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Chuong 5
Chuong 5
DUNG DCH
74
e. Nng ng lng
Mt loi nng khc thng c s dng tnh ton trong cc phng
php phn tch th tch l nng ng lng c nh ngha l s ng lng
gam ca cht tan trong mt lt dung dch.
* Gia CM v CN:
75
Gii:
Khi lng ca 1 lt dung dch: 1000 x 1,230 = 1230g
Khi lng ca H2SO4 trong 1 lt dung dch: 3,75 x 98 = 368g
Khi lng ca H2O trong 1 lt dung dch: 1230 - 368 = 862g
Do :
368
C% = 100 = 29,9%
1230
C N = 3,75 2 = 7,5 N
3, 75.1000
Cm = = 4,35m
862
5.1.2. tan v cc yu t nh hng n tan
a. Khi nim v tan
tan l nng ca cht tan c vo dung dch to ra mt dung dch bo
ha mt nhit xc nh.
mt nhit nht nh tan ca mt cht trong mt dung mi c xc
nh bng nng ca dung dch bo ha ca cht .
Thng thng tan ca cht rn trong mt cht lng c biu th bng s
mol cht tan c trong mt lt dung dch.
i vi cht kh tan trong cht lng th tan c biu din bng th tch cht
kh bo ha trong mt th tch xc nh ca dung mi.
tan thng c k hiu l S
- Khi dung dch c nng nh hn tan ta c dung dch cha bo ha, cht
tan c th tan thm.
- Khi dung dch c nng ln hn tan cng nhit th ta c dung dch
qu bo ha.
Cc dung dch qu bo ha khng bn, nu khuy, lc hoc thm vo dung
dch mt vi tinh th cht rn s c s kt tinh cht tan t dung dch v dung dch
s tr v trng thi bo ha.
Tch s tan
L tch s nng ca cc ion ca n trong dung dch bo ha cht vi s
m bng h s t lng trong phn thc:
AmBn mAn+ + nBm-
Am Bn = [ An+ ]m [ B m ]n
76
S = T = 1,1.10 10 = 1,05.10 5 mol / L
77
mt cn bng mi c thit lp, v d nhin lc ny dung dch s cha mt lng kh
tan nhiu hn.
nh lut Henry v tan ca cht kh trong cht lng: tan ca cc cht kh
t l vi p sut ring phn ca cht kh .
k
Nhit (oK)
O2 ( 10-5) CO2 ( 10-5) H2S ( 10-5)
78
Th nghim v p sut hi bo ha: C hai cc, mt cc ng nc nguyn cht v
mt cc ng dung dch nc ng v c t trong mt chu thy tinh nh hnh 33.
Sau mt thi gian th nghim ta thy th tch ca cc cha nc gim cn th tch ca cc
cha dung dch nc ng tng.
iu ny c th c gii thch khi p sut hi ca dung mi nguyn cht ln
hn p sut hi ca dung dch cha cht tan khng bay hi, ngha l nu hai bnh c
lp nhau th khi cn bng lng hi c thit lp p sut hi to ra trn b mt dung
mi nguyn cht phi ln hn p sut hi to ra trn b mt dung dch.
79
P : gim p sut hi bo ho ca dung dch
P/P0 : gim tng i p sut hi bo ho ca dung dch
0 1
ct = =
0 0
nh lut Raoult I c th pht biu cch khc: "Ti mt nhit xc nh,
gim tng i p sut hi bo ho ca dung dch cha cht tan khng bay hi v
khng in li bng nng phn mol ca cht tan trong dung dch".
Trong trng hp dung dch long v l tng, nh lut Raoult I ng vi mi
cht tan khng in li, khng bay hi.
5.2.2. tng nhit si
Nhit ca cht lng l nhit m ti p sut hi bo ha ca cht lng
bng p sut hi bo ho ca kh quyn.
Do dung dch c p sut hi bo ha nh hn p sut hi bo ho ca dung mi
nguyn cht nn mun cho p sut hi bo ha ca dung dch bng p sut kh quyn
cn phi tng nhit ca dung dch ln nn nhit si ca dung dch ln hn nhit
si ca dung mi nguyn cht.
Nhit si bnh thng ca mt cht lng c nh ngha l nhit lc p
sut hi ca cht lng t c 1 atm. Cc cht tan khng bay hi lm gim p sut hi
ca dung dch, do dung dch phi c un nng n nhit cao hn nhit si
ca dung mi tinh cht mi c th t c p sut 1atm. iu ny c ngha l cht tan
khng bay hi lm tng nhit si ca dung mi. Mc gia tng nhit si ph
thuc vo nng ca cht tan trong dung dch. i vi cc dung dch long mi quan
h c biu din bng phng trnh:
S = S .C m
Vi: T: tng nhit si so vi dung mi tinh cht.
ks :gi l hng s nghim si ph thuc vo bn cht dung mi.
Cm: nng molan ca cht tan trong dung dch.
Da vo tng nhit si so vi dung mi nguyn cht ta c th xc nh
c phn t lng ca cht tan trong dung dch.
Bng 10. Gi tr KS v K ca mt s dung mi khc nhau
80
V d 1: Mt dung dch c iu ch bng cch ha tan 18,00g Gluc trong
150,00g nc. Dung dch c nhit si l 100,340C. xc nh phn t lng ca
Gluc, bit hng s nghim si ca nc l 0,510C.Kg/mol.
Gii:
S = S .C m ; = 0,34 0 C ; Ks = 0,51
0,34 n gluco
Cm = = 0,67 mol/kg =
0,51 0,1500
Do : ngluco = 0,15. 0,67 = 0,1 mol;
18
M gluco = = 180
0,1
5.2.3. h nhit ng c
Nhit ng c (kt tinh) ca cht lng l nhit m ti p sut hi bo
ho ca pha lng bng p sut hi bo ho ca pha rn.
Do p sut hi bo ho ca dung dch nh hn p sut hi bo ho ca dung
mi nguyn cht nn cho p sut hi bo ho trn pha rn bng p sut hi bo ho
trn pha lng (ca dung dch) cn phi h nhit ng ca dung dch xung, ngha
l: nhit ng ca dung dch nh hn nhit ng ca dung mi nguyn cht.
V d: Vi nc nguyn cht c nhit ng c l 00C (chnh xc l
0,00990C) ng vi p sut hi bo ha ca nc v nc lng l 0,006atm. Vic
ha tan cht tan vo nc s lm cho dung dch c nhit ng c thp hn nc
nguyn cht, bi v s hin din ca cht tan trong nc s lm cho p sut hi ca
nc trong dung dch thp hn p sut hi ca nc , do ti nhit ny dung
dch khng th ng c v khng c s cn bng ca p sut hi gia pha lng v pha
rn. Nu ta h nhit , p sut hi ca pha rn gim nhanh hn pha lng, kt qu s
dn n s cn bng p sut hi ca 2 pha lng v rn v lc ny dung dch s ng
c.
Do cht tan lm h nhit ng c ca nc, nn cc cht nh NaCl, CaCl2
thng c ri trn cc va h hoc ng l trnh s ng bng trong ma ng
cc nc vng lnh gi, d nhin vi iu kin nhit bn ngoi khng qu thp.
81
T gin ta c th kt lun: s hin din ca cht tan khng bay hi lm m
rng khong nhit m dung dch tn ti trng thi lng. Cng ging nh tng
nhit si, h nhit ng c ca dung dch so vi dung mi nguyn cht ph
thuc vo nng ca cht tan. Phng trnh biu din s lin h, i vi dung dch
long, cng c dng tng t v cng c dng xc nh phn t lng ca cc
cht tan.
T = K.Cm
T: h nhit ng c ca dung dch so vi dung mi tinh cht.
K : hng s nghim ng ph thuc vo bn cht dung mi.
Cm : nng molan ca cht tan.
V d: Tnh gn ng khi lng ca etylen glycol cn thm vo 10 lt nc
thu c mt dung dch c nhit ng c l 23,30C. Bit Mtylenglicol = 62,1. Khi
lng ring ca nc 1g/ml, hng s nghim ng ca nc 1,860C kg/mol.
Gii
T = K.Cm;
23,3
Cm = = 12,5 mol/kg
1,86
Do 10 lt nc c khi lng 10 Kg, nn
Khi lng etylenglycol cn : 12,5 6,21 10 3 = 7,8Kg
Di p sut bnh thng nc c khi lng ring (t trng) cao nht l
4C: 1 g/cm l v nc vn tip tc gin n khi nhit gim xung di 4C.
Hin tng ny khng c quan st bt k mt cht no khc. iu ny c ngha
l: Vi nhit trn 4C, nc c c tnh ging mi vt khc l nng n, lnh co;
nhng vi nhit di 4C, nc li lnh n, nng co. Do hnh th c bit ca phn
t nc (vi gc lin kt 104,45), khi b lm lnh cc phn t phi di xa ra to
lin kt tinh th lc gic m. V vy m t trng ca nc nh hn nc th lng.
82
5.2.4. p sut thm thu ca dung dch
p sut thm thu l p sut cn phi tc dng ln mt dung dch th nhit
ng ca n ly li gi tr m n c i vi dung mi tinh khit.
V d 1: Khi th vo nc tinh khit, nc thm nhp nhanh chng vo dung
dch ng qua mng v ngi thy nc dng ln trong ng. ng thi, nhng vi
tc nh hn nhiu, ng cng khuch tn vo trong nc tinh khit. Cui cng
nng hai bn mng cn bng nhau, cc mc cng vy, cc hin tng khuch tn t
nhiu c tnh chn lc qua cc mng gi l s thm thu. Cch phn tch mt hn hp
nh s dng cc hin tng thm thu gi l php thm tch.
V d 2: Mt ng thy tinh c ngn cch bi mt mng bn thm gia
(mng bn thm c tnh cht c bit l ch cho cc phn t dung mi thm qua nhng
khng cho cc phn t cht tan thm qua). Cho vo hai bn ng cng th tch dung
mi nguyn cht v dung dch cha cht tan. Sau mt thi gian th tch ca dung dch
tng cn th tch ca dung mi nguyn cht gim. Qu trnh di chuyn dung mi
nguyn cht sang dung dch thng qua mng bn thm c gi s thm thu. n
mt lc no mc cht lng bn phn ng ng dung dch khng dng cao ln na,
qu trnh thm thu t n cn bng. Kt qu l mc cht lng trong ng ng dung
dch cao hn trong phn ng ng dung mi nguyn cht, iu ny c ngha l p
sut tnh ca dung dch ln hn ca dung mi tinh cht. Phn p sut chnh lch c
gi l p sut thm thu.
83
n m
Thay C= =
V MV
m
ta c: V = RT
M
V: th tch dung dch (lt) cha m gam cht tan.
M: Khi lng phn t ca cht tan
p sut thm thu ca dung dch bng p sut gy bi cht tan, nu nh cng
nhit cht tan nm trng thi kh v chim mt th tch bng th tch dung dch.
nh lut ny ch p dng cho dung dch long cha cht tan khng bay hi v
khi khng c s tng tc gia cc cht. p sut thm thu ch ph thuc vo nhit
v nng cht tan.
Vic o p sut thm thu cng c s dng xc nh khi lng phn t
cht tan.
V d 3: Ha tan 1. 10-3g mt protein vo nc v chnh n th tch 1ml. Dung
dch thu c c p sut thm thu l 1,12mmHg 250C. Tnh khi lng phn t ca
protein.
Gii:
1
= 1,12 = 1,47 10 3 atm ;
160
R = 0,082atm / 0 K .mol ;
T = 25 + 273 = 298 0 K
1,47 10 3
C= = 6,02 10 5 mol / l ;
0,082 298
1,00 10 3
Khi lng phn t = 5
= 1,66 10 4
6,02 10
ng dng:
Hin tng thm thu c ngha sinh hc rt quan trng v mng ca cc t bo
l mng thm thu. Thm thu l nguyn nhn trc tip ca qu trnh ht nc t mi
trng v qu trnh vn chuyn nc trong c th sinh vt. Tuy nhin, Mi sinh vt ch
pht trin bnh thng trong mi trng c p sut thm thu thch hp. Do nu
bn phn vi nng qu ln c th lm cy cht v mt nc.
Dch t bo ca mi c th sng c nng cc cht dinh dng xc nh nn
c p sut thm thu xc dnh. Khi p sut thm thu ca dch t bo ln hn ca mi
trng s gy ra s thm thu nc mi trng vo t bo v lm cho nc di
chuyn t t bo n sang t bo kia.
Qu trnh thm thu c nghin cu th nghim sau: Khi cy ho t trong
nc th ti li. Khi nc thm vo t bo, n s to ra p sut d trong p sut
ny cng tng nh v t bo v gi n trng thi cng. Nu ct t cy, do nc
bay hi nn th tch ca cht lng bn trong gim xung v v t bo xp i, cy s
84
ho. Nu nh t cy va mi ho vo nc th s thm thu li bt u, t bo li
cng ra v cy ti li.
Mt trong nhng ng dng quan trng ca s thm thu l to ra my lc mu
cho nhng bnh nhn b bnh thn. Mu c cho chy qua mt ng lm bng
cellophane, ng vai tr mng bn thm, ng c t trong dung dch ra (dialyzing).
Dung dch ny cha cc ion cng nh cha cc cht tan c nng bng nng ca
chng trong mu, do s thm thu cc cht ny s thm qua mng i vo dung dch v
do mu c lc sch.
Dung dch c p sut thm thu nh nhau gi l dung dch ng trng. Cc
cht lng bm vo mu phi ng trng vi cht lng trong mu.
By gi nu chng ta cho nc nguyn cht tip xc vi dung dch nc mui
thng qua mt mng bn thm v tc ng ln dung dch nc mui mt p sut ln
hn p sut thm thu ca dung dch nc mui th s xy ra qu trnh thm thu
ngc ngha l nc s chuyn t dung dch vo nc nguyn cht. ng dng ny c
ngha thc tin ln. Cc my kh mui xch tay ng dng nguyn tc trn cho php
lc c 5 lt nc t nc bin trong 1 gi.
5.3. Dung dch in ly
5.3.1. Thuyt in ly
a. Thuyt Arrhenius
Axt l hp cht cha hiro khi tan trong nc phn li ra cation H+.
Baz l hp cht cha OH khi tan trong nc phn li ra anion OH-.
b. Thuyt Bronsted Lowry
Axt l tiu phn (phn t, ion) c kh nng nhng proton (H+).
Baz l tiu phn (phn t, ion) c kh nng nhn proton.
V d, khi ho tan NaCl vo nc:
NaCl + (x + y)H2O Na+.xH2O + Cl-.yH2O
Cc cht khc nhau c mc phn li khc nhau nn ta c cht in li mnh v
cht in li yu.
c. in li:
in li ca mt cht in li l t s s phn t phn li ra ion (n) v tng s
phn t ho tan (n0).
n
=
no
85
d. Phn loi cht in li: Cht in li mnh, cht in li yu, cht khng in li.
Cht in li mnh: l cht c kh nng cht in li hon ton thnh cc ion
ngha l trong dung dch khng cn phn t cha in li; gm: axit mnh, baz mnh
v mui ca chng.
Cht in li yu: l cht ch in li mt phn thnh ion (hoc ch c mt s phn
t in li ra ion); gm: axit yu, baz yu, mui ca baz yu v axit yu.
5.3.2. Cn bng trong dung dch cht in li yu
a. Hng s in li
S in li ca cht in li yu l mt qu trnh thun nghch nn ta c th p
dng nh lut tc dng khi lng.
Gi s c cn bng: HA H+ + A-
[H + ] [ A ]
Ta c: =
[ HA]
86
Tnh axit ca dung dch l do tnh cht ca ion H+ quyt nh, cht no in li
cho cng nhiu ion H+ th tnh axit cng mnh.
- Axit mnh l axt in li gn nh hon ton, axit yu in li khng hon ton.
- i vi axit yu: HA H+ + A-
[ H + ][ A ]
A =
[ HA]
KA gi l hng s cn bng axit (hng s in li), cc axit a chc yu s in li
thnh nhiu nc, mi nc c mt hng s axit ring. Hng s axit chung ca ton b
phn t bng tch cc hng s axit ring.
Bng 11. Hng s in li (Ka) v pKa ca mt s axit yu
b. Baz v s in li
Baz l cht trong dung dch in li ra anion OH- v cation kim loi (hoc +4 )
M(OH)n Mn+ + nOH-
Tnh baz do ion OH- quyt nh, cht in li cng nhiu ion OH- th tnh baz
cng mnh.
Baz mnh l baz in li hon ton, baz yu in li khng hon ton.
87
i vi baz yu: qu trnh in li thun nghch; hng s cn bng in li ca
baz gi l hng s baz.
NH4OH NH4+ + OH-
[ +4 ][ ]
=
[ 4 ]
Cc baz a chc yu s in li thnh nhiu nc, mi nc c mt hng s baz
ring. Hng s baz chung ca ton b phn t bng tch cc hng s baz ring.
Kw = [H+][OH-]
250C ta c Kw =[H+][OH-] = 10-14
Mi trng axt: [H+] > [OH-] v [H+] > 10-7
Mi trng baz: [H+] < [OH-] v [H+] < 10-7
b. pH
c trng cho axit, baz hay trung tnh ca mt dung dch, ngi ta s
dng mt i lng gi l pH.
pH = - lg[H+].
88
pH c gi l ch s hyr hay pH.
Dung dch c pH cng nh [H+] cng ln dung dch c tnh axt cng
mnh.
Dung dch c pH cng ln [H+] cng nh [OH-] cng ln dung dch c
tnh axt cng yu (tnh baz cng mnh).
c. Cht ch th v pH
Nhiu phn ng ch xy ra mt pH xc nh. bit pH s b ca dung
dch nghin cu, ngi ta thng dng cc cht ch th mu hay cht ch th v pH.
nh ngha
Cht ch th v pH l nhng cht c mu sc thay i ph thuc vo pH, chng
thng l axit hay baz hu c yu m dng phn t v dng ion c mu khc nhau.
V d: Mt cht ch th pH l axit th trong dung dch tn ti cn bng phn li:
HInd H+ + Ind-
Dng axit Dng baz
- Nu mi trng axit th cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu nghch, cho n khi
[ HInd ]
10 th dung dch c mu dng axit.
[ Ind ]
- Nu mi trng baz th cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu thun, cho n khi
[ Ind ]
10 th dung dch c mu dng baz.
[ HInd ]
Khong i mu ca cht ch th
L khong pH t khi ch th bt u chuyn mu n chuyn mu hon ton.
89
d. pH ca mt s dung dch
* pH ca dung dch axt mnh mt nc
Axt mt nc l axt m mt phn t ( hoc mt ion ) ch c th nhng mt H+
pH = - lgCa
* pH ca dung dch baz mnh mt nc
Baz mt nc l axt m mt phn t ( hoc mt ion ) ch c th nhn mt H+
pH = 14 + lgCb
* pH ca dung dch axt yu mt nc
Xt dung dch axt yu CH3COOH nng Ca mol/l:
CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO- + H3O+
nng ban u Ca 0 0
nng cn bng Ca x x x
x.x
a = x 2 + a x a Ca = 0
Ca x
Khi bit Ka, Ca s tm c x = [H3O+] vi 0 < x < Ca.
Nu x qu nh so vi Ca ( x 5%Ca ) th c th coi Ca - x Ca.
T ta c: x = K a Ca
90
+ Ch c gc axt yu v baz yu trong mui mi b thy phn. Axt cng yu, baz
cng yu th gc ca n trong mui mi b thu phn cng mnh.
+ Khi tng nhit th thu phn cng mnh.
+ Nu ho tan mt mui c gc axt yu v mt mui cp gc baz yu vo cng mt
dung dch th s thy phn mui tng cng ln nhau v c th b thy phn hon
ton.
Cc loi mui thy phn
- Mui ca baz yu vi axt mnh: Thu phn to baz yu v pH < 7.
1
pH = 7 ( pK b + lg C m )
2
- Mui ca baz mnh vi axt yu: Thu phn to axt yu v pH > 7.
1
pH = 7 + ( pK a + lg C m )
2
- Mui ca baz yu vi axt yu: Thu phn to axt yu v baz yu.
Mt s nhn xt
- Nu ion ca mui l nhng cation trung tnh th qu trnh phn li ch dng li cc
ion b hirt ho v c pH ca dung dch khng thay i (pH = 7).
- Nu ion ca nhng anion v cation axt , baz hoc lng tnh th chng s tng tc
vi dung mi nc to ra sn phm c cha cht kt ta, bay hi hoc in li yu.
Qu trnh ny gi l s thy phn ca mui. Trong cc trng hp ny pH ca dung
dch s thay i
91
Hnh 37. Cu to ht keo
Do c cng in tch nn cc ht keo s y nhau, khng th kt hp li c
thnh ht c kch thc ln tch ra khi h. Chnh lc y tnh in ny lm cho h
keo bn trong mt khong thi gian di.
H keo bao gm: Nhn, lp hp ph, lp ion i to thnh ht. Ht mang du
in tch ca lp hp ph.
- Nhn: Trung ha v in, gm mt s ln nguyn t hay kt phn t hp li.
- Lp hp ph (hay lp ion cng du b hp ph): nhn l mt tp hp phn t c b
mt ln nn c kh nng hp ph mt loi ion ca dung dch c trong thnh phn ca
nhn v tr thnh b mt mang in, cc ion ny phn b quanh nhn to thnh lp
hp ph.
- Lp ion i (hay lp ion b hp ph): lp hp ph c kh nng ht mt s ion ngc
du vi n. Cc ion ny phn b gn nhn to lp ion i.
- Lp khuych tn (hay lp ion khuch tn): mt s ion i cn li trong mi trng
phn tn to lp khuych tn. Lp ny b ht keo ht yu nn chuyn ng tng i
t do.
Ht + lp khuych tn = mixen
Mixen trung ho v in. D tc dng ca in trng, ht chuyn v mt in
cc, cn lp khuych tn chuyn v in cc kia. Nu lp hp ph mang in (+) ta c
keo (+) v ngc li.
b. Phn loi
C hai cch phn loi h keo:
Cch 1:
- Keo thn dch: tiu phn keo lin kt cht ch vi mi trng phn tn nh lp v
solvat, khi lm ng t dung dch keo ny ta thu c mt khi c gi l gel.
V d: Keo protein
- Keo s dch: tiu phn keo khng to c lp v solvat vi mi trng phn tn
nn khng gn cht vi mi trng. Khi lm ng t, keo ny s kt ta v tch khi
mi trng phn tn di dng bt.
V d: Keo hydroxit, oxit kim loi.
Khi mi trng phn tn l H2O, ta c keo thn nc v keo s nc, keo thn
dch bn hn keo s dch. Tnh cht thn dch hoc s dch ca keo cn ph thuc mi
trng phn tn.
V d: Keo Ca3(PO4)2
Cch 2: Keo dng v keo m.
- Keo dng gm: Hiroxit kim loi, phm nhum hu c, hmgrobin,
92
- Keo m gm: Keo lu hunh, keo sunfua, gm rp,
Keo dng Fe(OH)3
- Thy phn FeCl3 trong nc si ta c dung dch keo st (III) hiroxt:
FeCl3 = Fe3+ + 3Cl-
Sau :
Fe3+ + H 2O Fe(OH)2+ + H+
Fe(OH)2+ + H2O Fe(OH)2+ + H+
Fe(OH)2+ + H2O Fe(OH)3 + H+
Ht nhn keo
93
- Mt phn cc ion H+ khc xa ht nhn to thnh lp ion khuych tn.
- Cu to ht keo c biu din:
{ [As2S3]m ; nHS- ; xH+ }(n - x) ; (n - x) H+
Ht nhn keo
Cl
- Nha n keo H+
-
Cl -
Cl L p ion cung da u b hap phu H+ H+
- - H+
Cl Fe3+ - Cl HS- H+
Cl H+ +
H
- - L p ion b ha p phu +
Cl Cl Fe(OH)3 - H+ H As2S3 H+ H+
Cl
- - Lp ion khue ch ta n H+ H+
Cl Cl H+
- - Cl
-
H+ H+
Cl Cl
- H+
Cl
S o ca u ta o misen keo Fe(OH)3 S o cau tao misen keo As2S3
94
5.4.2. Cc phng php iu ch v tinh ch
a. iu ch keo
* Phng php phn tn
Trong phng php ny ngi ta p dng bin php c hc chia nh cc ht
th ca h huyn ph, nh tng, bt thnh cc ht c kch thc ng quy nh h
keo. S phn tn c hc ca cht rn vo cht lng bao gi cng c hiu qu hn.
Cc qu trnh thng p dng:
- Nghin, xay cc ht rn bng ci xay keo cho n khi c kch thc bng ht keo.
- Phn tn bng siu m: dao ng siu m c tn s cao hn dao ng m thng,
di tc dung ca siu m, tiu phn th b gin v nn lin tcv b gy thnh cc tiu
phn c kch thc bng tiu phn keo.
* Phng php ngng t
Thy phn, oxi ha kh, ngng t,...l c s ca phng php iu ch h keo.
Khi c mt cht bn ha trong nhng iu kin xc nh v nhit , nng , ta c th
iu ch nhng h keo vi phn tn cao.
Cc qu trnh thng p dng:
- Ngng t bng phn ng ho hc:
V d:
FeCl3 thu c khng tan trong nc nhng khng b lng xung thnh kt ta,
trong dung dch di dng keo trong sut c dng mu nu .
- Ngng t bng cch thay th dung mi: v d: dung dch keo S
S tan trong ancol nhng khng tan trong nc. Ly mt t dung dch S trong
ancol, cho vo bnh ng nc, lc u, do ancol t, nc nhiu nn nc l dung mi,
cc phn t S khng tan trong nc, kt hp li vi nhau to thnh keo S.
b. Tinh ch keo
Trong dung dch keo mi iu ch c ln tiu phn dung dch tht hoc tiu
phn th lm cho dung dch km bn nn phi tin hnh tinh ch, tc l loi b cc
tiu phn ni trn.
Loi tiu phn th: Do kch thc tiu phn th ln hn tiu phn keo nn
loi tiu phn th, phi dng giy lc hoc phu lc xp c kch thc khong 10-5cm.
Khi tiu phn keo v dung dch tht i qua, cn tiu phn th b gi li.
Loi tiu phn dung dch tht (phn t hoc ion): Dng phng php thm tch.
Cho dung dch keo vo ti thm tch (thng l ti bng giy bng knh), nhng
ti vo cc nc ct, cc tiu phn dung dch tht s i ra khi ti(do ti c kch thc
l nh), cc tiu phn keo b gi li. C nh vy, thay nc ct trong cc cho n khi
dung dch trong ti tinh khit.
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5.4.3. Tnh cht ng hc ca h keo
a. Chuyn ng Brown
Nm 1827 Brown, nh sinh vt ngi Anh quan st bng knh hin vi s
chuyn ng hn lon v khng ngng ca cc ht rt nh trong cht lng, qu trnh
ny gi l chuyn ng Brown.
Trong dung dch keo, cc ht keo lun b cc phn t ca mi trng khuch tn
va chm, x y t cc hng khc nhau vi cc vn tc khc nhau, lm cho cc ht
chuyn ng hn lon khng ngng. l chuyn ng Brown. Do chuyn ng hn
lon ca cc phn t, tng xung lc (lc tc dng trong thi gian ngn) tc ng ln ht
keo thay i tc thi theo thi gian, lm cho qu o chuyn ng c ng gp khc.
Thc t i vi ht c kch thc c 5 ( 5.10-4cm) chuyn ng Brown
chuyn ng gn nh dao ng mt v tr no . Khi kch thc ht ln hn 5.10-4
cm th chuyn ng Brown ca ht thc t dng hn. Trong mt giy, hng va chm
ca tiu phn keo thay i 106 ln.
Nguyn nhn chuyn ng Brown ca cc ht keo l do chuyn ng nhit ca
cc phn t dung mi gy nn chuyn ng nhit ca cc ht keo. Chuyn ng ca
cc phn t mi trng l hn lon dn n chuyn ng cc ht keo cng lun lun
thay i vn tc v c hng. di trung bnh ca ht keo l d. Chuyn ng ht keo
lm cho ht keo phn b ng u trong th tch.
96
C hai trng hp xy ra:
- Khi C2<< C1 (nng cht in li << nng cht keo) : Hu nh khng c
cht in li i qua mng.
- Khi C2 >> C1 (nng cht in li >> nng cht keo): Cht in li hu
nh phn b u hai bn mng (khng i qua mng).
5.4.4. Tnh cht quang hc ca h keo
* Th nghim Tyndall
Khi chiu chm tia sng vo dung dch keo ta thy xut hin chm nh sng m
c trong dung dch keo c dng hnh nn. Hin tng ny gi l hiu ng Tyndall.
97
gi l hin tng in di hay in chuyn v c F.F.ReiSS quan st c ln u
tin nm 1807.
Hin tng in chuyn cng ging hin tng in phn nhng khc ch ht
keo c kch thc ln nn chuyn ng chm.
Hin tng in chuyn c ng dng ln trong thc t. Trong cc nh my s,
ngi ta ng dng hin tng ny tch Fe2O3 ra khi t st. Khi khuy t st vi
nc, cc ht keo t st tch in m cn cc ht keo oxyt st tch in dng nn khi
cho dng in i qua, t st nguyn cht s thot cc dng.
S chuyn ng ca pha lng (mi trng phn tn) di tc dng ca in
trng trong iu kin pha phn tn ng yn, c gi l in thm. Ngy nay ngi
ta gi hin tng in ng hc l in di v in thm.
5.4.6. c tnh b mt v s hp ph ca dung dch keo
Hp ph l l hin tng b mt m h keo l h c b mt ln, c kh nng hp
ph. Qu trnh hp ph thuc vo bn cht ca cht hp ph v cht b hp ph, vo
nhit v quan trng nht l nng .
Hp ph ho hc: Xy ra khi cht b hp ph to vi cht hp ph hp cht ho
hc trn b mt pha hp ph. V mt bn cht lc lin kt, hp th ho hc c hnh
thnh nh lc lin kt ho hc. V lc lin kt ho hc ch c bn knh tc dng c
kch thc phn t nn trong hp ph ha hc thng ch hnh thnh lp hp ph n
phn t, l hp cht b mt.
Hp ph vt l: Cc phn t ca cht b hp ph ch nh b ngng t trn b
mt cht hp ph v b gi trn b mt ny bng cc lin kt yu. Hp ph vt l c th
dn n s to thnh cc lp a phn t.
Tuy nhin do ht keo tch in nn hin tng hp ph ca dung dch keo c
nhng c im khc vi hp ph thng thng, l s hp ph chn lc v s hp
ph trao i trong dung dch cht in li.
Hp ph chn lc: nu ht keo tch in m th s hp ph cc ion dng v
ngc li. Ion c ho tr cng cao, bn knh hydrat ho cng b th b hp ph cng mnh.
Hp ph trao i: xy ra s trao i ion cng du vi mi trng, ht keo trao
i ion H+ (hoc OH-) vi mi trng v do pH mi trng s thay i.
Hin tng hp ph c ng dng rng ri trong thc t, v d kh cc kh
c trong khng kh, tinh ch cc cht lng, rt cc cht qu phn tn trong mi
trng lng,...
5.4.7. Tnh cht bn vng v tnh ng t keo
a. bn ca dung dch keo
Tnh bn ca dung dch keo do cc yu t sau quyt nh:
Do chuyn ng Brown nn h keo duy tr c trng thi phn b u ca cc
ht trong ton b th tch h v chng li khuynh hng sa lng.
Cc tiu phn keo tch in cng du th y nhau nn kh xy ra kh nng kt
hp vi nhau.
98
Ring keo thn dch, nh lp v solvat ngn cn khng cho cc ht keo tip
xc trc tip vi nhau khi va chm v do cng c tc dng chng li s keo t.
b. S ng t keo
L qu trnh cc ht keo kt hp li thnh nhng ht ln hn v lng xung
thnh kt ta.
Cc phng php lm ng t:
- Dng cht in li: Khi thm mt cht in li vo dung dch keo, cc tiu phn keo
hp ph cc ion tri du ca cht in li lm cho cc tiu phn keo trung ho hoc
gim in tch n mc ti thiu, lc y tnh in gia cc ht keo gn nh mt hn
nn khi va chm chng d xy ra qu trnh cng kt thnh nhng ht ln hn v lng
xung.
- Trn ln hai dung dch keo mang in tch tri du cng gy nn hin tng cc ht
keo trung ho hoc gim in tch v do cng xy ra qu trnh ng t .
- un nng: Khi nhit tng s tng tc chuyn ng nhit ca cc tiu phn do
lm gim kh nng hp ph ca lp hp ph v lm ht keo tch in km nn khi
va chm chng d kt hp v gy ng t.
c. S pepti ho
Cc kt ta keo khi tip xc vi nc t chuyn thnh dung dch keo gi l cc
keo thun nghch. Ngc li, cc kt ta keo khi tip xc vi nc khng th chuyn
li thnh dung dch keo gi l cc keo bt thun nghch, v d: keo axitsalycilyc,
Fe(OH)3. Tuy nhin, i khi thm vo mt lng nh cht in li, kt ta bt thun
nghch c th chuyn thnh dung dch keo, hin tng ny gi l s pepti ho.
Hin tng pepti ho c gii thch nh sau: Kt ta hp ph chn lc mt
loi ion ca cht in li, do chng tr nn tch in cng du, cc ht in tch cng
du ny y nhau v i vo dung dch.
99
Cu hi v bi tp
1. nh ngha cc loi nng ?
2. Trnh by khi nim v tan. Gii thch cc yu t nh hng n tan. ngha
ca tch s tan.
3. Trnh by hin tng thm thu. V sao c th ni: hin tng thm thu c ngha
sinh hc rt quan trng?
4. p sut hi trn dung dch. Nhit si v nhit ng c ca dung dch.
5. nh ngha axit baz theo Bronsted. Xc nh cht no l axt, baz. Vit cc dng
axit hay baz lin hp ca chng: NH4Cl, NH3, NaHCO3, CH3COONa, H2O, NaNO2.
6. Tnh in li ca cc dung dch sau:
a. CH3COOH 0,02M;
b. CH3COOH 0,02M + CH3COONa 0,02M
7. Tch s ion ca nc l g? pH l g? N cho bit iu g?
8. Tnh pH ca dung dch c cc nng ion [H+] bng 10-2; 10-3; 5.10-4; 3,1.10-3
mol/lt.
9. Tnh pH ca cc dung dch sau: H2SO4 0,05M; Ca(OH)2 0,02M.
10. A, B l hai cht in ly mnh. Trn 200 ml dung dch A (pH = a) vi 300 ml dung
dch B (pH =3), thu c dung dch C (pH = 5). Tnh a. Gii thit th tch dung dch
khng i.
11. S in li ca mt axit yu. Cng thc tnh pH ca dung dch axit yu, bit nng
Ca, pKa. Tnh pH ca cc dung dch: CH3COOH, HCOOH c nng 0,01M.
12. S in li ca mt baz yu. Cng thc tnh pH ca dung dch baz yu, bit nng
Cb, pKb. Tnh pH ca cc dung dch: NH3, CH3NH2 c nng 0,01M.
13. Gii thch s thy phn ca cc dung dch mui sau: Na2CO3, AlCl3, NH4AlO2.
14. Gii thch c ch ca keo dng, keo m c to thnh khi cho dung dch AgNO3
tc dng vi dung dch KI.
15. Tnh cht ca h keo? ng dng ca h keo trong x l mi trng?
100
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. L Mu Quyn. Ha hc i cng. NXB Khoa hc v K thut. H ni, 2007.
2. Nguyn c Chung. Ha i cng. NXB tr, Thnh ph H Ch Minh,1996.
3. Lm Ngc Thim (ch bin), Bi Duy Cam. Ho hc i cng. NXB i hc
Quc gia H ni, 2008.
4. o nh Thc. Ha hc i cng. NXB i hc Quc gia H ni, 2005.
5. Nguyn nh Chi. C s l thuyt ha hc. NXB gio dc. 2001.
6. Chu Phm Ngc Sn. C s l thuyt Ha hc i cng. NXB i hc v
trung hc chuyn nghip. Thnh ph H Ch Minh,1983.
7. Hong Nhm. Ho hc v c (tp 1, tp 3). NXB gio dc, 2003.
8. Mai Hu Khim. Ha keo. NXB i hc Quc gia Thnh ph H Ch Minh,
2004.
9. Trnh Hn. Tinh th hc v Ha hc tinh th. NXB i hc Quc gia H ni,
2003.
10. L Mu Quyn. Bi tp Ha hc i cng. NXB gio dc, 2008.
11. Dng Vn m. Bi tp Ha hc i cng. NXB gio dc, 2006.
12. Nguyn c Chung. Bi tp Ha i cng. NXB tr, Thnh ph H Ch
Minh,1996.
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