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Not Able To Be Understood) ) : Abnormal
Not Able To Be Understood) ) : Abnormal
In vitro the client imagines exposure to the phobic stimulus. Ethical Issues - SD creates high levels of anxiety
when patients are initially exposed, which also
In vivo the client is actually exposed to the phobic questions appropriateness. Virtual reality therapy
stimulus. does help resolve these issues.
Practical issues - in vitro systematic desensitization At first the person is in a state of extreme anxiety, even panic,
is that it relies on the clients ability to be able to but eventually exhaustion sets in and anxiety level go down.
imagine the fearful situation. Some people cannot
create a vivid image and thus systematic Normally the person would do everything they can to avoid
desensitization is not always effective (there are the situation. Here, they have no choice but confront their
individual differences). fears so ] panic subsides and they find their phobic object
causes no harm
Its a slow process, taking ave 6-8 sessions. Although
research suggests that the longer the technique takes the The fear (which to a large degree was anticipatory) is
more effective it is. extinguished.
Depression
Behavioural:
These beliefs lead to cognitive biases selecting onfly
Disturbed sleeping patterns (insomnia) and eating
confirming events for attention events which show youre
behaviour (loss)
worthless ignores positive information
Aggression and self harm
Activity level e.g. loss of energy
Ellis ABC model
depression does not occur as a direct result of a negative
Emotional:
event but rather is produced by the irrational thoughts (i.e.
Extreme sadness
beliefs) triggered by negative events.
Anger
Apathy (loss of interest of enjoyment)
Lowered self esteem
Cogntiive:
Negative, irrational
Lack of concentration
Poor memory
Low confidence
Cognitive approach:
depression is caused by cognitive deficiencies (lack of
planning) or cognitive distortions (processing information
inaccurately)
Ellis believes : activating event (A) doesnt cause depression Effective therapy, unlike drugs, no side effects
(C), but rather that a person interpret these events
unrealistically and therefore has an irrational belief system
(B) that helps cause the consequences (C) of depressive Cognitive treatments of depression
behaviour.
Cognitive Behaviour therapy:
For example, some people irrationally assume that they are
failures if not loved by everyone they know (B) - they As cognitive approach assumes that the cause of mental
constantly seek approval and feel rejected (C). Their social disorders is maladaptive and irrational thinking, the aim of
interactions (A) are affected by this assumption, so that a this therapy is to challenge the clients thinking and help them
great party can leave them dissatisfied because they dont change their beliefs to more adaptive ones.
get enough compliments.
Rational-Emotive-Behaviour therapy (CBT) Ellis
Emotional:
Anxiety and distress/worry
Accompanying depression
Biological explanations of OCD: Neural explanation
Cognitive characteristics
Neural mechanisms refer to regions of the brain, structures
Obsessive thoughts (recurring thoughts, persistent
such as neurons and the neurotransmitters involved in
and uncontrollable)
sending messages through the nervous system.
Cognitive strategies to deal with obsessions
Insight into excessive anxiety: OCD sufferers aware
the prefrontal cortex (PFC), is involved in decision making
that their obsessions and compulsions are irrational
and the regulation of primitive aspects of our behaviour. An
over active PFC, causing an exaggerated control of primal
Biological explanations of OCD: Genes
impulses
Evaluation: Evaluation
Brains of OCD patients are structured and function differently
from those of other people. PET scans of OCD patients
reliably show increased activity in the PFC (Salloway &
Duffy).