 ( CBs )
5 x 32 + 3 x 22 = 226 kVA
-2 ( )
5 x 16 + 3 x 13.2 = 119.6 kVA.

: 6-3
600 2 :
-
2 / ( +) -
16/ 5/ -
3/ 15. -
3/ 17.5 -
88 .
 111

2 / 6.5 87 -

() :

:
:
- 100 2 10 8..
- 100 2 12..
( - 2 100
)

:
2..
12.. 2
( )1 600 2
100

12002 2 : 6002 ( )2

12
144.. 1200
100

2 2
9600 ( )3 16 : 600

10..
960.. 2
9600
100

++ ( ) 12.. ( )4
1128.. 12 + 960 + 12 + 144 :

: ()5
15 3.
53.. * 3:
( 0.85 )

35.. 0.74617.52 * 2 :
000 - .

(0.85 )(0.88)

6.5 0.746
6.6.. * 1 :
(0.85 )(0.87)

95 6.6 + 35 + 53.. :

:

1223... 95+ 1128
1223
1528.75 80
80

2000..

.
862.. 95 + 68 1128 68

862
1077..
80
1500...

4-3

. %100 .Demand Factor (
) Demand Factor
%90 Demand Factor
. % 50
. 7-3
.
 113

: 7-3





90 75 66 50
100 100 100 100
. ()
40+ . .
75+ . 40+ 40 +
75+
.
.
100 100 100 100
.
75+ 80+ 10 50+
.
50+
60+ 33+
10

20+

100 100 100 100
. .
80+ 80+ 10. 50+
30+
. . 10
60+ 60+ 33
5+
.
20+

100
"
100 100 100
80+

"
50+ 50 + 50 +
.
.
60+
.
100
100+
. 25+ .

100 .

003 - .

Diversity Factor
( ) Demand Factor
Demand Factor
%90
% 20 :

( ( ) Diversity factor
( ) Demand factor .


.

7-3
( ) :
15000 ( )1
2 30 ( ). : ( )2
: ( )3
1.2 -
1400 -
7 : -
2 3.5 ( 2.6.)
3 2.5 ( 1.9.)
2 2 ( 1.5.)
: ( )4
6000 -
2 2000 -
1200 -
: ( )5
1.6. -
2.8. -
0.6. -
 115

: ( )6
2 3. -
1 2. -
1 6. -
5. -
4. -

:
()7-3
:

: 66 ()1
9.9. 15000 66

: : ()2
40
6 52 +2
100

1.122. ( 0.85 220 6

:) 0.85

33.66.. 30 1.122

: ()3
100 10 (( 1.87.)
0.85 50 + 10
.

(1.9 3 + 2.6 2 ( 50 + )1.5 2 + 1.4 + 0.746 1.2

50
( 10.75 5.4+5.3 5.7+5.2. (+ )3 + 1.4 + 0.9
100
003 - .

: ()4
100 10 30 +
10 ( 2.2. ).

7.00.. ()6( 30 + )1.2 + 2.00 2

: ()5
100 100 50 +
3.9.. (0.6 + 1.6 ( 50 + 2.8

: ()6
: ()
100 100 +
25 +
12. )4( 25 + 5 + 6

: ()
100
8. 2+32
:
(6) (6) ()5 ()4 ()3 ()2 ()1
= 85.21.
8+ 12 +3.9 +7 +10.75 +33.66 + 9.9

:
137.722. :
85.21
61.87 ()diversity factor
137.722

: 8-3
:
.1 ( )1 75. .
( 30 )2 2.
.1 ( 10 )3 1.5. .
:
 117

( ) .
() .
:
()
( )7-3 :

37.5.. 37.5. 75 50
6 5 2 0.40 + 2
220 6
1.32..
1000
39.6.. 30 1.32
6. ( 6..) )1.58(25 +1.5 + 1.5
83.1.. 6 + 39.6 + 37.5

() -3
7 :

67.5. (..) 75 90
9.58 )2 5( 75 + 2
220 9.58
2.108..
1000
63.23.. 30 2.108
15.. 1.5 10
145.73.. 15 + 63.23 + 67.5
002 - .

5-3
: .

.1

.
(
1/) ( 25 )
. 1-3
.

: 1-3

:
.1 ( )
.2 .
.3 .

.


( )
.
 119

( ):

(
)

-
-
.

.2
- Elevator Car - 2-3
( )3 ( )2 ( )1
Processor
.

(
)

002 - .

1 : 1
( )
.
.

( )4
Counter Weight 50%

%50 .


.

600 1000
1 : 1 ( 1100 500+600)
50 (
10 ).

.
DC AC ( ) AC ).

( )5 Guide Rails .
Guide Rails

.

(
) .
Sensor Sensor
( )

.
 121

Traveling Cable
.

: 3& 2& 1

-4 -5

: 2-3

:
.1 ( Gear Machine Gearless
Machine
.2
.3 / .
.4
000 - .

.5 : 0.85
0. 72 .
.
. 3-3

69
82
63 2000 kg

75

57
67 1750 kg
50
60 1500 kg
45
52 1250 kg
39
45 1000 kg
33
37.5
27
30
20
22.5
15
15 12 800 kg
9 630 kg
7.5 6 450 kg
3 300 kg
0 0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
(/)

: 3-3

: 9-3
4 3/
1500 .
:
3-3 3/
1500
.)Gearless Machine( 30 kW
4 ( %72 )3-3
.22 kW () 0.72 x 30
 123

3-3 Gear Machine 37.5 kW

.

8-3
23 210/ 240/.

: 8-3
/
60 - 90 5
120 -105 10
150 -120 15
210 180 20
210 240 25
240 300 30

9-3

: 9-3


(/) ()
40 - 30 1 0.25 45 15

2-1 55 15
>2 > 50

.1 ( 0.125
0.75/)
.2
50 5000 2/
15. 260. ( ).
003 - .

.3 - ( )Room-less Machine
.
.4 3-Phase Induction Motors 1500/375/
Microprocessor Control .
.5 3-Phase Induction Motors 1500/
.

.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
.4 .
.5 .
.6 .
.7 .
.8 .

Software Programs
. .
.

:
. P
. N
. n
. V
. P1
.. P2
Stops ( ) . Sn
. D
 125

Acceleration . d
10 ). / ( Tio
/ ( 4). Tc-o

:Sn .1
N
. P1
P2 .
Stops ( )
. Sn Sn :

P P1 N P P2 N P Pn
N

Sn n .... ...................3 1
P P P

.2 Total Traveling Time , TTT

.
:

2dS n D
TTT ).....................(3 2
V
.3 : /

. Tc-o = Sn x 4 ) (3-3

Round Trip Time , RTT .4 ( )

:
. Total raveling Time , TTT
.
.
Time Constant ( 10 ).

)(3 4 Sn + Tio x Sn + time constant x RTT = TTT + Tc-o

003 - .

( ) .5
x .6
.7 = ( ).
.8 : Grade of Service ( :
+ ) .
: WT ( Round Trip
) Time, RTT ( . ) N
)WT = RTT N (3-5

( . ) WT 2
= ( . ) RTT 4

)Grade of Service = (WT 2) + (RTT 4) ..(3-6

.9 :
. 45
. 55 45
. 65 55
. 65

.10
( + )
.
HP
( . ) 1.5/75

10- 3
5 20
10 1000
.100 m/min (
)
:
5 4 3 2 1
250 250 250 150 100
 127

:
:
) P1 = 100, P2 = 150 , P3 = 250 , etc ( 1000 P
. 10 N
.5 n
100 V/ .
20 = D.
1.5 d
10. Tio
4. Tc-o

.1 :Sn
1000 100 1000 150
10
1000 250
10 10

S n 5 3 4.4
1000 1000 1000
.2 TTT
21.5 4.4 20
TTT 0.55 min 32 sec
100
.3
Tc-o = Sn x4 = 4.4 x 4 = 17.6 sec
.4 RTT
RTT = 32 + 17.6 + 10 (4.4) + 10 = 103 sec
35. ) 60 x 60( / 103 .5

350 . 10 x 35 .6
3 . ( ) 350 1000 .7
34.3 . 3 103 .8
( 43 ) . 103 /4 + 34.3/2 .9
1800( . 80 ) 80 x 10( + 1000 .10
900 ).
18. )1.5/75 ( x 900
002 - .

6-3
( )
3.5 4.8
0.35
1.35 .

30 ( 10)
( )
7.5 kW (.)Level Switch
.

( )1.5 Kw ( )Expansion tank
.

( )P :
.Q H
P 0.746 KW
75
:
(/3) :Q
() :H
( ) 80 :
( 1000/)3 :

40 / 3 10 . 22..

( Pressure Valves ) ( Jokey
)pump ( )Header .
 129

.
. ( )4-3 ( ) ()Waste water
.

:
-1 .
5
-2 .Y
-3 . 4
-4 7
2
2
. 6
-5 .
-6
().
-7 .
-8
. 3

8
1
8

( :)4-3

:
002 - .

Q.H .
P ] 0.746 [kW
75

:
(/3) : Q
() : H
( 1000 1200/)3 :
( ) 75 :

7-3 ( )
Power Factor

.

I V
Apparent Power, S S = I.V S
100 %.

: Active Power , P
W Reactive Power, Q . V.A.R
( ) P ( )Q
. .
.
P S Power Angle Cosine . Power Factor

P

Q
S

: 4-3
 131

Q P
P
( .( P = V . I . cos cos .
( ) 0.3 % 30
) (S P .
1000A 400 V )) Cos 1 = 0.33
400 MVA

. ( ) Cos 2 = 0.9
1 2 5-3 Apparent Power
S1 S2 P .

P
2
1 Q2
S2

Q1
S1

: 5-3

P.F Improvement
Reactive Power .
. Q P S .
.

S1 = 200 kVA PF= 0.4

Active Power P1 = 80kW Reactive Power
Q1 = 183 kVAR
( 6-3) .

( 6-3 )
QC Reactive Power 120 kVAR
P, Q, S PF
000 - .

Reactive Power
( ) 63 kVAR . ( ) 120 kVAR .

P= 80 kW P= 80 kW
Q=183 kVAR Q=63 kVAR
S= 200 kVA S= 101 kVA

= Qc
120 kVAR
P= 80 kW P2= 80 kW
Q=183 kVAR Q2=183 kVAR
S= 200 kVA S2= 200 kVA

: :

: 6-3

Apparent Power 200

S1 = kVA S2 = 101 kVA

S 2 P 2 Q22 80 2 63 2 101 kVA

200 kVA 100 kVA .

PF ( + ) . 0.79

63 P 80
tan 2 cos 2 0.79 or cos 2 0.79
80 S 2 101

. 0.9 PF ( ) 0.9

0.7 :

(0.9-0.7) x 1000000 = 200000

.
 133

5-3 QC Power Angle 1 2

:
QC Ptan 1 tan 2 ................................3 7
C
QC
C ......................3 8
V 2

. Per Phase

11-3
C 0.7 0.95
500 kW . 11 kV
:
2 1 18 PFs 7-3 45

QC Ptan 1 tan 2 ) tan 45 tan 18 115 .88 kVAR ( per phase

500 ,000
3

8-3 Per-Phase
)QC ( per phase 115880
C 9 F
V 2
(11000 / 3 ) 2 2 50

3-Phase Rating . 345 kVAR

KVAR
. 10 -3 cos
KVAR Rating of tan "
" Capacitors .. .
kVAR per kW kW
.
003 - .

: 12-3
666 kVA 0.75 0.93
KVAR .

:
: kW
P = 0.75 x 666 = 500 kW

8-3 PF ( ) 0.75 ( ) 0.93

kVAR / kW . 0.478 kVAR :

Q = 0.478 x 500 = 244 kVAR

:13-3
11-3 .10-3
:
0.7 and 0.95 kVAR / kW 0.691
:

Q = 0.691 x 500 = 345 kVAR

.
 135

: 10-3 kVAR / kW

C


003 - .

C Automatic Power Factor

Regulator, APFR
. APFR
C .

BB
7-3 KVA Demand
PF .
PF kVAR
kVAR .

: 7 -3

8-3
. .
 137

: 8-3

Harmonics
PF
XC

1
XC
2 f C

XC XC
Short Circuit .

50Hz Pure Sin

5-0 Harmonics Hz
Harmonics SCRs High-Frequency Switches
Harmonics . Pure Sin
( )Harmonics
XC Short Circuit.
Inductor 9-3
Z .
002 - .

Inductor
Inductance .
Harmonics Harmonics
Active Filter .

: 9-3 Harmonics

:
-1
( )KVAR 135
.
-2 115
( )Rated voltage r.m.s
400 440
Harmonics .
-3 CB Long-Time-Delay Setting 1.3 In
Short-Time-Delay Setting 10 In
Inrush . In :

kVAR
In
3 VL
remember : sin 1

-4 Induction
Motors .
 139

8-3

.

25 C %50
.


.

- : .
. : BTU
252) . ( 1 BTU
- : (
( 2000) 24 )
. 12000 BTU :
1 ton (US)=2000 lb
Latent heat of melting of ice=144 Btu/lb
1 day=24 hours
1 TR=(2000 lb x 144 Btu/lb) / 24 hrs = 12,000 Btu/hr

- :
1 BTU/Hr 12000
1,50 BTU/Hr 18000
2 BTU/Hr 24000
2,25 BTU/Hr 27000
3 BTU/Hr 36000
3,75 . BTU/Hr 45000
032 - .

- 1

37.5 C 34 C % 75
. 37 C

-2

. .
.
20 C
. %20 %50 .

-3

. 15-3 / .

Condenser -1
( )
( ) (
) .
Copper Tubes Aluminum Fins

Fins
.

Chillers .

-2 Evaporator

( ) .
 141

Copper Tubes Aluminum Fins" Condenser

Fins
.
.
.

NO FROST .

CHILLER

.

-3 Compressor
.






.
030 - .

-4 Expansion Value

. Spray
Throttling .

-5 Coolant
(
) ( ) .
. 1222 512 502
.1340 123

.


.

( ) 10-3 Compressor





.
 143
033 - .

()


.

(
)



()

: 10-3

9-3

Window


 145

80 x 60
.
Condenser .

"
BTU 24000 .

Split

.
033 - .

) Indoor ( Unit
Evaporator
" Expansion Valve
" () Evaporating Unit . EU

( ) Outdoor Unit
Condenser Compressor "
Condensing Unit . CU

25
.

.
Microprocessors
Data
.
 147

( ) .
. 5 1.5.
Split Cassette type mini-split
Floor-standing mini-split
. Split

Duct Split
Ducts
Split
1.5
5 3 .

. 6.6
1.5 . Ducts (Package
) .

Split
40 60
3 2,4
3.4 2,8.
032 - .

50 4 .

Duct split AHU

AHU Compressor Package
.

. 11-3
.

11-3 Pakage

two Ducts .
 149

Fresh Air .

.
. Fresh
Fresh Air
.

:
D.X Direct eXpansion
( Window Split
Duct Split D.X ).

: Ducts
Supply ( .1 Ducts
).
.2 RETURN AIR DUCT ( .
) .
.

.
.

Ducts False Ceiling

" "
.
052 - .

( )DUCT HEATERS
.

chilled
)Water System
Fan Coil
.
4.1 1
.

Chiller

 151

:
( 450 )
) . Specific Heat (Cp
. Evaporator Chillers

Ducts
Air Handling Unit , AHU Fan Coil Unit , FCU
Evaporator
Ducts .
Duct
. AHU
050 - .

:
( air-cooled
. )Chiller

( .)Chiller water-cooled

350
.

.
 153

12-3
:
( ) Chillers
( FCU) Fan Coil Unit

AHU Air Handling Unit
FCU Chiller
Chillers Cooling Tower .
Loop Ducts FCU .AHU
053 - .

: 12-3

Chillers . Boilers

.
:

6,500 TR Air Cooled Screw Chillers

41 Nos. Fresh AHUs/AHUs
2177 Nos. Fan Coil Units
43 Nos. Chilled Water Pumps
40 KM Chilled Water Piping
125,000 m2 of Ducting
77 Nos. Exhaust Fans

:
.1
 155

.2 Air Duct
Package
.3 Ducts Duct
Split
.4 .

( )Nominal Name Plate

95 ( 35)
( )Actual
118.4 ( 48) 115
.
% 80 118.4
% 20

: 10 ( 120000 . . /)
95 (8
96000 . . /) 118.4.

:
.
053 .
 157

052 .

NEC Branch Circuits

) .(Load (
) Load CB
Distribution Boards Main Panels
.

Branch Circuits :
( ...... ).
: Main Feeders
.

Load
Load (
) . ( ) Load

.

:
( ) .
 159

(
) . :

/ CBs
.
032 .

:
-1 .) ICB( CB
-2 mm2 . ICable

CB (
) Loads :
Static ( ). .1
Dynamic . .2

:
( ). .i
.ii ( ).

1-4

.
) . (NEC :

.1 (
).
.2 ( :
) .
.3 6 : 4 CB
10

CB . Contactor
ON/OFF .
 161

.4 ( Sockets ) 8A
) (CB . 16A
Junction Box
Double Pole SW .
.5
( ) .
.6 %80 CB
Load .
.7 " " 3 .
.8 Wire Rating CB Rating .

.9
( )Harmonics
() .
:

( 1.8 ) ( .)

1.8 0.85
.
.10 Sockets
.
.11 Sockets
.
.12 Sockets 50
Phase
380 .
.13 Sockets
Phases Phase
Socket
Phase Phase Socket
.
030 .

.14 Sockets 16


.
.15 Sockets 150
.
.16 Sockets
.
.17 ( )IP Sockets .
.18 Sockets .
.19 0.3 0.4
1.2 1.35.
.20 Sockets 1.80
3.65.
.21 Sockets
.
.22
.
.23
Sockets .

2-4 () Static speoB

( ) Static
Loads Rated Value CB :
 163

: 1-4

.)Load Current ( IL .1
CB ( ) Rated Current .2
Load :
ICB > 1.25 IL
Thermal De-rating factors .3
Rating .
Rated Current Thermal Rating .4
. CB :
ICABLE ICB

.1 Rated Current Rated Current CB

CB .
.2 CB Load %25 CB
.
.3 ) ( Standard Value CB
.
.
CB 23A 25A .32A
.4 Short Circuit Capacity CB
CB .
.5


.

: 1- 4
CB 3-Phase Load 21kW
( ) Power Factor 0.8 50
Single Core Cable PVC
415.
033 .

:
-1 :Load
21000
I Load 36.5 A
3 418 0.8

-2 CB Rated Value :Load

ICB = 1.25 x 36.5 = 45A
CB . 50A

-3 Thermal Rating
( De-rating factors
) :
( 0.85 5-2.) 2- .a
( 0.69 2-2 )2- .b
6 .

Load :

36.5
I L (corrected ) 62.2 A
0.69 0.85

. 4 " : "
1-2 2 -
. ( 2- 1-2
) 2- 6-2
25mm2 77A ( . )ICable > ICB

.5 4(1 x 25 mm2) Cu :
25 mm2 ) (4 x 25 mm2
.Multicore

 165

36.5
I L (corrected ) 43 A
0.85

( 16mm2 ) 59A .25mm2

3-4 ()speoB uioeniu

Static Loads
(.(High Starting Current

Rated Current
P
Im )(4 1
V cos
Starting IST
Current
) . (4-1
.4-4

Im

Xm
Vsup
Emf

: 4-4

Vsup Emf
Im ...............................4 2
Xm
Emf k .....................................4 3

Im
033 .

Vsup
Im ...............................4 4
Xm

Xm ( ) Im
)(Vm - Em 2-4
. 1-4

Rated Current CB
( ) ICB > IST .

kVA Code
( Name Plate .) 5-4

: 5-4

kVA Code 2-4 IST .

 167

: 2-4
kVA Code (kVA/HP) at starting
A 0-3.14
B 3.15-3.43
C 3.44-3.99
D 4 4.49
E 4.5 - 4.99
F )5 - ( 5.59
G 5.6 6.29
H 6.3 - 7.09
J 7.1 - 7.99
K )8 - (8.99

:2-4
.5-4

:
5-4 30HP 460V kVA
Code ( ) G 2-4 KVA/HP 5.6
( 6.29 ) :

5.6 6.29
kVA / HP ST 5.9 kVA / HP
2
kVA ST 5.9 30 177kVA
177 1000
I ST 222 A
3 460
460

( 222 )
34.9 A .

.
032 .

: Service Factor
1.15
5-4 %15 .
.

:Insulation Class

Classes ( 5-2 )
. 5-4 F
155.

NEMA Design
Enclosure Classes
. :
IP ) National Electrical Manufacture Association (NEMA
.

3-Phase 15HP .
: 3-4
 169

: 3-4

() IL .1
I ST Starting Current .2
CB .ICB IST .3
( ) ICABLE ICB .4
.5


.

( )1-4
CB . Starting Current

:3-4
5HP 2.5
PF=.85 V=220 V .) HP = 746 W ( .%90

:
5 746
IL 22 A
220 0.85 0.9

I ST 2.5 22 55 A
CB ( ) ICB IST .63A

( ) ICABLE ICB 6-2 2-

( )2 x 16 mm2 ( 66A ) .

.
.

: 5kW Output 5kW

Input .
072 .

: 4-4

: 4-4

.1 ( ) IL
.2 Starting Current IST
.3 CB ICB IST
.4 .
.5 . ICABLE 1.25IL Thermal
rating .
.5 Overload 1.05 .

- -
( ) ICable > ICB ICable IStarting
.

: 4-4
CB 3-Phase 50kW 380 V
) (PF = 0.9 ) (IST=2.5 Ir = .95%

:
50,000
IL 93.7 A
3 380 0.9 .95

I ST 2.5 93.7 234 A

CB .250A

Overload
( ) ICable>IST
250A 93A
. ( Icable >1.25 Irated
 171

)
.

I cable 1.25 93.7 117.1A

117 4 x 50 mm2 131A

( ) 7-2 .2-

Overload Device
- - Main Poles
Contactors Auxiliary Contacts -
Start /Stop .6-4

1.05 IL 100
Rated Current ) 250 A ( CB () 131A
.

: 6-4 . Overload

4-4
. Starting Current Rated Current
:
070 .

-1 Starting Current
Starting Current .
.

-2 CB
93A CB 250A
- 200A - CB ICB
.

) Over Load (OL

. 1.05
200A Over Load
.CB

-3 Starting Current Over Load

..... Starting Current
Over Load .

-4 CB Over Load
... CB . Short Circuits
O.L
CB
CB.

CBs
OL .

4-4

. :

( ) ISt . IST-max -1
 173

( ) Irated Irated- -2
. max

: 5-4

: 5-4 CB

-1 )( ISt (Group CB
) :

I St (Group) I Stmax DF I rated I ratedmax

-2 Rated Current ( )
:

I rated (Group) 1.25 I ratedmax DF I rated I ratedmax
-3 De-rating Factors
Thermal Rating CB 1-
2- .

DF
: 6-4
073 .

: 6-4 ( ) Individual Drives

1 1-5
0.75 6-10
0.7 11-15
0.65 16-20
0.6 21-30
0.55 31-50

: 5-4
3-phase :
5HP 3
10 HP 2
15HP 3
2.5 ).)P.F = 0.85
:
Irated Irated-max
Irated (5HP) = 7.6 A
Irated (10HP) = 14 A
) Irated (15HP) = 21 A -------- > (Irated-max

:
IST (5HP) = 19 A
IST (10HP) = 35 A
.
IST (15HP) = 52 A ) >( ISt- max

( DF = 0.75 .)6-4
:5-4
I Start (Group) 52 0.75 3 7.6 2 14 3 21 21 122 A

CB 125A 150A 122 . 125

5-4
I rated (Group) 1.25 21 0.753 7.6 2 14 3 21 21 95 A
 175

6-2 ( )
( 3 x 50 + 25 mm2 .) 179A

.7-4

3x50+25

150A

25A 40A 63A

4x3 4x4 4x6

3 2 3

5 HP 10 HP 15 HP

: 7-4 5-4

:
.1 . Over Load
.2 (
) .
.3
.
073 .

( CB )
:

-1 (
).
( Voltage Drop V.D -2
).
-3 CB Short Circuit
. CB

5-4 :
Rated Current 6-2
:
40 ( 25)

. :

( . ) De-rating Factors

Thermal rating
.

:
 177

-4
.7

: 7-4
55 50 45 40 35 30 25
0.65 0.76 0.85 0.93 1.00 1.07 1.13 PVC
0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.04 1.09 XLPE

. 8-4
: 8-4
55 50 45 40 35 30 25
0.71 0.82 0.95 1.00 1.08 1.15 1.22 PVC
0.84 0.89 0.90 1.00 0.90 1.10 1.14 XLPE

:
:
: 9-4

Above 300 mm2 Up to 240 mm2 Up to 70 mm2
1.00 1.00 1.00 50
0.97 0.98 0.99 60
0.94 0.96 0.97 80
0.92 0.93 0.95 100
0.89 0.92 0.94 125
0.87 0.90 0.93 150
0.86 0.89 0.92 175
0.85 0.88 0.91 200
072 .

:
: 10-4
250 200 150 120 100 90 80
C.cm/watt
0.73 0.80 0.91 1.0 1.07 1.12 1.17

: 11-4

9 8-6 5-4 3 2
0.7 0.72 0.75 0.78 0.85
0.66 0.86 0.7 0.73 0.8

:
: 12-4

Spacing 30 cm Spacing 15 cm Touching
Trefoil Flat Trefoil Flat Trefoil Flat
0.91 0.91 0.87 0.87 0.81 0.81 2
0.82 0.84 0.76 0.78 0.69 0.70 3
0.77 0.81 0.72 0.74 0.62 0.63 4
0.73 0.78 0.66 0.70 0.58 0.60 5
0.70 0.76 0.63 0.67 0.54 0.56 6

:
( ) Touching 15 30 .

:
.1

.
.2
.
 179

.3

.
.4 Current Rating
()
Cable rating
8
.
( 2 ).

: 6-4
PVC 95mm2 50

:
2
95mm 6-2 ( 25 )
268 7- 4 50 0.76
Thermal Rating 50 :

203A 0.76 x 268

268A .

7 -4
PVC 240 mm2 50C
80 .

:
: 8-4 0.89
:9 -4 0.96
: 12 -4 ( ) 0.7

6-2 435 .

435 x 0.7 x 0.96 x 0.89 = 260A

022 .

Thermal rating %60 Rating

.

6-2
(
) .
.

:8-4
18 .8 -4
.

8-4 18
:
11-4 :

0.7
0.8
0.56= 0.7 x 0.8 ()

:
0.66
0.85
0.56 0.66 x 0.85 ( )

. 56%
.
 181

:9-4
PVC 300 A
50 C 80 .

: 8-4 0.82
: 9-4 0.96
: 12-4 ( ) 0.7

Rated Current :
300
I cable 501A
0.7 0.96 0.82

(
) 12-4 0.63 0.7 :

300
I cable 557 A
0.63 0.96 0.82

( )557 /2 = 279A 6 - 2
120 mm2
. 2( 3 x 120 + 70 ) mm2 :

6-4 :
(
) De-rating Voltage Drop
%4 %8
( .)%6-3

:
- 1%
.3%
020 .

-
) (P = V x I cos
.
10% CB

.
.

:
V0 I ph R cos jX sin ) ........4 5

Voltage Drop :
.1 ( R (
) Go and Return R
2 X
)
.2 Reactance . X
.3 . Power Factor , cos
.4 Phase current . Iph

: 3-Phase . 3

)V0 I ph Z ( ........4 6

:
V0 I ph R() or V0 I ph X ........4 7

X R
.
 183

Voltage Drop
mV 13-4
.
( ) PVC
600.

: 13-4
023 .

: ) Z( Impedance p.u
:

Vo= Zp.u x Vline 4-8

VD 3- phase . Vline .1
Xcable . R .2
VD 2 Single .3
. 3-Phase Phase 3

:10-4
100 kVA 460 V Impedance . 5%
. Full load

:
 185

100000
I ph 125 A
3 460
2
Vline 460 2
Z Z p .u 0.05 0.1058 .
VAbase 100000

: 4-6

V0 ( I ph Z ( )) 125 0.1058 13.2V
4-10
V .D V0 3 3 23V

- - : 4-8
5
V 460 23V
100

:11-4
Multi-core 150 mm2
800 100A 415.

:
13-4 150 . 0.285 V/km/A
:

0.285 x 800 x 100/1000 = 23 V

5.4 % ( ) 23 / 415 380

380 .

415 240 13-4 Line

3- 3 voltage . 3
. Phase
023 .

9 -4
( ) V :

Vmax (total ) V1 max of V 2 , V 3 , V 4.

V1

V4

V3
V2

: 9-4

V 9-4
V1 .

7-4 :

CB .
.

:
-1 . Short Circuit
Study .
-2 .
( )
-2 Trip Time CB . CB
. .

:
 187

.
.
( ).

14-4 .

:12-4
PVC 70 mm2 14 kA CB
.

:
14-4 70 mm2 11.4 kA
14kA
. 95mm2 CB 0.3.

: 14-4
022 .

13-4
20kA CB
0.5.

:
0.5 14-4
150 mm2 20 kA 24.4 kA
.

. 10-4
0.5 sec 20 kA 120 mm2
( 150 mm2 23 kA ).
 189

: 10-4

( ) a
:

-1 90:
002 .

a( mm2 ) 9 t I SC ...............4 11

-2 90:
a( mm2 ) 14.2 t I SC ..........4 12

kA t CB
.

14-4
20kA
CB 0.5.

:
11-4
a( mm ) 9 0.5 20 127 mm
2 2

. 150 mm2

8 -4
( ) IS.C = V/ ZS.C
( ) V Zs.c Impedance
. Is.c
Impedances ( ) ZSC

.

11-4
Generating Station
Distribution Transformer Load
.
 191

Impedances . 11-4
Impedance .
R .Impedances

)X (Source

11 kV

)X (Trans
415 V

)X (Cable

: 11-4

-1 XS

. Short Circuits
11-4
( Xsource )Xs
Equivalent Reactance . MVASC

) MVASC (

11kV 500 .MVA 600 300MVA
000 .

415
31MVA 60 MVA
XS MVASC
:

kV 2
XS ............................4 12
MVASC

kV Line Voltage .
:

3kVPh2 max
XS
MVASC
Phase Voltage 1.05 .
Infinite Bus
Xs ( .) Short
:

Xs Rs S.C. MVA
0.633 0.095 250
0.4515 0.0675 350
0.316 0.047 500

-2
( . )XT XT

Name Plate :

1MVA XT . 4%
10MVA XT . 5 %

Us.c 0.04
0.07 .
 193

( )9/6 296

XT .
.

: 5-4

()Zs.c ()Xs.c ()Rs.c ()Us.c ()kVA
( ) ( ) ( )
128 107 70.3 0.04 50
64 57.5 28 0.04 100
25.6 24.2 8.3 0.04 250
12.8 12.3 3.52 0.04 500
9 8.63 2.55 0.045 800
8 7.76 1.94 0.05 1000

( ) N (
. )XT/N

-3
( R (X
.
25 2
0.07
0.15 .

Req / A

:
2
( ) mm A
003 .

70 :
21 . 2 .
33 . 2 .

Bus Duct (
)
.
Phase reactance 0.15 .

15-4
12-4 (
) ( )
( )
.

Xeq 10
.

:
( )1
:
Xeq . Zeq
)Xeq (1.05 Vph

23.1 ( 10 ) 220 1.05

32 .

" " "" 45 ( )2

70 + 150 3.2

.
9.9 (150 )33 45
 195

6.75 0.15 45

:
Req / A
33 . 2

0.15
"" 16.75 ) 6.75 +10 ( 9.9
19.5 . ""

11.794 (19.5 )220 1.05

16 . ""

"" "" 15 ( )3
2
35 + 70 3

4.5 (70 )21 15

2.25 0.15 15

0.15 CB ""
"" 24.080 19.2 14.4
. ""

9.593 (24.080 )220 1.05

16 ""

"" "" 10 ( )4
2
25 3
8.4 (25 )21 10
1.5 0.15 10
0.15
"" 30.964 20.95 22.8 .
""
7.460 (30.964 )220 1.05
003 .

10
.

"" 45

25
70+1503

2
164

""

4
15

2
164
35+703

3.5
2

""

3.5
10

6
253

104

""

M

3

: 12-4

"" 6 10 ( )5
2

12.6 (10 )21 6 -
 197

0.9 0.15 6 -
0.15
33.810 20.35 27.00
.
6.832 33.810 220 1.05

10
.

( )6
2
25 16 4 .
32.813 (16 )21 25 -
3.75 ()0.15 25 -
0.15

35.636 13.9 32.813 .
6.482

10 -
.
-
6.482 .

S.C.
MVA-
Method .

M :

:
002 .

) (Rated power
X M pu

MVAraterd
M ( gen, motor , transf )
X p.u

:

M :

KVL 2
M cable
Z C

M :
M .1
( M ) .
M . .2

Generators and Motors
M
MVAs.c Is.c

MVASC
I SC
) 3 (kV
kV .

16-4
13-4 MVA_method DB
200 . 5 MVA
 199

Trans. DB
Cable

0.01 ohm/km
X = 0.05
11/0.38 kV

: 13-4 16-4
:
( ) MVA_Source 300
MVA
.

M :
M1 = M_source= 300 MVA.

M2 = M_transformer = 5/0.05 = 100 MVA.

M 3 M _ cable
KV
2

0.38 2
72.2 MVA
X c 0.01 0.200

M : 14-4

M2=100 DB
M1=300 M3=72.2

MVASC

: 14-4 16-4

M M
.
1 1 1 1
36.5 MVA = MVASC M eq
M eq M 1 M 2 M 3

36.5
I SC 55kA
3 0.38
022 .

9 -4
1MVA
350 .15-4 :

MVA base = 1MVA

MVASource = 500 MVA & XT = 0.05 p.u
ZCable= 0.014

380 PVC 240 mm2

50 .

350 m

: 15-4
:
Load
1000,000
IL 1500 A
3 380

( )240mm2 360 6-2

1500
No. Cables 5 cables
360
300
).(1500 A

:
 201

-1

11-4 0.75 7-4
0.76

360 x 0.76 x 0.75 = 205 A

300
8 - 5.

Thermal Rating
) 0.72 ) 0.76 :

360 x 0.76 x 0.72 = 197A

8
Thermal Rating ( ) 197A ) ( 1500 / 8 187
.

-2
.3 %
13-4 240mm2 0.204
. 350 187
:

0.204 x 10-3 x 187 x 350 = 13.3 Volt

13.31/380 = 3.5 %

% 3
.
020 .

:
( x )

3.5
No. of Cables 8 10 cable
3

-3

. SCC .
:

-1
: SCC
Bus Bar
BB
.

: M :
M1 = M_source= 500 MVA.

M2 = M_transformer = 1/0.05 = 20 MVA.

M 3 M _ cable
KV 2 0.38 2 29.5 MVA
X c 0.014 0.350

.16-4

M1=500
M3=19.2

M2=20

MVASC
16-4
 203

: M (
) .

Meq = 11.64
Meq MSC .

: ( CB )

MVASC 11 .46
I SC 17.4 kA
3 kVL 3 0.38

SCC . 20 kA

BB 10
1.7 kA
) (240 mm2 .

-1

( ) (
) 500
MVA 20 MVA ( )

500 20
M SC 19.23MVA
520

Short
) (240 mm2 14-4
. 11-4

14-4 240 mm2 39 kA

19.23 kA .

11-4
023 .

a(mm2 ) 9 t I SC 9 0.5 19.23 122 mm2

( )240 mm2
.
 205

023 - .

Branch Circuit
.
Distribution Board
Switch Board
.
CB
.
.
.
:

.

.

.
 207

1-5
:

.1 .3-Phases
.2
Light Section : .Power Section
.3 3-Phase . 10 kVA
.4 ( )100 kVA
.
.5 Lighting
Power
: ( ).
.6

.
.7 ( )

.
2
Watt/m .8
.
.9 36.
.10 CBs .Spare
.11 ( )CBs
.Space Only
.12 .
.13 Phases 2.54
2.54.
.14 ( )3- Phases -
.Symmetric Distribution
3- Phases Phases
Phases Phase Phase
.Phase Balance
022 - .

.15 . Phase

.
.16 CBs ( ) 100A
. CB 100A
Trip 63A .80A
Trip .17 CB Frame Value CB
Value
) 100A (80A CB 100A
80A.
.18 3-Phases
CB Phase Current
3-Phases .
.19

(
) .
.20 .
.21 Multi-core 240 2
Single-core .
.22 ( )CB

CB 20A 14A 15A
.

2-5 ( )


.
.
 209

.
.
L ( )
(Sockets ) P ( )...
. (
Range Dryer WH -EX -A/C

DB
.
002 - .
 211
000 - .
 213

.
003 - .

L

.

:
-1 .
-2 .
 215
003 - .
 217

3-phases Color Code .

L20 60 W DB-4
1.5 mm 10A .
002 - .

 219

.
002 - .

SLD
Single Line Diagram
.

:
 221

3-5
Rated
Current
. CB :
000 - .

Rated Load .
Rated Load
Total Connected Load, TCL

.
CB
Total Connected Load
.
.

( NEC ) ()
( Demand Factor, DF )

: 1-5

: 1-5 NEC

.1 .
3000VA .2 ( )DF
( . (DF=1
.3 3000VA 1-
DF . 0.35
.4 Dryer
( ) DF = 1
.
.5 CB
:
1 - Find : ILoad
2 - Choose ICB > 1.25 ILoad
3 - Choose ICable > ICB
 223

.

Demand ( DF
) Factor .
" " .

Total Connected Load

. Total Connected Load
CB
.
Total Connected Load
.


.

.

(: :) NEC

( 15W/m2 30 W/m2 )
. 3000VA
. 1500VA
. 8000VA
Dryer 5000VA
65-60 .

.
003 - .

: 1-5
200 :
.1 NEC
.2 .TCL

:
NEC
NEC (
1) :

3000W 200 x 15 -1
3000VA -2
1500VA -3
12000 W 60 x 200 -4
8000 VA -5
5000VA -6
5000W -7

:
)3000+3000 + 1500) =7500 VA
: :
3000 x 1 + (7500 3000) x 0.35 + 12000 + 8000 +5000 = 29575 VA

- CB
- .29575 VA
) (
.

( :) TCL

3000 + 3000 + 1500 + 12000 + 5000 + 8000 = 32500 VA
.
 225

4-5


.

2- 5
.
9000VA
3000VA
3000VA
1500VA 1-
3500VA 2-
12000VA )(3-phase
2200 VA 3 ( )

:
.
. - CB
Single
. Line Diagram, SLD .

: :
.2-5
003 - .

: 2-5 2-5
1.25 IL CB Cable
( ) IL
Cable
Rating
2
9000/220 )8 (L1 :L8 5A 6.25A 10 2*2 mm 25
=41A
3000/220 )2 (P1 : P2 7 9 16 2*3 mm2 32
=14A
3000/220 )1 (P3 14 18 25 2*4 mm2 40
=14A
12000/3*220 )1 (P4 18 22 32 4*6 mm2 52
=18A
1- 1500/220 )1 (P5 7 9 16 2*3 mm2 32
=7A
2- 3500/220 )1 (P6 16 20 25 2*6 mm2 52
=16A
)2200/(220 )3 (A1 :A3 10 25 32 2*6 mm2 52
=10A )(2.5xIL

CB CB
(
16A 10A )9A
( )CB

( )
Starting Current CB.
2
2 x 3 . 2 x 2.5 mm

: (
:NEC

Total = 9000 + 3000 + 3000 =15000 VA

: NEC
 227

+ 35% (15000 - 3000) + 12000 + 1500 + 3500 + Design load = 3000 x 1

2200 x 3 = 30800 VA

( 38600 VA TCL
)
. NEC

:
Phases (
) .3-5

: CB :
CB 3-Phases
. 62A
I CB 1.25 62 77.5A CB 100A
3-2
ICable= 4 x 35 mm2

: 3-5 2-5
Load Phase-A Phase-B Phase-C

L1-L3 L4-L6 L7-L8

15A 15A 10A

P1=8A P2=8A

P3=14A

P4=18A P4=18A P4=18A

1- P5 =7A

2- P6 =16A

A1=10A A2 =10A A3 =10A

Total current per phase 58A 57A 62A

phase
. 3-phases
002 - .

: SLD .1-5

4x35 mm

100A

32A 32A 25A 25A 16A 16A 10A

2x6mm 2x4 mm 2x6 mm 2x2.5 mm 2x2.5 mm 2x1.5 mm

1 3 1 1 1 2 8

2- 1-

: 1-5 SLD . 2-5

3-5
. 4-5
CB .

:
17- 4-5
phase 17-
phase CB
.4-5
 229

: 4-5 3-5


:
415/240 V

Ph-C Ph-B Ph-A

1100 1

1100 2

1100 3

1100 4

1100 5

1100 6

1100 7

1100 8

1760 9

1760 10

1540 1- 11

3520 2- 12

3080 13

3960 3960 3960 14

2200 15

2200 16

2200 17

1200 18

1200 19

1200 20

21

22

13740 14400 14400 Total Phase power

(T.C.L)42540 Total connected load

14400/220 = 65.5A Max- Current per phase

82 A 1.25 IL

CB = 100A CB
2
Cable : 4 x 35 mm
002 - .

4-5
5-5 .
:

: 5-5

5-5

.
 231

5-5
.
:
:

Phases
V2 / V1:
V1 : Positive Sequence Voltage
V2 : Negative Sequence Voltage

V1 =Va + a Vb + a2 Vc )(5-1
2
V2 = Va + a Vb + a Vc )(5-2

Phases ) (Va ,Vb ,Vc

1-5 2-5
Unbalance . ) Negative Sequence Voltage ( V2

.

( ) ( 2-5) .
Voltage Drop Neutral .
In
( Neutral 2-5) Voltage drop
.
000 - .

Ib Ib
Ic Ic
Ib Ib
In

Ia Ia
Ic Ic

: 2-5 .

Phases Neutral
( .) P = V x I
CB (
3A ) 4A
. Constant Power Devices

Power Loss
Phase 100 Phase 0.1
:
3 I2 x R = 3 x (100)2 x 0.1 = 3000 W

: ) ) 100A+100A+100A Phase-A
( )
2 x I2 x R = 2 x (300)2 x 0.1 = 18000 W

( 2 Phase-A

( 300A Phase .) 2
.

Phases .
 233

5-5


220 :

- 3 12 .
- 3 3 0.8.
- 2 2 .
- 2 2 0.7.
- 2 3 0.8.
- 2 1 0.7.
- 200 18 4
0.95 .

:


:
- 18.23 )1 380 1.732 ( 12000
5.7 )0.8 380 1.732( 3000 -
9.09 )1 220( 2000 -
13 ) 0.7 220( 2000 -
- 5.7 )0.8 380 1.732( 3000
- 6.5 )0.7 220( 1000
( 7.04 )0.953801.732( )22200 -

Phases ( )
Phases 6-5
( ) Phases
Phases
3-Phases :
003 - .

: 6-5

Phase-3 Phase-2 Phase-1

P Q P Q P Q
kW kVAR kW kVAR kW kVAR
-- -- 2 -- 2 --
2 2.04 2 2.04 -- --
1 1.02 -- -- 1 1.02

3-Phase :
12 -- 12 -- 12 --
3 2.25 3 2.25 3 2.25
3 2.25 3 2.25 3 2.25
1.47 0.48 1.47 0.48 1.47 0.48

Phases :
22.47 8.04 23.47 7.02 22.47 6.00 Phase

Q P Active Reactive Phase

:

()I )Iimg( Reactive )IReal (Active

105.715 27.273 102.136 Phase-1
111.352 31.909 106.682 Phase-2
108.477 36.545 102.136 Phase-3

3-Phases Neutral
Symmetrical Components :

)Inr(Real Part
1.742 )36.545 31.909(0.866 + )102.136 + 106.682( 0.5 102.136
 235

)Ing( Imaginary Part

3.017 )102.136 106.682(0.866 + )36.545 + 31.909(0.5 27.273

3.484 ()In

:
(
)
.

(
)
5 - 3 .

28.8 - 12 60 + 12 80 + 12 100
7.2 - 3 60 + 3 + 80 + 3 100
4 - ( 2 2 )
3.6 - 2 80 + 2 100
4 5 - 3 80 + 3 100
1.8 - 1 80 + 1 100
4.4 - 4.4 100

55.2 68.41

.
003 - .

( -
) .


.
.

6-5
Feeder ( (One-in-take
200 kVA Two Feeders ) )Two in-take
400 kVA
( :
) .
:
200.. ( ) .
" 220 / 380 "
50 . ( )
.
200.. . 500.. ( ).
500.. . 1000.. ( ).

3-5 RMU (11
22 ) .
 237

(

)

RMU

3-5

1000.. . 2000.. (
).
2000.. ( ).

.
SC Capacity
500.. . CBs
22 . 1000.. . CBs
45 .
CBs
) (Coordination

.
ISC 1500 (Bus-
)Ducts .

.
002 - .

DF
.
.
Diversity Factor
40
( ) TCL 10kVA 400kVA
CB 400
kVA . 2000 kVA
8kVA
- - 320kVA
1600kVA
. .

7-5 ( )
+ + +
27 . 4-5

.
85
18
.
DB- 2, 3 ,5 ,6 ,8 ,9 ,11,12 ,14 ,15 ,17,18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 27
 239

: 4-5 .

( ) 85 m2 .7-5
4-5 . 6-5
032 - .

: 7-5 85 m2

4 ways TPN with ELCB 40A/30mA 4P

Cir Ph Cable )MCB (A Description Load per phase in

2
No. ) (mm )(W
R Y B
1 R 1.5 10 )L10 L19 (10x100 W 1000
Y 2.5 15 )P1= 200 & P2 = 800W (KIT 1000
B 1.5 10 )L1 L9 + EX 1-2 (11 x 100 1100
W
2 R 2.5 15 ) P7 P8 (2 x 200 W 400
Y 2.5 15 W.H-2 with 15A DP SW 1200
B 2.5 15 )P3 P4 (2x100 400
3 R 2.5 15 A.H.U with 20A DP SW 900
Y 2.5 15 P5 P6 400
B 2.5 15 W.H-1 with 20A DP SW. 1200
4 R 4 20A TP ISOL 20A TP for A/C 1877
Y 4 (5.631 kW) = 40700 BTU 1877
B 4 1877
Total Connected Load kW = 13.231 4177 4477 4577

:
( ) 4 circuit group 4 ways
Three Phase and Neutral TPN
Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker ELCB
ELCB 40A 30mA 40A/30mA 4P
. 4-Poles
Water Heater W.H
Double Pole Switch DP SW
Phase Neutral
Phase.
Air Handling Unit A.H.U
( Compressor Unit
.)Split
 241

( 60 )
. DB- 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25 :
. 8-5

: 8-5 60m2

4 ways TPN with ELCB 40A/30mA 4P

Cir Ph Cable MCB Description Load per phase in W

2
No. ) (mm A R Y B
1 R 1.5 10 )L7 14 (8 x100 800
Y 1.5 10 )P1 (1 x 100) +P2 ( 500W 600
KIT
B 1.5 10 L1-L6 + EX 1-2 800
2 R 2.5 15 P5P6 200
Y 2.5 15 W.H-1 with 15A SW 1200
B 2.5 15 )P3 P4 (2 x 100 200
3 R 2.5 15 Spare -----
Y 2.5 15 Spare ----
B 2.5 15 AHU with 20A DP Sw 400
4 R 4 20A TP ISOL 20A TP for A/C 1513
Y 4 (4.54 kW) = 33500 BTU/HR 1513
B 4 1513
Total Connected Load kW = 8.739 2513 3313 2913

.
.
MSB-1 : MSB-2

( : ) MSB-1
DB-1 DB-21 . 5 -5
030 . -

DB21 DB20 DB19

DB12 DB11 DB10

DB9 DB8 DB7

DB6 DB5 DB4

DB3 DB2 DB1

M M M 50A meters M M M M M M M M M M M M

40ATH 40ATH
30mA EL 30mA EL

300ATHN+E
300 A MSB1
MCCB, 65 kA
247 kVA

3 x 25 mm CU Tape

4 x 6 mm2 + 2.5 mm2 PVC Cu Conductor

1 in 38 mm PVC Conduit

: 5-5

. 9-5
 243

: 9-5 MSB-1

Load R Y B TCL
DB-1 2513 3313 2913 8739
DB-2 4177 4477 4577 13231
DB-3 4477 4577 4377 13431
DB-4 2913 2513 3313 8739
DB-5 4577 4177 4477 13231
DB-6 4377 4477 4577 13431
DB-7 3313 2913 2513 8739
DB-8 4477 4577 4177 13231
DB-9 4577 4377 4477 13431
DB-10 2513 3313 2913 8739
DB-11 4177 4477 4577 13231
DB-12 4477 4577 4377 13431
DB-13 2913 2513 3313 8739
DB-14 4577 4177 4477 13231
DB-15 4377 4477 4577 13431
DB-16 3313 2913 2513 8739
DB-17 4477 4577 4177 13231
DB-18 4377 4377 4477 13431
DB-19 2513 3313 2913 8739
DB-20 4177 4477 4577 13231
DB-21 4477 4577 4377 13431

TCL 78169 86569 83069 247807

( : ) MSB-2
DB-22 DB-27
. 10 -5
:
( . ) DB-Shop
( FFP .) 6 kW
SMSB .
033 - .

: 10-5 MSB-2
Load R Y B TCL
DB-22 2513 3313 2913 8739
DB-23 4177 4477 4577 13231
DB-24 4477 4577 4377 13431
DB-25 2913 2513 3313 8739
DB-26 4577 4177 4477 13231
DB-27 4477 4577 4377 13431
DB-SHOP 2300 3500 3100 8900
FFP 2000 2000 2000 6000
SMSB 11200 10100 12220 33520
TCL 37834 40334 41054 119222

SMSB :
o ( Lift-1 Lift-2 . ) 6 kW
o ( . ) DB-G
o ( . ) DB-B

. 11-5
: 11-5 SMSB
Load R Y B TCL
DB-B 2100 1900 2200 6200
DB-G 5100 4200 6020 15320
Lift-1 2000 2000 2000 6000
Lift-2 2000 2000 2000 6000
TCL = 33520 11200 10100 12220 33520
:
DB- 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25 :
60 Phases
Phase DB-1 ( ) 2513 W Phase-R
( DB-4 ) DB-1
Phase-Y Phase DB-7 Phase-B

.
 245

85 2 40700 BTU/HR 3.39

5.63 kW 1.6/
. 7-5
60 33500 BTU/Hr
4.5 KW .8-5
W/m2
9
( 2070 ) Lobby ( ) 9 X21
62W/m2
. 1- 4-3

.
( ( kW 367029 119222 +247807
( 400 kVA )
.

6-5
MSB-1 .
:
- - -
4 x 6 mm2 PVC 38.
- ( 50 )

.
- CB ELCB .30mA
-
Cu Tape . 4 x 25 mm

.6-5 11
033 - .

6 . 6 3
. .
1500 kVA
RMU (
. ) RMU

6 Feeder
3 x 240 + 120 + 70 mm2 ( 11)
Junction Box
4 x 25 + 16 mm2 . 6-5
5-5
CB CB
CB
. .
- -
.
Hot spot .

.
.
 247

Standby LBS

3 x 240 + 120+ 70 mm2 CU

JB LBS
R Y B N E 630A LBS LBS

JB RMU
63A

630 A LBS
With FUSE 100A

1500 kVA

2500
4 x 25 + 16 mm2 CU 2500 A
CB

250 A 250 A 250 A 100A 100A

3 x 240 + 120+ 70 mm2 CU

3 x 240 + 120+ 70 mm2 CU

3 x 240 + 120+ 70 mm2 CU

6 3

6- JB 2- 1-

6- JB 2- 1-

6- JB 2- 1-

6- JB 2- 1-

6- JB 2- 1-

6-5 JB

8-5
20 .
.
) (MLTP
. 7-5 MSB-1: MSB-2
MSB-3
. ESMSB
MSB-3 250 kVA .
032 - .

300A THN S/F for Chiller (104 kW

each) Two out of Three

ESMSB 145 Kw

13 13 14
250 kVA
300A
ATS
Synch 14
Panel
14

MSB-1 MSB-2 MSB-3

SPARE
14 14 14

400A 400A 400A 400A

MCCB.TP MCCB.TP MCCB.TP MCCB.TP

BB 2000A TPN + E
1600 A
MCCB, 65 kA

1000 kVA
17

: 7-5 MLTP

4 x 16 + 10 mm2 PVC in 38 mm PVC Conduit. 4

4Cx 25 mm2 Cu on cable tray 8
4C x 185mm2 Cu in on cable tray 13
4C x 240 mm2 Cu on cable tray. 14
3 x 25 mm Cu Tape. 17

MLTP :

( : ) MSB-1
8 -1
. 8-5
 249

) 300 TPN S/F FOR CHILL (104 KW

THROUGH SYNCHRONIZATIONS PANEL
ROOF FL.

DB-8th 6.8 KW

8TH FL. DB-7th 6.8 KW

7TH FL. DB-6th 6.8 KW

6TH FL. DB-5th 6.8 KW

5TH FL. DB-4th 6.8 KW

4TH FL. DB-3RD 6.8 KW

3rd FL. DB-2ND 6.8 KW

2nd FL. DB-1ST 6.8 KW

1ST FL.
DB-M 8.6 KW

Mezz FL. DB-G 7.6 KW

SPARE SPARE
13 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

ELR ELR ELR

300mA 300mA 300mA

40A
MCCB.TP
300A )(TYPICAL
MCCB.TP
500A THN + E, 35 kA 400 A
MCCB, 65 kA
) MSB-1 (At Ground FL.
TCL = 186.2 kW 14
4
Basement Floor
To LT Panel

DB-B 7.6 KW

: 8-5 MSB-1

( : ) MSB-2
9 16
.9-5

( : ) MSB-3
10-5
. ESMSB
052 - .

300 TPN S/F FOR

) CHILL (104 KW
THROUGH
100A THN S/F Lift-1
SYNCHRONIZATION
)(21 kW
S PANEL

ROOF FL.

DB-Mech. 6.8 KW

MECH. FL
DB-16th 6.8 KW
TH
16 FL.
DB-15th 6.8 KW

15th FL.
DB-14th 6.8 KW

14th FL.
DB-13th 6.8 KW

13th FL.
DB-12th 6.8 KW
12th FL.
DB-11th 6.8 KW

11th FL.
DB-10th 6.8 KW
10th FL.
DB-9th 6.8 KW
9th FL
SPARE SPARE
13 8 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

ELR ELR ELR ELR

300mA 300mA 300mA

40A
MCCB.TP
300A 300A )(TYPICAL
MCCB.TP MCCB.TP

BB400 :A THN + E, 35 kA 350 A

MCCB, 35 kA
) MSB-2 (At Ground FL.
TCL = 186.2 kW 14

To LT Panel

: 9-5 MSB-2

( : ) ESMSB
( ) ESMSB
ATS
. 250 kVA
 251

40A THN S/F for Chiller 20A THN S/F for 100A THN S/F LIFT
)P1-3 (4 kW each )Booster (3 kW each )3 (21 kW
ESMSB 145 Kw
ROOF FL.

14

40A THN S/F LIFT

Pump 7.5 kW
14

Mezz FL.
ATS 250 kVA

SPARE SPARE
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8 14

ELR ELR ELR ELR ELR ELR ELR ELR ELR ELR

300mA 300mA 300mA 300mA 300mA

40A 100A
MCCB.TP MCCB.TP

400A THN + E, 35 kA 400 A

MCCB, 35 kA
) MSB-3 (At Ground FL.
TCL = 210.77 kW 14

To LT Panel

: 10-5 MSB-3

:
Synchronization Panel -1 Chillers
MSB-1 MSB-2
.
-2 :
: Water Chillers
.
Water Chillers 104 kW


A.H.U /
050 - .

.
( )
.
.

: Chillers


Bus Duct
. ( ) Bus Duct
Bus Duct
Bus Duct Bus Duct
Bus Duct ( ) Tap-off
.

-3 ( )
CBs
.

4-
.

(
Compressor
).

%80
% 30 . .

.
 253

9-5

.
. .

) Ring Main Unit (RMU( .

)

Short Circuit Level ( .)65 kA 12-5
.

CB Low Voltage Side ( (Rated

1000000
) ( 1500A
3 380

:
( ) . MPDB
( MLDB ) .
( MEDB ) .
( MACDB ) .

:
-1 BB .
-2 ( ) MEDB
ATS .12-5
-3 Critical Loads
UPS . ATS
053 - .

-4 : ATS
( CB )
.

Standby LBS

LBS
630A LBS LBS

400A

FUSE 100A RMU

1MVA TR

1500A
CB

ATS MLDP MPDB

MEDB

UPS

FIRE PUMP

:12-5
:
MLDB: Main Light Distribution Board
MPDB: Main Power Distribution Board
MEDB: Main Emergency Distribution Board
 255

.

MEDB ( ATS
) . ( ) MEDB UPS
. MEDB

BB Bus Coupler, BC .13-5

Two out of Three CBs
( . ) CB-1, CB-2 , BC
( ) 2 out of 3 .
053 - .

From RMU

11 kV Switchgear

400A 400A

FUSE 100A FUSE 100A

1MVA TR 1MVA TR

11 single core Armoured cable

500 mm2 XLPE/PVC

770 kVA 670 kVA

SEC-2 SEC-1
2000A
2000 A BC 2000 A

250A

ATS MPDB
MACDB
150 kVA MLDB
250A
MEDB

250A

UPS

FIRE PUMP

:13-5

14-5

.
 257

400A 400A
2 OUT 3

BC

LIGHT
POWER AC

:14-5

.

.
.
( ) TR1 to TR7 1600 kVA
. Dry Type %33
Forced Cooling
2133 kVA -5 1600 kVA
.15
( RMU
) 14 (
) . : Bus Coupler
Incoming ( 1 ) 6
( Supply 5 )6 ( 1 )4
. Outgoing Feeders
( 9 ) 14 ( 9 ) 10 (
11 12 ) 13 ( . ) 14 ( 7 )8
Bus Coupler .

MSWB-1 : MSWB-2
. MSWB-3
052 - .

( ) 14
)CELL-1 (outgoing-1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

R&M

SF6 CB
withdrawable
Protective type 630A,
Relay 25 kA

Interlock

Bus Coupler

CT

Spare
ES

HV Cable
Termination
)Outgoing (Typical
3 x 95 mm2 XLPE
12/20 kV Cables Incoming Incoming
Supply Supply

TR4 TR5 TR6 TR7 TR1 TR2 )TR3 (Typical

1600/2133 kVA
11/ 0.4 kV,
33.3% Forced
cool
MSWB-3 MSWB-2
MSWB-1
3200A
)ACB (typical
2
1600 mm Cu BB

Bus bar

DBs DBs

DBs
DBs DBs

: 15-5

( ) MSWB-1 4 Air-CB
3200A CBs TR2
CB-4 CB-3 TR1 . TR3
( ) Normally Open TR1 CB-3
TR1 . TR2 TR3
CB-4 . TR-2
TR6 ( ) MSWB-2 TR2
TR5 TR7
MSWB-3 MSWB-2 TR4
Bus Bar .
 259

. 12-5
BBs
.

: 12-5
032 - .

10-5
( 5) RMU

( ) 66/11 kV
.

6-5
:
( ):
3.34 MVA :1-
1.66 MVA : 2-
( ):
1.33 MVA : 3-
2.66 MVA : 4-

.

66/11

Spare .

( 66/11 S4 4 x 25 MVA
20 MVA ) .
. 16-5

Short Circuit
Voltage Drop .

.
 261

( : )16-5
( ) 11: -1
3 S4 -
- 2 .bus coupler
- 4 ( ).
- 2 .
4 2000 MVA ( kV 0.4 / 11 )
.

-2 ( ) 7 :
- 2 .
- 2 .
- 3 .
3 200 kVA 11/0.4 kV .
-3 Single core 400 ) (XLPE 20/12 kV
) (S4 ( .
Multi-core ).
) (XLPE 20/12 . -4 240 x 32
( .
. ) 20 kV
-5 95 x 3 ( XLPE) 2 20/12. .
.

:
:
0.5% .1.43% -
11kV ( = 7.9 kA -
) 150 MVA SCC CBs BBs
.

16-5 .
030 - .

S4
66 KV

4x25 MVA
TR1 TR2 TR3 TR4
66 /11 KV

11 KV

21 22 40

3 (3X1X400) mm2CU

Bus Coupler

-2 630A
2 MVA Trs

2 MVA Trs

2 MVA Trs

2 MVA Trs
1- 2-
2 MVA Trs

2 MVA Trs

2 MVA Trs

4- 3-

: 16-5

17-5 2MVA .
 263

11 kV BB

630 A ,
11 kV CB

Earthing
switch

2000 MVA

3200

3200A CB

%100 %70

3200/5A

380

17-5

11-5
80% .
:

:7-5
1500 30 .
.

:
2
12.. 100 /

1500
5.4.. 30 12
100
033 - .

5.4
6.75.. 80
0.8

7.5.. 5 1.5..

.
11-5
) (k1
) (k2 30.

: 11-5 30

:
k1
k2
(). t
: 8-5
1250.. 750..
30
 265

: 11-5
750
k1 0.6 ; t 4 h
1250
k2 1.19
:

S2 = k2 * SN = 1.19 * 1250 = 1487.5 kVA

: 9-5
ONAN 450..
250.. .

S1= 250 kVA , t1 = 20h

S2= 450 kVA , t2 = 4h
S2/ S1 = 450 / 250 = 1.8 = k2 / k1

11-5 1.8 = k2 / k1 ; t = 4h
k2 k1 k1 = 0.633 , k2 = 1.14 :
SN

S1 S
SN 2
K1 K 2
450 250
SN 394.9 KVA
1.14 0.633
400...
033 - .
 267

032 .

) ( Live Conductors



.

(
Cable ) Trays

.Ground Wire

(
) .
 269

1-6
Phase
Neutral 3-Phase system Two
Phase . 3-Phases
) ( Live Conductors
V V

, 1-6 ( Phase
) + Neutral .
:

V
I body
Rbody

Ibody Rbody .
1-6 Neutral , N
(
) Closed Loop :
.

: 1-6

. .
072 .

.
:

.1 .
.2 .
.3 .

( ) :
. (
) .

.


.

: .
:
.


.
 271

1-6 .

: 1-6
( )
10-0 .
50-10 ( )
.
100-50
.
150-100 ( CPR
200-150 .
200 .

.
2-6 .

:2-6

( )
0 0.5
0.5 - 5
5- 30
50 - 30
20

( ) I ( : ) t
116 mA
I
t

100
11 .
070 .

:

.
.

.

CPR

.
- -
.

:



.

( )


.

( )
5-4

.
 273

CPR

.
. .
.


.

.

.
.
073 .

.

.

()

.
.

,
.
.

:

. (
) . .

.

:
-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9
-10 -11 -12

 275

Short
.

:
Arc Flash -1
Arc Blast -2

.
.

Flash


.
073 .
 277

2-6


( ) .

. 2-6

.

Relay

: 2-6 .

.

Electric Discharge
.
. .

Short



.
072 .

Power Quality

(. )Voltage Surges

Ground Neutral Neutral

A -2-6 -
Ground Faults . B -2-6

C -2-6

.

Isolated System
. D -2-6

.
 279

B A
ILoad
Neutral Neutral

IF

D C

Earth
Neutral Neutral
IF

2-6 Neutral .

" :"

-1
-2
( 1 5)
-3

( )spherical capacitor

022 .

. :
.
.

.

.

3-6
Electrode
.
Electrode

.
.

3-6:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 ( ) .

: 3-6
 281

. 4-6
) Main Earthing Terminal ( MET Bus Bar,
BB Protective Conductors BB .
( /
Equi Potential / )
. Conductors MET Earthing Conductors
.

( .. )

MET

: 4-6

:
.
.
.
.

)Soil Resistivity (
. 3-6 .
020 .

.

.
:

34800 d L
I
t
d L t .

: 3-6

.m
150-40
Above 200
250-500
Above 1000

" " .

10
30 .
45 30
. 20

. ()
.

.
 283

() .

" " . Driven Electrodes

.
Coupling
.
.


5-6
.

: 5-6 .

( ) 4 x 25 mm :
.
" " .
( )
3 5
.
( .6-6
).
023 .

: 6-6 ( )

.
.



.

.


.
.
.
Short



.
 285

Cu Tape 2.5
x 25 mm .
.
.


( )
.

.

Section .

( ( 0.8 )
( ( 0.4 ).

()
-1.05 /
-0.75
-0.6
-0.55
-0.25
0.0
+0.1
+0.15 /
023 .

.
.

.
.
:

.
.

.

(
)

.

.

Ground wire Cable Sheath

(
) Cable Sheath
Cable Sheath
.
Sheath .

.
 287

: 1-6
1.5 MVA Xpu
. 0.05

:

.

MVASC
MVABase 1.5
30 MVA :
X pu 0.05
MVASC 1.5
I SC 45kA
3VL 3 0.38

11-4 :

a( mm2 ) 9 t I SC 9 0.5 45 286 mm2

300.

-1 :


. . 6-6

-1
.

-2
022 .

4-6
.
Potential
Rise
.

.

5 1


( )Relay
:

) )r
.7-6

IF
r

x
dx

: 7-6

IF

 289

R
:

R ...........................6 1
2 r

( ) .
r .

d L
:
8L
R ln .................................6 2
2 L d

a L b h -6
8 :

8L2 a 2 a b h h2
R ln 1 ..................6 3
4 L ah 2a b
2
L 4 L2

: 8-6 .

R A
( ) IEEE-80-1986

R
2A 2A
002 .

"" :

-1 :

R 63
L
-2 :
2
RH 64
L

-3 N
RV . R/N
Mutual Effect
Screening
( Coefficient ) 1
. RV-T
N:
RV
RV T 6-5
N
: ( ) S
( )L S/L 9 -6
S 3 .

S S

: 9 -6 .

N -6
.4
 291

: 4 -6

N S/L N S/N N S/L

0.95 0.97 2 3 0.93 0.95 2 2 0.8 0.87 2 1
0.91 0.95 3 0.9 0.92 3 0.76 0.8 3
0.89 0.92 5 0.85 0.88 5 0.67 0.72 5
0.82 0.88 10 0.79 0.83 10 0.56 0.62 10
0.79 0.81 20 0.74 0.79 20 0.5 0.47 20

-4 L
: RH-T
2
RH T 6-6
L H
H .

-5 7 -6
N ( ) RV
( ) RH
:

RH RV
Req 67
RH RV
:2-6
75 20
5 500 .m
. 4 x40 mm

15 10-6
.
000 .

15 m

75 m

75 m
75 m

: 10-6 2-6

500
RV 100
L 5

R 100
RV T 6.25
N 0.8 20
S/L 15/5=3 4 -6 0.8
.

2 2 500
RH T 4.7
L H 300 0.7
( 0.7 ) .

RH RV 4.7 6.25
Req 2.6
RH RV 4.7 6.25
:


.
 293

" " . ( )C & P
E . 31-6
C E 100 m P
C E C E ) (A
) (V . Re= V/I

P 5
.
.
: .

P C
50 m 50 m
E

: 31-6

1-7 .
003 .

: 1-7 .

5-6
(
)
.
( ) LT ( ) MET BB
( ) MET Earthing Bars
Earth Bar . Earth Pin Sockets
( ) .

. 11-6 SLD .
 295

Y X

Y X

SLD

: 11-6

5-6 .

: 5-6
003 .

: Power Earthing
5 Safety Earthing 10
20 .

.

Multiple Grounding
Noise
.
Cable
Screen .

6 - 6


.
.


.

"" ( ) 30 kV/cm
.

kV
200 kA . 40 kA


.
 297

( 25 )
30000


.

. Air Termination
( ) 1790 - 1706


.

:

-
! .13-6

:
Stepped Leader
100
( Return Stroke
) . ( 25 ) .

)(2+ )(2 )(1+ )(1

: 13-6
002 .

"
" .

"" " " " ".

Air Termination
.

.
.
.
.

. 14-6
45 30
.
.

30
45

:14- 6
 299

3-6
10 x 10
.

:
( ) L ( )2r
L = 2r . 15-5

2r
10
10

: 15- 6 3-6

45 L :

2r 2 10 2 10 2 2r 10 2 L 14.4m

:

9 .16 -6

9m

: 16-6
022 .

2.5 X 20 mm
.4 x 20 mm
( 1 . )17-6
( )5 ( )2 (. )3

17-6

18-6 .
( )1 ( )9
(. )5

( )7 ( )3 / ( )6 ()4
.

( )8 .
 301

: 18 6 : .

di
V I LT RE I LT
dt
L Inductance .

-
.
.Side Flash

. 30 kV/cm (
)L .
020 .

7-6
RE

IF
Potential Rise
. 19-6
Potential Distribution .
on

V
uti
trib
Dis
l
tia
ten
Po

IF

x x
r

RE

19-6 .

Step Voltage . Touch Voltage


.

( ) IF
( ) RE
VTR ( )VTR = IF RE
( )VTR = IF RE
20 -6 Touch Voltage
Potential Distribution
. 19-6
 303

IF

X
IB

IF1
RB

RF

RE

20-6

IB
RB RF
.
. Safety Shoes
.
( )
.

: IF .
IF : RE
( . ) RB + RF
( ) IF1 x RE
.

- ) (x1 x2
21-6 IF
023 .

Step Voltage (
) :

I f 1 1
Vstep ............................6 8
2 x1 x2

( ) X2 >> X1
.

IF

x1

x2

: 21-6

.
 305

:4-6

120. .
1500 :

. .1
4 4.8 . .2

:
r = 0.5 m =120 .m IF=1500A

120 1500
VT I 57.29 kV
2 r 2 0.5



.

: 8 - 6

I 1 1 120 1500 1 1
VStep 1.193 kV
2 x1 x2 2 4 4.8
023 .

:


2 r


N R/N Screening Coefficient
.
.

Cable Sheath

( Main Earthing Terminal ( MET .12-6

: 12-6
 307

- Equi Potential Bonding

( )
.
( )Equi Potential Bonding
.

, SPD
Surface Potential Distribution .

. 22-6
:

-1 . 22 -6
-2 Grid . 22-6

22-6
022 .

( ) Grid Meshed Electrodes
(
) Meshed Electrodes
Equi-potential
( 22-6) .

Mesh
Touch Voltage
( 22-6 ) .
Step Voltage Mesh
Electrodes Mesh Electrodes
.

Grid Meshed Substations

. Grid

.

8-6
Power
Quality .
:
-1 . Solidly Earthing
-2 . Resistance Grounding
-3 . Reactance Grounding
-4 . Isolated System
 309

Faulty Phase .

( ) CBs
Rupture Capacity
.

2-6 Earthing Transformer
. 23-6

Relay

Earthing
Transformer

: 23 -6 .

Reactor Neutral Reactance

% 60 -25 Solidly Earthed
.

002 .

Stray Capacitance
-
. :

.
.Repeated Arcing
.
.

9-6


.
:

TN-S.
TN-C.
TN-C-S.
IT.
TT.

:
T Terre . Earth
N . Neutral
C . Combined
S . Separate
I . Isolated

Neutral
Point :
( ) T
 311

( Isolated ) I . IT

.
:
: T
T T TT
.
N . Neutral
.
C :
TN-C Neutral Protective Earth, PE

" " Combined " " Neutral .N-C

S :
TN-S N PE
" " Separate "
" Neutral . N-S

:
Neutral ( )PE TN-C-S
Combined
Separate
" " Combined " " Neutral " Separate
" " Neutral .

.
( ) T Separate
Neutral
. 24-6
000 .

: 24-6 TN-S

Power
Cable
Sheath

.

.
. -


" " .
-
.

Neutral
( ) T Combined PE
N
. 25-6 .(Protective Earthing Neutral) PEN- system
.
.
 313

TN-C System

Source Installation

Installation
Equipment

PEN

T
N-C

: 25-6 TN-C

Neutral
( )26-6 Neutral
.

: 26-6 TN-C-S
003 .

: 27-6

2
load load

27-6 TN-C-S

1-
2-
( ) 2- ( )
.
28-6
. Protective Multiple Earthing, PME 2-

.

load

: 28-6 PME

Isolated


 315

.
!!

.
( ).

. 29-6

.
Earth Leakage
Protection .

: 29-6 TT

TN-S-C
TT . 30-6 1-
( )1 (
) 10 220 V ( ) 220V 11= 20A
( ) 20A x 10 = 200V
.
.
003 .

200V

10

1
200V
20A 1

: 30-6 TN-C-S & TT

TT :
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .

TT
Earth Fault
.

10-6 ( )

1970
14000 . 1970
OSH ACT 1971
OSHA 90

.
 317

OSHA
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
ADMINISTRATION

.

): Code of Federal Regulation (CFR

50
) (OSHA ( .29 )
50 ) (Titles
) (Chapters ) (Parts ) (Sections
) (OSHA .29

:
1910 )(General Industry
1926 )(Construction

50
:

.1 .
.2
.
.3 8 ( 2.5)
.

.1 Head Protection
.
.2 .
.3 .
002 .

.4 .

.Double Insulated Equipment

()U.L

()Nameplates Marking
( )Fuses ( )Circuit Breakers
.

.

( )Space Work
30
(75 ) 600.
.
 319

36 (90 ) (
).

(
) 36 ( 90)
150 42 (110 )
600 151.
002 .

36 ( 90)
150 48 (120)
600-151.

6 ()
1200
60 .
 321

(
)
.
36.

/ .1
/ .2
/ .3

( 120 )Outlets 20 15
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter

000 .

( )UPS

.

( ) TAG
.
.
.
Explosion Proof Lamps

) (Hazardous Locations .


( )Hot Wire
( )Circuit Breaker ( )Fuse
.
.
( )Fuses ( )Circuit Breaker

.
.

.

.




.
 323

( )

.

( )
( ).
.
003 .
 325

003 .

1-7
Lighting .


.

.

.
.

:

. .
 327

( Argand 1784 ()
)
.

( )

.

William
Murdock .1820

1878
. Thomas Edison
.

- ( )1880
(
).
002 .

( )Vapour Tubes

( ) ( )
1930 .1940

.Fluorescent

.
Xenon
. ( (1978
Light Emitted Diode , LED
.

. :
( ( Reflection
Diffusion ) .
( Flux
Illumination, E Glare) .
( Color Rendering
Brightness).
.
( )

.

( ) .

.
 329

.



.
() .

:
.
.

:
.
.
:

( )20 "

(" )22
( )21


.

.
.

2-7

.
( )
()
Electromagnetic Radiation
:

= 3 x 108 m/s x
002 .

E=hn

h () h = 6.6x10-34 J.s
n

.
.
.

.

.
. Frequency Wavelength
( ) () ( ) .

3 x 108 m/s 7.5

1014 1014 4 750 ( ) 400
( ) Electromagnetic Spectrum
:
.1-7
.

( )
.

.
 331

: 1-7

.
. 2-7
() .

: 2-7
000 .

.
.

: Direct
1-7 Diffused
.

. :
-
-
glare -
3D modeling -

( )
-
-
- ( )
-
 333

3-7

.
.

.

.

: .

.
.

.
.
003 .

.2

4-7

:

( )F

( )Lumen (. )Lm

100
1200 40 2400
100 3600 .

( )I
Candela ( (cd ( )candle power
( .) Cp :

I Lm / Sr....................7 1

2 :
 335

( )Solid Angle A
3-7 Steradian, Sr
( ) 1
. A = r2

: 3-7

E ) ) Lm A
:

E lux.................................7 2
A
:
I E
20 cd Luminous Intensity, I
20 Lux Illumination, E

I . E
E . I

Luminous Intensity


.
003 .

Polar Curve 4-7 .

20 664
716 .
Reflectors .

()
( ) Mean Spherical Candle Power
.MSCP

: 4-7

:
L .
B . Lux

I
L Cp / cm 2 ........................7 3
S
S .Lambert
. 1-7 .

( ) B :
 337

B = E (Lux) x Reflectance

Reflectance
%100
%2 %40 . 10
%50 5.

: 1-7

() Lambert

9
10
8
10
5
10
3
10
1
10

1.5

.


.
002 .

5-7



0.0005 ( ) 0.3 10000
.
:

.
 339

( )
.

Color Index " : " CRI

Rendering 100 CRI 100
.

5-7 .Noon Sunlight
.

: 5-7
032 .

:
() .
( ) .
( ) .


.

.

3500 (
. )273 + Day Light Lamp 6500
. . 2-7

: 2-7

1700 K

1850 K

28003300 K

3400 K

4100 K

55006000 K

9300 K CRT

.
 341

.
:

( . :
- - 680 ) .
.

6-7 ()nNNrnioetipo
" " " "
E . I
E ) ) Lm
A :

E lux.................................7 4
A
030 .

Lux Lm/m2

. E / 2
/ 2
(30) . / 2 10.76 ( 10) .
10.000 1000
/ 2.

E :

E and A R 2 ...........................7 5
A

I cd .............................................7 6

I
E 2 lux.............................7 7
R 2
R

( )R2
( . ) I 6-7
. .

I
E1
D12
I
E2
D22

: 6-7
 343

7-7
E B
I cos 1
EB 2
...............................7 8
d1

d1 . B
B E
h
.

h d1 d2 d3

1
2 3

A B C D
: 7-7

I
EB 2
cos 3 1 ...............................7 9
h
E C D :
I
EC 2 cos 3 2
h
I
ED 2 cos 3 3
h

( ) A, B, C, D .
. Lambert Cosine Law

Point by Point
Iso-Lux Diagram 8-7
250 8.
033 .

.
.
.
.

: 8-7 . Iso-Lux

EP
N
I
EP cos 3 ........................8 13
N h2

I Polar
Curve .
 345

1-7
9-7 10 m
5 m 200 cd .
.

.2

L1
I cos 1 3
E L1
h2
1
15
1 tan 1 71.5
5
0.316 cos 1

200
E L1 2
cos 3 1 0.25 lux
5

. 45 2 : L2
200
E L 2 2 cos 3 2 2.83 lux
5

3.08 lux
:
2 * 3.08 = 6.16 ux
033 .

L1 L2 L3 L4

1
2

5m

10m 5m 5m 10m

: 9-7 1-7

.
( )
.

.
.

2-7
5x8 . - 4
2830 Lm 150
5 ( ) 4160 Lm
( 4730 Lm ) . 800
lux
( . %60 )

:

32000 40* 800 E*A
 347

:

6792 0.6 * 2830 * 4
( %60 )

12480 0.6 *5 * 4160
( 0.6 )

14190 4730 *3
33462 14190+ 12480 +6792
.
.

3-7
120m x 60m 1000W
12 % 40
. 1000 Lm / m2
.30 Lm/W .

2
120 X 60 = 7600 m

E*A 7600 x 1000 = 7.6 x 106 Lm
% 40

=7.6 x 106 / 0.4 = 19 x 106 Lm

= 19 x 10 6 / 12 = 1.58 X 106 Lm

= 30 Lm/W x 1000W = 3 X 10 4 Lm

032 .

= 1.58 x 10 6 / 3 x 104 = 52.67 53 Lamp

N UF L L
E ........................7 10
A

E . Lm/m2
A . m2
.
UF Utilization Factor .
LL .
N .

:
( ) %90
.


.

%90
.
Recessed Fixtures

.

 349

0.6 %60
.

Reflectors
Glare .10-7

" "
" " .

: 10-7 ( )

:
. 3-7
(
70 ( .) 90 cm )
052 .

: 3 -7

()
120
60
:
150
300
120
120
:
120
500
300 :
:
300 -
500 -
120
300

300
500
1000
:
300
60
:

1000
300
:
300
 351

()
120
300
:
120
500
:
300
500
3000
:
500
1000
300
5000
1000
500
:
500
1000
- 25000
100000
:
60
300
:

30
1000
500
120
500
:
150
300
300
120
050 .

300
500
500
500
300
500
120
:
300
750

:
500
3000

:

.

: Room Index Utilization Factor

-1 Room Index
Room Index factor, k ( Room Cavity ) hRC -7
11 Room Index :
L W
k ..............7 11
hRC L W

hcc

hRC

hfc

: 11-7 Room Cavity

 353

-2
Utilization Factor UF
. :

- ( L W ) H
( )hRC Room Index
.
- UF W F C
12-7 ( )
.
.

: 12-7 Utilization factor

4-7 ( ) .Utilization Factor

Room Index 4-7 5- 7
. .
 053 .

) UF( : 4-7

Ceiling 75 % 50 % 30 %

No Polar curve LUMINAIRE Walls 50% 30% 10% 50% 30% 10% 30% 10%

Room Index COEFFICIENT OF UTILIZATION

J .38 .36 .35 .38 .36 .35 .36 .35
I .46 .45 .44 .45 .44 .43 .44 .42
H .49 .49 .48 .49 .48 .47 .48 .47
G .53 .52 .51 .52 .51 .50 .51 .49
F .55 .54 .53 .53 .53 .52 .53 .51
1 E .57 .57 .36 .37 .56 .55 .55 .54
D .61 .59 .58 .59 .58 .57 .57 .56
C .62 .61 .59 .60 .59 .58 .58 .37
B .63 .62 .61 .61 .60 .59 .59 .58
A .64 .63 .62 .62 .61 .60 .60 .59
J .31 .26 .23 .30 .26 .23 .26 .23
I .38 .34 .31 .37 .33 .31 .33 .31
H .41 .38 .34 .41 .38 .34 .37 .34
G .45 .41 .39 .44 .41 .39 .40 .39
F .47 .44 .41 .46 .43 .41 .43 .41
2 E .51 .48 .46 .50 .48 .46 .46 .46
D .55 .52 .50 .54 .52 .50 .51 .50
C .56 .54 .52 .55 .53 .52 .52 .51
B .59 .57 .55 .58 .56 .54 .55 .54
A .60 .58 .56 .59 .57 .56 .56 .55
J .25 .22 .20 .24 .22 .20 .22 .20
I .31 .28 .26 .29 .28 .26 .28 .26
H .34 .31 .29 .32 .31 .29 .30 .28
G .36 .33 .32 .34 .33 .31 .32 .30
F .38 .35 .34 .36 .34 .33 .34 .32
3 E .40 .39 .38 .39 .37 .36 .37 .35
D .43 .41 .40 .42 .40 .39 .39 .38
C .45 .43 .42 .44 .41 .40 .40 .40
B .48 .45 .44 .47 .43 .42 .42 .41
A .50 .47 .46 .48 .46 .45 .45 .44
J .52 .49 .47 .51 .49 .47 .48 .47
I .55 .53 .51 .54 .52 .51 .51 .50
H .57 .55 .53 .56 .54 .53 .53 .53
G .58 .57 .55 .57 .56 .55 .55 .54
F .59 .58 .57 .58 .57 .56 .56 .56
4 E .61 .60 .59 .60 .59 .58 .58 .57
D .63 .62 .61 .61 .61 .60 .60 .59
C .64 .64 .63 .63 .63 .62 .62 .61
B .65 .65 .64 .64 .64 .63 .63 62
A .66 .66 .65 .65 .65 .64 .64 .63
J .38 .32 .28 .37 .32 .28 .31 .28
I .47 .42 .39 .46 .41 .38 .40 .37
H .51 .47 .44 .50 .47 .43 .46 .43
G .55 .51 .48 .54 .51 .47 .50 .47
F .58 .54 .51 .57 .53 .51 .52 .50
5 E .63 .60 .57 .62 .59 .56 .58 .53
D .68 .64 .61 .66 .64 .61 .63 .60
C .70 .67 .63 .68 .65 .64 .64 .62
B .73 .70 .68 .71 .68 .67 .67 .66
A .74 .72 .70 .72 .70 .68 .69 .67
J .34 .29 .25 .33 .29 .25 .28 .25
I .42 .38 .35 .41 .37 .34 .37 .34
H .46 .42 .39 .44 .42 .39 .41 .39
G .50 .46 .43 .48 .45 .41 .44 .41
F .53 .49 .46 .51 .47 .44 .47 .44
6 E .57 .54 .51 .56 .52 .50 .52 .50
D .61 .58 .55 .59 .56 .54 .56 .54
C .63 .60 .57 .61 .58 .56 .58 .56
B .66 .64 .61 .64 .60 .59 .60 .59
A .67 .63 .62 .66 .62 .61 .62 .60
J .33 .28 .25 .33 .28 .25 .28 .25
I .41 .37 .34 .40 .36 .33 .36 .33
H .45 .41 .38 .44 .41 .38 .40 .38
G .48 .45 .42 .48 .45 .42 .43 .42
F .51 .48 .45 .50 .47 .45 .46 .45
7 E .55 .53 .50 .55 .52 .50 .51 .50
D .60 .57 .54 .58 .56 .54 .55 .54
C .61 .59 .56 .60 .57 .56 .57 .55
B .64 .62 .60 .62 .60 .59 .60 .58
A .63 .63 .61 .64 .62 .60 .61 .60
 355

15.00-11.10 10.80-9.10 9.00 7.50 7.20 6.10 6.00 5.10

15.0-11.10 10.80-9.10
()

:5-7 ()Ri
()

9.0 750
J
J
J
J

J
J
J

J
J

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 357

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:
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:
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 359

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Room
Room Utilization Factor in %
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 363

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-8 . .1988
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 .

1- Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings, Benjamin Stien, John

Renolds, John Wily & Sons , 8th Edition, 1992.
2- Mechanical and Electrical Systems for Buildings, William K. Tao, Richard R.
Janis, Prentice Hall, 2nd Edition, 2001.
3- Electrical Installation Handbook, SIEMENS, John Wily & Sons , 2000.
4- Electrical Installation Calculations, B. Jenkins, M. Coates, Blackwell
Science,2nd Edition, 1998.
5- A Practical Guide to the Wiring Regulations, Blackwell Science Ltd, 1999.
6- Industrial lighting systems , John P. Frier , McGraw-Hill , 1980
7- Electrical power distribution system engineering , Turan Gonen, McGraw-
Hill , 1986.
8- IEC 60364-5-52 Electrical Installations of Buildings - Selection and erection
of electrical equipment - Wiring systems
9- IEC 60364-5-54 Electrical Installations of Buildings - Selection and erection
of electrical equipment - Earthing arrangements.
10- IEC 60479-1 Effects of Current on Human Beings and Livestock -
General aspects.
11- Electrical Installation Design, Bill Atkinson, Blackwell Science, 2nd edition,
2000.
12- Handbook of Electrical Design Details, Neil Sclater, John Trasiter,
McGraw- Hil Companies, 2003
 445

IEC Specifications
IEC 227 (Poly vinyl chloride)-insulated cables of rated voltages up to and
including 450/750 V:
227 -1 Part 1 General requirements
227-2 Part 2 Test methods
227-3 Part 3 Non-sheathed cables for fixed wiring
227-4 Part 4 Sheathed cables for fixed wiring
227-5 Part 5 Flexible cables (cords)
227-6 Part 6 Lift cables and cables for flexible connections
IEC 245 Rubber-insulated cables of rated voltages up to and including
450/750 V
245-1 Part 1 General requirements
245-2 Part 2 Test methods
245-3 Part 3 Heat-resisting silicone-insulated cables
245-4 Part 4 Cords and flexible cables
245-5 Part 5 Lift cables
245-6 Part 6 Arc welding electrode cables
IEC 502 Extruded solid dielectric insulated power cables for rated
voltages from 1 kV to 30 kV
IEC 702 Mineral insulated cables and their terminations with a rated
voltage not exceeding 750 V
702-1 Part 1 Cables
702-2 Part 2 Terminations
IEC 173 Colours of the cores of flexible cables and cords
IEC 391 Marking of insulated conductors
IEC 446 Identification of insulated and bare conductors by colour
IEC 60 High voltage test techniques:
60-1 Part 1 General definitions and test requirements
60-2 Part 2 Test procedures
60-3 Part 3 Measuring devices
60-4 Part 4 Application guide for measuring devices
IEC 229 Tests on cable oversheaths which have a special protective
 .

function and are applied by extrusion

IEC 230 Impulse tests on cables and their accessories
IEC 270 Partial discharge measurements
IEC 332 Tests on electric cables under fire conditions:
332-1 Part 1 Test on a single vertical insulated wire or cable
332-3 Part 3 Tests on bunched wires or cables
IEC 538 Electric cables, wires and cords: methods of test for polyethylene
insulation and sheath
IEC 540 Test methods for insulation and sheaths of electric cables and
cords (elastomeric and thermoplastic compounds)
IEC 811 Common test methods for insulating and sheathing materials of
electric cables
811-1 Part 1 Methods for general application
811-2 Part 2 Methods specific to elastomeric compounds
811-4 Part 4 Methods specific to polyethylene and
polypropylene compounds
(The several parts of IEC 811 are themselves subdivided into
sections, e.g. 811-1-1, 811-1-2, 811-2-1, with certain groups
of test methods in each section. Part 3 is reserved for methods
specific to PVC compounds)
IEC 815 Electrical test methods for electric cables
8152 Part 2 Partial discharge tests
(When all parts of IEC 811 and IEC 815 have been completed
they will replace IEC 538 and IEC 540)
IEC 71 Insulation co-ordination
71-1 Part 1 Terms, definitions, principles and rules
71-2 Part 2 Application guide
71-3 Part 3 Phase-to-phase insulation co-ordination:
principles, rules and application guide
IEC 287 Calculation of the continuous current rating of cables (100% load
factor)
IEC 364 Electrical installations of buildings. This has a number of parts,
which are subdivided into chapters, and sections, of which some
have a bearing on cables; the following, which supersedes IEC
448, is particularly relevant:
 447

364 5 523 Part 5 Selection and erection of electrical

equipment
Chapter 52 Wiring systems
Section 523 Current carrying capacities
IEC 724 Guide to the short-circuit temperature limits of electric cables
with a rated voltage not exceeding 0.6/1.0 kV.

IEC 60038 Standard voltages

IEC 60076-2 Power transformers - Temperature rise
IEC 60076-3 Power transformers - Insulation levels, dielectric tests and
external clearances in air
IEC 60076-5 Power transformers - Ability to withstand short-circuit
IEC 60076-10 Power transformers - Determination of sound levels
IEC 60146 Semiconductor convertors - General requirements and line
commutated convertors
IEC 60255 Electrical relays
IEC 60265-1 High-voltage switches - High-voltage switches for rated
voltages above 1 kV and less than 52 kV
IEC 60269-1 Low-voltage fuses - General requirements
IEC 60269-2 Low-voltage fuses - Supplementary requirements for fuses
for use by unskilled persons (fuses mainly for household
and similar applications)
IEC 60282-1 High-voltage fuses - Current-limiting fuses
IEC 60287-1-1 Electric cables - Calculation of the current rating -
Current rating equations (100% load factor) and calculation of
losses - General
IEC 60364 Electrical installations of buildings
IEC 60364-1 Electrical installations of buildings - Fundamental
principles
IEC 60364-4-41 Electrical installations of buildings - Protection for
safety - Protection against electric shock
IEC 60364-4-42 Electrical installations of buildings - Protection for
safety - Protection against thermal effects
IEC 60364-4-43 Electrical installations of buildings - Protection for
safety - Protection against overcurrent
IEC 60364-4-44 Electrical installations of buildings - Protection for
safety - Protection against electromagnetic and voltage disrurbance
IEC 60364-5-51 Electrical installations of buildings - Selection and erection of
electrical equipment - Common rules
IEC 60364-5-52 Electrical installations of buildings - Selection and erection of
electrical equipment - Wiring systems
IEC 60364-5-53 Electrical installations of buildings - Selection and erection of
electrical equipment - Isolation, switching and
control
IEC 60364-5-54 Electrical installations of buildings - Selection and erection of
electrical equipment - Earthing arrangements
IEC 60364-5-55 Electrical installations of buildings - Selection and erection of
electrical equipment - Other equipments
IEC 60364-6-61 Electrical installations of buildings - Verification and testing -
Initial verification
IEC 60364-7-701 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Locations containing a
bath tub or shower basin
IEC 60364-7-702 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Swimming pools and
other basins
 .

IEC 60364-7-703 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special

installations or locations - Locations containing
sauna heaters
IEC 60364-7-704 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Construction and
demolition site installations
IEC 60364-7-705 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Electrical installations of
agricultural and horticultural
premises
IEC 60364-7-706 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Restrictive conducting
locations
IEC 60364-7-707 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Earthing requirements
for the installation of data
processing equipment
IEC 60364-7-708 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Electrical installations in
caravan parks and caravans
IEC 60364-7-709 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Marinas and pleasure
craft
IEC 60364-7-710 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Medical locations
IEC 60364-7-711 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Exhibitions, shows and
stands
IEC 60364-7-712 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Solar photovoltaic (PV)
power supply systems
IEC 60364-7-713 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Furniture
IEC 60364-7-714 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - External lighting
installations
IEC 60364-7-715 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Extra-low-voltage
lighting installations
IEC 60364-7-717 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Mobile or transportable
units
IEC 60364-7-740 Electrical installations of buildings - Requirements for special
installations or locations - Temporary electrical
installations for structures, amusement devices and booths at fairgrounds,
amusement parks and circuses
IEC 60427 High-voltage alternating current circuit-breakers
IEC 60439-1 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies - Type-tested
and partially type-tested assemblies
IEC 60439-2 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies - Particular
requirements for busbar trunking systems (busways)
IEC 60439-3 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies - Particular
requirements for low-voltage switchgear and
controlgear assemblies intended to
be installed in places where unskilled persons have access for their use -
Distribution boards
IEC 60439-4 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies - Particular
requirements for assemblies for construction sites
(ACS)
IEC 60446 Basic and safety principles for man-machine interface, marking and
identification - Identification of conductors by
colours or numerals
IEC 60439-5 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies - Particular
requirements for assemblies intended to be installed
outdoors in public places
- Cable distribution cabinets (CDCs)
IEC 60479-1 Effects of current on human beings and livestock - General
 449

aspects
IEC 60479-2 Effects of current on human beings and livestock - Special aspects
IEC 60479-3 Effects of current on human beings and livestock - Effects of
currents passing through the body of livestock
IEC 60529 Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP code)
IEC 60644 Spcification for high-voltage fuse-links for motor circuit applications
IEC 60664 Insulation coordination for equipment within low-voltage systems
IEC 60715 Dimensions of low-voltage switchgear and controlgear. Standardized
mounting on rails for mechanical support of
electrical devices in switchgear
and controlgear installations.
IEC 60724 Short-circuit temperature limits of electric cables with rated voltages
of 1 kV (Um = 1.2 kV) and 3 kV (Um = 3.6 kV)
IEC 60755 General requirements for residual current operated protective
devices
IEC 60787 Application guide for the selection of fuse-links of high-voltage fuses
for transformer circuit application
IEC 60831 Shunt power capacitors of the self-healing type for AC systems
having a rated voltage up to and including 1000 V -
General - Performance, testing
and rating - Safety requirements - Guide for installation and operation
IEC 60947-1 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - General rules
IEC 60947-2 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Circuit-breakers
IEC 60947-3 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Switches, disconnectors,
switch-disconnectors and fuse-combination units
IEC 60947-4-1 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Contactors and motor-
starters - Electromechanical contactors and
motor-starters
IEC 60947-6-1 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Multiple function
equipment - Automatic transfer switching equipment
IEC 61000 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
IEC 61140 Protection against electric shocks - common aspects for installation
and equipment
IEC 61557-1 Electrical safety in low-voltage distribution systems up to 1000 V
AC and 1500 V DC - Equipment for testing,
measuring or monitoring of protective
measures - General requirements
IEC 61557-8 Electrical safety in low-voltage distribution systems up to 1000 V
AC and 1500 V DC - Equipment for testing,
measuring or monitoring of protective
measures
IEC 61557-9 Electrical safety in low-voltage distribution systems up to 1000 V
AC and 1500 V DC - Equipment for insulation fault
location in IT systems
IEC 61557-12 Electrical safety in low-voltage distribution systems up to 1000 V
AC and 1500 V DC - Equipment for testing,
measuring or monitoring of protective
measures. Performance measuring and monitoring devices (PMD)
IEC 61558-2-6 Safety of power transformers, power supply units and similar -
Particular requirements for safety isolating
transformers for general use
IEC 62271-1 Common specifications for high-voltage switchgear and
controlgear standards
IEC 62271-100 High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - High-voltage
alternating-current circuit-breakers
IEC 62271-102 High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Alternating current
disconnectors and earthing switches
IEC 62271-105 High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Alternating current
switch-fuse combinations
IEC 62271-200 High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Alternating current
metal-enclosed switchgear and controlgear for rated
voltages above 1 kV and up to
and including 52 kV
IEC 62271-202 High-voltage/low voltage prefabricated substations
 .

Contents
4 ............................................................
5 ...........................................................
7 ........................................................................
7 ...............................................................
8 ...............................................................
8 ...................................................................
8 ................................................................ .

-1 11 ......................................................
1-1 00 .......................................................
00 ................................................................................................................
00 ............................................................................................................
00 ............................................................................................
05 ..................................................................................................

2-1 03 ...............................................................
03 .................................................................................................
07 ........................................................................................
02 .......................................................................................

3-1 02 ...........................................................
02 ...................................................................................................
00 ................................................................................................
02 ..................................................................................................

4-1 00 ...............................................................
00 ...................................................................................
00 ........................................................................................
03 ...................................................................................................
05 .......................................................................................

-1 19 .....................................
: 11 .........................................
1-2 00 .........................................................................
00 ....................................................................................................... R.M.U
 451

05 ..........................................................................

2-207 .........................................................................................
32 .......................................................................................................

3-2 32 ...............................................................................
30 .........................................................................
30 ................................................................................................. ATS
30 .....................................................................................UPS

4-2 35 ........................................................................
35 ..........................................................................................
30 ........................................................................................... IP-Code
50 ..............................................................................................
50 ...............................................................................
: 54 .................
5-2 53 ................................................................
53 .....................................................................................
55 .......................................................................................................

6-2 53 ................................................................
57 ......................................................................................................
52 ........................................................................................................ 6
50 ................................................................................................ 6
50 ................................................................................... 6

7-2 32 ...............................................................................
32 ......................................................................................
30 .......................................................................................
30 ........................................................................................
30 .....................................................................................

8-2 30 ................................................................................
30 ..................................................................................................
33 ......................................................................................................

9-2 35 ...............................................................................
37 ................................................................ Current Carrying Capacity
32 ....................................................................................................

10-2 30 ...............................................................lartueN

11-2 30 .............................................................................
30 ............................................................................... Power Losses
70 ....................................................................................................
70 .................................................................................................
70 .........................................................................................
 .

70 ..............................................................................................
70 ....................................................................................................

12-2 70 .................................................................... tru rut

75 .................................................................................................. Bus Duct
77 .............................................................................................. Bus Duct
70 ....................................................................................................
70 .................................................................. Bus Duct

: 81 .......................................
20 .......................................................... seuuret tuaecauu 13-2

14-2 20 ...........................................................................stu
20 ................................................................................................ MCB
23 ............................................................................................ MCCB
20 ................................................................................................ GFCB

15-2 () 00 .................................................................... erua

00 ..............................................................................................
00 ......................................................................... H.R.C
: 91 ...............................
16-2 ( 00 .......................................................... ) snoteutnuu
03 ....................................................................................... Contactor
03 ................................................................................... Contractors

-1 98 ....................................................
1-3 00 ...................................................................................
00 ........................................................................................
022 ................................................................... Sockets
020 ............................................................................................

2-3 020 ............................................................................

020 ............................................................................................ SEER
023 ..............................................................................................
023 ..................................................................................

3-3 027 ................................................................

027 ................................................................
020 ................................................................................

4-3 000 .....................................................................

000 ................................................................................Demand Factor
003 ............................................................................. Diversity Factor
 453

5-3 002 .............................................................................

000 ......................................................................................
000 ....................................................................................................
003 .....................................................................................

6-3 002 ..............................................................

002 ....................................................................................................
000 ...........................................................................................

7-3 ( ) 002 ......................................................

000 .....................................................................................
000 ...............................................................................
005 ..................................................................................
003 ...............................................................................................
007 ................................................................................................ Harmonics

8-3 000 ............................................................................

000 ................................................................................................
032 .............................................................................................
032 ............................................................................................
030 ................................................................................................

9-3 033 .........................................................................

033 ............................................................................................ Window
035 ........................................................................................... Split
037 ........................................................ Duct Split
032 ............................................................................... Package
030 ..............................................................................................
052 .......................................................................................................
053 ................................................................
055 ....................................

-4 158 ...................................................
: 161 ....................................
1-4 032 ...........................................................
030 .................................................................................

2-4 (030 ......................................................... ) cneauSteteu

030 ............................................................................

3-4 (035 ................................................. ) doeLeu cneau

033 ..........................................................................Name Plate
032 ................................................................................................
032 ...............................................................................
 .

072 .................................................................................
070 .....................................................................................................

4-4 070 ..............................................

: 176 ................................
5-4 : 073 ......................................................
073 ..................................................................................

077 .................................................................................

077 ................................................................................. :

072 ........................................................................ :

072 ........................................................ :

072 ............................................................... :

6-4 : 020 .....................................................

023 ...................................................................................................

7-4 : 023 .................................................

027 ......................................................................................
022 .................................................................................
020 .......................................................................................

8 -4 002 ...............................................................................
007 ............................................................................................. MVA Method

9 -4 022 .................................................................................

-5 116 ....................................
: 117 .........................................
1-5 027 ........................................................

2-5 ( ) 022 ..................................................

020 ................................................................
003 ...........................................................................
000 ...........................................................................

3-5 000 .........................................................

000 ................................................................................... NEC
000 ................................................................. Total Connected Load
000 ...........................................................................
 455

4-5 005 .................................................

5-5 000 .......................................................

: 116 ........................................
6-5 003 .......................................................................
002 ...................................................................................

7-5 ( ) 002 .........................................................

030 .................................................................................
035 ..................................................................
035 ..........................................................................

8-5 037 ................................................................

050 .............................................................................................

9-5 050 ..................................................

050 ............................................................................ MVA
055 .............................................................................................
055 ........................................................................................
053 ..................................................................................
057 ...........................................................................
050 ............................................................................

10-5 032 .....................................................................

032 ..........................................................................................
030 ....................................................................................

11-5 030 ............................................................

-6 168 ..........................................................
1-6 030 ........................................................
072 .............................................................................
072 ................................................................................
072 .....................................................................................
070 .....................................................................................
070 .....................................................................

2-6 077 ...................................................................

072 ........................................................................... Ground Neutral
070 ......................................................................................................

3-6 022 .......................................................................

020 ...............................................................................................................
020 ....................................................................................................
 .

025 ...................................................................................................
025 ......................................................... Corrosion
023 ........................................................... Ground wire Cable Sheath
023 .......................................................................................
027 ....................................................................................

4-6 022 .................................................................

022 ...............................................................................
002 ...............................................................................................
000 ........................................................................................

5-6 003 .................................................................

003 ....................................................................................
003 ...........................................................................................

6 - 6 003 ...............................................................
002 ...............................................................................
002 .........................................................................................
000 .................................................................................................
020 .................................................................................

7-6 020 ..................................................................................

020 ........................................................................................................
020 .......................................................................................................
023 ...............................................................................................
027 ................................................................................................
022 .............................................................................

8-6 022 ..............................................................

020 .................................................................................... Solidly Earthing
020 ...................................................................... Resistance Grounding
020 ...................................................................... Reactance Grounding
020 ..................................................................................... Isolated System

9-6 002 ...........................................................

000 ................................................................................................ TN-S
000 ................................................................................................ TN-C
000 ............................................................................................. TN-C-S
003 ................................................................................................... IT
005 ................................................................................................TT

10-6 ( ) 003 ...........................................

003 .........................................................................................
007 ............................................................................................ OSHA
007 ...................................................................
002 ...............................................
000 ............................................................
 457

-7 116 ....................................................
1-7 003 ..................................................................................
007 .......................................................................................................
002 .................................................................................
000 .......................................................................................................

2-7 000 ............................................................................

000 ..............................................................................................

3-7 000 .............................................................................

4-7 003 .............................................................

003 ...................................................................................... Luminous Flux
003 ................................................................................. Luminous Intensity
005 ..................................................................................... Illumination
005 .................................................................................... Polar Curves
003 ............................................................................................ Brightness
007 .............................................................................................. Glare

5-7 002 ..............................................................

002 ...........................................................................................
032 .......................................................................................................
032 .................................................................................................
030 ...................................................................................................

6-7 (030 ...................................................... )nNNrLeoeteno

030 ..............................................................................................
035 ................................................................................
033 ..........................................................................
032 .............................................................................................
032 .......................................................................................

7-7 030 ..............................................................................

030 ............................................................................. Incandescent lamps
033 ..................................................................................................
037 .............................................................................................
032 .......................................................................
070 ...................................................................................
070 .................................................................................
070 .....................................................................................
073 ......................................................................... Metal Halide Lamp
073 ....................................................................................................
075 ....................................................................................................
073 .................................................................................................. LED
077 ..........................................................................................
 .

070 ...................................................................................................
022 .................................................................................

8- 7 022 .............................................................................
020 ............................................................................................ Flicker

9-7 020 ................................................................................

020 ............................................................................................
023 .......................................................................................
023 .................................................................................
027 ........................................................................................

14-7 027 .............................................................................

-8 191 ..................................................
000 ........................................................................

: 003 .........................................................................

1-8 003 ............................................................................

2-8 002 ..............................................................

002 ....................................................................................
322 .................................................................................

3-8 322 ............................................................................

322 .......................................................
320 ......................................................................

4-8 320 ...........................................................

5-8 320 ............................................................ tnNeuetd aaut

323 ................................................................................
325 .....................................................................................

6-8 325 .................................................

323 ......................................................................

7-8 323 .............................................................

323 ........................................................................... Built Drawings As- -
323 ........................................................ Operation & maintenance manuals
323 ...................................................................................................
327 .................................................................................................
327 .................................................................................................
322 ..............................................................................................
322 ...............................................................................................
 459

320 ......................................................................................................
320 ......................................................................................................

8-8 302 ........................................................................

300 ............................................................................................
305 ....................................................................................
302 .....................................................................
302 ..................................................................... Bus Duct
411 ..............................................................
411 ...........................................
416 .................................................................2-
( ) 416 ...................................
415 ..............................................................
415 ............................................
441 .........................................................
444 ........................................................
 .